2332:
2362:
2373:
113:
283:
2357:
139:
2339:
2367:
2351:
654:(the group of modern sharks and rays) had already appeared by the Triassic, they only had low diversity during this period would and only begin to extensively diversify from the Early Jurassic onwards, when modern orders of sharks and rays appeared. This co-incided with the decline of the hybodonts, which had become minor components of marine environments by the Late Jurassic, but would remain common in freshwater environments into the
2345:
678:
from
Elasmobranchii; along with including many fossil chondrichthyans within the group. The definition of Elasmobranchii has since been subject to much confusion with regard to fossil chondrichthyans. Maisey (2012) suggested that Elasmobranchii should exclusively be used for the last common ancestor
551:
Extant elasmobranchs exhibit several archetypal jaw suspensions: amphistyly, orbitostyly, hyostyly, and euhyostyly. In amphistyly, the palatoquadrate has a postorbital articulation with the chondrocranium from which ligaments primarily suspend it anteriorly. The hyoid articulates with the mandibular
555:
In contrast, hyostyly involves an ethmoid articulation between the upper jaw and the cranium, while the hyoid most likely provides vastly more jaw support compared to the anterior ligaments. Finally, in euhyostyly, also known as true hyostyly, the mandibular cartilages lack a ligamentous connection
1505:
Schultze, H.-P., Bullecks, J., Soar, L. K., & Hagadorn, J. (2021). Devonian fish from
Colorado’s Dyer Formation and the appearance of Carboniferous faunas in the Famennian. In A. Pradel, J. S. S. Denton, & P. Janvier (Eds.), Ancient Fishes and their Living Relatives: a Tribute to John G.
331:
From a practical point of view the life-history pattern of elasmobranchs makes this group of animals extremely susceptible to over fishing. It is no coincidence that the commercially exploited marine turtles and baleen whales, which have life-history patterns similar to the sharks, are also in
679:
of modern sharks and rays, a grouping which had previously been named
Neoselachii by Compagno (1977). Other recent authors have used Elasmobranchii in a broad sense to include all chondrichthyans more closely related to modern sharks and rays than to chimaeras.
436:
on the skin. The teeth are in several series; the upper jaw is not fused to the cranium, and the lower jaw is articulated with the upper. The details of this jaw anatomy vary between species, and help distinguish the different elasmobranch
556:
to the cranium. Instead, the hyomandibular cartilages provide the only means of jaw support, while the ceratohyal and basihyal elements articulate with the lower jaw, but are disconnected from the rest of the hyoid. The eyes have a
939:
Recent molecular studies suggest the
Batoidea are not derived selachians as previously thought. Instead, skates and rays are a monophyletic superorder within Elasmobranchii that shares a common ancestor with the selachians.
552:
arch posteriorly, but it appears to provide little support to the upper and lower jaws. In orbitostyly, the orbital process hinges with the orbital wall and the hyoid provides the majority of suspensory support.
1937:"A Synoptic Review of the Cartilaginous Fishes (Chondrichthyes: Holocephali, Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Jurassic Konservat-Lagerstätten of Southern Germany: Taxonomy, Diversity, and Faunal Relationships"
2121:
Douady, Christophe J.; Dosay, Miné; Shivji, Mahmood S.; Stanhope, Michael J. (2003). "Molecular phylogenetic evidence refuting the hypothesis of
Batoidea (rays and skates) as derived sharks".
1996:"Phylogenetic implications of the systematic reassessment of Xenacanthiformes and 'Ctenacanthiformes' (Chondrichthyes) neurocrania from the Carboniferous–Permian Autun Basin (France)"
583:. However elasmobranchs lack swim bladders, and maintain buoyancy instead with large livers that are full of oil. This stored oil may also function as a nutrient when food is scarce.
644:
with reduced diversity. The hybodonts had achieved a high diversity by the
Permian, and would end up becoming the dominant group of elasmobranchs during the Triassic and Early
632:, some ctenacanths would grow to sizes rivalling the modern great white shark with bodies in the region of 7 metres (23 ft) in length. During the Carboniferous and
1935:
Villalobos-Segura, Eduardo; Stumpf, Sebastian; Türtscher, Julia; Jambura, Patrick; Begat, Arnaud; López-Romero, Faviel; Fischer, Jan; Kriwet, Jürgen (2023-03-08).
