Prussian Union of Churches

3159: 5061: 4574: 5700: 544: 7906:) and abolished the Church tax, which automatically collected parishioners' contributions as a surcharge on the income tax. Now parishioners would have to fix the level of their contributions and to transfer them again and again on their own. This, together with the ongoing discrimination of church members which let many secede from the church, effectively eroded the financial situation of the Church bodies in the East. While in 1946 87.7% of the children in the Soviet Zone were baptised in one of the Protestant Churches the number dropped in 1950 to 86.4% of all children born in the GDR, with 80.9% in 1952, 31% (1960) and 24% (1970). The percentage of Protestant parishioners among the overall population decreased from 81.9% (1946), to 80.5% (1950), 59% (1964) and to merely 23% in 1990. 4582: 7625: 1377: 3765: 4803: 5198: 4376: 6953:. Thus the concerned congregants were easily to be identified by others. One of the rare reactions came from Vicar Katharina Staritz, competent for the synodal region of the city of Breslau. In a circular she prompted the congregations in Breslau to take care of the concerned parishioners with special love and suggested that while services other respected congregants would sit next to their stigmatised fellow congregants in order to oppose this unwanted distinction. The Nazi media heftily attacked her and the Gestapo deported her to a concentration camp (she was later released), while the official Silesian ecclesiastical province fired her. 3730: 6114: 1137:), all prevailingly Lutheran territories, where Lutherans and the minority of Calvinists had not united. After the trouble with the Old Lutherans in pre-1866 Prussia, the Prussian government refrained from imposing the Prussian Union onto the church bodies in these territories. Also the reconciliation of the Lutheran majority of the citizens in the annexed states with their new Prussian citizenship was not to be further complicated by religious quarrels. Thus the Protestant organisations in the annexed territories maintained their prior constitutions or developed new, independent Lutheran or Calvinist structures. 7051: 1146: 5820: 5260: 11648:

ist gleichgültig. Ich habe Befehl gegeben – und ich lasse jeden füsilieren, der auch nur ein Wort der Kritik äußert -, daß das Kriegsziel nicht im Erreichen von bestimmten Linien, sondern in der physischen Vernichtung des Gegners besteht. So habe ich, einstweilem nur im Osten, meine Totenkopfverbände bereitgestellt mit dem Befehl, unbarmherzig und mitleidslos Mann, Weib und Kind polnischer Abstammung und Sprache in den Tod zu schicken. Nur so gewinnen wir den Lebensraum, den wir brauchen. Wer redet heute noch von der Vernichtung der Armenier?" Cf.

6867:: "Are ye not as children of the Ethiopians unto me, O children of Israel? saith the LORD. Have not I brought up Israel out of the land of Egypt? and the Philistines from Caphtor, and the Syrians from Kir?"), risked at minimum expulsion and maltreatment, if not deportation into a concentration camp. Pastors were allowed to confine themselves to the genuine Christian part of Christianity, the belief in the salvation through the sacrifice of Jesus, who allegedly died for the sins of the believers – and sins were there in ever-growing number. 8281:) in 1933, deprived of his power in 1935, the state ecclesiastical committee (Landeskirchenausschuss) since 1935 (dissolved in 1937) and finally the de facto usurpation of governance by the illegitimately appointed president of the EOK since (till 1945). By the end of the war a spontaneously formed provisionally advisory board (Beirat) appointed a new president of the EOK. In 1951 the EOK was renamed into church chancery (Kirchenkanzlei), followed by renaming the church body into Evangelical Church of Union in December 1953. 6219: 2821: 11970:, of whom most survived the last months until their liberation. All in all 8,000 persons, whom the Nazis had classified as Jews survived in Berlin. Their personal faith – like Jewish, Protestant, Catholic or irreligionist – is mostly not recorded, since only the Nazi files report on them, which used the Nazi racial definitions. 4,700 out of the 8,000 survived due to their living in a mixed marriage. 1,400 survived hiding, out of 5,000 who tried. 1,900 had returned from Thesienstadt. Cf. Hans-Rainer Sandvoß, 98: 8988:, who became only later bishop. Therefore, the chairperson was also called the leading bishop (Leitender Bischof) even though this title is not used for the spiritual leaders of three of the former member churches. Due to the intensifying East German obstruction of cross-border cooperation within the Evangelical Church of the Union it formed separate governing bodies for the regions of the GDR with East Berlin and West Germany with West Berlin in 1972. The bodies reunited in 1991. 1197: 7375: 7735:) and led for terms of two years. The Council consisted of the presidents of the member churches, the Praeses of the General Synod, members of each member church appointed by their respective synods, the Chief of the Church Chancery, two representatives of the Reformed parishioners and two general synodals, who were not theologians. Until the appointment of the first head in 1952 President Dibelius, the former president of the 3540:(God rules within the world: Directly within the church and in the state by means of the secular government) many church members could not see any basis, how a Protestant church body could interfere with the anti-Semitism performed in the state sphere, since in its self-conception the church body was a religious, not a political organisation. Only few parishioners and clergy, mostly of Reformed tradition, followed 6709:. However, the so-called mercy killing of the sick did not become popular in the general public. Nevertheless, the Nazi Reich's government started to implement the murder. On 1 September 1939, the day Germany waged war on Poland, Hitler decreed the murder of the handicapped, living in sanatories, to be carried out by ruthless doctors. After first murders in a testing phase the systematic murder started in 1940. 4003:. Krause's dismissal again made the radical Thuringian subsection declare its secession by the end of November. This pushed the complete Faith Movement into crisis so that its Reich's leader Joachim Hossenfelder had to resign on 20 December 1933. The different regional sections then split and united and resplit into half a dozen of movements, entering into a tiresome self-deprecation. Many presbyters of 996:

defiance, officials sought out those who acted against the decree. Pastors who were caught were suspended from their ministry. If suspended pastors were caught acting in a pastoral role, they were imprisoned. Having now shown his hand as a tyrant bent on oppressing their religious freedom, and under continual police surveillance, the Evangelical Church in the Royal Prussian Lands began disintegrating.

5049:, was appointed leader of the financial department for Berlin. He turned out to ignore the rules and to largely use his scope of discretion. But many other financial departments were chaired by sharp Nazi officials. Thus Confessing congregations outside of Berlin built up a new network of escrow accounts. It became especially difficult to defray the salaries of the officially non-confirmed employees. 36: 6510:, Teltower Damm #124. In 1950 three-quarters of the fostered survivors were unemployed and poor. Many needed psychological help, others wanted support to apply for government compensation for the damages and suffering by the Nazi persecution. In 1958 Grüber established a foundation, running today senior homes and a nursing home, housing about a hundred survivors. 778:). However, because of the unique constitutive role of congregations in Protestantism, no congregation was forced by the King's decree into merger. Thus, in the years that followed, many Lutheran and Reformed congregations did follow the example of Potsdam, and became merged congregations, while others maintained their former Lutheran or Reformed denomination. 5426:, with Heidenreich holding the stake. On 6 January, the members elected Zimmermann their president. On 10 January the Reich's ecclesiastical committee empowered by ordinance the provincial ecclesiastical committees to form ecclesiastical committees on the level of the deaneries, if assumed necessary. This was the case in the deanery of Berlin-Spandau. 3211: 4334:, severed the uniformation of the formerly independent Protestant church bodies, disenfranchising their respective synods to decide in internal church matters. These pretensions increased the criticism among church members within the streamlined church bodies. On 23 September 1934 Ludwig Müller was inaugurated in a church ceremony as Reich's Bishop. 591:), 1750–1808, and the Reformed Churches (with their chief bodies, the all-Prussian Französisches Oberkonsistorium /Consistoire supérieur (French Supreme Consistory); 1701–1808, and the all-Prussian German-speaking Reformed Kirchendirektorium (Church Directory); 1713–1808) were abolished and the tasks of the three administrations were taken on by the 5022:, collected and then transferred by the state tax offices, the official church bodies denied the confessing congregations their share in the contributions. Each congregation had its own budget and the official church authorities transferred the respective share in the revenues to the legitimate presbytery of each congregations, be it governed by 1760:, who presided over the Evangelical Association for the Construction of Churches, often financed church construction for poor congregations and promoted massive programmes of church constructions especially in workers' districts, but could not increase the attraction of the State Church for the workers. However, it earned the queen the nickname 6781:, how one could do that. If he does not do anything yet about the rebelling 'shavelings', so not least because of the Wehrmacht. There one is still running to field-services. But in this respect the education within the SS would foreshadow the necessary development, with the SS proving – right now in the war – that schooled in 4319:). This became a curse and a blessing during the Nazi period. While all political entities were Nazi-streamlined they abused the patronage to appoint Nazi-submissive pastors on the occasion of a vacancy. Also estate owners sometimes sided with the Nazis. But more estate owners were conservative and thus rather backed the opposition in the 8270:

EOK) became the administrative executive body. Its members, titled supreme consistorial councillors (Oberkonsistorialrat, ) were theologians and jurists by vocation. With the end of the monarchy and the summepiscopacy in 1918 and the separation of religion and state by the Weimar constitution in 1919 the church established by its new

5483:. On 4 December 1935 the March of Brandenburg provincial Synod of Confession agreed to split in two provincial subsections, one for Greater Berlin and one comprising the political province of Brandenburg with two provincial brethren councils, led by Gerhard Jacobi (Berlin, resigned in 1939, but quarrels between the moderate and the 5808:

Protestant church bodies was given up. The government now preferred to fight individual opponents by prohibitions to publish, to hold public speeches, by domiciliary arrest, banishments from certain regions, and imprisonment. Since 9 June 1937 collections of money were subject to strict state confirmation, regularly denied to the

988:, in 1834 Frederick William issued a decree, which stated that Union would only be in the areas of governance, and in the liturgical agenda, and that the respective congregations could retain their denominational identities. However, in a bid to quell future dissensions of his Union, dissenters were also forbidden from organising 6440:). The fate of other collaborators of the Bureau: Paul Heinitz died in peace in February 1942, Günther Heinitz, Werner Hirschwald, Max Honig, Inge Jacobson, Elisabeth Kayser and Richard Kobrak were all deported and murdered in different concentration camps. Since January 1943 Pastor Braune could hide Luise Wolff in the diaconal 7982:(Region/range German Democratic Republic; GDR) with East Berlin being subsumed under the GDR. The councils of the western and the eastern region met monthly in East Berlin. The GDR government was not after terminating this cooperation. The subsidies from the West continued and were still allowed for the aforementioned reasons. 2434:), in which he declared the 20th century to be the era when the Evangelical Church may for the first time develop freely and gain the independence God would have wished for, without the burden and constraints of the state church function. He regarded the role of the church as even the more important, since the state of the 3409:, according to which this act makes a person a Christian, superseding any other faith, which oneself may have been observing before and knowing nothing about any racial affinity as a prerequisite of being a Christian, let alone one's grandparents' religious affiliation being an obstacle to being Christian. 3563:, who demanded the church bodies to oppose the abolition of democracy and the unlawfulness in the general political sphere. Especially pastors in the countryside – often younger men, since the traditional pastoral career ladder started in a village parish – were outraged about this development. 4143:). The Gestapo summoned her more than 40 times and tried to intimidate her, confronting her with the fact that she, being partly of Jewish descent, would have to realise the worst possible treatment in jail. In the eleven deaneries covering Greater Berlin, six were led by superintendents, who joined the 11647:

The German original: "Unsere Stärke ist unsere Schnelligkeit und unsere Brutalität. Dschingis Khan hat Millionen Frauen und Kinder in den Tod gejagt, bewußt und fröhlichen Herzens. Die Geschichte sieht in ihm nur den großen Staatengründer. Was die schwache westeuropäische Zivilisation über mich sagt,

8597:

The Evangelical Supreme Ecclesiastical Council (Evangelischer Oberkirchenrat, EOK) was the leading executive body, and de facto the governing body between 1918 and 1922, and again between 1937 and 1951, however, then during the schism paralleled by the alternative old-Prussian state brethren council.

8269:

Between 1817 and 1918 the incumbents of the Prussian throne were simultaneously Supreme Governors (summus episcopus) of the Church. Since 1850 – with the strengthening of self-rule within the church – additionally the Evangelical Supreme Ecclesiastical Council (Evangelischer Oberkirchenrat,

6830:

In March 1940 Greiser decreed an ordinance for the Warthegau, which declared the church bodies not to be statutory bodies, as in Germany, but mere private associations. Minors under 18 years were banned to attend meetings and services, in order to alienate them from Christianity. All church property,

6811:

No prior civilian German administration existed in the Warthegau, so a solely Nazi party-aligned administration was set up. Concerns respected within Germany, played no role in occupied and annexed parts of Poland. German law, as violated as it was, would not automatically apply to the Warthegau, but

6167:. All over Germany altogether 30,000 male Jews were arrested, among them almost all the 115 Protestant pastors with three or four grandparents, who had been enrolled as members of a Jewish congregation. Many men went into hiding from arrestment and also appeared at Grüber's home in the rectory of the 6151:

Supt. Albertz, Pastor Adolf Kurtz (Twelve Apostles Church, Berlin), and Livingstone collaborated. The Bureau was mainly busy with supporting the re-education in other vocations, not (yet) prohibited for Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent, and with finding nations of exile, who would

5385:

activities, namely appointments of pastors, education, examinations, ordinations, ecclesiastical visitations, announcements and declarations from the pulpit, separate financial structures and convening Synods of Confession; further the decree established provincial ecclesiastical committees. Thus the

5304:

While Supt. Albertz and Niemöller argued to discuss the memorandum, a majority of synodals refused and the memorandum was then laid ad acta. The synodals could only gain common sense about the fact, that persons of Jewish religion, were to be baptised, if they wished so. This was completely denied by

3686:

In 1934 the Covenant counted 7,036 members, after 1935 the number sank to 4,952, among them 374 retired pastors, 529 auxiliary preachers and 116 candidates. First the pastors of Berlin, affiliated with the Covenant, met biweekly in Gerhard Jacobi's private apartment. From 1935 on they convened in the

2578:

or Prussian provinces. All those, covering the territory of former monarchies with a ruling Protestant dynasty, had been state churches until 1918 – except of the Protestant church bodies of territories annexed by Prussia in 1866. Others had been no less territorially defined Protestant minority

1869:

within its name any more, taking into account that its congregations now spread over six sovereign states. The new name was after a denomination, not after a state any more. It became a difficult task to maintain the unity of the church, with some of the annexing states being opposed to the fact that

11081:

The German original: "Wenn Blut, Rasse, Volkstum und Ehre den Rang von Ewigkeitswerten erhalten, so wird der evangelische Christ durch das erste Gebot gezwungen, diese Bewertung abzulehnen. Wenn der arische Mensch verherrlicht wird, so bezeugt Gottes Wort die Sündhaftigkeit aller Menschen. Wenn dem

6326:

co-financed the work of Grüber's organisation with annually ℛℳ 10,000. By July the office of Spiero and Livingstone had merged into the Bureau Grüber. All in all the Bureau Grüber enabled the emigration of 1,139 persons from October 1938 – August 1939 and 580 between July 1939 and October 1940,

6206:

20/21 to Grüber, who thus moved his Bureau thereto. Kurtz relocated his consultations, until then held in his private home in the rectory of the Twelve Apostles Church (Berlin), into the new office location. The staff of the Bureau Grüber grew to five persons on 19 December, then 30 in February 1939

5908:

convened twice in Berlin, once in the Nikolassee Church (11–13 June 1938) and a second time in the parish hall of the Steglitz Congregation (31 July). In Nikolassee the oath was much under discussion, however, no decision was taken, but delayed – until further information would be available. At

3904:

descent, which usually was confirmed by copies from the baptismal registers of the churches, certifying that all four grandparents had been baptised. Some pastors soon understood, that people lacking four baptised grandparents are helped a lot – and later even rescued their lives – if they

3492:

and the abolition of synodal and presbyterial democracy, the majority of German Christian synodals shouted him down. The German Christians abused the general synod as a mere acclamation, like a Nazi party convention. Koch and his partisans left the synod. The majority of German Christians thus voted

2573:

had disappeared with the monarchies in the German states, the question arose, why the Protestant church bodies within Germany did not merge. Besides the smaller Protestant denominations of the Mennonites, Baptists or Methodists, which were organised crossing state borders along denominational lines,

2453:

could not increase the number of its activists. In Berlin the number of activists made up maybe 60,000 to 80,000 persons of an overall number of parishioners of more than 3 million within an overall of more than 4 million Berliners. Especially in Berlin the affiliation faded. By the end of the 1920s

1100:

of its own. The congregations were stewarded by the Evangelical Supreme Church Council (see below) like congregations of expatriates abroad. On 1 January 1899, the congregations became an integral part of the Prussian state church. No separate ecclesiastical province was established, but the deanery

884:

is a church parliament rather than the district it represents – had convened. Minister Stein zum Altenstein and the King were disappointed over the outcome, especially after the Marcher provincial synod, disliking the whole idea of parishioners' participation in church governance. The king then

831:). At Christmas time the same year, a common liturgical agenda was produced, as a result of a great deal of personal work by Frederick William, as well by the commission that he had appointed in 1798. The agenda was not well received by many Lutherans, as it was seen to compromise the wording of the 11953:

partner get a divorce from their Jewish-classified spouses, by granting easy legal divorce procedures and opportunities to withhold most of the common property after a divorce. Those, who stuck to their spouse, would suffer discriminations like dismissal from public employment, exclusion from civic

11503:

It had originally 42 pupils (November 1939) and more than hundred by February 1941. Teachers were Frieda Fürstenheim, Lilly Wolff, Käthe Bergmann, Margarete Draeger, after 1940 also Hildegard Kuttner, Rosa Ollendorf, and furthermore Lisa Eppenstein from 1941 on. Hunsche gave classes of Evangelical,

8845:

Due to the interference of the Nazi regime in the internal affairs of the old-Prussian church favorites of the regime could usurp governing positions, and lost them again when dropping into disgrace. The protagonists of the confessing old-Prussian church declared the schism to be matter of fact and

8106:

In Berlin-Brandenburg the Reformed congregations formed an own deanery (Kirchenkreis) not delineated along territorial boundaries but confessional differences. The Reformed deanery continued to exist after the merger of Berlin-Brandenburg with the church in Silesian Upper Lusatia now also including

7876:

to the eastern churches at the arbitrarily fixed rate of 1:1, since GDR citizens and entities were forbidden to hold unlimited sums of western currency the western churches could not help it. Its synodals from the East and the West would meet simultaneously in Berlin (East) and Berlin (West), while

6611:

had been forbidden since 1935, but now after the Olympic close hunting season had ended the authorities effectively fought the preparations and holding of the synods. Thus synods had to be prepared in secret, therefore they were not referred to by the name of their venue any more, keeping the venue

6576:

decided to hold rogations for the persecuted Jews and Christians of Jewish descent. The pastors were recommended the following text: "Administer to the needs of all the Jews in our midst, who are losing for the sake of their blood their honour as humans and the opportunity to live. Help that nobody

5831:

to discuss denominational questions of the Reformed, Lutheran and united congregations within the old-Prussian Confessing Church. The Halle Synod also delivered the basis for the multi-denominational Protestant Arnoldshain Conference (1957) and its theses on the Lord's Supper. Soon after, on 1 July

5041:

to governmental financial control. All budgets and remittances were to be confirmed by state comptrollers. On 11 April an ordinance ordered that salaries were only to be remitted to orderly appointed employees and all future appointments of whomsoever, would only take effect with the consent of the

4337:

The Lutheran church bodies of Bavaria right of the river Rhine and Württemberg again refused to merge in September 1934. The imprisonment of their leaders, Bishop Meiser and Bishop Wurm, evoked public protests of congregants in Bavaria right of the river Rhine and Württemberg. Thus the Nazi Reich's

10063:

In the German original:"... daß bei allen zersetzenden Erscheinungen der modernen Zivilisation das Judentum eine führende Rolle spielt". Published in his circular (Rundbrief; No. 2, 3 April 1928), recorded at the Evangelisches Zentralarchiv: 50/R 19. Here quoted after Ursula Büttner, "Von der

6897:

and the Roman Catholic Church protested at the Nazi Reich's government against the murders, which also included inmates of Christian sanatories. On 4 December 1940 Reinhold Sautter, Supreme Church Councillor of Württemberg, reproached the Nazi Ministerial Councillor Eugen Stähle for the murders in

6721:

chased millions of women and children to death, consciously and with a happy heart. History sees him only as a great founder of states. It is of no concern, what the weak Western European civilisation is saying about me. I issued the command – and I will have everybody executed, who will only

6245:

shares to finance the rent of the new location. Livingstone led the department for the British Commonwealth, Werner Hirschwald the Latin American section and Sylvia Wolff the Scandinavian. By October 1939 all offices of Grüber's Bureau moved to An der Stechbahn. A welfare department under Richard

3819:

to act as he wished. Furthermore, the national synod usurped the power in the 28 Protestant church bodies and provided the new so-called bishops of the 28 Protestant church bodies with hierarchical supremacy over all clergy and laymen within their church organisation. The national synod abolished

3438:

contradicts the Protestant confession of everybody's right to perform her or his faith freely. "The Gospel is to be universally preached to all peoples and races and makes all baptised persons insegregable brethren to each other. Therefore, unequal rights, due to national or racial arguments, are

1372:

The General Synod first convened in June 1846, presided by Daniel Neander, and consisting of representatives of the clergy, the parishioners, and members nominated by the king. The General Synod found agreement on the teaching and the ordination, but the king did not confirm any of its decisions.

1058:, or SELK). On 23 July 1845, the royal government recognised the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Prussia and its congregations as legal entities. In the same year the Evangelical Church in the Royal Prussian Lands reinforced its self-conception as the Prussian State's church and was renamed as the 5765:. Zoellner concluded that this made his reconciliatory work impossible and criticised the Gestapo activities. He resigned on 2 February 1937, paralysing the Reich's ecclesiastical committee, which thus lost all recognition among the opposition. Kerrl now subjected Ludwig Müller's chancery of the 11484:

Between 1933 and the November Pogrom 150,000 Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent emigrated. After the pogrom another 80,000 left until the beginning of the war. Between February and May 1939 alone, the number amounted to 34,040, with an equal additional number of emigrants from

8976:

The new church order of 1 August 1951, accounting for the transformation of the integrated old-Prussian church into an umbrella, replaced the vacant church senate by the Council of the Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union (Rat der Evangelischen Kirche der altpreußischen Union). Also the

7863:

and often denied Westerners entrance to the GDR. However, the GDR tolerated the cooperation to some extent because of the considerable subsidies granted by the two western member churches to the four (from 1960 on, five) eastern member churches, which allowed the GDR National Bank and later its

3012:, which he remained after his official appointment by the re-elected old-Prussian general synod until 1945. For 2 July, Werner ordered general thanksgiving services in all congregations to thank for the new imposed streamlined leadership. Many pastors protested that and held instead services of 11606:

The German original: "Nimm Dich der Not aller der Juden in unserer Mitte an, die um ihres Blutes willen Menschenehre und Lebensmöglichkeit verlieren. Hilf, daß keiner an ihnen rachsüchtig handle. ... In Sonderheit laß das Band der Liebe zu denen nicht zerreißen, die mit uns in demselben treuen

6776:

But in a meeting with Nazi partisans Hitler expressed that he recognised the Wehrmacht's – even though only to a limited extent – clinging to the churches, as its weakness. As to the question of the churches he said: "The war is in this respect, as well as in many another occasion, a

5847:

on 21–27 August 1937 debating financial matters. After the toughening of financial control the synodals decided to keep up collections, but more in hiding, and restarted regular rogations for the imprisoned, reading their names from the pulpit. In autumn 1937 the Gestapo further suppressed the

995:

In defiance of this decree, a number of Lutheran pastors and congregations – like that in Breslau – believing it was contrary to the Will of God to obey the king's decree, continued to use the old liturgical agenda and sacramental rites of the Lutheran church. Becoming aware of this

10465:

In April 1933 Bonhoeffer appealed at the Evangelical Church (1) to ask the Nazi government for the legitimacy of its actions, (2) to serve the victims of the anti-Semitic discriminations, also those who were not parishioners and (3) to directly block the 'spokes' of the 'wheel' of detrimental

7473:. In 1947 the Polish government also expelled the remaining members of the Silesian consistory, which temporarily could continue to officiate in Wrocław. Görlitz became the seat of the tiny territorial rest of the Silesian ecclesiastical province, constituting on 1 May 1947 as the independent 5807:

However, Kerrl's ministerial bureaucracy also knew what to do without him. From now on the ministry of church affairs subjected also the other Protestant church bodies, which in 1937 amounted after mergers to 23, to state controlled financial committees. Any attempt to impose a union upon all

5401:

provincial ecclesiastical committee (est. on 19 December 1935, comprising Greater Berlin and the province of Brandenburg) consisted of Ministerial Director retd. Peter Conze (Berlin-Halensee), Senate President Engert (Berlin-Lichterfelde West), Pastor Gustav Heidenreich (Church of the Well of

925:

Debate and opposition to the new agenda persisted until 1829, when a revised edition of the agenda was produced. This liturgy incorporated a greater level of elements from the Lutheran liturgical tradition. With this introduction, the dissent against the agenda was greatly reduced. However, a

13061: 7511:

Fled and expelled parishioners from the old-Prussian eastern ecclesiastical provinces as well as fled and expelled Protestants from Czechoslovakian, Hungarian, Lithuanian, Polish, or Romanian church bodies – altogether amounting to maybe 10 millions, who happened to strand in one of the

4441:

established in Achenbachstraße No. 3, Berlin, its own office for the examination of pastors and other church employees, since the official church body discriminated against candidates of Nazi opposing opinion. Until 1945 3,300 theologists graduated at this office. Among their examiners were

608:

Since the Reformation, the two Protestant denominations in Brandenburg had had their own ecclesiastical governments under state control through the crown as Supreme Governor. However, under the new absolutism then in vogue, the churches were under a civil bureaucratic state supervision by a

7126:

Shortly before the next old-Prussian Synod of Confession, in early October 1943 the old-Prussian Brethren Council of the Confessing Church decided to generally allow the ordination of women, followed by the ordination of Annemarie Grosch, Sieghild Jungklaus, Margarethe Saar, Lore Schlunk,

11954:

society organisations etc. When deportations started people living in mixed marriages were first spared. In March 1943 an attempt to deport the Berlin-based Jews and Gentiles of Jewish descent, living in mixed marriages, failed due to public protest by their relatives-in-law of so-called

6603:

to reject any labelling of Jews, warning that after the labelling of all the Jewish owned shops in August 1938, their destruction followed suit, so the same would also happen – "in the same conscienceless, evil and sadistic manner" – to the persons, once they would be labelled.