694:/Neoselachii, to the exclusion of more primitive total group elasmobranchs, which is supported by a number of shared morphological characters of the skeleton.
1664:
Rees, J. A. N., and
Underwood, C. J., 2008, Hybodont sharks of the English Bathonian and Callovian (Middle Jurassic): Palaeontology, v. 51, no. 1, p. 117-147.
1571:
Pauliv, Victor E.; Martinelli, Agustín G.; Francischini, Heitor; Dentzien-Dias, Paula; Soares, Marina B.; Schultz, Cesar L.; Ribeiro, Ana M. (December 2017).
754:
674:, and was based around gill architecture shared by all 3 living major cartilaginous fish groups. During the 20th century it became standard to exclude
1086:
Finucci, B.; Bineesh, K.K.; Cheok, J.; Cotton, C.F.; Dharmadi, Kulka, D.W.; Neat, F.C.; Pacoureau, N.; Rigby, C.L.; Tanaka, S.; Walker, T.I. (2020).
731:
1132:
3257:
1573:"The first Western Gondwanan species of Triodus Jordan 1849: A new Xenacanthiformes (Chondrichthyes) from the late Paleozoic of Southern Brazil"
3142:
2914:
2159:
2186:
2086:
Winchell, Christopher J; Martin, Andrew P; Mallatt, Jon (2004). "Phylogeny of elasmobranchs based on LSU and SSU ribosomal RNA genes".
3103:
1340:
3129:
1612:"A new diverse shark fauna from the Wordian (Middle Permian) Khuff Formation in the interior Haushi-Huqf area, Sultanate of Oman"
1449:
Frey, Linda; Coates, Michael; Ginter, Michał; Hairapetian, Vachik; Rücklin, Martin; Jerjen, Iwan; Klug, Christian (2019-10-09).
972:
548:. The teeth are in several series; the upper jaw is not fused to the cranium, and the lower jaw is articulated with the upper.
195:
2050:
3134:
1451:"The early elasmobranch Phoebodus : phylogenetic relationships, ecomorphology and a new time-scale for shark evolution"
2919:
2331:
1994:
Luccisano, Vincent; Rambert-Natsuaki, Mizuki; Cuny, Gilles; Amiot, Romain; Pouillon, Jean-Marc; Pradel, Alan (2021-12-02).
1881:
445:
for the transfer of sperm. There is no swim bladder; instead, these fish maintain buoyancy with large livers rich in oil.
293:, and maintain buoyancy with oil that they store in their livers. Some deep sea sharks are targeted by fisheries for this
448:
The definition of the clade is unclear with respect to fossil chondrichthyans. Some authors consider it as equivalent to
1401:, eds. J. H. L. Pratt, S. H. Gruber and T. Taniuchi, US Department of Commerce, NOAA technical report NMFS 90, pp.49–54.
690:
Euselachii Hay, 1902, which groups the
Hybodontiformes and a number of other extinct chondrichthyans with Elasmobrachii
3247:
1163:, eds. J. H. L. Pratt, S. H. Gruber and T. Taniuchi, US Department of Commerce, NOAA technical report NMFS 90, pp.1–16.
988:
3214:
490:. These are also often referred to as "sharks" in reference to their similar anatomy and ecology to modern sharks.
3147:
2179:
1390:
1152:
648:. Hybodonts were extensively present in both marine and freshwater environments. While Neoselachii/Elasmobranchi
1778:
Carrillo-Briceño, Jorge D.; Cadena, Edwin A.; Dececchi, Alex T.; Larson, Hans C. E.; Du, Trina Y. (2016-01-01).
1399:
Elasmobranchs as living resources: advances in the biology, ecology, systematics and the status of the fisheries
1161:
Elasmobranchs as living resources: advances in the biology, ecology, systematics and the status of the fisheries
3252:
2361:
1198:"What is an 'elasmobranch'? The impact of palaeontology in understanding elasmobranch phylogeny and evolution"
2924:
949:
2931:
138:
1780:"First record of a hybodont shark (Chondrichthyes: Hybodontiformes) from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia"
3064:
3041:
457:
3069:
1040:
Walker, T.I.; Rigby, C.L.; Pacoureau, N.; Ellis, J.; Kulka, D.W.; Chiaramonte, G.E.; Herman, K. (2020).