4128:, comprising Supt. Albertz, Arnim-Kröchlendorff, Wilhelm von Arnim-Lützow, sculpturist Wilhelm Groß, Walter Häfele, Justizrat Willy Hahn, Oberstudienrat Georg Lindner, H. Michael, Willy Praetorius, Rabenau, Scharf, Regierunsgrat Kurt Siehe, and Heinrich Vogel, presided by Gerhard Jacobi. 8012:, lower birth rates since the 1970s, and few Protestant immigrants, the Protestant churches in Germany are undergoing a severe decline in parishioners and thus of parishioners' contributions, forcing member Churches to reorganise in order to spend less. For this reason, the Synod of the 5832:

Niemöller was arrested and after months in detention he was released – the court sentenced him and regarded the term served by the time in detention, but the Gestapo took him right away into custody and imprisoned him in the concentration camp of Sachsenhausen and later in Dachau.

4383:

In autumn 1934 the Gestapo ordered the closure of the existing free preachers' seminaries, whose attendance formed part of the obligatory theological education of a pastor. The existing Reformed seminary in Wuppertal-Elberfeld, led by Hesse, resisted its closure and was accepted by the

315:(temporarily), to name only a few. In the early 1950s, the church body was transformed into an umbrella, after its prior ecclesiastical provinces had assumed independence in the late 1940s. Following the decline in number of parishioners due to the German demographic crisis and growing 566:(1776–1810), which is why they never partook of Communion together. A commission was formed in order to prepare this common agenda. This liturgical agenda was the culmination of the efforts of his predecessors to unify the two Protestant churches in Prussia and in its predecessor, the 12669:, Walter Sylten, Joachim-Dieter Schwäbl and Michael Kreutzer on behalf of the Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte (ed.; Evangelical Relief Centre for the formerly Racially Persecuted), Berlin: Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte, 1988, pp. 24–29. . 12769:, Walter Sylten, Joachim-Dieter Schwäbl and Michael Kreutzer on behalf of the Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte (ed.; Evangelical Relief Centre for the formerly Racially Persecuted), Berlin: Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte, 1988, pp. 1–23. . 7487:

All of the church property east of the Oder-Neiße Line was expropriated without compensation with the church buildings mostly taken over by the Roman Catholic Church in Poland, and most of the cemeteries were desecrated and devastated. Very few churches – namely in Silesia and

2395:. Nationalist conservative groups dominated the general synods. Authoritarian traditions competed with liberal and modern ones. The traditional affinity to the former princely holders of the summepiscopacy often continued. So when in 1926 the leftist parties successfully launched a 5007:. In reaction to that the Nazi government arrested 700 pastors, who had read this declaration from their pulpits. The official church ordered to read a declaration demanding the parishioners' obedience to the Nazi government. On Sunday Judica (7 April 1935) Confessing pastors held 2461:– to 133,379 in 1919 and 163,819 in 1920. However, these secessions were still compensated by baptisands and migrants. In the early and mid-1920s the annual number of secessions amounted to about 80,000. From 1928 to 1932 annually about 50,000 parishioners seceded from the 10954:

Already since summer 1934 Meusel tried to build up a relief organisation for Protestants of Jewish descent, but did not find decisive support. Bodelschwingh refused to help and the Inner Mission remained reluctant. Cf. Martin Greschat, ""Gegen den Gott der Deutschen"", pp.

4082:, covered Ludwig Müller and his willing subordinates with a wave of litigations in the ordinary courts in order to reach verdicts on his arbitrary anticonstitutional measures. Since Müller had acted without legal basis the courts usually proved the litigants to be right. 3797:

to the door of the church in 1517. The synodals were not elected by the parishioners, but two-thirds were delegated by the church leaders, now called bishops, of the 28 Protestant church bodies, including the three intact ones, and one third were emissaries of Müller's

1743:

The ever-growing societal segment of the workers among the Evangelical parishioners had little affinity to the Church, which was dominated in their pastors and functionaries by members of the bourgeoisie and aristocracy. A survey held in early 1924 determine that in 96

13054: 7116:) had ordained parishioners from his congregation, who were to be deported and wanted to work as chaplains at the place, where they would come to. The only German Jews and German Gentiles of Jewish descent, who were in fact not deported, were those living in so-called 6075:), which was prohibited to accept members – like Spiero – with three or four grandparents, who had been enrolled with a Jewish congregation. Thus that new association had lost its most prominent leaders and faded, having become an organisation of so-called 1806:

The intertwining of most leading clerics and church functionaries with traditional Prussian elites brought about that the State Church considered the First World War as a just war. Pacifists, like Hans Francke (Church of the Holy Cross, Berlin), Walter Nithack-Stahn

10193:

According to the census in 1933 there were in Germany, with an overall population of 62 millions, 41 million parishioners enlisted with one of the 28 different Lutheran, Reformed and United Protestant church bodies, making up 62.7% as against 21.1 million Catholics

5681: – an anti-Semitism, obliging to hatred of the Jews, is imposed on the individual Christian, so for him the Christian virtue of charity is standing against that." The authors concluded that the Nazi regime will definitely lead the German people into disaster. 13155: 8926:

on 5 September 1933, by changing the church order only creating the function of state bishop. By creating the state ecclesiastical committee (Landeskirchenausschuss) for the old-Prussian church Müller lost all his governing competences, but retained the title.

1756:, only 9 to 15% of the parishioners actually attended the services. Congregations in workers' districts, often comprising several ten thousands of parishioners, usually counted hardly more than a hundred congregants in regular services. William II and his wife 7402:

carried out by the Polish and Soviet governments in the years of 1945–1948. In December the lawyer and Supreme Church Councillor Erich Dalhoff issued his assessment that the newly formed provisional executive bodies on the overall and provincial levels of the

4967:

With the verdict of the Landgericht I, and this turn in Hitler's policy Jäger resigned from his office as state commissioner. Müller refused to resign as Reich's bishop but had to unwind all measures taken to forcefully unite the church bodies. So besides the

13047: 7154:, later issuing leaflets and brochures with guidelines for the parishioner. But overall, the persecutions and arrestments – as well as the increasing weariness in the long duration of the war with 72 weekly work hours – made most members acquiesce. 5890:), Ernst Bender, and Friedrich Wendtlandt. In February 1938 Werner divested von Arnim-Kröchlendorff as chief of the financial department of Berlin, and replaced him by the Nazi official Erhard von Schmidt, who then severed the financial drainage of Berlin's 4030:

answered this decree by a declaration read by opposing pastors from their pulpits on 7 and 14 January. Müller then prompted the arrestment or disciplinary procedures against about 60 pastors alone in Berlin, who had been denounced by spies or congregants of

5359:, led by Karl Eger, and further staffed with Supreme Consistorial Councillor Walter Kaminski (Königsberg), Pastor Theodor Kuessner (praeses of the East Prussian provincial Synod of Confession), Pastor Ernst Martin (Magdeburg), Supt. Wilhelm Ewald Schmidt ( 3394: – being all baptised Protestant church members -, who had grandparents, who were enrolled as Jews, or who were married with such persons, were all to be fired. Gerhard Jacobi led the opposing provincial synodals. Other provincial synods demanded the 272:, imposed permanent or temporary organizational divisions, eliminated entire congregations, and expropriated church property, transferring it either to secular uses or to different churches more favoured by these various governments. In the course of the 7258:

and from most congregations of the Silesian ecclesiastical province, as was recorded in a report about the situation in the ecclesiastical provinces (10 March 1945). By the end of the war millions of parishioners and many pastors were fleeing westwards.

2556:

In the inter-war years the general synod convened five times. In 1927 it decided with a narrow majority to maintain the title general superintendent instead of replacing it by the title bishop. The same general synod voted for the admittance of women as

694: 5940:) and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent drove them ever deeper into impoverishment. The official church body completely refused to help its persecuted parishioners of Jewish descent, let alone the Germans of Jewish faith. But also the activists of the 5688:, erroneously blaming him to have played the memorandum into the hands of foreign media. Since Weißler was a Protestant of Jewish descent he was not taken to court, where the evidentially false blaming would have been easily unveiled, but deported to 7366:

into a mere umbrella organisation ("Neuordnung der Evangelischen Kirche der altpreußischen Union"). Dibelius and some Middle German representatives (the so-called Dibelians) could not assert themselves against Koch and his partisans, to maintain the

8103:). The churches of Berlin-Brandenburg, Saxony and Silesia comprised mostly Lutheran congregations, some Reformed congregations (Silesia after the Polish annexation and expulsion of parishioners a single one) and few united Protestant congregations. 2848:

strictly opposed that election, because Bodelschwingh was not their partisan. Thus the Nazis, who were permanently breaking the law, stepped in, using the streamlined Prussian government, and declared the functionaries had exceeded their authority.

8142:

belonging to Prussia before 1866. Each ecclesiastical province had at least one consistory, sometimes more with special competences, and at least one general superintendent, as provincial spiritual leader, sometimes more with regional competences.

2565:

of 31 May 1931. By this concordat the church was given a say in appointing professors of Protestant theology and the contents they teach in Prussia's state universities, whereas the Free State could veto the appointment of leading functionaries.

11082:

Christen im Rahmen der nationalsozialistischen Weltanschauung ein Antisemitismus aufgedrängt wird, der zum Judenhaß verpflichtet, so steht für ihn dagegen das christliche Gebot der Nächstenliebe.« Cf. Martin Greschat (ed. and commentator),

6493: 6311:), charging wealthier emigrants in order to finance the emigration of the poorer. The due was also used to finance the different recognised associations organising emigration. From 1 July on the Reichsvertretung remitted a monthly subsidy of 4096:

Furthermore, Müller degraded the legislative provincial synods and the executive provincial church councils into mere advisory boards. Müller appointed Paul Walzer, formerly county commissioner in the Free City of Danzig, as president of the

13128: 6704:

From 1938 on the Nazis had tested the reaction of the general public to the murder of incurably sick people by films, articles, books and reports covering the subject. The murder of the handicapped and the incurably sick was euphemised as

6812:

only selected rules. Almost all the Catholic, Jewish and Protestant clergy in the Warthegau was murdered or expelled, with the exception of some German-speaking Protestant pastors and few such Catholic priests. The mostly German-speaking

6152:

grant immigration visa. As long as the Nazis' decision, to murder all persons they considered as Jews, had not yet been taken, the Bureau gained some government recognition as an agency, promoting the emigration of the concerned persons.

5745:

On 15 December 1936 the old-Prussian brethren council issued a declaration, authored by Fritz Müller, criticising the compromising and shortcomings in the policy of the ecclesiastical committees. On the next day until the 18th the fourth

6290:) in an office in Kurfürstenstraße #115–116, Berlin. Eichmann asked Grüber in a meeting about Jewish emigration why Grüber, not having any Jewish family and with no prospect for any thank, does help the Jews. Grüber answered because the 4838:. However, 30,000 convened in different convention centres in the city and Niemöller, Peter Petersen (Lichterfelde) and Adolf Kurtz (Twelve Apostles Church) – among others – held speeches. On 7 December the Gestapo forbade the 4342:

aroused more and more unrest among Protestants, rather driving people into opposition to the government, than domesticating Protestantism as useful beadle for the Nazi reign. A breakthrough was the verdict of 20 November 1934. The court

2865:

and religious organisation, declaring the unauthorised election of Bodelschwingh had created a situation contravening the constitutions of the Protestant churches, and on these grounds, on 24 June the Nazi Minister of Cultural Affairs,

9660: 6347:

as the new and only central organisation competent for all persons and institutions persecuted as Jewish according to the Nuremberg Laws, supervised the school. Now the school became an Evangelical-Catholic oecumenical school, called

4159:

opposed the unification of the 28 Protestant church bodies, but many more agreed, but they wanted it under the preservation of the true Protestant faith, not imposed by Nazi partisans. In reaction to the convention and claims of the

4430:). These activities completely depended on donations. In 1937 the Gestapo closed the seminaries in the east. Iwand, on whom in 1936 the Gestapo had inflicted the nationwide prohibition to speak in the public, reopened a seminary in 2654:

in an address for the US radio. Even after this clearly anti-Semitic action he repeated in his circular to the pastors of Kurmark on the occasion of Easter (16 April 1933) his anti-Jewish attitude, giving the same words as in 1928.

5538:

were dissented. While most brethren councillors of Berlin wanted to co-operate, the brethren council of Brandenburg (without Berlin), of the Rhineland and the overall old-Prussian brethren council strictly opposed any compromises.

1258: 1096:. There had hardly been any Protestants in the tiny area, but with the support from Berlin congregational, structures were built up. Until 1874, three (later altogether five) congregations were founded and in 1889, organised as a 9616: 5812:. In the period of the committee policy, unapproved collections were tolerated but now Confessing pastors were systematically imprisoned, who were denounced for having collected money. The number of imprisoned dignitaries of the 781:

Especially in many Rhenish places, Lutherans and Calvinists merged their parishes to form United Protestant congregations. When Prussia finally received a parliament in 1847, some church leadership offices included a seat in the

8080: 9635: 7229:

decided to relocate church archives from endangered East and West Prussia into central parts of Prussia, where more than 7,200 church registers were finally rescued. But with the Soviet offensives starting in January 1945 (see

6190:

did not even try to intervene in favour of its imprisoned clergy. Thus none of the Protestant pastors of Jewish descent remained in or returned to office. Also the many other inmates had no advocate of such influence like the

2454:

still 70% of the dead in Berlin were buried accompanied by an Evangelical ceremony and 90% of the children from Evangelical couples were baptised. But only 40% of the marriages in Berlin chose an Evangelical wedding ceremony.

1039:

ascended to the throne. He released the pastors who had been imprisoned, and allowed the dissenting groups to form religious organisations in freedom. In 1841, the Old Lutherans who had stayed in Prussia convened in a general

699: 6941:

were successfully destroyed in the course of 1941. Supt. Albertz und Hans Böhm, the leaders of those educational institutions were arrested in July 1941. Söhngen protested and resigned from the consistory by the end of 1942.

13149: 8274:(constitution) an elected governing board in 1922, called the church senate (Kirchensenat), to which the EOK, with reduced competences, became subordinate. The church senate was presided by the praeses of the general synod. 8115:

are churches united in administration according to the self-conception. Whereas many Rhenish congregations are indeed united in confession, the Westphalian church sees Lutheran and Reformed traditions as equally ranked. The

7542: 6276:. Thus he was commissioned to expel Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent within the old Reich's borders. From September 1939 the Bureau Grüber had to subordinate to the supervision by Eichmann, who worked as 5913:, the Reich's leader of the Nazi party, declared that Hitler was not interested in an oath. However, the consistories demanded the oath, but in the Rhenish ecclesiastical province only 184 out 800 pastors refused to swear. 406:

1817–1821: The church union was still being regulated by Prussian officials, and no official name was taken up for it yet. Informal names reported elsewhere included Prussian Union of Churches and the Union of Churches in

13165: 13160: 13118: 900:(1827). In 1830, the king bestowed him the very unusual, title of honorary bishop. The king also bestowed titles on other collaborators in implementing the Union, with the honorary title of bishop, such as Eylert (1824), 12781:

Dietrich Bonhoeffers Kampf gegen die nationalsozialistische Verfolgung und Vernichtung der Juden: Bonhoeffers Haltung zur Judenfrage im Vergleich mit Stellungnahmen aus der evangelischen Kirche und Kreisen des deutschen

3820:

future election for the synods of the 28 Protestant church bodies. Henceforth synodals had to replace two-thirds of the outgoing synodals by co-optation, the remaining third was to be appointed by the respective bishop.

793:

A number of steps were taken to effect the number of pastors that would become Union pastors. Candidates for ministry, from 1820 onwards were required to state whether they would be willing to join the Union. All of the

6421:

The Family school was ordered to close by the end of June 1942. Draeger dived into the underground by the end of 1942, hiding in Berlin and surviving through some undaunted helpers, but was caught later and deported to

2202: 7526: 5092:

could be settled. So Niemöller, Hesse and Immer returned into the Reich's Brethren Council. Prof. Barth, refusing to sign the newly introduced oath of all professors to Hitler, had been dismissed from his chair at the

13205: 4999:. The synodals further adopted a declaration about the Nazi racist doctrine. The same month the declaration was read in all confessing congregations, that the Nazi racist doctrine, claiming there were a Jewish and an 4216:

In the convention, following suit on 30 and 31 May, the participants from all 28 Protestant church bodies in Germany – including the old-Prussian synodals – declared Protestantism were based on the complete

2020: 12939:

Heinrich Grüber und die Folgen: Beiträge des Symposiums am 25. Juni 1991 in der Jesus-Kirche zu Berlin-Kaulsdorf, Eva Voßberg (ed.), Berlin: Bezirkschronik Berlin-Hellersdorf, 1992, (=Hellersdorfer Heimathefte;

3253:), presided by Dibelius and printed new election posters in its premises in Alte Jacobstraße # 129, Berlin. The night before the election Hitler appealed on the radio to all Protestants to vote for candidates of the 6101:

was evident, even though 70–80% of the Christian Germans of Jewish descent were Protestants. In August 1938 the Nazi government forced Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent to adopt the middle names

1373:

After 1876 the general synod comprised 200 synodals, 50 laymen parishioners, 50 pastors, 50 deputies of the Protestant theological university faculties as ex officio members, and 50 synodals appointed by the king.

13221: 13190: 13113: 9543: 6628: 12359:: Series D (1937–1945), 13 vols., Walter Bußmann (ed.), vol. 7: 'Die letzten Wochen vor Kriegsausbruch: 9. August bis 3. September 1939', Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1956, p. 171. . 6253:

In February 1939 the Reich's ministry of the interior combined the work of all offices busy with expelling Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent in the Reich's central office for Jewish Emigration

4296:, comprising many authentical persuasive activists, still remained a minority but increased their number. As compared to the vast majority of indifferent, non-observing Protestants, both movements were marginal. 959:) became the usual general expression for Protestant in the German language. In April 1830, Frederick William, in his instructions for the upcoming celebration of the 300th anniversary of the presentation of the 850:. This met with strong objections from Lutheran pastors around Prussia. Despite the opposition, 5,343 out of 7,782 Protestant congregations were using the new agenda by 1825. Frederick William III took notice of 13098: 7201:

as well as into rooms in Potsdam. Consistorial President Heinrich Fichtner, replacing Söhngen since 1943, Bender, August Krieg, von Arnim, Paul Fahland, Paul Görs and Hans Nordmann stayed in Berlin. In 1944 the

6019: 3678:

and therefore illegitimate. Each pastor joining the Covenant – until the end of September 1933 2,036 out of a total of 18,842 Protestant pastors in Germany acceded – had to sign that he rejected the

2438: – in his eyes – would not provide the society with binding norms any more, thus this would be the task of the church. The church would have to stand for the defense of the Christian culture of the 3268:

Thus the turnout in the elections was extraordinarily high, since most non-observant Protestants, who since long aligned with the Nazis, had voted. 70–80% of the newly elected presbyters and synodals of the

877:(supreme consistorial councillor) and thus a member of the Marcher Consistory. He became an influential confidant of the king and one of his privy councillors and a referee to Minister Stein zum Altenstein. 12451:

Die Entstehung der Preußischen Landeskirche unter der Regierung König Friedrich Wilhelms des Dritten; Nach den Quellen erzählt von Erich Foerster. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Kirchenbildung im deutschen

7279:. Thus an ever-growing number of parishioners was expelled. Especially all representatives of German intelligentsia – including Protestant clergy – were systematically deported to the west of the 6886:(Kirchengebiet Danzig-Westpreußen), since 1940 also comprising the congregations of Danzig's regional synodal federation, and thus competent for all congregations of united Protestant church bodies in the 6330:

Minister Rust had banned all pupils of Jewish descent from attending public schools from 15 November 1938 on. So Pastor Kurtz and Vicar Klara Hunsche opened an Evangelical school in January 1939 in the

5120:

measurements, because they usually lacked any legal basis, on 26 June 1935 the Nazi government passed a law, which would ban all suits about church questions from being decided by orderly jurisdiction.

2582:

In fact, a merger was permanently under discussion, but never materialised due to strong regional self-confidence and traditions as well as the denominational fragmentation into Lutheran, Calvinist and

9501:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compilator) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 13–28, here footnote 11 on p. 27. 4135:

after the other. Werner Zillich and Max Moelter were the executive directors, further collaborators were Elisabeth Möhring (sister of the opposing pastor Gottfried Möhring at St. Catharine's Church in

3753:, as provincial bishop of Brandenburg (resigned in November after the éclat in the Sportpalast, see below), while the then furloughed Karow was newly appointed as provincial bishop of Berlin. Thus the 11755:

The deportations of Jews and Gentiles of Jewish descent from Austria and Pomerania (both to Poland) as well as Baden and the Palatinate (both to France) had remained a spontaneous episode (see above).

11232: 10924: 10878: 10730: 10676: 10649: 10408: 9716: 9651: 9599: 9578: 7898: 7829: 7727: 7702: 7684: 7670: 7551: 7514: 7304: 7182:). The massive devastations of inhabited areas of course also included church buildings and other church-owned real estate. In the course of the ever intensifying further spreading Allied bombing the 6685: 6633: 6498: 6432: 6303: 6282: 6256: 6067: 6038: 6024: 6003: 5587: 5347: 5322: 5281:), appealed to the synodals to take action for the persecuted Jews and Christians of Jewish descent. In her memorandum she explained – among other things – that a third of the so-called non- 5130: 4952: 4900: 4871: 4745: 4715: 4697: 4676: 4662: 4644: 4630: 4390: 4261: 4239: 4178: 3952: 3938: 3830: 3807: 3693: 3662: 3513: 3503: 3382: 3245: 3231: 3137: 3103: 2914: 2900: 2883: 2809: 2676: 2541: 2363: 2330: 2305: 2291: 2277: 2263: 2249: 2182: 2133: 2101: 2032: 1954: 1857: 1640: 1545: 1527: 1498: 1394: 1361: 1351: 1341: 1064: 1050: 951: 823: 710: 13133: 9706: 503:

in 1617, with most of his subjects remaining Lutheran. However, a significant Calvinist minority had grown due to the reception of thousands of Calvinists refugees fleeing oppression by the Catholic

7585:

had been removed or resigned from their positions. Many neutrals, forming the majority of clergy and parishioners, and many proponents of the quite doubtable compromising policy in the times of the

5293:, aiming for and resulting in – as shown by the demographic development of German Jewry under Nazi persecution so far – the extinction of the German Jewry. She quoted a criticism from the 12212:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compilator) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 13–28, here pp. 21–24 and 26. 5872: 4537: 2142: 5901:

should swear an oath of allegiance to Hitler. In May the seventh Synod of Confession of the Rhenish ecclesiastical province refused to comply, since it was not the state, which demanded the oath.

5673:. A preliminary version had been published in foreign media earlier. "If blood, race, nationhood and honour are given the rank of eternal values, so the Evangelical Christian is compelled by the 3501:. On 5 September the brown synodals passed the retroactive church law, which only established the function and title of bishop. The same law renamed the ecclesiastical provinces into bishoprics ( 4315:(in the countryside) or a political municipality or city was in charge of maintaining the church buildings and paying the pastor. No pastor could be appointed without the consent of the patron ( 680: 7316:, since traffic and communication between the German regions had collapsed. On 13 June 1945 the Westphalian ecclesiastical province under Praeses Karl Koch unilaterally assumed independence as 839:

was not proclaimed. More importantly, the increasing coercion of the civil authorities into church affairs was viewed as a new threat to Protestant freedom of a kind not seen since the Papacy.