2211:
2172:
1826:
1611:
1197:
17:
3196:
2066:
1110:
3157:
2899:
1995:
1779:
1517:
3219:
2366:
3019:
2909:
2372:
667:
1064:
616:), around 383 million years ago. Several important groups of total group elasmobranchs, including
3242:
2957:
1572:
1025:
3183:
2981:
2350:
640:
were abundant in both freshwater and marine environments, and would continue to exist into the
2356:
2338:
3178:
1126:
3206:
3170:
509:("gill"), referring to the broad, flattened gills which are characteristic of these fishes.
3090:
3028:
2952:
2904:
2591:
2007:
1893:
1838:
1791:
1742:
1687:
1623:
1584:
1529:
1361:
1209:
1243:
Wilga, C.D. (2005). "Morphology and evolution of the jaw suspension in lamniform sharks".
1173:
8:
2011:
1897:
1842:
1795:
1746:
1691:
1676:"Diversification of the Neoselachii (Chondrichthyes) during the Jurassic and Cretaceous"
1627:
1588:
1533:
1516:
Maisey, John G.; Bronson, Allison W.; Williams, Robert R.; McKinzie, Mark (2017-05-04).
1213:
1087:
670:. Bonaparte's original definition of Elasmobranchii was effectively identical to modern
3033:
2640:
2488:
1971:
1936:
1917:
1862:
1711:
1647:
1553:
1483:
1450:
1428:
1328:
1268:
885:
791:
461:
317:
266:
133:
3046:
2134:
3165:
3077:
2814:
2762:
2719:
2713:
2676:
2664:
2634:
2289:
2195:
2138:
2103:
2046:
2023:
1976:
1958:
1921:
1909:
1866:
1854:
1850:
1807:
1760:
1755:
1730:
1703:
1639:
1635:
1557:
1545:
1488:
1470:
1369:
1309:
1260:
1225:
1221:
984:
910:
851:
836:
815:
725:
702:
687:
617:
592:
487:
218:
212:
120:
1882:"The neurocranium of the Lower Carboniferous shark Tristychius arcuatus (Agassiz, )"
1715:
1651:
1610:
Koot, Martha B.; Cuny, Gilles; Tintori, Andrea; Twitchett, Richard J. (March 2013).
1432:
1272:
1041:
1002:
969:
282:
2947:
2858:
2841:
2555:
2470:
2130:
2095:
2015:
1966:
1948:
1901:
1846:
1827:"The braincase of the Middle Triassic shark Acronemus tuberculatus (Bassani, 1886)"
1799:
1750:
1695:
1631:
1592:
1537:
1478:
1462:
1420:
1299:
1252:
1217:
1150:"Life-history patterns in the elasmobranchs: implications for fisheries management"
1105:
1059:
1020:
822:
717:
343:
224:
2019:
1803:
1541:
560:. The inner margin of each pelvic fin in the male fish is grooved to constitute a
112:
2827:
2790:
2670:
2621:
2442:
2244:
1596:
1394:
1178:
1156:
976:
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903:
785:
748:
621:
557:
397:
294:
260:
233:
3082:
2344:
2099:
1675:
2802:
2780:
2725:
2707:
2650:
2627:
2585:
2561:
2306:
878:
858:
671:
518:
517:
Elasmobranchii is one of the two subclasses of cartilaginous fish in the class
424:). Members of this subclass are characterised by having five to seven pairs of
401:
180:
1905:
1886:
Earth and
Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1424:
464:
of all chondrichthyans more closely related to modern sharks and rays than to
3236:
3004:
2751:
2598:
2573:
2522:
2435:
2317:
2297:
2027:
1962:
1913:
1858:
1811:
1764:
1707:
1643:
1549:
1474:
1096:
1085:
1050:
1039:
1011:
845:
650:
629:
545:
533:
494:
433:
306:
251:
70:
1388:"A review of selected physiological characteristics unique to elasmobranchs"
658:. The youngest remains of hybodonts date to the very end of the Cretaceous.