7940:

prepared for the worst and passed emergency measures establishing regional synods for East and West in the event of a forceful separation of the Union. The eastern synodal Hanfried Müller, a

6577:

will act vengefully against them. ... Especially do not let disrupt the bond of love to those, who are standing with us in the same true belief and who are through Him like us Thy children."

6199: 5975:, since also among the opponents many, Lutherans more than Calvinists, had anti-Jewish affects or were completely occupied with maintaining the true Protestant faith under state suppression. 291:

The two post-war periods saw major reforms within the Church, strengthening the parishioners' democratic participation. The Church counted many renowned theologians as its members, including

12192:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compilator) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 38–49, here pp. 44seq. 9684:

The EOK was created through Article 15 of the Constitution of Prussia of 31 January 1850. Wilhelm Hüffmeier, "Die Evangelische Kirche der Union: Eine kurze geschichtliche Orientierung", in:

2000:, which were not annexed by Poland and remained with Germany. They were united with those congregations of the westernmost area of West Prussia, which remained with Germany, to form the new 1970:

until 1945, when most of the former's congregants fled the approaching Soviet army or were subsequently denaturalised by Poland due to their German native language and expelled (1945–1950).

6163:. The well-organised Nazi squads killed several hundreds, set nine out of 12 major synagogues in Berlin on fire (1,900 synagogues all over Germany), 1,200 Jewish Berliners were deported to 2699:

demanded to purify Protestantism of all Jewish patrimony. Judaism should no longer be regarded a religion, which can be adopted and given up, but a racial category which were genetic. Thus

2025: 7186:

suffered substantial losses of church structures in all ecclesiastical provinces, especially in the cities, including many buildings of considerable historical and/or architectural value.

5246: 4830:(31 October 1934). The Gestapo forbade them any public event, thus the festivities had to take place in closed rooms with bidden guests only. All the participants had to carry a so-called 4484: 3055: 901: 13170: 12895:, Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand (ed.), Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand, 2003, (=Schriftenreihe über den Widerstand in Berlin von 1933 bis 1945; No. 14). ISSN 0175-3592. 9558: 6589: 685: 12888:, Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand (ed.), Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand, 1986, (=Schriftenreihe über den Widerstand in Berlin von 1933 bis 1945; No. 2). ISSN 0175-3592. 12172:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compilator) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 38–49, here p. 41. 12152:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compilator) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 38–49, here p. 40. 12084:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compilator) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 13–28, here p. 14. 12043:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compilator) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 13–27, here p. 24. 10492:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compilator) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 38–49, here p. 42. 10324:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compilator) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 13–27, here p. 23. 10080:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compilator) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 13–28, here p. 21. 9957:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compilator) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 13–28, here p. 22. 9916:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compilator) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 29–37, here p. 35. 9830:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compilator) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 29–37, here p. 36. 9807:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compilator) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 29–37, here p. 32. 9737:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compilator) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 13–28, here p. 19. 9688:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compilator) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 13–28, here p. 18. 9455:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compilator) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 13–28, here p. 18. 9432:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compilator) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 13–28, here p. 13. 9399:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compilator) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 13–28, here p. 17. 9367:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compilator) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 13–28, here p. 16. 439:

1 March to 20 November 1934: The streamlined leadership abolished the Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union as an independent church body and merged it in the new Nazi-submissive

13742: 10791:, then employees of the council hosted it in their private apartments (Alte Jacobstraße # 8, from 1935 on Saarlandstraße No. 12 ), whereupon a café in Lindenstraße opposite to the 7350:

for 31 August 1945. The representatives of the six still existing ecclesiastical provinces (March of Brandenburg, Pomerania, Rhineland, Saxony, Silesia, and Westphalia) and the central

6945:

From 1 September 1941 on Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent with three or four grandparents, who were enrolled with a Jewish congregation, and the special category of

3091:

The new synods of the 28 Protestant churches were to declare their dissolution as separate church bodies. Representatives of all 28 Protestant churches were to attend the newly created

1684: 3343: 708:

was appointed as minister. The Reformed churches and the Lutheran church were thus administered by one department within the same ministry. The ministry introduced the preaching gown (

13215: 5677:, to oppose that judgement. If the Aryan human is glorified, so it is God's word, which testifies the sinfulness of all human beings. If – in the scope of the National Socialist 3656:

On 11 September 1933 Gerhard Jacobi gathered c. 60 opposing pastors, who clearly saw the breach of Christian and Protestant principles. Weschke and Günter Jacob proposed to found the

472:

1945–1953: The Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union partially cleansed its leading bodies of German Christians and appointed Nazi opponents and persons of moderate neutrality.

2121:

as to the education of pastors, since its Polish theological students of German native language were hindered to study at German universities by restrictive Polish pass regulations.

13777: 8818: 8776: 8423: 7997:

reunited. With effect of 1 January 1992 the two regions were administratively reunited. The EKU then comprised 6,119 congregations in spread over seven member churches. In 1992 the

7944:

spy (camouflage name: IM Hans Meier) – by far not the only spy in the Church – demanded the separation of the Union. However, the majority of the synod opposed it and the

6792:

With the conquest of all the eastern former Prussian territories, which Germany had ceded to Poland after World War I, and their annexation by Nazi Germany the functionaries of the

6241:, and on 25 January 1939 the Bureau's emigration department, led by Ministerial Counsel rtrd. Paul Heinitz, moved into the new location. Grüber's wife, Marianne, née Vits, sold her 2998: 562:(service book) to be published for use in both the Lutheran and Reformed congregations. The king, a Reformed Christian, lived in a denominationally mixed marriage with the Lutheran 2457:

Whereas in 1913, before the end of the monarchy, 20,500 parishioners seceded from the old-Prussian Church, the numbers soared – during the separation of the religions and the

5194:

and respected neutrals. On 24 September 1935, a new law empowered Kerrl to legislate by way of ordinances within the Protestant church bodies, circumventing any synodal autonomy.

9222:

1992–1993: Joachim Rogge, bishop of the Evangelical Church of Silesian Upper Lusatia (formerly Ecclesiastical Region of Görlitz till 1992); later unmasked as Stasi IM "Ferdinand"

5867:

affiliation: Siegfried Nobiling, Fritz Loerzer (formerly also Provost of Kurmark) and Pastor Karl Themel (Luisenstadt Congregation, Berlin). The remaining prior members were the

12784:, Munich: Kaiser, 1990, (=Heidelberger Untersuchungen zu Widerstand, Judenverfolgung und Kirchenkampf im Dritten Reich; vol. 5), simultaneously handed in at the university 8645: 8603: 7909:

By its new constitution of 1968 the GDR Government demoted all churches from "Public-law Corporations" to mere "Civil Associations" and thus could force the EKU member Churches

6890:. When in October 1940 Kerrl – for the Nazi Ministry of religious Affairs – tried to take control over the churches in the Warthegau, Greiser prohibited him to do so. 6375:, who forbade further deportations from Prussia for the moment. The Gestapo warned Grüber never to take the side of the deported again. The deported were not allowed to return. 3197: 967:

using the new agenda. Rather than having the unifying effect that Frederick William desired, the decree created a great deal of dissent amongst Lutheran congregations. In 1830,

12009:

The Evangelical congregations in Hohenzollern, prior comprising 1,200 parishioners, had to integrate 22,300 Prussian and Polish refugees (of 1945) and expellees (of 1945–1948).

11336: 3815:). The national synod confirmed Müller as Reich's Bishop. The synodals of the national synod decided to waive their right to legislate in church matters and empowered Müller's 12833:, Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss, and Claus Wagener (eds.), Berlin: Institut Kirche und Judentum, 1999, (=Studien zu Kirche und Judentum; vol. 18), pp. 574–591. 12818:, Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss, and Claus Wagener (eds.), Berlin: Institut Kirche und Judentum, 1999, (=Studien zu Kirche und Judentum; vol. 18), pp. 558–563. 12740:, Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss, and Claus Wagener (eds.), Berlin: Institut Kirche und Judentum, 1999, (=Studien zu Kirche und Judentum; vol. 18), pp. 114–147. 12691:, Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss, and Claus Wagener (eds.), Berlin: Institut Kirche und Judentum, 1999, (=Studien zu Kirche und Judentum; vol. 18), pp. 396–411. 12676:, Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss, and Claus Wagener (eds.), Berlin: Institut Kirche und Judentum, 1999, (=Studien zu Kirche und Judentum; vol. 18), pp. 149–171. 8687: 8659: 4085:

On 3 February Müller decreed another ordinance to send functionaries against their will into early retirement. Müller thus further cleansed the staff in the consistories, the

1757: 1600:), representing congregants of Lutheran tradition, who had succumbed in the process of uniting the denominations after 1817 and still fought the Prussian Union. They promoted 1158: 12706:, Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss, and Claus Wagener (eds.), Berlin: Institut Kirche und Judentum, 1999, (=Studien zu Kirche und Judentum; vol. 18), pp. 97–113. 4616:. Since the confessing congregations would have to contravene the laws as interpreted by the official church bodies, the synod developed an emergency law of its own. For the 13138: 12992:, Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss, and Claus Wagener (eds.), Berlin: Institut Kirche und Judentum, 1999, (=Studien zu Kirche und Judentum; vol. 18), pp. 76–96. 12977:, Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss, and Claus Wagener (eds.), Berlin: Institut Kirche und Judentum, 1999, (=Studien zu Kirche und Judentum; vol. 18), pp. 27–75. 12963:, Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss, and Claus Wagener (eds.), Berlin: Institut Kirche und Judentum, 1999, (=Studien zu Kirche und Judentum; vol. 18), pp. 20–26. 7896:, formalising the country's transformation into a communist dictatorship. Thus the GDR government deprived the church bodies in the GDR of their status as statutory bodies ( 5342:

became subordinate to the new bureaucracy, Ludwig Müller lost his say, but still retained the now meaningless titles of German Reich's Bishop and old-Prussian State Bishop.

4446:, who refrained from examining after their employer, the Nazi government, threatened to dismiss them in 1935. After this there were only ecclesiastical examinators, such as 3040: 2156:

conquered the mandatory territory and annexed it on 24 January, the situation of the congregations there turned precarious. On 8 May 1924 Lithuania and the mandatory powers

926:

significant minority felt this was merely a temporary political compromise with which the king could continue his ongoing campaign to establish a civil authority over their

628:, after the defeat of Napoléon I in 1815, rather than reestablishing the previous denominational leadership structures, all religious communities were placed under a single 8715: 7605:, presided by Dibelius, issued the proposal of the committee for a new constitution, which would bring together the Westphalians striving for the complete unwinding of the 6722:

utter a single word of criticism – that it is not the aim of the war to reach particular lines, but to physically annihilate the enemy. Therefore, I have mobilised my

4547:. On 4 December, the Gestapo closed the KiHo altogether, thus the teaching and learning continued underground at changing locations. Among the teachers were Supt. Albertz, 2733:

In a mood of an emergency through an impending Nazi takeover functionaries of the then officiating executive bodies of the 28 Protestant church bodies stole a march on the

8984:

The praeses of the general synod was a member of the council, but only spiritual leaders of one of its member churches were elected chairpersons with the one exception of

5364: 2737:. Functionaries and activists worked hastily on negotiating between the 28 Protestant church bodies a legally indoubtable unification on 25 April 1933 three men convened, 17: 10999:, insisted that the presbyteries of every congregation must have the right to deny baptism to Jews. Cf. Ursula Büttner, "Von der Kirche verlassen", footnote 83 on p. 511. 4233:). Henceforth the movement of all Protestant denominations, opposing Nazi adulteration of Protestantism and Nazi intrusion into Protestant church affairs, was called the 12848:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compilator) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 52–58. 12574:, Peter Mehnert on behalf or the Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte and Bezirksamt Hellersdorf (ed.), Berlin: Bezirkschronik Berlin-Hellersdorf, 1988. . 9621: 8804: 8409: 6777:

favourable opportunity to finish it thoroughly." Already in antiquity complete peoples have been liquidated. Tribes have been resettled just like this, and exactly the

3186: 726: 12902:, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1987, (=Kritische Studien zur Geschichtswissenschaft; vol. 75); simultaneously handed in as doctoral thesis in Bielefeld, 5345:

In the course of November state ecclesiastical committees and provincial ecclesiastical committees were to be formed. Kerrl appointed a state ecclesiastical committee (

3745:

On 18 September 1933 Werner was appointed praeses of the old-Prussian general synod, thus becoming president of the church senate. In September Ludwig Müller appointed

13484: 9226: 8998: 8533: 7778: 6893:

The reinitiated government murders of the disabled, meanwhile including even war invalids, startled proponents of the Confessing Church bodies. Representatives of the

6627:, severed the dismissal of opposing pastors by new ordinances, which empowered him to redeploy pastors against their will. On 6 May Kerrl supported the opening of the 6441: 5229:

would quit it. Supt. Albertz urged the brethren council to discuss the terrible situation of Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent, as it turned by the

5186:

was appointed Reich's minister for ecclesiastical affairs, a newly created department. He started negotiations to find a compromise. Therefore, he dropped the extreme

3065:

within Steglitz Congregation) criticised the violation of the church constitution in a speech on the radio and was subsequently arrested and interrogated (July 1933).

2730:: "Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself: I am the LORD."), was to be abandoned. 1247: 102:

The union created one of the largest Protestant bodies in Europe, bringing together a large part of German Protestants into a single church. 1817 Prussia in dark blue.

12949:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compil.) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 38–49. 12755:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compil.) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 29–37. 12610:, Wilhelm Hüffmeier (compil.) for the Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 13–28. 3401:

On 7 April 1933 the Nazi Reich's government had introduced an equivalent law for all state officials and employees. By introducing the Nazi racist attitudes into the

2926:, then with 18 million parishioners by far the biggest Protestant church body within Germany, with 41 million Protestants altogether (total population: 62 millions). 896:(1829–1853). Thus Neander fought in three fields for the new agenda, on the governmental level, within the church, and in the general public, by publications such as 11253:

Klaus Drobisch, "Humanitäre Hilfe – gewichtiger Teil des Widerstandes von Christen", p. 29 and Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", p. 9.

6717:

On 22 August 1939 Hitler gathered the Wehrmacht generals and explained them the archaic character of the upcoming war: "Our strength is our speed and our brutality.

4043: – publicised their intention as a conspiracy and so the Lutheran church leaders Marahrens, Meiser, and Wurm distanced themselves from Niemöller on 26 January. 4018:

On 4 January 1934 Ludwig Müller, claiming to have by his title as Reich's Bishop legislative power for all Protestant church bodies in Germany, issued the so-called

9040: 7267:

With the end of the war the tragedy of church members, the destruction of churches, and the loss of church archives had no end. The United Kingdom, the US, and the

2611:

fell into deep disunity. Most clerics, representatives and parishioners welcomed the Nazi takeover. Most Protestants suggested that the mass arrests, following the

13259: 12652:

Der Protestantismus in der Republik Polen 1918/19 bis 1939 im Spannungsfeld von Nationalitätenpolitik und Staatskirchenrecht, kirchlicher und nationaler Gegensätze

9775:

A Kirchenpartei (church party) in German Protestantism is a group nominating candidates in a list for church council and synodal elections and compares roughly to

9640: 8375: 8251:

Note: As of 1945 many parishioners died during the Soviet conquest, then again many perished in the subsequent atrocities against Germans and their expulsion from

851: 11876: 8617: 6835:

there were subjected to strict state control and expelled at the slightest suspect of criticism of the murders and expulsions carried out daily in the Warthegau.

2446:, "that with all degenerating phenomena of modern civilisation Judaism plays a leading role". His book was one of the most read on church matters in that period. 13807: 13652: 9108: 7668:) of the synod and voted for a new Church constitution on 13 December, and again in a second meeting on 20 February 1951. On 1 August 1951 the new constitution ( 6671:), an ecclesiastical executive was still to be found. Werner won Marahrens, State Bishop of the 'intact' Hanoverian Church, and the theologists Walther Schultz ( 6207:

and finally 35 by July the same year. Pastor Werner Sylten, who had been fired – on the grounds of his partially Jewish descent – by his employer, the

6015:

partners in the US demanded to exclude persons of Jewish faith, before it definitely failed because the Nazi government expelled Siegmund-Schultze from Germany.

5945: 1605: 1044:

in Breslau and founded the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Prussia, which merged in 1972 with Old Lutheran church bodies in other German states to become today's

13020: 10003:, Berlin: Rothschild, 1930, (=Öffentliches Recht, Steuerpolitik und Finanzwissenschaft; vol. 1), p. 73; simultaneously Königsberg, Univ., Diss., 1930. 12438:, Hildegard von Kotze (ed. and comment.), Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1974, (=Schriftenreihe der Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte; vol. 29). 9982:, Axel von Campenhausen (ed. and introd.), Tübingen: Mohr, 1988 (=Jus ecclesiasticum; vol. 35), p. 96; simultaneously Göttingen, Univ., Diss., 1948. 8861: 6922:, followed suit. The Nazi Reich's government then stopped the murders only to resume them soon later in a more secret way. The representatives of the official 6827:, having lacked official recognition by the Polish government, expected a change by the German annexation, which happened but to the opposite of the expected. 6418:, where he was murdered in August 1942. Grüber survived and was released from Dachau on 23 June 1943, after he had signed not to help the persecuted any more. 4199: 3474: 2761: 2096: 11803: 7640:

The bulk of the mainstream parishioners shared a strong skepticism, if not even objection, against communism, so did Dibelius. So after the foundation of the

7197:

was badly damaged in early 1944 and burnt completely out on 3 February 1945. The offices were relocated to Baršć/Forst in Lusatia and into the rectory of the

6371:. Grüber learned about it by the Wehrmacht commander of Lublin and then protested to every higher ranking superior up to the then Prussian Minister-President 979:

the first Lutheran congregation in Prussia, independent of the Union and outside of its umbrella organisation Evangelical Church in the Royal Prussian Lands.

768: 249:

of Prussia in the 19th century, it suffered interference and oppression at several times in the 20th century, including the persecution of many parishioners.

7100:

Until 1943 almost all the remaining Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent have been deported to the concentration camps. Thus on 10 June, the

4913: 3036: 12402:

Ursula Büttner, "Von der Kirche verlassen: Die deutschen Protestanten und die Verfolgung der Juden und Christen jüdischer Herkunft im »Dritten Reich"", in:

5237:, if – in the synod – the council would advocate to pass a solidarity address to the Jews. On 26 September, Confessing synodals from all over the 13802: 12427:

Klaus Drobisch, "Humanitäre Hilfe – gewichtiger Teil des Widerstandes von Christen (anläßlich des 100. Geburtstages von Propst Heinrich Grüber)", in:

8846:

formed their own governing bodies on 29 May 1934, called the State Brethren Council (Landesbruderrat) of the Evangelical Church of the Old-Prussian Union.

8631: 7087: 5441:

refused to accept the new examination office of the state ecclesiastical committee. But Künneth (Inner Mission) and a number of renowned professors of the

2442:. In this respect Dibelius regarded himself as consciously anti-Jewish, explaining in a circular to the pastors in his general superintendency district of 1465:, three – from 1911 to 1933 the latter even four – general superintendents, annually alternating in the leadership of the respective consistory. 13279: 6663:

With the beginning of the war (1 September 1939) Kerrl decreed the separation of the ecclesiastical and the administrative governance within the official

5638:

the year of 1936 was a relatively peaceful period. Kerrl let the committees do, as they liked. Also the anti-Semitic agitation was softened. However, the

4536:), seated in Berlin-Dahlem and Wuppertal-Elberfeld. The Gestapo forbade the opening ceremony in Dahlem, thus Supt. Albertz spontaneously celebrated it in 1468:

The two western provinces, Rhineland and Westphalia, had the strongest Calvinist background, since they included the territories of the former Duchies of

277: 13717: 13697: 12287:

Landry, Stan Michael. "That All May be One? Church Unity, Luther Memory, and Ideas of the German Nation, 1817-1883." (PhD, University of Arizona. 2010).

9066: 8759: 8547: 8092: 7952: 7538: 6738:?" Hitler did not feel safe about the opinions of his generals, so he threatened them with execution, not allowing any criticical word about the planned 6391: 3219: 2400: 1819:, Friedensstraße No. 60, Berlin) made up a small, but growing minority among the clergy. The State Church supported the issuances of nine series of 280:, and by war's end, many parishioners had fled from the advancing Soviet forces. After the war, complete ecclesiastical provinces vanished following the 6414:. Sylten was ordered to shut down the Bureau, which he did until 1 February 1941. On 27 February the Gestapo arrested and deported him by end of May to 5053:

of laity and Covenant pastors, still undisputedly receiving a full salary from the official church, agreed to substantial contributions to maintain the

4784: 4610: 4458: 12881:(ed.), Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand, 1997, (=Schriftenreihe über den Widerstand in Berlin von 1933 bis 1945; No. 10). ISSN 0175-3592. 12639:

Justus Perthes' Staatsbürger-Atlas: 24 Kartenblätter mit über 60 Darstellungen zur Verfassung und Verwaltung des Deutschen Reichs und der Bundesstaaten

9673:

Justus Perthes' Staatsbürger-Atlas: 24 Kartenblätter mit über 60 Darstellungen zur Verfassung und Verwaltung des Deutschen Reichs und der Bundesstaaten

8392: 6478: 4280:

from using church property and even entering the church buildings. Many church employees, who opposed, were dismissed. Especially among the many rural

3158: 2595:(German Federation of Protestant Churches) in 1922, which was no new merged church, but a loose confederacy of the existing independent church bodies. 1933: 1268:, and others, a number of churches and other premises were built. But there were also congregations of emigrants and expatriates in other areas of the 6359:

By autumn 1939 a new degree of persecution loomed. The Nazi authorities started to deport Jewish Austrians and Gentile Austrians of Jewish descent to

6126: 5394:

in the Rhenish and Westphalian ecclesiastical provinces blocked in fact the formation of provincial ecclesiastical committees until 14 February 1936.

2782:

alike identified as being the legitimate church of that name. The Nazi government compelled the negotiators to include its representative, the former

2324:, which also included members delegated by the consistory. The consistory was the provincial administrative body, whose members were appointed by the 9173: 8554: 8500: 8255:. About one third of the parishioners was exiled, many stranded outside the ambit of the church and thus became members in other Protestant churches. 6051: 4229:. The participants declared this basis to be binding for any Protestant Church deserving that name and confessed their allegiance to this basis (see 3564: 2214: 12647:; vols. 60–71 (1933–1944), Joachim Beckmann (ed.) on behalf of the Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland, Gütersloh: Bertelsmann, 1948. ISSN 0075-6210. 5094: 4473: 3575: 3185:(est. 26 April 1933) ordered the list to change its name and to replace all its election posters and flyers issued under the forbidden name. Pastor 799: 12469:

Strukturprobleme evangelischer Kirchenverfassung: Rechtsvergleichende Untersuchungen zum Verfassungsrecht der deutschen evangelischen Landeskirchen

12129:, Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 13–28, here p. 26. 12104:, Kirchenkanzlei der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (ed.) on behalf of the Synod, Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1992, pp. 13–28, here p. 25. 9254: 9159: 9145: 9094: 8729: 8673: 8277:

With the Nazi regime's interference causing the violation and de facto abolition of the church order, new bodies emerged such as the state bishop (

5650:. But the less visible phenomena of the police state, like house searches, seizures of pamphlets and printed matters as well as the suppression of 5466: 4495: 3416: 3358: 3017: 2738: 5761:

Meanwhile, the Olympic close hunting season had ended. The Gestapo increased its suppression, undermining the readiness for compromises among the

5754:) convened in Breslau, discussing the work of the ecclesiastical committees and how to continue the education and ordinations in the scope of the 469:

Berlin court), resulting in two church bodies–one Nazi-recognised and one gradually driven underground–each claiming to represent the true church.

13200: 11652:: Series D (1937–1945), 13 vols., Walter Bußmann (ed.), vol. 7: 'Die letzten Wochen vor Kriegsausbruch: 9. August bis 3. September 1939', p. 171. 9240: 9194: 7128: 7067: 6849:: "Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself: I am the LORD.", 5961: 4447: 3873:(one of the few Protestant churches in Germany using the title of bishop already since the 1920s, thus prior to the Nazi era), with State Bishop 2922:). Bodelschwingh resigned as Reich's Bishop the same day. On 28 June Jäger appointed Müller as new Reich's Bishop and on 6 July as leader of the 475:

1953–2003: Evangelical Church of the Union, an independent ecclesiastical umbrella among other recognised Protestant umbrellas and church bodies.

6649:. This institute provided propaganda to all official congregations, how to cleanse Protestantism from the Jewish patrimony within Christianity. 6094:

gained his sister-in-law Laura Livingstone to run an office for the international relief commission in Berlin. She joined the office of Spiero.