2863:
2742:
2682:
2567:
2500:
2395:
2142:
2107:
1980:
1492:
1466:
1313:
1264:
1229:
865:
809:
708:
637:
580:
483:
413:
302:
298:
290:
1731:"Hybodont Sharks of the English Bathonian and Callovian (Middle Jurassic)"
3116:
3056:
3013:
2850:
2836:
2772:
2701:
2506:
2461:
2408:
2253:
1570:
1368:. Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale University. pp. 64–65.
1304:
1287:
872:
829:
763:
683:
598:
522:
465:
453:
321:
45:
472:
and their extinct relatives). Important extinct groups of elasmobranchs
456:
clade including modern sharks, rays, and all other descendants of their
2868:
2767:
2612:
2549:
2494:
2476:
2275:
2266:
1934:
1373:
1256:
917:
655:
541:
474:
429:
90:
55:
1953:
1387:
1149:
3121:
2822:
2579:
2543:
2534:
2448:
770:
738:
625:
603:
573:
504:
498:
479:
150:
95:
2975:
2164:
1777:
1699:
3108:
2998:
2785:
2730:
2687:
2482:
2281:
2259:
2221:
896:
675:
645:
641:
613:
609:
569:
526:
469:
421:
409:
245:
170:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
1993:
1413:
Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of the United Kingdom
2873:
2413:
2403:
2385:
1411:
Bone, Q.; Roberts, B. L. (2009). "The density of elasmobranchs".
633:
561:
442:
417:
100:
75:
2236:
1658:
160:
2067:"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Echinorhiniformes"
3191:
3095:
2692:
1515:
802:
565:
438:
405:
1360:
1329:"Evolutionary divergence in the feeding mechanism of fishes"
2206:
1448:
537:
460:). Other authors use the name Elasmobranchii for a broader
425:
388:
385:
379:
364:
313:
2120:
376:
355:
346:
1609:
1455:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
312:. All three of these species have been assessed by the
2085:
913:(sawfishes, guitarsfishes, wedgefishes and relatives)
382:
358:
349:
2855:
2810:
2777:
2759:
2609:
2531:
2458:
2425:
2313:
2302:
2293:
2286:
2271:
2249:
2232:
2041:
Ebert, David A.; Fowler, Sarah; Dando, Marc (2021).
373:
370:
352:
257:
1880:Coates, Michael I.; Tietjen, Kristen (March 2017).
1288:"Evolution and ecology of feeding in elasmobranchs"
1286:Wilga, C. D.; Motta, P. J.; Sanford, C. P. (2007).
540:clefts opening individually to the exterior, rigid
428:clefts opening individually to the exterior, rigid
367:
361:
1506:Maisey (pp. 247–256.). Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil.
441:. The pelvic fins in males are modified to create
1729:Rees, Jan; Underwood, Charlie J. (January 2008).
1285:
1111:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T162293947A2897883.en
952:, tape worms which infect sharks, rays and skates
3234:
2040:
532:Members of the elasmobranchii subclass have no
624:, had already emerged by the latest Devonian (
2180:
1879:
1728:
1065:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39352A2907336.en
962:
1144:
1142:
1131:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1000:
983:, Fisheries Technical paper 389, FAO, Rome.
1410:
1026:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2005.RLTS.T4292A10763893.en
666:Elasmobranchii was first coined in 1838 by
2187:
2173:
111:
2045:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1970:
1952:
1754:
1673:
1518:"A Pennsylvanian 'supershark' from Texas"
1482:
1303:
1139:
1109:
1063:
1024:
1577:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
404:or cartilaginous fish, including modern
608:has its earliest records in the Middle
586:
568:. These fish are widely distributed in
493:The name Elasmobranchii comes from the
14:
3258:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
3235:
1824:
1195:
981:Shark Utilization, Marketing and Trade
2980:
2979:
2194:
2168:
2123:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2088:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2043:Sharks of the world: a complete guide
1444:
1442:
1326:
1242:
1148:Hoenig, J.M. and Gruber, S.H. (1990)
3197:03923C45-FF85-FF8E-337D-F9ADFE8F17DF
3158:66341afb-b617-40fd-b239-6d2f83d2ac9d
1674:Underwood, Charlie J. (March 2006).
1366:Fishes of the Western North Atlantic
1191:
1189:
1079:
1033:
994:
2000:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1292:Integrative and Comparative Biology
1097:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1051:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1012:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
24:
1522:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1439:
281:
25:
3269:
2152:
1186:
579:Many fish maintain buoyancy with
2371:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2330:
1851:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01035.x
1756:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00737.x
1636:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01199.x
1364:; Schroeder, William C. (1948).
1222:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03245.x
805:(Selachimorpha) (modern sharks)
342:
137:
43:
2114:
2079:
2059:
2034:
1987:
1928:
1873:
1818:
1771:
1722:
1667:
1603:
1564:
1509:
1499:
1404:
1380:
1354:
1343:from the original on 2018-08-19
1320:
686:of Elasmobranchii includes the
1825:Maisey, John G. (March 2011).
1279:
1236:
1179:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1166:
512:
13:
1:
2135:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00333-0
2020:10.1080/14772019.2022.2073279
1804:10.1080/23766808.2016.1191749
1542:10.1080/02724634.2017.1325369
956:
950:List of Elasmobranch cestodes
713:†Infraclass Xenacanthimorpha
2932:List of transitional fossils
1597:10.1016/j.jsames.2017.09.007
1196:Maisey, J. G. (April 2012).
968:Vannuccini, Stefania (2002)
899:(rays, skates, and sawfish)
505:
499:
486:(order Xenacanthformes) and
7:
2100:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.010
1327:Wilga, Cheryl A.D. (2008).
943:
661:
10:
3274:
2212:Timeline of fish evolution
590:
3248:Wenlock first appearances
2988:
2966:
2940:
2900:Lists of prehistoric fish
2892:
2801:
2750:
2741:
2649:
2608:
2530:
2521:
2457:
2424:
2394:
2384:
2328:
2220:
2202:
1906:10.1017/S1755691018000130
1425:10.1017/S0025315400038017
927:(stingrays and relatives)
536:, five to seven pairs of
482:(Order Hybodontiformes),
208:
203:
134:Scientific classification
132:
119:
110:
34:
1784:Neotropical Biodiversity
1104:: e.T162293947A2897883.
970:Shark liver oil products
861:(frilled and cow sharks)
698:Subclass Elasmobranchii
668:Charles Lucien Bonaparte
564:for the transmission of
2958:Vertebrate paleontology
1333:Acta Geologica Polonica
1202:Journal of Fish Biology
1090:Centrophorus granulosus
408:(superorder Selachii),
1467:10.1098/rspb.2019.1336
920:(skates and relatives)
759:†Family Tristychiidae
744:Infraclass Euselachii
597:The oldest unambigous
468:(the clade containing
334:
326:
286:
125:Carcharodon carcharias
3253:Vertebrate subclasses
3179:Paleobiology Database
1245:Journal of Morphology
1001:Fowler, S.L. (2005).
329:
285:
280:
2953:Transitional fossils
2592:Pseudopetalichthyida
1058:: e.T39352A2907336.
1019:: e.T4292A10763893.
587:Evolutionary history
458:last common ancestor
2012:2021JSPal..19.1623L
1898:2017EESTR.108...19C
1843:2011Palgy..54..417M
1796:2016NeBio...2...81C
1747:2008Palgy..51..117R
1692:2006Pbio...32..215U
1628:2013Palgy..56..303K
1589:2017JSAES..80..482P
1534:2017JVPal..37E5369M
1214:2012JFBio..80..918M
289:Elasmobranchs lack
2641:Ischnacanthiformes
2489:Cephalaspidomorphi
1461:(1912): 20191336.
1393:2013-02-18 at the
1305:10.1093/icb/icm029
1257:10.1002/jmor.10342
1182:. Merriam-Webster.
1155:2013-02-18 at the
1044:Galeorhinus galeus
1005:Cetorhinus maximus
975:2013-06-26 at the
886:Pristiophoriformes
792:Synechodontiformes
521:, the other being
462:branch-based group
287:
267:Synechodontiformes
27:Subclass of fishes
3230:
3229:
3166:Open Tree of Life
2982:Taxon identifiers
2973:
2972:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2815:Palaeonisciformes
2763:Onychodontiformes
2720:Petalodontiformes
2714:Iniopterygiformes
2677:Phoebodontiformes
2665:Ctenacanthiformes
2635:Diplacanthiformes
2517:
2516:
2290:Myllokunmingiidae
2196:Evolution of fish
2052:978-0-691-20599-1
2006:(23): 1623–1642.