13782: 9612: 9548: 9268: 9131: 6527: 5604: 5267: 4776:, and the independent synods (est. starting in January 1934) -, or established the described parallel structures anew all over the area of the 4556: 4510: 1657: 912: 13039: 7410:

As to cooperation of all the Protestant church bodies in Germany strong resentments prevailed, especially among the Lutheran church bodies of

7390:

The three ecclesiastical provinces of Danzig, East Prussia, and Posen-West Prussia, all completely located in today's Poland, today's Russian

6178:

The Nazis only released the arrested inmates, if they would immediately emigrate. Thus getting visa became the main target and problem. While

13722: 13712: 9080: 8701: 7743: 4489: 2946: 2579:

church bodies within states of Catholic monarchs, where – before 1918 – the Roman Catholic Church played the role of state church.

1359:, EOK, est. in 1850, renamed the Church Chancery in 1951), seated in Jebensstraße # 3 (Berlin, 1912–2003) and the legislative General Synod ( 426:

1922–1933, 24 June: Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union – an independent church among other recognised Protestant church bodies

281: 10982:

Ursula Büttner, "Von der Kirche verlassen", footnote 83 on p. 51. Cf. also Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", p. 5.

2623:, the first official premise of its kind, was opened, while 150,000 hastily arrested inmates were held in hundreds of spontaneous so-called 13757: 13252: 13180: 9590: 9026: 8487: 7419: 5381:

to be dissolved, which was protested and ignored by the brethren councils. On 19 December Kerrl issued a decree which forbade all kinds of

3870: 3316: 2968: 2957: 2757: 11467:(ed.), Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand, 1993, (Schriftenreihe über den Widerstand in Berlin von 1933 bis 1945; vol. 7), p. 143. 11221:

Ursula Büttner, "Von der Kirche verlassen", footnote 9 on pp. 20seq. and Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", p. 8.

7097:

in his church, the two women wearing the full ministerial robes, as the first women in Germany as pastors equal to their male colleagues.

2299:), in charge of the ecclesiastical supervision of the congregations in a deanery, which was chaired by a superintendent, appointed by the 13762: 13687: 8946: 8608: 7799:

The government of the GDR continued to protest the name, so in a general synod on 12 December 1953 the synodals decided to drop the term

6817: 6229:#3–4 right in the midst of the top edge of the photo, the four-storied building, with wide arched windows on the third floor, housed the 5877: 2477: 2165: 1539:, put the bill through, which extended the combined Rhenish and Westphalian presbyterial and consistorial church constitution to all the 1317: 759:

On 7 November, Frederick William expressed his desire to see the Protestant congregations around Prussia follow this example, and become

12385:(ed.), Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand, 1993, (=Schriftenreihe über den Widerstand in Berlin von 1933 bis 1945; vol. 7). 6272:

came to doubtable fame for expelling 50,000 Jewish Austrians and Gentile Austrians of Jewish descent within only three months after the

4379:

Bonhoeffer – among others – lecturer at the Finkenwalde preacher seminary, here at its later venue in Sigurdshof, August 1939.

2666:

convened in Berlin and demanded the dismissal of all members of the executive bodies of the 28 Protestant church bodies in Germany. The

13752: 12945:

Synode der Evangelischen Kirche der Union, "Erklärung zur theologischen Grundbestimmung der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (EKU)", in:

12246:

Clark, Christopher. "Confessional policy and the limits of state action: Frederick William III and the Prussian Church Union 1817–40."

10394:

Gerlach, Wolfgang and Barnett, Victoria. “Gutachten and Synodal Resolutions.” And the Witnesses Were Silent. Nebraska Press, 2000. p.30

9050:(*1909–1997*), bishop of the Evangelical Church of the Görlitz Ecclesiastical Region (formerly Evangelical Church of Silesia till 1968) 7423: 6929:

Werner continued to streamline the ecclesiastical institutions. In early 1941 he appointed Oskar Söhngen, simultaneously member of the

6340: 5916:

In summer 1938 Kerrl reappeared on the scene with a new attempt to unite the church parties from their midst, using a federation named

5863:

consistory, newly appointing Johannes Heinrich as consistorial president (after almost a year of vacancy) and three further members of

5608: 3670:), and so they did, electing Pastor Niemöller their president. On the basis of the theses of Günter Jacob its members concluded that a 3532:. This breach with Christian principles within the range of the church was unacceptable to many church members. Nevertheless, pursuing 3218:

The Gestapo confiscated the office and the printing-press there, in order to hinder any reprint. Thus the list, which had renamed into

2933:, after he had applied for retirement on 3 June, and Gen.-Supt. Wilhelm Haendler (competent for Berlin's suburbia), then presiding the 1162: 12947:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992: Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 12846:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992: Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 12753:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992: Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 12608:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992: Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 12210:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992; Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 12190:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992; Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 12170:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992; Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 12150:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992; Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 12127:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992; Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 12102:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992; Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 12082:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992; Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 12041:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992; Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 10490:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992; Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 10322:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992; Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 10078:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992; Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 9955:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992; Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 9914:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992; Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 9828:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992; Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 9805:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992; Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 9735:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992; Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 9686:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992; Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 9499:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992; Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 9453:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992; Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 9430:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992; Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 9365:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß": Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992; Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 7044: 6363:. On 13 February 1940 the same fate hit 1,200 Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent and their Gentile spouses from the 5554:), Paul Fricke (Frankfurt-Bockenheim), Hans Böhm (Berlin), and Fritz Müller. This body was recognised by the brethren councils of the 4908:, 1. VKL), consisting of Thomas Breit, Wilhelm Flor, Paul Humburg, Koch, and Marahrens. The executive was meant to only represent the 4573: 3859: 3850:

as of 1 March 1934 on. The synods of 25 other Protestant church bodies decided the same until the end of 1933. Only the synods of the

3320: 3088:

discretionarily decreed an unconstitutional premature re-election of all presbyters and synodals in all 28 church bodies for 23 July.

636:. This differed from the old structure in that the new leadership administered the affairs of all faiths; Catholics, Jews, Lutherans, 13817: 9397:"... den großen Zwecken des Christenthums gemäß" Die Evangelische Kirche der Union 1817 bis 1992: Eine Handreichung für die Gemeinden 8129: 7398:, were in the process of complete vanishing after the flight of many parishioners and pastors by the end of the war and the post-war 7054:

Sachsenhausen Church, in early 1943 the place of the first ordination of women as pastors of full competence equal to male colleagues

6838:

Pastors, who would dare to speak up for the Jewish heritage within Christianity, such as the ten commandments, the sanctity of life (

5060: 2243:

and forms of parishioners' democratic participation in church matters. The parishioners of a congregation elected a presbytery and a

1403: 1011: 865:

territory in 1816, and who had helped the king to implement the agenda in his Lutheran congregations. In 1823, the king made him the

245:(one permanent since the 1830s, one temporary 1934–1948), due to changes in governments and their policies. After being the favoured 11909:, No. 5, September/October 2018, presbytery of the Berlin-Steglitz Matthew Church Congregation (ed.), pp. 4seq., here p. 4. No ISSN. 7112:. There about 800 Protestants of Jewish descent from all German church bodies founded a Protestant congregation. Pastor Hans Encke ( 5316:

Kerrl managed to gain the very respected Wilhelm Zoellner (a Lutheran, until 1931 general superintendent of Westphalia) to form the

4078:. Also opponents, legally consulted by Judge Günther (judge at the Landgericht court), Horst Holstein, Friedrich Justus Perels, and 1506:) provided for a general superintendent and congregations in both ecclesiastical provinces with presbyteries of elected presbyters. 581:. As a part of these reforms, the separate leadership structures of both the Lutheran Church (with its chief body, the all-Prussian 535:. Their descendants made up the bulk of the Calvinists in Brandenburg. At issue over many decades was how to unite into one church. 13210: 13175: 13108: 10800: 9627: 8809: 8414: 7446:, provisionally led by the Council of the Evangelical Church in Germany, a naming borrowed from the brethren council organisation. 7431: 6538: 6212: 5616: 5567: 3913:) issued a memorandum, secretly handed out to pastors of confidence, how to falsify the best. But the majority of pastors in their 3173:

In the campaign for the premature re-election of all presbyters and synodals on 23 July the Nazi Reich's government sided with the

12342:

Williamson, George S. "A religious sonderweg? Reflections on the sacred and the secular in the historiography of modern Germany."

11271:

For all of Nazi Germany 115 Protestant pastors of Jewish descent have been recorded, out of 18,842 pastors (1933) altogether. Cf.

7395: 7298:

Lothar Kreyssig assumed the office of consistorial president. In June an overall provisional church executive, the Council of the

7150:

and the handicapped which was read from the pulpits in the confessing congregations. It backed its decisions with the commandment

6863:: "But let judgment run down as waters, and righteousness as a mighty stream.") as well as the opposition to racism (Book of Amos 945:. The decree was not to enforce a change of belief or denomination, but was only a change of nomenclature. Subsequently, the term 13767: 13677: 13245: 13071: 12431:, Eva Voßberg (ed.), Berlin: Bezirkschronik Berlin-Hellersdorf, 1992, (=Hellersdorfer Heimathefte; No. 1), pp. 26–29. . 5674: 2592: 2591:(Swiss Federation of Protestant Churches) of 1920, the then 29 territorially defined German Protestant church bodies founded the 2588: 1045: 200: 12059:

Erich Dalhoff, "Rechtmäßigkeit und Rechtsvollmachten der neuen Kirchenleitungen in der Ev. Kirche der ApU", as of December 1945.

11589:

This sentence referred to the Nazis' argument, that the well-organised pogrom was a spontaneous outbreak of popular revenge for

9980:

Staatsgrenzen und evangelische Kirchengrenzen: Gesamtdeutsche Staatseinheit und evangelische Kircheneinheit nach deutschem Recht

7193:

18 were completely destroyed, 68 were severely damaged, 54 had considerable, 49 had light damages and 2 remained untouched. The

4105:, succeeded Walzer as consistorial president. After Rapmund's death Supreme Consistorial Councillor Ewald Siebert followed him. 3900:. Thus its president Werner furloughed the three on 9 November. For more and more purposes Germans had to prove their so-called 524: 13772: 13732: 13367: 13311: 13123: 13093: 9563: 9324: 7644:(GDR) in the Soviet zone of occupation on 7 October 1949 Dibelius was often defamed in the East as propadandist of the western 7411: 6323: 5699: 5563: 5442: 4581: 4443: 3851: 3312: 2391:

The majority of parishioners stayed in a state of unease with the changes and many were skeptical towards the democracy of the

1733: 1178: 492: 12288: 11343:

in London. In 1921 Schönberger (*1841–1924*) moved to Germany and opened a branch in Berlin, where he later died. In 1973 the

3177:. Under the impression of the government's partiality the other existing lists of opposing candidates united to form the list 3095:

to confirm Müller as Reich's Bishop. Müller already now regarded himself as leader of that new organisation. He established a

2375:

of the general synod, elected by the synodals. Johann Friedrich Winckler held the office of praeses from 1915 until 1933. The

1024:. Some groups emigrated to the United States and to Australia in the years leading up to 1840. They formed what are today the 906: 13195: 13009:

Eisenach April 1988 – April 1989), Evangelisches Pfarrhausarchiv (ed.), Eisenach: Evangelisches Pfarrhausarchiv, 1988. .

12923: 12915: 12803:, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1978, (=Arbeiten zur Geschichte des Kirchenkampfes: Ergänzungsreihe; vol. 11). 12595:, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1977, (=Arbeiten zur Geschichte des Kirchenkampfes: Ergänzungsreihe; vol. 10). 11279:

Eisenach April 1988 – April 1989), Evangelisches Pfarrhausarchiv (ed.), Eisenach: Evangelisches Pfarrhausarchiv, 1988. .

8252: 8079:

After the ecclesiastical provinces had assumed independence between 1945 and 1950 they characterised themselves differently.

7893: 7493: 7427: 7276: 7163: 6477:

In 1945 right after the war Grüber reopened his Bureau to help the survivors, first in provisional rooms in the deaconesses'

6458:, hiding and feeding the 'submarines', were many women, but also men, such as Bolette Burckhardt, Pastor Theodor Burckhardt, 5796:

and leader of the old-Prussian financial control departments. Werner now systematically drained the financial sources of the

5612: 4299:

One pre-1918 tradition of non-ecclesiastical influence within church structures had made it into the new constitution of the

3207:) hosted the opposing list in the office for the homeless of his congregation in Mirbachstraße # 24 (now Bänschstraße # 52). 1967: 1415: 610: 11889: 11203:

However, this association gathered only 4,500 members. Cf. Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", p. 4.

8720: 7570:

had to convene separately in East and West, because the Soviets blocked the interzone traffic after the introduction of the

5369: 3980:. On 29 November the Covenant gathered 170 members in Berlin-Dahlem in order to call up Ludwig Müller to resign so that the 2177: 13812: 13747: 13707: 13554: 13185: 12366:, Neustadt an der Aisch: Degener (in commission), 1979, (=Einzelarbeiten aus der Kirchengeschichte Bayerns; vol. 57). 12315: 8977:

followers of the State Brethren Council (Landesbruderrat) could be reintegrated into the church. In December 1953 the term

7479: 6298: 4285: 3688: 2045: 1458: 1410:(homonymous ecclesiastical province), in Berlin, which had become a separate Prussian administrative unit in 1881, and the 7039:

handed in lists of signatures in protest against the exclusion of the stigmatised Protestants of Jewish descent. Also the

6769:, who were not drafted. In January 1940, urged by the Wehrmacht, Hitler repeated that no wide-ranging actions against the 4842:

to rent any location, in order to prevent future events like that. The Nazi government then forbade any mentioning of the

3348: 1449:

Every ecclesiastical province had a provincial synod representing the provincial parishioners and clergy, and one or more

601:

and public instruction), also competent for the Catholic church and the Jewish congregations, forming a department in the

543: 13692: 13569: 8108: 7597:

continued to maintain their conventions in the old-Prussian brethren councils. On 14 January 1949 representatives of the

7589:

assumed positions. It was Dibelius' policy to gain the mainstream of the parishioners. Thus the strict opposition of the

7534: 7453:

assumed new church constitutions declaring their independence. In 1946 the Silesian ecclesiastical province, presided by

7167: 5142:

from appealing to courts. All lawsuits on church matters, some still pending since 1 May 1933, were to be decided by the

3674:

was a matter of fact, a new Protestant church was to be established, since the official organisation was anti-Christian,

2536: 2081: 1949: 1745: 13632: 13559: 12482:, reedited and accompl. ed., Berlin: Institut Kirche und Judentum, 1993, (=Studien zu Kirche und Israel; vol. 10). 11240:. Cf. the Bescheinigung (certification) of the Reichsstelle für das Auswanderungswesen (29 December 1938), published in 7624: 7562:

In 1947 at a meeting of delegates of the six surviving ecclesiastical provinces they confirmed the status quo, with the

416:

1845–1875: Evangelical State Church of Prussia – the state church besides other recognised Protestant church bodies

11873: 8117: 8037: 7845: 6846: 6446: 6250:. Erwin Reisner served the victims as chaplain. Inge Jacobson worked as assistant of Grüber. Sylten became his deputy. 4323:. So the congregations under their patronage could often keep or appoint anew a pastor of the intra-church opposition. 2727: 2575: 2549:, DC), participating on 12–14 November 1932 for the first time in the elections for presbyters and synodals within the 1025: 8072:

had lost all its united Protestant and Reformed congregations, thus having become purely Lutheran. Among its accepted

7328:. On 1 April 1950 the deanery joined that church body and thus terminated its subordination to the supervision by the 6335:

of the Twelve Apostles Congregation (An der Apostelkirche No. 3, Berlin). By the end of January the school moved into

3488:

of the unadulterated Westphalian provincial synod, tried to bring forward the arguments of the opposition against the

2857:

Once the Nazi government figured out that the Protestant church bodies would not be streamlined from within using the

1989:

and 32 further East Prussian municipalities, which Germany ceded to Poland on 10 January 1920, prior belonging to the

13727: 13622: 13392: 12997: 12982: 12968: 12954: 12878: 12867: 12853: 12838: 12823: 12808: 12793: 12760: 12745: 12726: 12711: 12696: 12681: 12659: 12633: 12615: 12600: 12565: 12547: 12532: 12517: 12487: 12443: 12429:

Heinrich Grüber und die Folgen: Beiträge des Symposiums am 25. Juni 1991 in der Jesus-Kirche zu Berlin-Kaulsdorf

12411: 12390: 12382: 12371: 12217: 12197: 12177: 12157: 12134: 12109: 12089: 12048: 11472: 11464: 10497: 10329: 10085: 9987: 9962: 9921: 9835: 9812: 9742: 9693: 9530: 9506: 9460: 9437: 9404: 9372: 9299: 6727: 5251: 4705:) was elected from the midst of the Confessing pastors in the deanery. Confessing congregants elected synodals for a 3060: 2875: 2651: 2627:

concentration camps, to be gradually evacuated into about 100 new official camps to be opened until the end of 1933.

2117:(government) did not oppose cross-border church bodies. The Danzig ecclesiastical province also co-operated with the 1263: 602: 13226: 12900:

Rassenhygiene, Nationalsozialismus, Euthanasie: Von der Verhütung zur Vernichtung "lebensunwerten Lebens", 1890–1945

8397: 7601:

decided to reconcile the groups and founded a committee to develop a new church constitution. On 15 August 1949 the

7362:. The representatives decided to assume the independent existence of each ecclesiastical province and to reform the 5769:

directly to his ministry and the Reich's, provincial and state ecclesiastical committees were soon after dissolved.

3115:), being the executive body, consisting of four persons, who were not to be elected, but whom he appointed himself. 1656:. The middle party's long-serving president and member of the general synod (1891–1915) was the known law professor 13797: 13594: 12270:

Lamberti, Marjorie. "Religious Conflicts and German National Identity in Prussia 1866-1914." in Philip Dwyer, ed.,

11860: 8291: 8112: 7844:

In 1960 the synod of the EKU called on the Germans in the east not to leave the GDR. In November the same year the

7546: 7317: 7171: 6164: 5689: 5033:

The Nazi Reich's government now intended to drain this financial influx by a new decree with the euphemising title

4853:, Marahrens, Meiser and Wurm. He recognised them as legitimate leaders, but expressed that he would not accept the 3805:

Only such synodals were admitted, who would "uncompromisingly stand up any time for the National Socialist state" (

3308: 2328:. Each consistory was chaired by a general superintendent, being the ecclesiastical, and a consistorial president ( 2161: 1844: 1800: 1689: 1518: 598: 559: 457:

and their newly created bodies (partially established since January 1934) representing the true Evangelical church.

436:

15 July 1933 – 28 February 1934: Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union under new streamlined leadership

211: 11709:

Rassenhygiene, Nationalsozialismus, Euthanasie: Von der Verhütung zur Vernichtung "lebensunwerten Lebens", p. 321.

7885:

in East Berlin. The government of the GDR did not oppose the work of the committee due to the resulting inflow of

933:

In June 1829, Frederick William ordered that all Protestant congregations and clergy in Prussia give up the names

13702: 12505:, Tübingen: Furche-Verlag, 1948, (=Das christliche Deutschland 1933 bis 1945: Evangelische Reihe; vol. 7). . 8692: 8298: 6961: 6168: 5953: 4542: 4007:

alignment retired, tired from disputing. So until 1937/1938 many presbyteries in Berlin congregations lost their

3051: 1914: 1454: 1200: 886: 753: 66: 11504:

Maria Servatiae in Catholic religion. Cf. Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", pp. 17seq.

8020:, which took effect 1 July 2003. This is an umbrella organisation combining all independent Protestant regional 7525:

The six surviving ecclesiastical provinces transformed into the following independent church bodies, to wit the

7250:

advanced so speedily, that there was hardly a chance to rescue refugees, let alone archives of congregations in

6237:

Sylten found additional office rooms in the street An der Stechbahn #3–4 opposite to the southern façade of the

5233:

and all the other anti-Semitic discriminations. But the Westphalian Praeses Koch threatened he would secede the

4463: 4116:; on 18/19 February a so-called free synod convened the Rhenish opponents and the Westphalians met at the first 3881:

hesitated to openly confront the Nazi Reich's government, still searching for an understanding even after 1934.

2147: 767:, and Calvinists in the southerly Saar area had already formed a church united in administration on 24 October ( 402:

The many changes in the Church throughout its history are reflected in its several name changes. These include:

13792: 13454: 13069: 12785: 12323:

Christianity in a Revolutionary Age, II: The Nineteenth Century in Europe: The Protestant and Eastern Churches.

11814: 11332: 9314: 8650: 6973: 6906:, is no commandment of God but a Jewish invention" and cannot claim any validity any more. The Catholic Bishop 3991:, which ultimately initiated the decline of that movement. On 25 November the complete Bavarian section of the 3045: 3028: 1808: 1376: 1186: 1134: 1015: 659:

from 1707 until 1806. In 1815, Frederick William III agreed that this French-speaking territory could join the

563: 265: 8786:, jurist (*1897–1955*), appointed by August Jäger, later confirmed by the brown general synod; deposed in 1945 7119: 6856:: "For I desired mercy, and not sacrifice; and the knowledge of God more than burnt offerings.") and justice ( 6110:

and to use them on any occasion, such as signatures, visit cards, letters, addresses and firm and name signs.

5277:, since 1932 director of the Evangelical Welfare Office for Berlin's borough of Zehlendorf (a part of today's 4802: 2828:

On 27 May 1933 representatives of the 28 church bodies gathered in Berlin, and, against a minority voting for

1799:. The new King William II dismissed him in 1890 for the reason of his political agitation by his anti-Semitic 676: 460:

20 November 1934 – 1945: The Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union restored by the verdict of the

13682: 12399:: 3 vols., Kurt Dietrich Schmidt (ed.), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1934–1936, vol. 1. . 11607:

Glauben stehen und durch ihn gleich uns deine Kinder sind", published in Eberhard Röhm and Jörg Thierfelder,

8899:

1945–1951: vacancy, church senate then renamed to Council of the Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union

8325: 8084: 8069: 7566:

having transformed into a league of independent church bodies. In July 1948 the provisional executive of the

7530: 7474: 7443: 6887: 6879: 6853: 4605:

on 19 and 20 October 1934. The synodals elected by all confessing congregations and the congregations of the

4101:

provincial consistory. In the beginning of 1936 Supreme Consistorial Councillor Georg Rapmund, member of the

3191: 1514: 1392:

The Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces had substructures, called ecclesiastical province (

705: 621: 183: 13637: 13372: 11696: 11185:

The Nazi government successively passed altogether about 2,000 anti-Semitic laws, ordinances and directives.

8932: 8833: 8538: 8438: 7070:. However, the outspoken advocates of women's ordination continued to pursue their goal. On 12 January 1943 6996:

organised it. The synod dealt with replacing recruited pastors by female vicars, presbyters and laypersons.

5124:

Instead – as was typical for the Nazi government – they established a new parallel authority, the

3580: 2829: 2786: 2190:) under Viktoras Gailius on 23 July 1925 in order to maintain the affiliation of the congregations with the 13787: 13647: 13579: 13433: 13103: 13083: 12767:›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte. Geschichte und Wirken heute 12667:›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte. Geschichte und Wirken heute 12512:, Ursula Büttner and Martin Greschat (eds.), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998, pp. 86–122. 11315: 9294: 9099: 8919: 8823: 8781: 8428: 8241:

Note: In 1940 the church absorbed congregations located in Danzig-West Prussia previously belonging to the

7633: 7340: 7198: 6864: 5559: 5471: 5245:

in the parish hall of Berlin's Steglitz Congregation in Albrechtstraße No. 81, organised by congregants of

3764: 3537: 3166: 3127:, claiming the counter-constitutional situation were healed. Since the day Müller had become leader of the 3003: 2659: 1029: 731: 614: 446: 12527:, Ursula Büttner and Martin Greschat (eds.), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998, pp. 70–85. 12406:, Ursula Büttner and Martin Greschat (eds.), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998, pp. 15–69. 12277:

Lamberti, Marjorie. "Lutheran Orthodoxy and the Beginning of Conservative Party Organization in Prussia."

11485:

annexed Austria and Czechoslovakia. Cf. Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", p. 18.

10738:). Cf. Barbara Krüger and Peter Noss, "Die Strukturen in der Evangelischen Kirche 1933–1945", p. 159. 10684:). Cf. Barbara Krüger and Peter Noss, "Die Strukturen in der Evangelischen Kirche 1933–1945", p. 158. 10416:). Cf. Barbara Krüger and Peter Noss, "Die Strukturen in der Evangelischen Kirche 1933–1945", p. 158. 9250:(*1944), bishop of the Pomeranian Evangelical Church (formerly Evangelical Church in Greifswald till 1991) 9141:(*1930), bishop of the Evangelical Church in Greifswald (formerly Pomeranian Evangelical Church till 1968) 7549:. The Rhenish and the Westphalian synods constituted in November 1948 for the first time as state synods ( 5015:. From then on every Tuesday the brethren councils issued updated lists with the names of the imprisoned. 2472:, which nominated candidates for the elections of the presbyteries and synods of different level. In 1919 648: 13479: 13088: 12625: 11818: 9003: 8049: 8045: 8021: 8017: 7860: 7808: 7783: 7336: 7313: 7079: 6957: 6140:. Until May 1939 25 regional offices could be opened, led by those executive directors of the provincial 6079:

of Nazi terminology. Spiero opened his private relief office in Brandenburgische Straße No. 41 (Berlin).