1954:10.3390/d15030386
1362:Bigelow, Henry B.
911:Rhinopristiformes
852:Echinorhiniformes
837:Carcharhiniformes
832:(mackerel sharks)
818:(bullhead sharks)
816:Heterodontiformes
726:Ctenacanthiformes
709:Squatinactiformes
703:Phoebodontiformes
618:Ctenacanthiformes
593:Evolution of fish
488:Ctenacanthiformes
278:
277:
229:Clade Euselachii
219:Phoebodontiformes
213:Ctenacanthiformes
199:
121:Great white shark
16:(Redirected from
3265:
3223:
3222:
3210:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3187:
3186:
3174:
3173:
3161:
3160:
3151:
3150:
3138:
3137:
3125:
3124:
3112:
3111:
3099:
3098:
3086:
3085:
3073:
3072:
3060:
3059:
3050:
3049:
3037:
3036:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2977:
2976:
2948:Prehistoric life
2859:Pycnodontiformes
2857:
2842:Acipenseriformes
2812:
2779:
2761:
2748:
2747:
2611:
2556:Brindabellaspida
2533:
2528:
2527:
2471:Pteraspidomorphi
2460:
2427:
2392:
2391:
2376:
2375:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2315:
2304:
2295:
2288:
2273:
2251:
2234:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2158:Skaphandrus.com
2147:
2146:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2038:
2032:
2031:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1956:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1758:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1486:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1408:
1402:
1386:Oguri, M (1990)
1384:
1378:
1377:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1307:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1170:
1164:
1146:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
998:
992:
966:
868:(dogfish sharks)
854:(bramble sharks)
823:Orectolobiformes
755:Protacrodontidae
718:Xenacanthiformes
508:
502:
395:
394:
391:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
297:, including the
259:
225:Xenacanthiformes
194:
142:
141:
115:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3218:
3213:
3205:
3203:
3195:
3190:
3182:
3177:
3169:
3164:
3156:
3154:
3146:
3141:
3133:
3128:
3120:
3115:
3107:
3102:
3094:
3089:
3081:
3076:
3068:
3063:
3055:
3053:
3045:
3040:
3032:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2984:
2974:
2969:
2962:
2936:
2880:
2828:Polypteriformes
2797:
2791:Tetrapodomorpha
2737:
2671:Hybodontiformes
2645:
2622:Acanthodiformes
2604:
2513:
2453:
2443:Paraconodontida
2420:
2388:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2370:
2348:
2336:
2326:
2245:Cephalochordate
2216:
2198:
2193:
2155:
2150:
2119:
2115:
2084:
2080:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2039:
2035:
1992:
1988:
1933:
1929:
1878:
1874:
1823:
1819:
1776:
1772:
1727:
1723:
1700:10.1666/04069.1
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1608:
1604:
1569:
1565:
1528:(3): e1325369.
1514:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1447:
1440:
1409:
1405:
1395:Wayback Machine
1385:
1381:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1325:
1321:
1284:
1280:
1241:
1237:
1194:
1187:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1157:Wayback Machine
1147:
1140:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1038:
1034:
999:
995:
977:Wayback Machine
967:
963:
959:
946:
925:Myliobatiformes
906:(electric rays)
904:Torpediniformes
873:Protospinacidae
839:(ground sharks)
825:(carpet sharks)
786:Anachronistidae
749:Hybodontiformes
732:Jalodontiformes
664:
622:Hybodontiformes
595:
589:
558:tapetum lucidum
515:
345:
341:
335:
327:
261:Anachronistidae
254:(modern sharks)
234:Hybodontiformes
193:
136:
122:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
41:Givetian–Recent
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3271:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3243:Elasmobranchii
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3211:
3201:
3188:
3175:
3162:
3152:
3139:
3126:
3113:
3100:
3087:
3074:
3061:
3051:
3047:Elasmobranchii
3038:
3034:Elasmobranchii
3025:
3020:Elasmobranchii
3010:
2994:
2992:
2990:Elasmobranchii
2986:
2985:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2819:
2818:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2781:Porolepiformes
2770:
2765:
2756:
2754:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2726:Symmoriiformes
2722:
2716:
2710:
2708:Eugeneodontida
2698:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2659:Elasmobranchii
2655:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2628:Climatiiformes
2624:
2617:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2586:Acanthothoraci
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2562:Petalichthyida
2558:
2552:
2546:
2539:
2537:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2466:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2436:Protoconodonta
2431:
2429:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2389:
2382:
2381:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2311:
2307:Myllokunmingia
2284:
2279:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:Elasmobranchii
2154:
2153:External links
2151:
2149:
2148:
2113:
2078:
2058:
2051:
2033:
1986:
1927:
1872:
1837:(2): 417–428.