5994: 5197: 4452: 4375: 3889: 3427: 3202: 2833: 2631: 2584: 1812: 817:

In 1821, the administrative umbrella comprising the Protestant congregations in Prussia adopted the name

479: 320: 219: 12508:

Martin Greschat, "Friedrich Weißler: Ein Jurist der Bekennenden Kirche im Widerstand gegen Hitler", in:

6914:(Westphalia) was the first to protest publicly against the murders in summer 1941. In December Wurm and 5285:

Protestants was unemployed due to the ever-growing number of jobs prohibited for Jews as defined by the

3376:

majority of 113 synodals over 37 nays decided to appeal to the general synod to introduce the so-called

3080:

to be founded. On 14 July Hesse, Kapler and Marahrens presented the newly developed constitution of the

2205:(Landessynodalverband Memelgebiet), being ranked an ecclesiastical province directly subordinate to the 13533: 13513: 10747:

Literally: Justice Councillor, an honorary title granted to prominent lawyers in the period prior 1918.

10245:

Barbara Krüger and Peter Noss, "Die Strukturen in der Evangelischen Kirche 1933–1945", pp. 157seq.

9573: 8331: 7641: 1948: – except of its congregations remaining with Germany. The now Polish church body then formed the 1581: 1509:

While this level of parishioners' democracy emerged in the other Prussian provinces only in 1874, when

1228: 588: 491:

The Calvinist (Reformed) and Lutheran Protestant churches had existed in parallel after Prince-Elector

12523:

Martin Greschat, ""Gegen den Gott der Deutschen": Marga Meusels Kampf für die Rettung der Juden", in:

9045: 2775:, to prepare the constitution of a united church which they called the German Evangelical Church too. 13377: 10992: 10936:). Cf. Barbara Krüger and Peter Noss, "Die Strukturen in der Evangelischen Kirche 1933–1945", p. 161. 10756:

Literally: Supreme Studies Councillor, a title granted to highschool teachers of a certain seniority.

10581:

Klaus Drobisch, "Humanitäre Hilfe – gewichtiger Teil des Widerstandes von Christen", p. 29.

10572:

Klaus Drobisch, "Humanitäre Hilfe – gewichtiger Teil des Widerstandes von Christen", p. 28.

9472: 9289: 8981:

was skipped from the names of the church (since: Evangelische Kirche der Union, EKU) and its bodies.

8380: 8304: 7239: 7101: 6735: 6411: 6403: 6061:. In early 1937 the Nazi government forbade that organisation, allowing a new successor organisation 3718: 3455: 3131:

he systematically abolished the intra-organisational democracy. On 4 August Müller assumed the title

3072:

and intimidated other representatives of all the 28 Protestant church bodies in Germany declared the

2803: 2635: 2620: 1898: 1543:. Therefore, the terminology is differing: In the Rhineland and Westphalia a presbytery is called in 1335:

The Evangelical State Church of Prussia stayed abreast of the changes and was renamed in 1875 as the

1324:(1) and the foreign department of the Evangelical Supreme Church Council (see below) stewarded them. 968: 856: 787: 737: 567: 12606:

Wilhelm Hüffmeier, "Die Evangelische Kirche der Union: Eine kurze geschichtliche Orientierung", in:

12208:

Wilhelm Hüffmeier, "Die Evangelische Kirche der Union: Eine kurze geschichtliche Orientierung", in:

12125:

Wilhelm Hüffmeier, "Die Evangelische Kirche der Union: Eine kurze geschichtliche Orientierung", in:

12100:

Wilhelm Hüffmeier, "Die Evangelische Kirche der Union: Eine kurze geschichtliche Orientierung", in:

12080:

Wilhelm Hüffmeier, "Die Evangelische Kirche der Union: Eine kurze geschichtliche Orientierung", in:

12039:

Wilhelm Hüffmeier, "Die Evangelische Kirche der Union: Eine kurze geschichtliche Orientierung", in:

11918:

Claus Wagener, "Nationalsozialistische Kirchenpolitik und protestantische Kirchen nach 1933", p. 91.

11674:

Claus Wagener, "Nationalsozialistische Kirchenpolitik und protestantische Kirchen nach 1933", p. 95.

11262:

Claus Wagener, "Nationalsozialistische Kirchenpolitik und protestantische Kirchen nach 1933", p. 87.

10886:. Cf. Barbara Krüger and Peter Noss, "Die Strukturen in der Evangelischen Kirche 1933–1945", p. 160. 10736:

Verordnung über die Versetzung in den einstweiligen Ruhestand und Beurlaubung kirchlicher Amtsträger

10320:

Wilhelm Hüffmeier, "Die Evangelische Kirche der Union: Eine kurze geschichtliche Orientierung", in:

10137:

Claus Wagener, "Nationalsozialistische Kirchenpolitik und protestantische Kirchen nach 1933", p. 77.

10076:

Wilhelm Hüffmeier, "Die Evangelische Kirche der Union: Eine kurze geschichtliche Orientierung", in:

9953:

Wilhelm Hüffmeier, "Die Evangelische Kirche der Union: Eine kurze geschichtliche Orientierung", in:

9733:

Wilhelm Hüffmeier, "Die Evangelische Kirche der Union: Eine kurze geschichtliche Orientierung", in:

9497:

Wilhelm Hüffmeier, "Die Evangelische Kirche der Union: Eine kurze geschichtliche Orientierung", in:

9451:

Wilhelm Hüffmeier, "Die Evangelische Kirche der Union: Eine kurze geschichtliche Orientierung", in:

9428:

Wilhelm Hüffmeier, "Die Evangelische Kirche der Union: Eine kurze geschichtliche Orientierung", in:

9395:

Wilhelm Hüffmeier, "Die Evangelische Kirche der Union: Eine kurze geschichtliche Orientierung", in:

9363:

Wilhelm Hüffmeier, "Die Evangelische Kirche der Union: Eine kurze geschichtliche Orientierung", in:

8622: 7970:. However, when he attempted to enter East Berlin in October he was denied entrance. So in 1972 the 7957: 6113: 4423: 3593:

as the violation of the confession. In late summer 1933 Jacob, pastor in Noßdorf (a part of today's

752:. Already the day before Lutherans and Reformed Christians celebrated the Lord's Supper together in 13589: 13538: 13518: 13268: 12560:, Uwe Hager (trl.), Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2005, article: Heinrich Grüber, pp. 128seqq. 12234:

The Politics of German Protestantism: The Rise of the Protestant Church Elite in Prussia, 1815-1848

10715:

Barbara Krüger and Peter Noss, "Die Strukturen in der Evangelischen Kirche 1933–1945", p. 159.

10430:

Barbara Krüger and Peter Noss, "Die Strukturen in der Evangelischen Kirche 1933–1945", p. 158.

9113: 9071: 7803:

from the name, though confirming that this did not mean the abandonment of the denomination of the

7321: 6639:

Institut zur Erforschung und Beseitigung des jüdischen Einflusses auf das deutsche kirchliche Leben

6406:. But before he left the Gestapo arrested Grüber on 19 December and deported him two days later to 6246:

Kobrak supported the often impoverished victims of persecution and Margarete Draeger organised the

6018:

In July 1933 Christian Germans of Jewish descent had founded a self-help organisation, first named

5018:

Since the 28 Protestant church bodies in Germany levied contributions from their parishioners by a

4136: 3511:, sg./pl.), each led – according to the new law of 6 September – by a provincial bishop ( 3224: 3152: 3151:, and claimed hierarchical supremacy over all clerics and other employees as is usual for Catholic 1922: 1878: 1668: 1610: 1443: 1427: 1407: 1122: 1093: 1085: 617:, issued his ideas for a constitutional reform of the Protestant Churches, also proposing a union. 578: 292: 12988:

Claus Wagener, "Nationalsozialistische Kirchenpolitik und protestantische Kirchen nach 1933", in:

12540:

Zwischen Widerspruch und Widerstand: Texte zur Denkschrift der Bekennenden Kirche an Hitler (1936)

12220:. The numbers for 1990 combine figures raised in 1990 in West Germany and in 1986 in East Germany. 10909:

Barbara Krüger and Peter Noss, "Die Strukturen in der Evangelischen Kirche 1933–1945", pp. 160seq.

8120:

again is a church united in confession with all its congregations being united in confession too.

4849:

Hitler was informed about the proceedings in Dahlem and invited the leaders of the three Lutheran

4359:

reconstituted on 20 November 1934. But the prior dismissals of opponents and impositions of loyal

2707:

among Jews. Protestantism should become a pagan kind heroic pseudo-Nordic religion. Of course the

2670:

demanded their ultimate merger into a uniform German Protestant Church, led according to the Nazi

972: 885:

preferred a rather top-down organization and introduced the ecclesiastical leadership function of

445:

29 May 1934 – 1945: Confessing Christians declared that the imposed Nazi-inspired (so-called

13614: 13523: 12903: 11117: 10466:

government activities. Cf. Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", p. 4.

8866: 8271: 8135: 8032:

Belief and teaching were based on a number of confessions accepted by the church. These were the

7512:

remaining ecclesiastical provinces were to be integrated. The church founded a relief endowment (

7435: 7235: 7211: 7075: 6822: 6141: 4521: 4204: 3729: 3479: 2766: 2414:

A problem was the spiritual vacuum, which emerged after the church stopped being a state church.

2225: 1765: 1411: 440: 58: 12525:

Die verlassenen Kinder der Kirche: Der Umgang mit Christen jüdischer Herkunft im "Dritten Reich«

12510:

Die verlassenen Kinder der Kirche: Der Umgang mit Christen jüdischer Herkunft im "Dritten Reich"

12404:

Die verlassenen Kinder der Kirche: Der Umgang mit Christen jüdischer Herkunft im "Dritten Reich"

10682:

Verordnung zur Sicherung einheitlicher Führung der Evangelischen Kirche der altpreußischen Union

10672:

Ordinance on Safeguarding Uniform Leadership of the Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union

10527:

Dietrich Bonhoeffers Kampf gegen die nationalsozialistische Verfolgung und Vernichtung der Juden

6902:, the latter then confronted him with the Nazi government opinion, that "The fifth commandment: 6723: 6336: 6203: 4089:

and the deaneries from opponents. On 1 March Müller pensioned Niemöller off, the latter and his

3928:

for a general meeting. Dr. Reinhold Krause, then president of the Greater Berlin section of the

773: 419:

1875–1922: Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces – the state church in the

13627: 11568:

Michael Kreutzer, Joachim-Dieter Schwäbl and Walter Sylten, "Mahnung und Verpflichtung", p. 26.

9304: 7231: 6800:. But this conflicted with the Nazi intention to convert the annexed territory, especially the 6746: 6009:

Internationales Hilfskomitee für deutsche (evangelische, katholische und mosaische) Auswanderer

5848:

underground theological education (KiHo) and systematically fought any examinations within the

5684:

On 7 October the Gestapo arrested Weißler, then office manager and legal advisor of the second

5454: 4918: 4039:'s plan to personally plea Hitler for a dismissal of Ludwig Müller. The Gestapo – playing 1882: 1496:, all of which had Calvinist traditions. Already in 1835, the provincial church constitutions ( 1439: 1110: 1081: 749: 253: 46: 12774:

Kirche und Judentum: Die Haltung der evangelischen Kirche zur Judenpolitik des Dritten Reiches

12588:, Berlin, on 22 April 1999 at the Gemeindehaus of the Jewish Community of Berlin, p. 3. . 11959: 11733:

Barbara Krüger and Peter Noss, "Die Strukturen in der Evangelischen Kirche 1933–1945", p. 168.

11719:

Barbara Krüger and Peter Noss, "Die Strukturen in der Evangelischen Kirche 1933–1945", p. 169.

11638:

Barbara Krüger and Peter Noss, "Die Strukturen in der Evangelischen Kirche 1933–1945", p. 166.

11176:

Barbara Krüger and Peter Noss, "Die Strukturen in der Evangelischen Kirche 1933–1945", p. 165.

11154:

Barbara Krüger and Peter Noss, "Die Strukturen in der Evangelischen Kirche 1933–1945", p. 167.

11136:

Barbara Krüger and Peter Noss, "Die Strukturen in der Evangelischen Kirche 1933–1945", p. 164.

11043:

Barbara Krüger and Peter Noss, "Die Strukturen in der Evangelischen Kirche 1933–1945", p. 163.

11023:

Barbara Krüger and Peter Noss, "Die Strukturen in der Evangelischen Kirche 1933–1945", p. 161.

11011:

Barbara Krüger and Peter Noss, "Die Strukturen in der Evangelischen Kirche 1933–1945", p. 162.

10900:

Barbara Krüger and Peter Noss, "Die Strukturen in der Evangelischen Kirche 1933–1945", p. 160.

10184:

Barbara Krüger and Peter Noss, "Die Strukturen in der Evangelischen Kirche 1933–1945", p. 157.

10159:

Barbara Krüger and Peter Noss, "Die Strukturen in der Evangelischen Kirche 1933–1945", p. 156.

8939: 4363:

in many church functions were not reversed. Werner regained his authority as president of the

3892:) circulated an appeal, calling the pastors up not to fill in the forms, meant to prove their 2801:

and the 28 church bodies and to replace them by a uniform Protestant church, to be called the

2169: 1764:. More impetus reached the charitable work of the State Church, which was much carried by the 1020:

By 1835, many dissenting Old Lutheran groups were looking to emigration as a means to finding

668: 13737: 13032: 12665:

Michael Kreutzer, Joachim-Dieter Schwäbl and Walter Sylten, "Mahnung und Verpflichtung", in:

12654:, Marburg upon Lahn: J.-G.-Herder-Institut, 1985, (=Marburger Ostforschungen; vol. 42). 12495: 12472: 12457: 10645:

Ordinance as to the Restoration of Orderly Circumstances within the German Evangelical Church

10354: 8636: 7139: 7092: 7050: 7047:

and its Bishop Wurm sent letters of protest on 27 January and 6 February 1942, respectively.

6937:. With the help of the Gestapo the parallel institutions of education and examination of the 6919: 6782: 6483: 6172: 5909:

the second meeting in Steglitz a majority of synodals complied to Werner's demand. In August

5678: 3909:

by false copies from the baptismal registers. Pastor Paul Braune (Lobetal, a part of today's

2612: 2561:. The old-Prussian Church and the Free State of Prussia formalised their relationship by the 2458: 2229: 2157: 2005: 1725: 1576:

Authoritarian traditions competed with liberal and modern ones. Committed congregants formed

1485: 1224: 1193:

in the Holy Land from Germany and Switzerland also joined the German-speaking congregations.

1150: 1145: 927: 870: 547: 227: 12462:

Luther in Beziehung auf die evangelische Kirchen-Agende in den Königlich Preussischen Landen

12188:"Erklärung zur theologischen Grundbestimmung der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (EKU)", in: 12168:"Erklärung zur theologischen Grundbestimmung der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (EKU)", in: 12148:"Erklärung zur theologischen Grundbestimmung der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (EKU)", in: 10488:"Erklärung zur theologischen Grundbestimmung der Evangelischen Kirche der Union (EKU)", in: 9486:

Luther in Beziehung auf die evangelische Kirchen-Agende in den Königlich Preussischen Landen

7286:

On 7 May 1945 Otto Dibelius organised the forming of a provisional church executive for the

6911: 6765:

during the war. So Gestapo and official church functionaries concentrated on pastors of the

6426:

in August 1944, where she perished. Persons hiding from deportation used to call themselves

5819: 5731: 5711: 5599:, Luther council) as their own umbrella organisation. The brethren councils of the Lutheran 3768:

The old-Prussian State Bishop Ludwig Müller before his acclamation as Reich's Bishop by the

2658:

The Nazi Reich's government, aiming at streamlining the Protestant churches, recognised the

2383:, the supreme administrative entity, which again appointed the members of the consistories. 898:

Luther in Beziehung auf die evangelische Kirchen-Agende in den Königlich Preussischen Landen

764: 13322: 12751:

Eckhard Lessing, "Gemeinschaft im Dienst am Evangelium: Der theologische Weg der EKU", in:

12672:

Barbara Krüger and Peter Noss, "Die Strukturen in der Evangelischen Kirche 1933–1945", in:

12241:

The Old Prussian Church and the Weimar Republic: A Study in Political Adjustment, 1917-1927

9912:

Eckhard Lessing, "Gemeinschaft im Dienst am Evangelium: Der theologische Weg der EKU", in:

9826:

Eckhard Lessing, "Gemeinschaft im Dienst am Evangelium: Der theoligische Weg der EKU", in:

9803:

Eckhard Lessing, "Gemeinschaft im Dienst am Evangelium: Der theologische Weg der EKU", in:

8764: 8592: 8139: 8053: 7985:

The situation changed decisively with the end of the GDR dictatorship in 1989. In 1990 the

7974:

was forced to separate into two formally independent bodies, indicated by the name affixes

7966:

was invited for a meeting in Berlin (East) to discuss the further cross-border work of the

7399: 6594: 5647: 5635: 5259: 5166:

only acted up after the compromises failed in 1937. In the following years of compromising

4419: 3855: 3746: 2684:), abolishing all democratic participation of parishioners in presbyteries and synods. The 2473: 2408: 1788: 1709: 1204: 1036: 832: 741: 633: 574: 420: 12801:

Kirche unter dem Wort: Der Kampf der Bekennenden Kirche der altpreußischen Union 1933–1945

11985:

Kirche unter dem Wort: Der Kampf der Bekennenden Kirche der altpreußischen Union 1933–1945

7664:, which convened on 11–13 December in Berlin. The synod elected Lothar Kreyssig as chair ( 6121:

It was Grüber and some enthusiasts, who had started a new effort in 1936. They forced the

5897:

For Hitler's birthday (20 April 1938) Werner developed a special gift. All pastors of the

5692:

and tortured to death from 13 to 19 February 1937 becoming the first lethal victim of the

5101:. But the synodals did not adopt a declaration, prepared by Supt. Albertz, condemning the 4079: 2512:, thus activist congregants formed common lists of candidates of many different opinions. 1615:, promoting rationalism and a reconcialition of belief and modern knowledge, advocated by 721:

On 27 September 1817, Frederick William announced, through a text written by Eylert, that

8: 13564: 13474: 13287: 12417: 10795:

served as seat. Finally again a private apartment in Alexandrinenstraße # 101 housed the

10522: 8060:. Whereas congregations of French Reformed tradition agreed to teach in harmony with the 8033: 7750:

as an umbrella, since it lacked a denominational identity, despite the membership of the

7243: 7151: 6903: 6839: 6507: 6383: 6131: 5666: 5419: 5309:

since 1932, reserving Christianity as a religion exclusively for Gentiles, but also some

5278: 5098: 4943: 4818:

event, since all its events were banned by the Nazi government to be open for the public.

4427: 3914: 3738: 3560: 2647: 2616: 2415: 2240: 2088: 1902: 1886: 1840: 1780: 1672: 1493: 1435: 1385: 1252: 1114: 1106: 960: 809:

vow in which the pastor avowed allegiance to the Evangelical Church was also formulated.

660: 504: 308: 54: 9757:

provincial synod convened for the first time in autumn 1844, presided by Daniel Neander.

9155:(*1917–2009*), bishop of the Evangelical Church of the Ecclesiastical Province of Saxony 7739:, and its other members officiated per pro as chief and members of the Church Chancery. 7629: 6182:

tried and managed to rescue many of the imprisoned pastors, successfully persuading the

5855:

On 10 December 1937 the ministry of church affairs appointed Werner as president of the

3032: 2652:

boycott against enterprises of Jewish proprietors and such of Gentiles of Jewish descent

312: 13584: 13423: 13337: 13332: 13307: 13297: 12582:

Worin unterscheidet sich der Holocaust von den anderen Völkermorden Hitlerdeutschlands?

11963: 11799: 11685:

Worin unterscheidet sich der Holocaust von den anderen Völkermorden Hitlerdeutschlands?

11590: 9484:

This book was written anonymously by Frederick William III and co-authored by Neander:

9178: 8893: 8586: 8445: 8057: 7501: 7391: 6976:, newly opened on 23 September, that Jews were gassed there. The members of the second 6726:, for the time being only in the East, with the command to unpityingly and mercilessly 6617: 6360: 6179: 6091: 6056: 5403: 5174:, until he was arrested from June to July 1937, which made him quit his collaboration. 4524:, Berlin), and Johannes Zippel (Steglitz Congregation, Berlin). On 1 December 1935 the 4344: 4230: 3925: 3793: 3569: 2837: 2219: 2016: 2001: 1910: 1616: 1431: 1126: 1102: 1089: 866: 795: 223: 62: 12542:, Munich: Kaiser, 1987, (=Studienbücher zur kirchlichen Zeitgeschichte; vol. 6). 10122: 9385:

Vorschlag zu einer neuen Verfassung der protestantischen Kirche im preußischen Staate.

7280: 7146:(16–19 October 1943) in Breslau the synodals passed a declaration against the ongoing 6545: 5999:

International Relief Committee for German (Evangelical, Catholic and Mosaic) Emigrants

5949: 5462: 5437:

retroactively for the time from 1 January 1934 to 30 November 1935. Nevertheless, the

4478: 3210: 3165:

holding propaganda during the elections of presbyters and synodals on 23 July 1933 at

2127: 2044:). The church formed an old-Prussian ecclesiastical province until May 1937, when the 1894: 1477: 675:

but was independent, since at the time of its foundation in 1540, the ruling princely

285: 13528: 12993: 12978: 12964: 12950: 12919: 12911: 12863: 12849: 12834: 12819: 12804: 12789: 12756: 12741: 12722: 12707: 12692: 12677: 12655: 12629: 12611: 12596: 12561: 12543: 12528: 12513: 12483: 12439: 12407: 12386: 12367: 12213: 12193: 12173: 12153: 12130: 12105: 12085: 12044: 11468: 11103:

and also became its office manager. Cf. Martin Greschat, "Friedrich Weißler", p. 115.

10493: 10325: 10081: 9983: 9958: 9917: 9831: 9808: 9738: 9689: 9526: 9502: 9456: 9433: 9400: 9368: 9259: 9183:(*1923–1996*), bishop of the Evangelical Church in Berlin-Brandenburg (eastern synod) 9164: 9150: 8739:, jurist (*1867–1941*); resigned after the church had been subjected to state control 8734: 8678: 8065: 8061: 8041: 7497: 7272: 7251: 6907: 6585: 6395: 6265: 6183: 5936:

The ever-growing discrimination of Jewish Germans (including the special category of

5738:

and profaned it as a pagan place of worship in the scope of the garbled ideas of the

5665:

issued a memorandum to Hitler, also read from the pulpits, condemning anti-Semitism,

5112:

Right after this synod the Nazi Reich's government intensified its fight against the

4552: 4500: 4411: 4303:

of 1922. Many of the churches, which had been founded before the 19th century, had a

4234: 3910: 3714: 3671: 3637: 3421: 3363: 3354: 3022: 2862: 2779: 2743: 2520: 1997: 1824: 1729: 1510: 1419: 1174: 1130: 1021: 862: 842:

In 1822, the Protestant congregations were directed to use only the newly formulated

454: 450: 300: 296: 242: 121: 6785: – one will be bold – without the dear God." Thus Hitler's adjutant Major 6372: 5407: 4036: 3597:), developed the central theses, which became the self-commitment of the opponents. 3338:

provincial synod. They elected a new provincial church council with 8 seats for the

3311: –, as well as in many synods of other Protestant church bodies, except of the 2956:(superintendent of the Cölln Land I deanery in the southwestern suburbs of Berlin), 2114: 1769: 13642: 13469: 13464: 12927: 12337:

Theology, Sociology and Politics: The German Protestant Social Conscience 1890-1933

11556: 10204: 9776: 9245: 9199: 9019: 8664: 8294:, before supreme governor of the separate Lutheran and Reformed churches since 1797 7882: 7873: 7133: 7003:

called for suited actions by all Protestant church bodies to withhold baptised non-

6899: 6778: 6646: 6467: 6364: 6218: 5966: 5801: 5723: 5705: 5450: 5294: 4403: 4108:

In a series of provincial synods the opposition assumed shape. On 3/4 January 1934

4040: 3874: 3710: 2820: 2753: 2716: 2712: 2528: 2213:(est. in 1927), led by a general superintendent (at first Franz Gregor, after 1933 1649: 1522: 1327: 843: 679:

was Catholic. Furthermore, no Lutheran congregation existed in Neuchâtel. Thus the

573:

Major reforms to the administration of Prussia were undertaken after the defeat by

273: 13271: 12330:

The Gods of the City: Protestantism and religious culture in Strasbourg, 1870-1914

7758:, then Minister of the Interior of the GDR, opposed the continued identity of the 6394:. Now Grüber got himself a passport, with the help of Bonhoeffer's brother-in-law 6378:

On 22–23 October, 6,500 Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent from

4894:

found a compromise and appointed – on 22 November – the so-called first

4348: 4047: 3702: 3524:

By enabling the dismissal of all Protestants of Jewish descent from jobs with the

2671: 1917:), while four congregations of the Rhenish ecclesiastical province were seized by 1870:

church bodies within their borders keep a union with German church organisations.

693:

In January 1817, the cult and public instruction section was separated off as the

13574: 13498: 13387: 13237: 13144: 12577: 11893: 11884: 11880: 11620:

Letter of Schmitz to Gollwitzer published in Eberhard Röhm and Jörg Thierfelder,

11113: 10358: 9582: 9319: 9273: 9136: 8512: 8455: 7872:, which were otherwise hard to earn by GDR exports to the west, while disbursing 7848:, comprising a territory which had never been a part of Prussia, joined the EKU. 7645: 7466: 6757:), were preferently drafted for the army. Kerrl demanded Werner to calm down the 6629:

Institute for the Study and Elimination of Jewish Influence on German Church Life

6561: 6532: 6519: 6471: 6247: 6156: 5670: 5449:

before, declared their readiness to collaborate with the committee, to wit Prof.

5411: 5410:, Brandenburg), Supt. Friedrich Klein (leader of the Nazi Federation of Pastors, 5272: 4991:) convened in Berlin-Dahlem on 4 and 5 March 1935. The synodals decided that the 4827: 4561: 4515: 4434:

in January 1938. This earned him an imprisonment of four-month in the same year.

4415: 4292:, holding the majority in most official church bodies, lost many supporters, the 4124:, much influenced by the Reformed pastor Supt. Martin Albertz, elected its first 4035:

affiliation. The Gestapo tapped Niemöller's phone and thus learned about his and

3645: 3594: 3412: 3377: 2689: 2435: 2392: 1981:, ceded by Germany to Poland in February 1920, which prior used to belong to the 1784: 1662: 1601: 1473: 1166: 1118: 917: 745: 641: 625: 238: 13006: 11276: 8971: 8915: 8770: 8769:, theologian (*1879–1953*), per pro; deposed by the Prussian State Commissioner 7469:, where he took his new seat in the German part of the divided Silesian city of 6773:

are to be taken, so that the Gestapo returned to selective forms of repression.

5619:

as well as some Lutheran confessing congregations within the territories of the

2871: 2197:

The Evangelical congregations in the Klaipėda Region were disentangled from the

2172:, granting autonomy to the inhabitants of the Klaipėda Region. This enabled the 1517:(9 November 1873 – 20 March 1890), gained the parliamentary support of the 1450: 671:. The church body of the prevailingly Calvinist Neuchâtelians did not rank as a 629: 13459: 13449: 13397: 13382: 13342: 13003:

Wider das Vergessen: Schicksale judenchristlicher Pfarrer in der Zeit 1933–1945

11967: 11594: 11421: 11307: 11273:

Wider das Vergessen: Schicksale judenchristlicher Pfarrer in der Zeit 1933–1945

10365:(coup of the Reich's government against the Prussian state government) in 1932. 10362: 9525:, David Schubert (trl. and ed.), Highgate, South Australia: H. Schubert, 1995. 9231: 9085: 8706: 7793: 7755: 7434:, against any unification after the experiences during the Nazi reign with the 7277:

German territories newly annexed by Poland (March 1945) and by the Soviet Union

7109: 6805: 6463: 6291: 6269: 6186:

to provide them through the British government with British visa, the official

6047: 5910: 5639: 5499: 5458: 5286: 5167: 5102: 5069: 4620:

of the old-Prussian Union they provided for each congregation, taken over by a

4567: 4308: 4218: 3968:

showed their true colours and this opened the eyes of many sympathisers of the

3961: 3657: 2951: 2938: 2570: 1906: 1839:(Supreme Governor of the Evangelical Church) ceased to exist. Furthermore, the 1796: 1749: 1481: 1423: 1269: 656: 554:

One year after he ascended to the throne in 1798, Frederick William III, being

429:

24 June to 15 July 1933: State control abolished the freedom of religion and a

12471:, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1972, partly identical with Cologne, 11318:, in London he passed the Anglican examinations and was later ordained by the 10634:

Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, "Die Glaubensbewegung Deutsche Christen", p. 111.

10625:

Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, "Die Glaubensbewegung Deutsche Christen", p. 107.

10613:

Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, "Die Glaubensbewegung Deutsche Christen", p. 109.

10257:

Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, "Die Glaubensbewegung Deutsche Christen", p. 104.

9885:

Claus Wagener, "Die Vorgeschichte des Kirchenkampfes", pp. 29, 35 and 37.

9855:

Claus Wagener, "Die evangelische Kirche der altpreußischen Union", p. 26.

9846:

Claus Wagener, "Die evangelische Kirche der altpreußischen Union", p. 25.

9791:

Claus Wagener, "Die evangelische Kirche der altpreußischen Union", p. 24.

9766:

Claus Wagener, "Die evangelische Kirche der altpreußischen Union", p. 23.

8935:; deposed on 3 October 1935 by the old-Prussian state ecclesiastical committee 7255: 7083: 6474:, Pastor Eitel-Friedrich von Rabenau, Gertrud Staewen, Pastor Hans Urner etc. 2574:

there were 29 (later 28) church bodies organised along territorial borders of

2320: – a legislative body – which again elected its governing board the 13671: 13428: 13352: 13326: 13027: 12844:

Enno Obendiek, "Die Theologische Erklärung von Barmen 1934: Hinführung", in:

12553: 11527: 9031: 8911: 8790: 8492: 8471:

1970–1976: Helmut Waitz (*1910–1993*), since 1972 for the eastern region only

8278: 8009: 7886: 7869: 7571: 7063: 6915: 6850: 6786: 6459: 6238: 6222: 5828: 5551: 4548: 4222: 4168:

from 29 to 31 May 1934. On 29 May those coming from congregations within the

3947: 3933: 3863: 3788: 3586: 3533: 3529: 3143: 2979: 2973: 2962: 2867: 2783: 2708: 2704: 2439: 1937: 1776: 1536: 1469: 1349:). Its central bodies were the executive Evangelical Supreme Church Council ( 1088:, ruled by Catholic princely branches of the Hohenzollern family, joined the 1005: 984: 836: 664: 516: 234: 9186:

1987–1989: Horst Gienke, resigned under synodal pressure after unmasking as

8347: 5634:

Under the impression of more foreign visitors in Germany, starting with the

3995:

declared its secession. So Krause was dismissed from his functions with the

3618:

Service. The introit faded away. The pastor stands at the altar and begins:

2790: 2558: 2316:

The parishioners in the congregations elected synodals for their respective

2285:) of synodals elected by the presbyteries. The deanery synodals elected the 1753: 881: 13604: 13599: 13418: 12931: 11808: 11769: 10765:

Literally: Government Councillor, a certain function in the administration.

10414:

Kirchengesetz über die Errichtung des Landesbischofsamtes und von Bistümern

9518: 9329: 9309: 8951: 8940:

President of the state ecclesiastical committee for the old-Prussian Church

8910:

On 4 August 1933 Ludwig Müller declared himself old-Prussian State Bishop (

8507: 8462: 7877:

messengers would keep up the communication between them. On 9 May 1967 the

7586: 7454: 6950: 6946: 6857: 6718: 5957: 5937: 5693: 4226: 3721:, RSHA) in Wilhelmstraße # 102. In 1941 the Gestapo closed the YMCA house. 3085: 2909: 2516: 2449:

While this new self-conception helped the activists within the church, the

2069: 1792: 783: 672: 652: 411: 269: 261: 246: 207: 165: 97: 11559:

and Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", pp. 22seq.

10655:

Verordnung betreffend die Wiederherstellung geordneter Zustände in der DEK

10404:

Church law on the establishment of the rank of state bishop and bishoprics

9894:

Claus Wagener, "Die Vorgeschichte des Kirchenkampfes", pp. 43 and 47.

9015:, then one of the provosts of the Evangelical Church in Berlin-Brandenburg 8991: 8337: 7807:. Furthermore, the synod opened the possibility of admitting non-Prussian 7733:

Vorsitzende(r) des Rates der Evangelischen Kirche der altpreußischen Union

7215: 5642:

in Berlin realised the first mass internments, in order to present Berlin

5429:

As a gesture of reconciliation the state ecclesiastical committee for the

4112:

presided a synod in Wuppertal-Barmen for Reformed parishioners within the

2778:

This caused the later confusion when the streamlined Reich church and the

2407:

called up for an abstention from the election, holding up the commandment

1835:

With the end of the Prussian monarchy in 1918 also the king's function as

1196: 1185:

among the non-Muslim native population and German immigrants, such as the

736:, and the Lutheran garrison congregation, both of whom used the Calvinist 13402: 13317: 13292: 13021:

The Confessional Lutheran Emigrations from Prussia and Saxony Around 1839

10828:

Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, "Die Glaubensbewegung Deutsche Christen", p. 105.

10236:

Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, "Die Glaubensbewegung Deutsche Christen", p. 103.

10208: 10168:

Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, "Die Glaubensbewegung Deutsche Christen", p. 101.

9012: 8985: 8914:), after the State Commissioner for the Prussian ecclesiastical affairs, 8264: 7856: 7071: 6125:

hand, which in 1938 supported the new organisation, named by the Gestapo

6012: 5727: 5715: 5627:

was definitely split in two. However, the state brethren councils of the

5183: 4312: 3976:, led by Niemöller, issued a declaration about the heretic belief of the 3885: 3785: 3541: 3097: 2604: 1996:

A number of congregations lay in those northern and western parts of the

1929: 1313: 1297: 1240: 1216: 1190: 532: 528: 496: 11962:). A last attempt, undertaken in February/March 1945 ended, because the 11949:

While in the beginning the Nazi authorities hoped to make the so-called

10726:

Ordinance on Pensioning Off and Furloughing Ecclesiastical Functionaries

9576:

in September 1933 in the then Evangelical State Church of Nassau-Hesse (

8593:

Presidents of the Evangelical Supreme Ecclesiastical Council (1850–1951)

7714:

led by the Praeses of the General Synod (disbanded by 1933), became the

7508:

had been taken by the state and is serving profane purposes these days.

7458: 7358:

used the occasion to take fundamental decisions about the future of the

7066:. The majority of the synodal members voted against the motion to allow 6870:

The Warthegau remained blocked, while the functionaries of the official

6273: 4139:) and Senta Maria Klatt (Congregation of St. John's Church, Berlin- 3054:, 1912–1917) wrote a letter of protest to Jäger. Pastor Otto Grossmann ( 2210: 12959:

Claus Wagener, "Die evangelische Kirche der altpreußischen Union", in:

12305: 12300:

Gordon, Frank J. "Protestantism and Socialism in the Weimar Republic."

12282: 12251: 9710: 8793:, bishop, per pro; appointed by the provisional advisory board (Beirat) 8096: 7865: 7770:

refers to a denomination, not to a state, so the name was not changed.

7407:

are to be regarded legitimate under the given emergency circumstances.

7374: 6731: 6551: 6312: 6076: 5971:

could not prevail with their concern to help under the umbrella of the

5550:, consisting of Supt. Albertz, Bernhard Heinrich Forck (St. Trinity in 5360: 5146:. Orderly courts could not overrule its decisions. With this power the 5097:

and remigrated to Switzerland, where he was appointed professor at the

5019: 4469: 4407: 4109: 3781: 3556: 3258: 2688:

announced the appointment of a Reich's Bishop for 31 October 1933, the

2396: 1978: 1791:, found also supporters among the proponents of traditional Protestant 1489: 1414:(Ecclesiastical Province of the March of Brandenburg for both), in the 1212: 1155:

Supreme Governor of the Evangelical Church of Prussia's older Provinces

806: 316: 304: 204: 111: 12702:

Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, "Die Glaubensbewegung Deutsche Christen", in:

12593:

Die Bekennende Kirche in Schlesien 1933–1945: Geschichte und Dokumente

12422:

Das Jahrhundert der Kirche: Geschichte, Betrachtung, Umschau und Ziele

11194:

Stefan Schreiner, "Antisemitismus in der evangelischen Kirche", p. 25.

10036:

Das Jahrhundert der Kirche: Geschichte, Betrachtung, Umschau und Ziele

8874:

1936–1939?: Friedrich (Fritz) Müller (*1889–1942*, poisoned), chairman

7470: 7462: 7449:

Until 1951 all the six still existing ecclesiastical provinces of the

6980:

could not believe it and did not speak up. On 8–9 November, the tenth

5816:, mostly only temporarily, amounted to 765 in the whole year of 1937. 5792:, since Werner combined unusual power as provisional president of the 4972:

of the old-Prussian Union, founded in October 1934 also the official,

3813:»jederzeit rückhaltlos für den nationalsozialistischen Staat eintritt" 3016:

bearing the violation of the church constitution in mind. The pastors

1406:), in the nine pre-1866 political provinces of Prussia, to wit in the 1101:

was supervised by that of the Rhineland. In 1866, Prussia annexed the

12436:

Heeresadjutant bei Hitler: 1938–1943; Aufzeichnungen des Majors Engel

11663:

Heeresadjutant bei Hitler: 1938–1943; Aufzeichnungen des Majors Engel

11360:

Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", pp. 2seq.

10964:

Martin Greschat, ""Gegen den Gott der Deutschen"", pp. 78seq. and 82.

8956:(*1864–1945*), resigned since overcoming the schism turned impossible 7851:

Since the 1950s the GDR opposed the cross-border co-operation of the

7189:

In the city of Berlin e.g., out of the 191 churches belonging to the

7179: 6860: 6843: 6801: 6706: 6560:

on the penultimate Wednesday before the new begin of the Evangelical

6489: 6423: 6242: 5944:, bothered about this problem – like Supt. Albertz, Bonhoeffer, 5844: 5800:. Werner became the man of Kerrl. But Kerrl gave up, with Hitler and 5658: 5004: 4506: 4399: 3706: 3214:

Campaigning in the election of synodals and presbyters (23 July 1933)

2983: 2772: 2724: 2562: 2153: 1273: 1232: 1220: 1182: 989: 964: 803: 637: 512: 500: 410:

1821–1845: Evangelical Church in the Royal Prussian Lands – the

257: 230:, the Prussian Union was the first to occur in a major German state. 174: 129: 12937:

Stefan Schreiner, "Antisemitismus in der evangelischen Kirche", in:

6958:

deportations of Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent

6831:

except of a prayer hall, was to be expropriated. All pastors of the

6728:

send men, women and children of Polish descent and language to death

5570:

as well as by a covenant of pastors from Württemberg (the so-called

5045:

Consistorial Councillor von Arnim-Kröchlendorff, a proponent of the

4768:

integrated the existing bodies of the opposition – such as the

3612:) published the following criticism in the October edition of 1933: 2662:

as its means to do so. On 4 and 5 April 1933 representatives of the

1830: 558:(Supreme Governor of the Protestant Churches), decreed a new common 12265:

Nineteenth century German Protestantism: the church as social model

10884:

Gesetz über die Vermögensbildung in den evangelischen Landeskirchen

9264:(*1944), church president of the Evangelical State Church of Anhalt 9216: 9169:(*1932), church president of the Evangelical State Church of Anhalt 8346:

only presided over the legislative body of the church, the general

8130:

Ecclesiastical provinces of the Evangelical State Church of Prussia

8100: 7581:

The schism was not yet fully overcome, since only the most radical

7386:, now the administrative centre of an oil and gas drilling company. 7335:

On 15 July Heinrich Grüber was appointed Provost of St. Mary's and

7247: 7031:) issued a declaration of protest. Confessing congregations in the 6739: 6667:. Werner remained administrative chief executive (president of the 6642: 5518:, wanted to co-operate with the committees, while its members from 5422:), and Supt. Zimmermann. This committee was also competent for the 5289:. She found clear words, calling the systematical impoverishment a 5088:

of Bavaria right of the river Rhine and Württemberg with the first

5077: 5008: 4826:

celebrated the constitution of their church on the occasion of the

4431: 4316: 4213:. Further members were Gerhard Jacobi, Niemöller and Fritz Müller. 3733:

Provincial Bishop Joachim Hossenfelder speaking on the occasion of

3641: 2553:

and gaining about a third of the seats in presbyteries and synods.

2386: 2065: 2048:

expired. Between 1945 and 1948 it underwent the same fate like the

1820: 1653: 1301: 1281: 1236: 1177:

and the Evangelical Church in the Royal Prussian Lands founded the

963:, ordered all Protestant congregations in Prussia to celebrate the 892:

In 1828, Neander was appointed first General Superintendent of the

725:'s Reformed court and garrison congregation, led by Court Preacher 695:

Prussian Ministry of the Spiritual, Educational and Medical Affairs

538: 520: 215: 170: 125: 12558:

Lexikon der Gerechten unter den Völkern: Deutsche und Österreicher

11546:

Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", p. 22.

11518:

Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", p. 21.

11494:

Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", p. 17.

11437:

Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", p. 16.

11411:

Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", p. 15.

11402:

Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", p. 14.

11393:

Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", p. 11.

11372:

Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", p. 10.

10054:

Claus Wagener, "Die Vorgeschichte des Kirchenkampfes", p. 65.

10025:

Claus Wagener, "Die Vorgeschichte des Kirchenkampfes", p. 54.

9903:

Claus Wagener, "Die Vorgeschichte des Kirchenkampfes", p. 46.

9876:

Claus Wagener, "Die Vorgeschichte des Kirchenkampfes", p. 33.

9864:

Claus Wagener, "Die Vorgeschichte des Kirchenkampfes", p. 32.

9626:, which in 1977 merged with others to become part of the then new 8840: 8350:, thereafter also over the church senate, the new governing body. 8068:. Through the Polish annexation and expulsion of parishioners the 8056:. Some Lutheran congregations within the Church also accepted the 7457:, held its first post-war provincial synod in then already Polish 6761:, since the Wehrmacht wanted no activities against pastors of the 6155:

In the night of 9 November 1938 the Nazi government organised the

5780:

under Werner and by the consistories on the provincial level. The

3528:, the official church bodies accepted the Nazi racist doctrine of 3261:

declared, all its Protestant members were obliged to vote for the

3111:, seated in Berlin, Marchstraße # 2 in the former premises of the 2468:

In the field of church elections committed congregants formed new

1404:

ecclesiastical province of the Evangelical State Church of Prussia

1211:

A number of congregations of Arabic or German language emerged in

982:

In a compromise with some dissenters, who had now earned the name

873:(then the highest ranking ecclesiastical office in Berlin) and an 13301: 11314:) and Willi Ölsner (later Willy Oelsner). He served as pastor at 11297:

Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", p. 2.

11212:

Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", p. 7.

9236:(*1934–1996*), praeses of the Evangelical Church in the Rhineland 9104:(*1921–1999*), praeses of the Evangelical Church in the Rhineland 9076:(*1916–1984*), praeses of the Evangelical Church in the Rhineland 9022:(*1901–1987*), praeses of the Evangelical Church in the Rhineland 9008:(*1897–1957*), praeses of the Evangelical Church in the Rhineland 8343: 7665: 7489: 7339:

in Berlin and Dibelius invested him on 8 August in a ceremony in

7113: 6985: 6339:# 20/21, after Grüber's Emigration department had moved out. The 6332: 6117:

Plaque commemorating the foundation of the Bureau Grüber in 1936.

6086:

constituted in London – with Supt. Albertz representing the

5924:), Theodor Ellwein, and Prof. Helmuth Kittel, all members of the 4347:

decided that all decisions, taken by Müller since he decreed the

4281: 3485: 3431: 3406: 3286: 3182: 3013: 2942: 2639: 2508:). Especially in the country-side, there often were no developed 2419: 2372: 2258: 2057: 1918: 1700:

in many fields, but affirming the Prussian Union. Therefore, the

1321: 1305: 1097: 1075: 976: 893: 889:, which had already existed in some provinces before the reform. 847: 722: 508: 187: 140: 12862:: 4 vols. in 7 parts, Stuttgart: Calwer-Verlag, 1990–2007. 12765:

Hartmut Ludwig, "Das ›Büro Pfarrer Grüber‹ 1938–1940", in:

12397:

Die Bekenntnisse und grundsätzlichen Äußerungen zur Kirchenfrage

11907:

Treffpunkt: Zeitschrift der Ev. Matthäusgemeinde Berlin-Steglitz

11905:

Rajah Scheepers,"Der steinige Weg von Frauen ins Pfarramt", in:

11857:

Treffpunkt: Zeitschrift der Ev. Matthäusgemeinde Berlin-Steglitz

11855:

Rajah Scheepers,"Der steinige Weg von Frauen ins Pfarramt", in:

10621: 10619: 10609: 10607: 10342:

Die Bekenntnisse und grundsätzlichen Äußerungen zur Kirchenfrage

10253: 10251: 7383: 7346:

Wurm invited representatives of all Protestant church bodies to

7108:

and deported the tiny rest of its collaborators 6 days later to

5338:

to reconcile the disputing church parties. So also the official

5037:(11 March 1935). Thus the Nazi Reich's government subjected the 5035:

Law on the Wealth Formation within the Evangelical Church Bodies

3353:, an esquire owning a manor in Kröchlendorff (a part of today's 3147:), a title and function non-existing in the constitution of the 1580:, which nominated candidates for the elections of the parochial 880:

After in 1818, 16 provincial synods – in German parlance a

233:

It became the biggest independent religious organization in the

12645:

Kirchliches Jahrbuch für die Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland

12364:

Kirche in Not: Die bayerische Landeskirche im Zweiten Weltkrieg

11841:

Kirchliches Jahrbuch für die Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland

11787:

Kirchliches Jahrbuch für die Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland

11311: 7978:(Region/range Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin West) and 7796:, Minister President of the GDR, for his first official visit. 7742:

In 1951 the Bavarian Bishop Hans Meiser, then president of the

7575: 7347: 6565: 6518:

In the night between 9 and 10 November the Nazis organised the

6399: 6368: 6324:

Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria right of the river Rhine

6297:

From 1 March 1939 the Nazi Reich's government commissioned the

4304: 4165: 4140: 3958:

Sündenbock- und Minderwertigkeitstheologie des Rabbiners Paulus

3852:

Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria right of the river Rhine

3675: 3313:

Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria right of the river Rhine

3084:, which the Nazi government declared to be valid. The same day 2889:

Staatskommissar für die preußischen kirchlichen Angelegenheiten

2061: 1986: 1890: 1585: 1535:). Prussia's then minister of education and religious affairs, 1309: 1277: 1028:(the second largest Lutheran denomination in the U.S), and the 241:, with about 18 million parishioners. The church underwent two 150: 12503:

Geschichte der evangelischen Gemeinde Theresienstadt 1942–1945

11929:

Geschichte der evangelischen Gemeinde Theresienstadt 1942–1945

10353:

The State Council was the second parliamentary chamber of the

9523:

Because of their beliefs: emigration from Prussia to Australia

9090:(*1909–2006*), praeses of the Evangelical Church of Westphalia 9036:(*1901–1989*), praeses of the Evangelical Church of Westphalia 6494:

Evangelical Relief Centre for the formerly Racially Persecuted

5986:(Ludwig Müller abrogated it on 16 November 1934), it took the 5116:. Since the orderly courts often approved litigations against 4577:

Fellowship hall of the Evangelical Dahlem Congregation, Berlin

4255:. Later this convention in Barmen used to be called the first 4058:

Müller forbade his unwelcome competitor as church leader, the

3123:

On 15 July, the Nazi government lifted state control over the

2986:), thus decapitating the complete spiritual leadership of the 2411:. Thus the plesbiscite missed the minimum turnout and failed. 1758:

Augusta Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg

11798:

The Congregation of Neubabelsberg then comprised a parish in

10991:

Especially Siegfried Knak of all people, the director of the

10616: 10604: 10248: 10001:

Kirchenrechtliche Änderungen infolge des Versailler Vertrages

9204:(*1929–2000*), bishop of the ecclesiastical region of Görlitz 9187: 8972:

Council of the Evangelical Church of the (old-Prussian) Union

8576: 8073: 7941: 7762:, especially the use of the term "Prussian" in its name. The 7221:

When Soviet soldiers first entered into the territory of the

7147: 7123:, which in 1933 amounted to about 40,000 couples nationwide. 6379: 5534:. Also the different provincial brethren councils within the 4964:

in Berlin's then # 27, Friedbergstraße (now Rudeloffstraße).