1817:
1770:
1741:(1): 117–147.
1721:
1686:(2): 215–235.
1666:
1657:
1622:(2): 303–343.
1602:
1563:
1508:
1498:
1438:
1403:
1379:
1353:
1319:
1278:
1235:
1208:(5): 918–951.
1185:
1174:"Elasmobranch"
1165:
1138:
1078:
1032:
993:
960:
958:
955:
954:
953:
945:
942:
937:
936:
935:
934:
933:
932:
931:
930:
929:
928:
921:
914:
907:
893:
892:
891:
890:
889:
882:
881:(angel sharks)
879:Squatiniformes
875:
869:
862:
859:Hexanchiformes
855:
842:
841:
840:
833:
826:
819:
799:
796:incertae sedis
788:
776:
775:
774:
767:
757:
751:
742:
734:
728:
722:
721:
720:
711:
705:
672:Chondrichthyes
663:
660:
628:). During the
601:elasmobranch,
588:
585:
546:placoid scales
519:Chondrichthyes
514:
511:
503:("plate") and
434:placoid scales
402:Chondrichthyes
338:Elasmobranchii
328:
307:basking sharks
279:
276:
275:
274:
273:
272:
271:
270:
269:
263:
255:
249:
237:
227:
221:
215:
206:
205:
201:
200:
191:Elasmobranchii
188:
184:
183:
181:Chondrichthyes
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
130:
129:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
37:
35:Elasmobranchii
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3270:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:cartilaginous
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2651:Cartilaginous
2648:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2599:Stensioellida
2596:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2574:Ptyctodontida
2571:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2456:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2333:
2320:
2319:
2318:Zhongxiniscus
2312:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2299:
2298:Haikouichthys
2291:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2230:
2229:Basal member
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2129:(2): 215–21.
2128:
2124:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:(1): 214–24.
2093:
2089:
2082:
2068:
2062:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:Palaeontology
1828:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1735:Palaeontology
1732:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1616:Palaeontology
1613:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1342:
1339:(2): 113–20.
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:(1): 102–19.
1250:
1246:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1134:
1128:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1082:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1006:
997:
990:
989:92-5-104361-2
986:
982:
978:
974:
971:
965:
961:
951:
948:
947:
941:
926:
922:
919:
915:
912:
908:
905:
901:
900:
898:
894:
887:
883:
880:
876:
874:
870:
867:
863:
860:
856:
853:
849:
848:
847:
846:Squalomorphii
843:
838:
834:
831:
827:
824:
820:
817:
813:
812:
811:
807:
806:
804:
800:
797:
793:
789:
787:
783:
782:
781:
777:
773:
772:
768:
766:
765:
761:
760:
758:
756:
752:
750:
746:
745:
743:
741:
740:
735:
733:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
714:
712:
710:
706:
704:
700:
699:
697:
696:
695:
693:
692:sensu stricto
689:
685:
680:
677:
673:
669:
659:
657:
653:
652:
651:sensu stricto
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:Carboniferous
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
605:
600:
594:
584:
582:
581:swim bladders
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
553:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:swim bladders
530:
528:
524:
520:
510:
507:
501:
496:
495:Ancient Greek
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
393:
339:
333:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:swim bladders
284:
268:
264:
262:
256:
253:
252:Selachimorpha
250:
247:
244:
243:
242:
238:
235:
231:
230:
228:
226:
222:
220:
216:
214:
210:
209:
207:
202:
197:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
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2864:Halecomorphi
2683:Xenacanthida
2658:
2568:Phyllolepida
2501:Pituriaspida
2462:Ostracoderms
2396:Cyclostomata
2386:Jawless fish
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866:Squaliformes
810:Galeomorphii
801:Subdivision
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240:
204:Superorders
190:
124:
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3117:iNaturalist
3014:Wikispecies
2925:lobe-finned
2851:Neopterygii
2837:Chondrostei
2773:Rhipidistia
2752:Lobe-finned
2702:Holocephali
2507:Osteostraci
2409:Hyperoartia
2254:Cathaymyrus
2222:Forerunners
1583:: 482–493.
1117:11 November
1071:11 November
888:(sawsharks)
844:Superorder
830:Lamniformes
808:Superorder
780:Neoselachii
764:Tristychius
684:total group
599:total group
542:dorsal fins
523:Holocephali
513:Description
466:Holocephali
454:crown group
450:Neoselachii
430:dorsal fins
322:overfishing
241:Neoselachii
236:(hybodonts)
3237:Categories
2910:placoderms
2869:Ginglymodi
2803:Ray-finned
2768:Coelacanth
2613:Acanthodii
2550:Arthrodira
2535:Placoderms
2523:Jawed fish
2495:Galeaspida
2477:Thelodonti
2276:Haikouella
2267:Olfactores
2072:2022-01-04
1947:(3): 386.
1419:(4): 913.
1374:B000J0D9X6
1347:2017-05-24
957:References
918:Rajiformes
656:Cretaceous
638:xenacanths
591:See also:
484:xenacanths
475:sensu lato
432:and small
318:vulnerable
310:(pictured)
187:Subclass:
18:Euselachii
2968:† extinct
2823:Cladistia
2580:Rhenanida
2544:Antiarchi
2449:Conodonta
2428:Conodonts
2028:1477-2019
1963:1424-2818
1941:Diversity
1922:135297534
1914:1755-6910
1867:140697673
1859:0031-0239
1812:2376-6808
1765:0031-0239
1708:0094-8373
1644:0031-0239
1558:134127771
1550:0272-4634
1475:0962-8452
778:Division
771:Acronemus
739:Bandringa
676:chimaeras
626:Famennian
604:Phoebodus
574:temperate
527:chimaeras
480:hybodonts
470:chimaeras
332:trouble.
295:liver oil
196:Bonaparte
157:Kingdom:
151:Eukaryota
3054:BioLib:
2999:Wikidata
2786:Lungfish
2731:Chimaera
2483:Anaspida
2282:Tunicate
2260:Lancelet
2143:12565032
2108:15019621
1981:36950327
1716:86232401
1652:86428264
1493:31575362
1433:85871565
1391:Archived
1341:Archived
1314:21672820
1273:45227734
1265:15880740
1230:22497368
1153:Archived
973:Archived
944:See also
897:Batoidea
871:†Family
803:Selachii
784:†Family
753:†Family
662:Taxonomy
646:Jurassic
642:Triassic
614:Givetian
610:Devonian
576:waters.
570:tropical
506:bránchia
443:claspers
422:Batoidea
398:subclass
246:Batoidea
171:Chordata
167:Phylum:
161:Animalia
147:Domain:
3005:Q194257
2941:Related
2874:Teleost
2414:Lamprey
2404:Hagfish
2008:Bibcode
1972:7614348
1894:Bibcode
1839:Bibcode
1792:Bibcode
1743:Bibcode
1688:Bibcode
1624:Bibcode
1585:Bibcode
1530:Bibcode
1484:6790773
1210:Bibcode
790:†Order
747:†Order
730:†Order
724:†Order
716:†Order
707:†Order
701:†Order
634:Permian
562:clasper
500:elasmo-
418:sawfish
396:) is a
320:due to
177:Class:
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877:Order
864:Order
857:Order
850:Order
835:Order
828:Order
821:Order
814:Order
688:Cohort
636:, the
612:(late
497:words
439:clades
416:, and
414:skates
406:sharks
303:gulper
299:school
248:(rays)
239:Clade
198:, 1838
3220:10193
3215:WoRMS
3192:Plazi
3184:54499
3122:47273
3070:34196
3057:15236
2893:Lists
2693:Shark
1918:S2CID
1863:S2CID
1712:S2CID
1648:S2CID
1554:S2CID
1429:S2CID
1269:S2CID
566:sperm
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3130:ITIS
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3065:BOLD
2920:bony
2743:Bony
2207:Fish
2139:PMID
2104:PMID
2047:ISBN
2024:ISSN
1977:PMID
1959:ISSN
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