4938:

Between end of 1934 and March 1937 the central office of the

4074:

in Berlin. The verdict would have major consequences for the

3405:, the approving synodals betrayed the Christian sacrament of 2720: 2619:

on 28 February 1933, hit the right persons. On 20 March 1933

2524: 2053: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1041: 9647:

Evangelical Reformed State Church of the Province of Hanover

8886: 8797: 7859:

was built, the GDR hardly allowed its citizens to visit the

7378:

The Building of the former Consistory (est. in 1923) of the

7275:

to absorb all the expellees from Poland proper and from the

6620:

Synod) convened on 29–31 January 1939 in Berlin-Nikolassee.

5990:

until summer 1938 to build up a network for the persecuted.

5126:

Decision-Taking Office for Affairs of the Evangelical Church

4355:

on 26 January, the same year, were to be reversed. Thus the

3950:

from the "scapegoat mentality and theology of inferiority" (

1877:

was now largely Polish, and except of small fringes that of

1823:

and subscribed itself for war bonds amounting to 41 million

12973:

Claus Wagener, "Die Vorgeschichte des Kirchenkampfes", in:

8892:

1934–1945: Friedrich Werner, reappointed by verdict of the

7775:

Council of the Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union

7716:

Council of the Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union

7539:

Evangelical Church of the Ecclesiastical Province of Saxony

7492: – are owned today by Protestant congregations of the 7268: 6749:

and thus started the Second World War, male members of the

6387: 5377:

In November Kerrl decreed the parallel institutions of the

4402:-Sieker (led by Otto Schmitz), Bloestau (East Prussia) and 4015:

functionaries on the higher levels mostly remained aboard.

3761:, resigned in early 1934 in protest against Ludwig Müller. 3600:

In reaction to the anti-Semitic discriminations within the

1940:. The Polish government ordered the disentanglement of the 1932:, annexed by Czechoslovakia in 1920, joined thereafter the 1557:, while in the other provinces the corresponding terms are 430: 13743:

Former member churches of the Protestant Church in Germany

11830:

Cf. Evangelisches Zentralarchiv, Berlin: I/C3/172, vol. 3.

10799:

until on 3 February 1945 the building was destroyed in an

10014:

Der Protestantismus in der Republik Polen 1918/19 bis 1939

8959:

1937–1945: governance de facto wielded by Friedrich Werner

8529:

1970–1976: Helmut Waitz, till 1972 for the undivided synod

8016:

decided in June 2002 to merge their organisation with the

7692:) into a mere umbrella organisation and did away with the 7138:

and Gisela von Witzleben altogether on 16 October 1943 in

6926:, like its then leader Werner silenced about the murders. 6090: – but its German counterpart never materialised. So 6084:

International Church Relief Commission for German Refugees

5136:

Beschlußstelle in Angelegenheiten der Evangelischen Kirche

4755:

council of the Confessing Church of the old-Prussian Union

3757:, which included Berlin, had two bishops. Karow, being no 3281:

only won the majority in two presbyteries, in Niemöller's

2879:

State Commissioner for the Prussian ecclesiastical affairs

2488:) emerged, which ran for mandates besides the traditional 1461:

and Silesia had two (after 1922), those of Saxony and the

1246:

With financial aid from Prussia, other German states, the

12641:(1896), Paul Langhans (comment.), Gotha: Perthes, 1896. . 12480:

Als die Zeugen schwiegen: Bekennende Kirche und die Juden

12454:: 2 parts, Tübingen: Mohr, 1905 (pt 1) and 1907 (pt 2). . 12256:

Crowner, David, Gerald Christianson, and August Tholuck.

10973:

Martin Greschat, ""Gegen den Gott der Deutschen"", p. 79.

10945:

Martin Greschat, ""Gegen den Gott der Deutschen"", p. 80.

9657:

Evangelisch-reformierte Landeskirche der Provinz Hannover

8123: 7676:

Ordnung der Evangelischen Kirche der altpreußischen Union

5487:

continued) and by Scharf (Brandenburg), who followed the

4120:

on 16 March. On 7 March the so-called free synod for the

3823: 3289:-Dorf. In 1933 among the pastors of Berlin, 160 stuck to 2019:, ceded to Poland in 1922, constituted on 6 June 1923 as 763:

congregations. Lutherans of the Lutheran state church of

13778:

Protestant denominations established in the 19th century

12556:, Daniel Fraenkel, Sara Bender, and Jacob Borut (eds.), 12490:. An earlier version appeared as doctoral thesis titled 11802:, Klein-Glienicke (divided between Berlin and Potsdam), 11542: 11540: 11530:, Daniel Fraenkel, Sara Bender, and Jacob Borut (eds.), 11514: 11512: 11510: 11368: 11366: 10525:, who first named it heresy. Cf. Christine-Ruth Müller, 9974: 9972: 9970: 9278:(*1938), praeses of the Evangelical Church of Westphalia 9118:(*1930), praeses of the Evangelical Church of Westphalia 8463:

Synod of the Evangelical Church of the Union (1953–1972)

7690:

Evangelische Kirche der altpreußischen Union (ApU/EKapU)

5205:

and its failure to take decisions in favour of the Jews.

4865:, around Niemöller from Dahlem, therefore nicknamed the 4656:. The Confessing congregations of each deanery formed a 4172:

held a separate meeting, their later on so-called first

1347:

Evangelische Landeskirche der älteren Provinzen Preußens

1259:

Evangelical Association for the Construction of Churches

1181:(1841–1886). Its bishops and clergy proselytised in the 1173:

At the instigation of Frederick William IV the Anglican

786:

of non-elected, but appointed members (succeeded by the

663:(which was not yet an integrated federation, but a mere 478:

2004: The Evangelical Church of the Union merged in the

11764:

Circular (Rundschreiben) by the church chancery of the

10930:

Gesetz zur Sicherung der Deutschen Evangelischen Kirche

10568: 10566: 10357:, representing the Prussian provinces, and presided by 9617:

Evangelical-Lutheran State Church of Schleswig-Holstein

8992:

Leading bishops and chairmen of the Council (1951–1972)

8338:

Praesides of the general synod and the synod of the EKU

7999:

Evangelical Church of the Görlitz Ecclesiastical Region

7927:

Evangelical Church of the Görlitz Ecclesiastical Region

6960:

started on 18 October 1941. These were all directed to

6652:

On 20–22 May 1939 the synodals convened for the eighth

6171:. Grüber organised their hiding in the cottages in the 5739: 5221:). The brethren decided not to unite with the official 2078:

Union des églises évangéliques protestantes de Belgique

829:

Evangelische Kirche in den Königlich-Preußischen Landen

690:

was not an object of Frederick William's Union policy.

11966:

already were liberated. However some were deported to

11095:

Weißler worked already as legal advisor for the first

10133: 10131: 10050: 10048: 10046: 10044: 9872: 9870: 9787: 9785: 9636:

Evangelical Reformed Church of the Province of Hanover

9572:), both merged with the Protestant church body of the 8922:

confirmed him with their majority in the illegitimate

8877:

1939?–1949: The brethren council was a collegiate body

8265:

Governors, governing bodies and chairmen of the church

7324:

deanery fell under the provisional supervision by the

6734:, which we need. Who is still talking today about the 5330:, RKA) on 3 October 1935, combining neutral, moderate 4050:, a hierarchy of subordination to command, within the 4026:

within the rooms, bodies and media of the church. The

3390:) as church law, thus demanding that employees of the 3118: 2097:

Regional Synodal Federation of the Free City of Danzig

1779:, emerging in the 1870s, with its prominent proponent 1080:

In 1850, the predominantly Catholic principalities of

1035:

With the death of Frederick William III in 1840, King

369:

Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces

12990:

Kirchenkampf in Berlin 1932–1945: 42 Stadtgeschichten

12975:

Kirchenkampf in Berlin 1932–1945: 42 Stadtgeschichten

12961:

Kirchenkampf in Berlin 1932–1945: 42 Stadtgeschichten

12831:

Kirchenkampf in Berlin 1932–1945: 42 Stadtgeschichten

12816:

Kirchenkampf in Berlin 1932–1945: 42 Stadtgeschichten

12738:

Kirchenkampf in Berlin 1932–1945: 42 Stadtgeschichten

12704:

Kirchenkampf in Berlin 1932–1945: 42 Stadtgeschichten

12689:

Kirchenkampf in Berlin 1932–1945: 42 Stadtgeschichten

12674:

Kirchenkampf in Berlin 1932–1945: 42 Stadtgeschichten

12121: 12119: 12117: 12076: 12074: 12035: 12033: 12031: 12029: 12027: 11729: 11727: 11725: 11634: 11632: 11630: 11537: 11507: 11363: 11150: 11148: 11146: 11144: 11142: 11132: 11130: 11051: 11049: 11039: 11037: 11035: 11033: 11031: 11029: 11019: 11017: 11007: 11005: 10316: 10314: 10279:

Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, "Berlin-Dahlem", p. 397.

9967: 9949: 9124: 9059: 8854: 7310:

Rat der Evangelischen Kirche der altpreußischen Union

7078:

Synod of Confession (Bekenntnissynode) and pastor in

6580:

Elisabeth Schmitz, a congregant in the preach on the

5583:

Council of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Germany

5402:

Salvation, Berlin-Schöneberg), General Forest-Master

4906:

Vorläufige Leitung der Deutschen Evangelischen Kirche

4288:

the opposition found considerable support. While the

2038:

Unierte Evangelische Kirche in Polnisch Oberschlesien

1946:

Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces

1849:

Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces

1847:. Thus its new constitution of 29 September 1922 the 1337:

Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces

276:, church property was either damaged or destroyed by 11851: 11849: 10896: 10894: 10892: 10811: 10809: 10711: 10709: 10707: 10705: 10703: 10593: 10591: 10589: 10587: 10563: 10552: 10550: 10548: 10426: 10424: 10422: 10377: 10375: 10373: 10371: 10312: 10310: 10308: 10306: 10304: 10302: 10300: 10298: 10296: 10294: 10219: 10217: 10180: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10095: 10093: 10072: 10070: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9941: 9939: 9937: 9935: 9933: 9931: 9929: 8669:, ecclesiastical lawyer and politician (*1812–1885*) 8001:

dropped its unwanted name and chose the new name of

7925:

from their names. The first then chose the new name

7777:, met for the first time and elected from its midst 7559:) of the respective, now independent church bodies. 6984:

convened in the premises of the St. Trinity Church (

5823:

Plaque recalling the arrestment of Martin Niemöller.

5593:

Rat der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirche Deutschlands

5433:

legitimised all ordinations and examinations of the

5177: 3323:, which the opposition thus regarded as uncorrupted 2076:

as of 1 October 1922 and joined until 1923/1924 the

1652:, but still claiming the freedom of science also in 704:, usually called Cult Ministry (Kultusministerium). 620:

Under the influence of the centralising movement of

12182: 11874:"Meilenstein der Frauenordination", 12 January 2013 11859:, No. 5, September/October 2018, presbytery of the 11347:merged with other missionary societies to form the 10128: 10041: 9867: 9782: 9447: 9445: 9424: 9422: 9420: 9418: 9416: 9414: 9412: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9347: 9345: 8458:(titled Praeses of the synod of the EKU since 1953) 7976:

Bereich Bundesrepublick Deutschland und Berlin West

7710:), as its administrative body. The governing body, 7288:

Ecclesiastical Province of the March of Brandenburg

7011:-dominated congregations followed suit. The second 6992:), outside of Prussia. Forck, member of the second 6990:

Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Hamburgian State

6779:

Soviet Union has recently given sufficient examples

6504:

Evangelische Hilfsstelle für ehemals Rasseverfolgte

5526:did not. The minority of moderate, mostly Lutheran 4122:

Ecclesiastical Province of the March of Brandenburg

3755:

Ecclesiastical Province of the March of Brandenburg

2988:

Ecclesiastical Province of the March of Brandenburg

2967:(general superintendent of Berlin inner city), and 2424:

Ecclesiastical Province of the March of Brandenburg

2042:

Ewangelicki Kościół Unijny na polskim Górnym Śląsku

2006:

eastern part of West Prussia remaining with Germany

1977:also incorporated the Evangelical congregations in 1430:(Ecclesiastical Province of the Rhineland), in the 1140: 13267: 12144: 12142: 12114: 12094: 12071: 12024: 11940:Ursula Büttner, "Von der Kirche verlassen", p. 63. 11863:Congregation (ed.), pp. 4seq., here p. 5. No ISSN. 11813:and Potsdam-Sacrow with the beautiful churches of 11722: 11627: 11288:Ursula Büttner, "Von der Kirche verlassen", p. 53. 11139: 11127: 11046: 11026: 11014: 11002: 9822: 9820: 9799: 9797: 8095:comprising core places of Luther's life and work ( 7881:decided a committee for the reconstruction of the 7461:. But on 4 December 1946 Hornig was deported from 6046:) after the famous Jewish convert to Christianity 5886:), Helmut Engelhardt and von Arnim-Kröchlendorff ( 4883:and many opposing functionaries and clergy in the 4764:of the old-Prussian Union was to be rejected. The 4753:of the respective ecclesiastical province) or the 4062:Werner, to discharge his duties as praeses of the 3960:), whose emergence Krause attributed to the Rabbi 3334:On 24 August 1933 the new synodals convened for a 3307:and within its provincial synods – except of 2852: 2313:) after a proposal of the general superintendent. 2203:Regional Synodal Federation of the Memel Territory 2004:ecclesiastical province. The congregations in the 1934:Silesian Evangelical Church of Augsburg Confession 1865:, EKapU or ApU). The church did not bear the term 861:, who had become his subject by the annexation of 210:which emerged in 1817 from a series of decrees by 11846: 10920:Act on Safeguarding the German Evangelical Church 10889: 10806: 10700: 10584: 10545: 10484: 10482: 10480: 10478: 10476: 10474: 10472: 10419: 10368: 10291: 10214: 10171: 10090: 10067: 9926: 9727: 8247:United Evangelical Church in Polish Upper Silesia 7628:Otto Dibelius preaching from the pulpit (1703 by 7007:from all spheres of Protestant church life. Many 6623:On 18 and 20 March 1939 Werner, the president of 5457:(Volkskirchlich-Evangelische Vereinigung; VEV.), 4741:council of the Confessing ecclesiastical province 4370: 2109:). It remained an ecclesiastical province of the 2087:The congregations in the territory seized by the 2021:United Evangelical Church in Polish Upper Silesia 1831:Territorial and constitutional changes after 1918 1648:), affirming the Prussian Union, criticising the 594:Sektion für den Kultus und öffentlichen Unterrich 423:besides other recognised Protestant church bodies 13669: 11624:: 4 vols. in 7 parts, vol. 3, part I, pp. 67seq. 9491: 9442: 9409: 9389: 9342: 9217:Reunited church bishops and chairmen (1992–2003) 8284: 8138:, territorially mostly resembling the political 7721:The heads of the Church body now bore the title 7312:) emerged, acting until December 1948 mostly in 6874:managed to reintegrate the congregations of the 6693:), taking the ecclesiastical leadership for the 5931: 4687:If the superintendent of a deanery clung to the 4509:), Susanne Niesel-Pfannschmidt, Barbara Thiele, 3651: 3633:›Non-Aryans are requested to leave the church!‹ 3627:›Non-Aryans are requested to leave the church!‹ 3621:›Non-Aryans are requested to leave the church!‹ 3470:, for brown being the colour of the Nazi party. 2401:expropriation of the German former regnal houses 2387:Identity and self-conception in the Weimar years 539:Royal attempts to merge Lutherans and Calvinists 12312:German and Scandinavian protestantism 1700-1918 12162: 12139: 11886:Evangelical Lutheran Regional Church of Hanover 10288:Peter Noss, "Berlin-Staaken-Dorf", p. 559. 9906: 9817: 9794: 9544:Evangelical State Church of Frankfurt upon Main 8918:, had conveyed him per pro its leadership. The 8841:Parallel governing bodies during the Nazi reign 7157: 6675:), and Friedrich Hymmen, vice president of the 5978:Even though the opponents managed to fight the 4958:Lehrhaus für Gemeindehelferinnen der ev. Kirche 3521:) replacing the prior general superintendents. 3303:won a majority within the general synod of the 2232:merged in the Rhenish ecclesiastical province. 2224:). On 25 June 1934 the tiny church body of the 2152:. When from 10 to 16 January 1923 neighbouring 353:Evangelical Church in the Royal Prussian Lands 13808:Christian organizations disestablished in 2003 10469: 10099:Peter Noss, "Schlussbetrachtung", p. 575. 8627:, jurist and politician (*1813–1874*), per pro 8575:1992–1994: Dietrich Affeld, later unmasked as 7234:, January–February, with the follow-up of the 5804:meanwhile completely abandoning Christianity. 5546:, presided by Niemöller, appointed the second 5301:, to which they would offer human sacrifices. 5095:Rhenish Frederick William's University of Bonn 4791:constituted in Dahlem. The synodals elected a 3984:could return into a constitutional condition. 3936:for its alleged "Jewish morality of rewards" ( 3454:(Leipziger Straße No. 3, now seat of the 3434:, wrote in their assessment in 1933, that the 3008:was appointed as provisional president of the 2824:Pastor Friedrich von Bodelschwingh the Younger 2084:. They continue to exist until this very day. 1736:after long public debates and protests by the 1076:Protestant churches in Prussia's new provinces 819:Evangelical Church in the Royal Prussian Lands 13253: 13055: 12687:Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, "Berlin-Dahlem", in: 11772:(22 December 1941), published in Kurt Meier, 9661:Evangelical Reformed Church (Regional Church) 9630:. In 1882 most Reformed congregations in the 9613:Evangelical Church of Electoral Hesse-Waldeck 8569: 8523: 8480: 7744:United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Germany 7380:Ecclesiastical Province of Posen-West Prussia 6753:, such as Fritz Müller (member of the second 6588:, then replacing the imprisoned Niemöller in 5424:Ecclesiastical Province of Posen-West Prussia 4795:, which elected from its midst the executive 4198:, chaired by the Westphalian synodal praeses 2844:, Reich's Bishop, a newly created title. The 2515:In February 1932 Protestant Nazis, above all 2349:elected from their midst the synodals of the 1921:, and many more became part of the Mandatory 1584:and of the provincial or church-wide general 377:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 65:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 13653:High Church Union of the Augsburg Confession 11744:Die Bekennende Kirche in Schlesien 1933–1945 11611:: 4 vols. in 7 parts, vol. 3, part I, p. 48. 11420:Analogously after Grüber's testimony in the 11122:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 10997:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 9591:Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Hanover 8828:, qua praeses of the illegitimate so-called 8444:1934–1945: Friedrich Werner (reappointed by 8353: 8003:Evangelical Church of Silesian Upper Lusatia 7813:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 7760:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 7748:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 7680:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 7607:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 7599:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 7568:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 7564:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 7451:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 7405:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 7369:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 7364:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 7360:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 7356:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 7300:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 7227:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 7199:Trinity Congregation (Berlin-Friedrichstadt) 7191:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 7184:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 7176:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 7029:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 6924:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 6884:Ecclesiastical Region of Danzig-West Prussia 6794:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 6699:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 6665:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 6558:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 6513: 6456:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 6198:On 7 December 1938 the British organisation 6188:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 5984:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 5899:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 5814:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 5786:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 5774:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 5736:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 5621:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 5536:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 5431:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 5374:, and praeses of the city synod of Berlin). 5357:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 5297:, saying the new god of the Germans was the 5239:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 5223:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 5064:Prof. Karl Barth in Wuppertal (1 March 1958) 5039:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 4978:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 4962:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 4778:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 4760:Any obedience to the official bodies of the 4733:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 4457:(Berlin-Friedrichshagen), Elisabeth Grauer, 4357:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 4353:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 4321:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 4301:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 4196:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 4170:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 4157:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 4114:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 4076:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 4052:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 4001:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 3982:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 3879:Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Hanover 3871:Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Hanover 3840:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 3602:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 3526:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 3499:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 3448:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 3403:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 3392:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 3317:Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Hanover 3305:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 3271:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 3149:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 3129:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 3125:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 2924:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 2896:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 2894:This act clearly violated the status of the 2842:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 2758:Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Hanover 2609:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 2551:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 2463:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 2451:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 2405:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 2355:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 2237:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 2192:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 2174:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 2111:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 2107:Landessynodalverband der Freien Stadt Danzig 2074:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 2046:German Polish Geneva Accord on Upper Silesia 1863:Evangelische Kirche der altpreußischen Union 1853:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 677:House of Orléans-Longueville (Valois-Dunois) 592: 582: 461: 326: 18:Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union 13803:Religious organizations established in 1817 9722:Evangelisches Kirchenamt für die Bundeswehr 9325:Anglican-Evangelical Bishopric of Jerusalem 7438:. But it was decided to replace the former 6612:as long as possible in secret. The seventh 6278:Special Referee for the Affairs of the Jews 6050:, presided by the known literary historian 6011:). The project was in a tailspin since the 5772:The open gap in governance of the official 4993:Confessing Church of the old-Prussian Union 4589:on the outside wall of the fellowship hall. 4388:, which opened more preachers' seminaries ( 4184:erste altpreußische Landes-Bekenntnissynode 3426:, professors of Protestant theology at the 2908:) and subjecting it to Jäger's orders (see 1795:as promoted by the Prussian court preacher 1630:(VEV, established in the mid-19th century, 1604:and strictly opposed the liberal stream of 1189:. But Calvinist, Evangelical, and Lutheran 1179:Anglican-Evangelical Bishopric in Jerusalem 1056:Selbständige Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche 748:, 31 October, the 300th anniversary of the 609:ministerial section. In 1808, the Reformed 13698:Christian denominations founded in Germany 13260: 13246: 13062: 13048: 11768:to all governing bodies of the Protestant 11120:is referred to as the first cleric of the 11099:, he continued to do that with the second 7343:, only partially cleared from the debris. 7166:on Germany first reached the areas of the 7106:Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland 6341:Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland 6020:Reich's Federation of non-Aryan Christians 5514:resigned, since its members, representing 4721:Provinzial-, resp. Landes-Bekenntnissynode 4330:, with all synodals again admitted by the 4150: 4011:majority by mere absenteeism. However the 3439:inacceptable as well as any segregation." 3297:while another 200 had taken neither side. 2937:retired for age reasons. Jäger furloughed 812: 11112:The first lethal victim was the Catholic 10344:: 3 vols., vol. 1, pp. 178–186. 8887:Chairman of the church senate (1934–1951) 8798:Chairman of the church senate (1922–1934) 8448:on 20 November, de facto deposed in 1945) 8146: 6301:to levy a new tax from Jewish emigrants ( 5542:On 12 March the remaining members of the 5068:On 4 to 6 June 1935, two weeks after the 4995:should unite with the destroyed official 4810:, designating one's affiliation with the 4190:). The old-Prussian synodals elected the 3327:, as opposed to the other than so-called 2589:Schweizerischer Evangelischer Kirchenbund 2480:. As reaction to this politicisation the 1682:in church elections was the anti-liberal 550:, King of Prussia and Prince of Neuchâtel 449:) leadership had brought the church to a 13070:Regional Protestant churches within the 12572:Heinrich Grüber. Sein Dienst am Menschen 12258:The Spirituality of the German Awakening 12019:Heinrich Grüber. Sein Dienst am Menschen 11578:Heinrich Grüber. Sein Dienst am Menschen 11426:Heinrich Grüber. Sein Dienst am Menschen 11382:Heinrich Grüber. Sein Dienst am Menschen 11242:Heinrich Grüber. Sein Dienst am Menschen 10801:Allied bombing of Berlin in World War II 9707:Evangelical Military Chaplain Department 9628:North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church 9595:Evangelical State Church of Hesse-Cassel 8896:on 20 November, de facto deposed in 1945 8134:The church was subdivided into regional 8107:the Silesian Reformed congregation. The 7623: 7527:Evangelical Church in Berlin-Brandenburg 7440:German Federation of Protestant Churches 7373: 7049: 6697:from early 1940 on. Within the official 6262:Reichszentrale für jüdische Auswanderung 6217: 6138:Relief Centre for Evangelical Non-Aryans 6112: 5818: 5698: 5258: 5196: 5138:). Thus the Nazi government cut off the 5059: 4834:, identifying them as proponents of the 4801: 4797:Council of the German Evangelical Church 4757:, the respective administrative bodies. 4580: 4572: 4374: 4131:The Gestapo shut down one office of the 3780:convened in the highly symbolic city of 3763: 3728: 3466:became known among the opponents as the 3209: 3157: 2819: 1716:. Before 1918 most consistories and the 1375: 1195: 1144: 651:had been restituted to the Berlin-based 644:, and Calvinists (Reformed Christians). 542: 13072:German Evangelical Church Confederation 12893:Widerstand in Wedding und Gesundbrunnen 12814:Peter Noss, "Berlin-Staaken-Dorf", in: 12538:Martin Greschat (ed. and commentator), 12357:Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik 12243:(University Press of New England, 1984) 11972:Widerstand in Wedding und Gesundbrunnen 11650:Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik 11532:Lexikon der Gerechten unter den Völkern 11306:Among the pastors rescued by Bell were 11238:Hilfsstelle für evangelische Nichtarier 10787:First it resided in the offices of the 10510:Widerstand in Wedding und Gesundbrunnen 10441:Widerstand in Wedding und Gesundbrunnen 10121:For a list of the 29 church bodies see 10110:Widerstand in Wedding und Gesundbrunnen 9587:Evangelische Landeskirche Nassau-Hessen 8433:(elected by the illegitimate so-called 7980:Bereich Deutsche Demokratische Republik 7506:Ecclesiastical Province of East Prussia 7326:Evangelical State Church in Württemberg 7223:Ecclesiastical Province of East Prussia 7142:(a locality of Berlin). On the twelfth 7045:Evangelical State Church in Württemberg 6808:, into an exemplary Nazi dictatorship. 6712: 6288:Sonderreferent für Judenangelegenheiten 5873:Melanchthon Church Wilhelmstadt, Berlin 5827:On 10–13 May 1937 synodals convened in 4912:to the outside. But soon Barth, Hesse, 4046:The same day Ludwig Müller decreed the 3917:attitude would not issue false copies. 3860:Evangelical State Church in Württemberg 3450:convened in the building of the former 3442:On 5 and 6 September the same year the 3321:Evangelical State Church in Württemberg 3113:German Evangelical Church Confederation 3074:German Evangelical Church Confederation 3050:(Apostle Paul Church, Berlin, formerly 2799:German Evangelical Church Confederation 2771:, director of the preacher seminary in 2646:, and the locally competent Gen.-Supt. 2418:, since 1925 general superintendent of 2371:), the governing board presided by the 2199:Ecclesiastical Province of East Prussia 2143:Ecclesiastical Province of East Prussia 2093:Ecclesiastical Province of West Prussia 2010:Ecclesiastical Province of East Prussia 1991:Ecclesiastical Province of East Prussia 1983:Ecclesiastical Province of West Prussia 1632:People's Church-Evangelical Association 1628:Volkskirchlich-Evangelische Vereinigung 1046:Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church 973:Silesian Frederick William's University 14: 13718:Christianity in North Rhine–Westphalia 13670: 12829:Peter Noss, "Schlussbetrachtung", in: 12717:Günther Kühne and Elisabeth Stephani, 12620:Wilhelm Hüffmeier and Christa Stache, 11996:Günther Kühne and Elisabeth Stephani, 11843:; vol. 60–71 (1933–1944), pp. 482–485. 11789:; vol. 60–71 (1933–1944), pp. 482–485. 8871:(*1876–1951*), chairman titled praeses 8168: 8124:Ecclesiastical provinces of the church 7206:moved partly into the premises of the 6294:did so, and my Lord told me to do so. 5443:Frederick William University of Berlin 5213:convened preparing the upcoming third 5072:had been decreed, the synodals of the 4861:along the lines of the uncompromising 4444:Frederick William University of Berlin 4398:) of its own, such as the seminary in 3946:), and demanding the cleansing of the 3824:Attempted merger into the Reich Church 3724: 2760:(for the Lutherans), and the Reformed 2752:– representing United Protestantism – 2353:, the legislative body of the overall 2257:). A number of congregations formed a 1803:, neo-paganism and personal scandals. 1734:Frederick William University of Berlin 999: 800:Rhenish Frederick William's University 754:Berlin's Lutheran St. Nicholas' Church 615:Trinity Church (Berlin-Friedrichstadt) 13485:Synodical Conference of North America 13241: 13043: 12886:Widerstand in Steglitz und Zehlendorf 12860:Juden – Christen – Deutsche 12776:, Halle upon Saale: Niemeyer, 1968. . 12650:Alfred Kleindienst and Oskar Wagner, 12460:and Daniel Amadeus Gottlieb Neander, 11622:Juden – Christen – Deutsche 11609:Juden – Christen – Deutsche 11165:Widerstand in Steglitz und Zehlendorf 10012:Alfred Kleindienst and Oskar Wagner, 9605:Evangelische Kirche von Hessen-Kassel 8697:, administrative jurist (*1831–1903*) 8641:, administrative jurist (*1797–1874*) 8613:, administrative jurist (*1803–1863*) 7746:, criticised the continuation of the 7494:Evangelical-Augsburg Church in Poland 7164:Strategic bombing during World War II 6136:, but after its official recognition 5416:Pfarrvereine der Altpreußischen Union 5158:refrained from acting as long as the 4927:to be too compromising so that these 4311:, meaning that either the owner of a 4155:Some functionaries and laymen in the 4022:, which forbade any debate about the 3031:, Berlin), Fritz (Friedrich) Müller, 1968:Evangelical-Augsburg Church in Poland 1966:), which existed separately from the 1459:ecclesiastical provinces of Pomerania 1012:Saxon Lutheran immigration of 1838–39 13723:Christianity in Rhineland-Palatinate 13713:History of Christianity in Lithuania 12858:Eberhard Röhm and Jörg Thierfelder, 11345:Hebrew Christian Testimony to Israel 11341:Hebrew Christian Testimony to Israel 10643:The official name of the decree was 9054: 8849: 8475: 8089:churches of the Lutheran Reformation 8027: 7904:Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts 7892:On 9 April 1968 the GDR adopted its 7815:used to be abbreviated in German as 7172:Westphalian ecclesiastical provinces 7033:Ecclesiastical Province of Pomerania 7019:together with the conference of the 6968:. In October 1941 proponents of the 6882:(Pomerellia), into the newly formed 6681:Ecclesiastical Council of Confidence 6299:Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden 6200:Hebrew Christian Testimony to Israel 6030:Reichsverband nichtarischer Christen 5418:, a kind of trade union of pastors, 4887:, which had not yet been dismissed. 4538:St. Nicholas' Church Spandau, Berlin 4286:Ecclesiastical Province of Pomerania 4054:. Thus having usurped the power the 3866:, opposed and decided not to merge. 3846:synodals to merge the church in the 3285:, and in the congregation in Berlin- 3277:. In Berlin e.g., the candidates of 2929:Kapler resigned as president of the 2906:Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts 2861:, they abolished the constitutional 2531:) initiated the foundation of a new 2338:), being the administrative leader. 1960:Unierte Evangelische Kirche in Polen 1720:were dominated by proponents of the 1650:Higher criticism in Biblical science 361:Evangelical State Church of Prussia 29: 13758:History of Protestantism in Germany 12622:Jebensstraße 3. Ein Erinnerungsbuch 12318:, With highly detailed bibliography 12267:(University Press of America, 1982) 11665:, Hildegard von Kotze (ed.), p. 71. 11116:, murdered on 30 June 1934. Pastor 11084:Zwischen Widerspruch und Widerstand 10657:). Cf. Ralf Lange and Peter Noss, " 8655:, theologian (*1806–1873*), per pro 8243:United Evangelical Church in Poland 8109:Evangelical Church in the Rhineland 7964:Evangelical Church in the Rhineland 7936:On 1 October 1968 the Synod of the 7883:Supreme Parish and Cathedral Church 7578:and the French zone of occupation. 7535:Evangelical Church in the Rhineland 7330:Evangelical Church in the Rhineland 7058:On 17–18 October 1942 the eleventh 6876:United Evangelical Church in Poland 6833:United Evangelical Church in Poland 6814:United Evangelical Church in Poland 6798:United Evangelical Church in Poland 6730:. This is the only way to gain the 6454:Among the undaunted helpers in the 5506:fell out with most of the Lutheran 5479:Thus Kerrl successfully wedged the 5414:), Supt. Otto Riehl (leader of the 4785:rivalling German Evangelical Church 4638:) as provisional presbytery, and a 3987:A wave of protest flooded over the 3737:(19 November 1933) in front of the 3589:, regarded the introduction of the 3462:used their new majority, thus this 3119:Church under streamlined leadership 3035:, Eberhard Röhricht (all the three 2630:On 21 March 1933 the newly elected 2593:Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchenbund 2537:Faith Movement of German Christians 2119:United Evangelical Church in Poland 2082:United Protestant Church in Belgium 2080:, which later transformed into the 2050:United Evangelical Church in Poland 1975:United Evangelical Church in Poland 1964:Ewangelicki Kościół Unijny w Polsce 1950:United Evangelical Church in Poland 1901:as of 10 January 1920 and parts of 1851:reorganised in 1922 under the name 1541:Evangelical State Church in Prussia 1330:Evangelical State Church of Prussia 1060:Evangelical State Church of Prussia 681:Reformed Church of Neuchâtel Canton 319:, the Church was subsumed into the 24: 13763:History of Protestantism in Poland 13688:19th-century Reformed Christianity 12721:(1978), Berlin: CZV-Verlag, 1986. 12272:Modern Prussian History: 1830–1947 12226: 11821:, and a Chapel in Klein-Glienicke. 9559:Evangelical State Church in Nassau 9125:Eastern region bishops (1972–1991) 9060:Western region bishops (1972–1991) 8855:State Brethren Council (1934–1949) 8814:, qua praeses of the general synod 8163: 8118:Evangelical State Church of Anhalt 8038:Apology of the Augsburg Confession 7846:Evangelical State Church of Anhalt 7764:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 7737:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 7694:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 7678:) took effect. It transformed the 7658:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 7603:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 7352:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 7204:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 7041:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 6933:, as ecclesiastical leader of the 6931:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 6872:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 6796:expected the reintegration of the 6745:After the government waged war on 6677:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 6669:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 6625:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 5926:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 5857:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 5794:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 5778:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 5105:. Wurm was elected speaker of the 4879:), and the more moderate Lutheran 4587:second Reich's Synod of Confession 4365:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 4103:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 4087:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 4068:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 3898:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 3709:, opposite to the headquarters of 3606:Breslauer Christliches Wochenblatt 3010:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 2931:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 2750:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 2650:preached. Dibelius downplayed the 2598: 2547:Glaubensbewegung Deutsche Christen 2381:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 2326:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 2207:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 1985:, as well as the congregations in 1738:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 1718:Evangelical Supreme Church Council 1163:Evangelical Church of the Redeemer 1070:Evangelische Landeskirche Preußens 802:in Bonn belonged to the Union. An 718:) as the usual clerical clothing. 25: 13829: 13783:Province of Pomerania (1815–1945) 13753:History of Lutheranism in Germany 13013: 12879:Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand 12383:Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand 12295:German Protestantism since Luther 11465:Memorial to the German Resistance 9475:the title had existed until 1632. 9300:Heinrich Ernst Ferdinand Guericke 8388:1847–1875: no general synods held 7995:Evangelical Churches of the Union 7948:maintained its unity until 1972. 7651: 7522:), helping the destitute people. 7292:Ecclesiastical Province of Saxony 6999:On 22 December 1941 the official 6701:the same function remained void. 6148:or the latter's other mandatees. 5920:, initiated Friedrich Buschtöns ( 5776:was filled by the still existing 5631:met occasionally in conferences. 5263:Plaque commemorating Marga Meusel 5178:Government response to the schism 4426:(forcibly closed in 1940, led by 4070:. Werner then sued Müller at the 3842:decided with the majority of the 3699:Christlicher Verein Junger Männer 3689:Young Men's Christian Association 2797:. The plans were to dissolve the 2613:abolition of central civic rights 2523:, Berlin, and speaker of the six 2126:League of Nations mandate of the 1704:often formed coalitions with the 1696:, being in common sense with the 603:Prussian Ministry of the Interior 186:(EKD); seat moved from Berlin to 13818:Frederick William III of Prussia 12908:Die Synthese von Arzt und Henker 12586:Deutsch-Israelische Gesellschaft 12424:, Berlin: Furche-Verlag, 1927. . 12377:Felicitas Bothe-von Richthofen, 12314:(Oxford University Press, 1999) 12236:(Univ of California Press, 1972) 12202: 12062: 12053: 12012: 12003: 11990: 11977: 11943: 11934: 11921: 11912: 11899: 11896:, retrieved on 24 November 2018. 11866: 11833: 11824: 11792: 11779: 11758: 11749: 11736: 11713: 11701: 11690: 11677: 11668: 11655: 11641: 11614: 11600: 11583: 11571: 11562: 11549: 11521: 11497: 11488: 11478: 11459:Felicitas Bothe-von Richthofen, 11453: 11440: 11431: 11414: 11405: 11396: 11387: 11375: 11354: 11325: 11300: 11291: 11282: 11265: 11256: 11247: 11224: 11215: 11206: 11197: 11188: 11179: 11170: 11157: 11106: 11089: 11075: 11062: 10985: 10038:, Berlin: Furche-Verlag, 1927. . 9555:Free City of Frankfurt upon Main 8292:Frederick William III of Prussia 7987:Evangelical Church in Greifswald 7931:Evangelical Church in Greifswald 7547:Evangelical Church of Westphalia 7412:Bavaria right of the river Rhine 7318:Evangelical Church of Westphalia 7144:old-Prussian Synod of Confession 7060:old-Prussian Synod of Confession 6982:old-Prussian Synod of Confession 6654:old-Prussian Synod of Confession 6614:old-Prussian Synod of Confession 6506:), moved to its present site in 6408:Sachsenhausen concentration camp 6327:according to different sources. 6165:Sachsenhausen concentration camp 5906:old-Prussian Synod of Confession 5837:old-Prussian Synod of Confession 5748:old-Prussian Synod of Confession 5726:, Reichsführer SS, captured the 5690:Sachsenhausen concentration camp 5581:announced the foundation of the 5363:) und Supt. Richard Zimmermann ( 5318:Reich's Ecclesiastical Committee 5243:old-Prussian Synod of Confession 5215:old-Prussian Synod of Confession 5203:old-Prussian Synod of Confession 4997:Church of the old-Prussian Union 4985:old-Prussian Synod of Confession 4640:Confessing congregation assembly 4174:old-Prussian Synod of Confession 2748:, president of the old-Prussian 2478:Covenant of Religious Socialists 2357:. The general synod elected the 1942:Ecclesiastical Province of Posen 1928:The Evangelical congregation in 1875:Ecclesiastical Province of Posen 1845:separation of state and religion 1732:as professor of theology at the 1565:) with its members being called 1141:Foreign commitment of the Church 1111:Free City of Frankfurt upon Main 902:Johann Heinrich Bernhard Dräseke 385:Evangelical Church of the Union 212:Frederick William III of Prussia 96: 49:to read and navigate comfortably 34: 13028:Evangelical Church (in Prussia) 12906:, Diss., 1986 under the title: 12475:, Habilitationsschrift, 1968. . 10976: 10967: 10958: 10948: 10939: 10912: 10903: 10870: 10857: 10844: 10831: 10822: 10793:March of Brandenburg consistory 10781: 10768: 10759: 10750: 10741: 10718: 10687: 10664: 10637: 10628: 10575: 10532: 10515: 10502: 10459: 10446: 10433: 10397: 10388: 10347: 10335: 10282: 10273: 10260: 10239: 10230: 10197: 10187: 10162: 10153: 10140: 10115: 10102: 10057: 10028: 10019: 10006: 9993: 9897: 9888: 9879: 9858: 9849: 9840: 9769: 9760: 9747: 9698: 9678: 9666: 9536: 9471:For the Lutheran Church in the 8905: 8582:1994–1998: Manfred Kock (*1936) 8299:Frederick William IV of Prussia 8014:Evangelical Church of the Union 7989:readopted its original name of 7972:Evangelical Church of the Union 7968:Evangelical Church of the Union 7946:Evangelical Church of the Union 7938:Evangelical Church of the Union 7879:Evangelical Church of the Union 7853:Evangelical Church of the Union 7825:Evangelical Church of the Union 7195:March of Brandenburg consistory 7068:women to be ordained as pastors 6962:Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe 6935:March of Brandenburg consistory 6842:), the commandment of charity ( 6590:St. Ann's Church Dahlem, Berlin 6492:. Then the bureau, named today 6402:, to visit the deported in the 6169:Jesus Church (Berlin-Kaulsdorf) 5954:Jesus Church (Berlin-Kaulsdorf) 5742:about a neo-Germanic religion. 5703:Heinrich Himmler attending the 5577:On 18 March the three Lutheran 5201:Plaque commemorating the third 4691:, he was accepted, otherwise a 4597:activists organised the second 4593:Meanwhile, Niemöller and other 4118:Westphalian Synod of Confession 3776:On 27 September the pan-German 3052:Immanuel Church (Tel Aviv-Yafo) 2935:March of Brandenburg Consistory 2853:Abolition of religious autonomy 2642:, an event commemorated as the 1728:could only appoint the liberal 1201:Immanuel Church (Tel Aviv-Yafo) 971:, professor of theology at the 282:flight and expulsion of Germans 13768:Nazi Germany and Protestantism 13678:1817 establishments in Prussia 13412:Australia and Papua New Guinea 12786:Ruperto Carola Heidelbergensis 12719:Evangelische Kirchen in Berlin 12464:(1827), Berlin: Unger, 1834. . 11998:Evangelische Kirchen in Berlin 11861:Berlin-Steglitz Matthew Church 10064:Kirche verlassen", p. 37. 9511: 9488:(1827), Berlin: Unger, 1834. . 9478: 9465: 9377: 9315:Johannes Andreas August Grabau 7754:. On 5 April of the same year 7371:as an integrated church body. 6974:Auschwitz (concentration camp) 5997:proposed the foundation of an 5623:recognised this umbrella. The 5558:of the old-Prussian Union, of 5279:borough of Steglitz-Zehlendorf 5170:became a legal advisor of the 4923:and Niemöller found the first 4857:. This was meant to wedge the 4505:(auxiliary preacher Wuppertal- 4371:Old-Prussian confessing church 4231:Barmen Theological Declaration 3932:, held a speech, defaming the 3344:Detlev von Arnim-Kröchlendorff 2482:Evangelisch-unpolitische Liste 2091:, which prior belonged to the 1787:, a son of a pastor and later 1161:after the inauguration of the 1135:Province of Schleswig-Holstein 1026:Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod 1016:German settlement in Australia 13: 1: 13773:Organisations based in Berlin 13733:Christianity in Saxony-Anhalt 12492:Zwischen Kreuz und Davidstern 11424:, on 14 May 1961, here after 10789:Evangelical Press Association 9659:), merged in 1989 in today's 9611:), merged in 1934 in today's 9336: 8285:Supreme governors (1817–1918) 8070:Pomeranian Evangelical Church 8018:Union of Evangelical Churches 7991:Pomeranian Evangelical Church 7915:Pomeranian Evangelical Church 7911:Evangelical Church of Silesia 7835:Evangelische Kirche der Union 7543:Evangelical Church of Silesia 7531:Pomeranian Evangelical Church 7475:Evangelical Church of Silesia 7444:Evangelical Church in Germany 7037:Congregation of Neubabelsberg 6539:Thuringian Evangelical Church 6213:Thuringian Evangelical Church 6202:relinquished its location in 5932:Protestants of Jewish descent 5313:refused the baptism of Jews. 5247:Mark's Church Südende, Berlin 5235:old-Prussian brethren council 5211:old-Prussian brethren council 5172:old-Prussian brethren council 4774:Emergency Covenant of Pastors 4737:old-Prussian brethren council 4650:Bekenntnisgemeindeversammlung 4442:originally professors of the 4209:, then titled Praeses of the 4145:Emergency Covenant of Pastors 4028:Emergency Covenant of Pastors 3974:Emergency Covenant of Pastors 3717:(in 1939 integrated into the 3658:Emergency Covenant of Pastors 3652:Emergency Covenant of Pastors 3241:Evangelical Press Association 3198:Good Samaritan Church, Berlin 3056:Mark's Church Südende, Berlin 2379:appointed the members of the 2235:The 1922 constitution of the 2141:) continued to belong to the 2072:, were disentangled from the 2068:, located in the now Belgian 1873:The territory comprising the 1328:Structures and bodies of the 706:Karl vom Stein zum Altenstein 584:Lutherisches Oberkonsistorium 495:declared his conversion from 480:Union of Evangelical Churches 433:-loyal leadership was imposed 395:Union of Evangelical Churches 321:Union of Evangelical Churches 260:, and in the 1950s to 1970s, 184:Union of Evangelical Churches 27:German Protestant church body 13434:Lutheran Church of Australia 12732:Ralf Lange and Peter Noss, " 12350: 11316:Saint Thomas Church (Berlin) 11101:preliminary church executive 11097:preliminary church executive 11068:Ralf Lange and Peter Noss, " 11055:Ralf Lange and Peter Noss, " 10863:Ralf Lange and Peter Noss, " 10850:Ralf Lange and Peter Noss, " 10837:Ralf Lange and Peter Noss, " 10815:Ralf Lange and Peter Noss, " 10778:in Berlin", pp. 121seq. 10774:Ralf Lange and Peter Noss, " 10693:Ralf Lange and Peter Noss, " 10597:Ralf Lange and Peter Noss, " 10556:Ralf Lange and Peter Noss, " 10538:Ralf Lange and Peter Noss, " 10452:Ralf Lange and Peter Noss, " 10381:Ralf Lange and Peter Noss, " 10266:Ralf Lange and Peter Noss, " 10223:Ralf Lange and Peter Noss, " 10203:He was the elder brother of 9295:Georg Philipp Eduard Huschke 8688:Friedrich Wilhelm Barkhausen 7208:Stolberg-Stolberg Consistory 7158:Wartime impact on the church 7013:preliminary church executive 6994:preliminary church executive 6978:preliminary church executive 6755:preliminary church executive 6582:Day of Repentance and Prayer 5859:. Werner then restaffed the 5722:From 2 July 1936 until 1945 5686:preliminary church executive 5663:preliminary church executive 5548:Preliminary Church Executive 5512:Preliminary Church Executive 5090:preliminary church executive 4940:Preliminary Church Executive 4925:Preliminary Church Executive 4896:Preliminary Church Executive 4267:erste Reichsbekenntnissynode 4164:non-Nazi Protestants met in 3896:descent, distributed by the 3538:Doctrine of the two kingdoms 2815:Deutsche Evangelische Kirche 2502:Jungreformatorische Bewegung 2486:Evangelical unpolitical List 2176:to sign a contract with the 1617:Deutscher Protestantenverein 1494:Principality of Wittgenstein 1382:Saxony provincial consistory 1357:Evangelischer Oberkirchenrat 1125:) as well as the Duchies of 1030:Lutheran Church of Australia 7: 13813:United and uniting churches 13748:German resistance to Nazism 13708:Christianity in Brandenburg 13368:Schism of the Old Lutherans 13005:(special exhibition in the 12626:Union Evangelischer Kirchen 12321:Latourette, Kenneth Scott. 12250:39.#4 (1996) pp: 985–1004. 12068:(ABl. EKD 1951 p. 153) 11819:Ss. Peter and Paul, Wannsee 11275:(special exhibition in the 10797:provincial brethren council 10724:The name of the decree was 10670:The name of the decree was 9282: 8022:united and uniting churches 7861:Federal Republic of Germany 7809:United and uniting churches 6789:recalled the conversation. 6736:extinction of the Armenians 6343:, since July replacing the 6144:premises, who clung to the 5995:Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze 5843:) convened its synodals in 5784:now nicknamed the official 5496:Reich's Synod of Confession 5390:had to go into hiding. The 5082:Reich's Synod of Confession 5020:surcharge on the income tax 4980:reconstituted in November. 4846:in which media whatsoever. 4725:provincial brethren council 4707:Confessing provincial synod 4654:congregants' representation 4599:Reich's Synod of Confession 4257:Reich's Synod of Confession 4133:provincial brethren council 4126:provincial brethren council 3890:Sachsenhausen (Oranienburg) 3877:, change its mind. But the 3041:Eitel-Friedrich von Rabenau 2978:(general superintendent of 2834:Friedrich von Bodelschwingh 2636:Evangelical Garrison Church 2585:United and uniting churches 2245:congregants' representation 2178:Memel autonomous government 1813:Friedrich Siegmund-Schultze 1678:By far the most successful 1515:Prussian Minister-President 345:Prussian Union of Churches 266:People's Republic of Poland 57:content into sub-articles, 10: 13834: 13693:19th-century Protestantism 13094:Bavaria right of the Rhine 12293:Drummond, Andrew Landale. 11337:Charles Andrew Schönberger 9724:) moved into the building. 9609:Electorate of Hesse-Cassel 8832:, deposed by State Bishop 8570:Reunited synod (1992–2003) 8524:Eastern region (1972–1991) 8481:Western region (1972–1991) 8468:1950–1970: Lothar Kreyssig 8437:, deposed by State Bishop 8249:with its 17 congregations. 8155:old-Prussian Church (Pop.) 8127: 7660:proposed an extraordinary 7642:German Democratic Republic 7262: 5615:, Schleswig-Holstein, and 5502:(17–22 February 1936) the 5365:Bartholomew Church, Berlin 5190:and tried to win moderate 4789:Confessing Church movement 4751:Rat der Bekennenden Kirche 3964:. Through this speech the 3630:Everything remains still. 2506:Young Reformatory Movement 2428:Das Jahrhundert der Kirche 2403:without compensation, the 2347:provincial church councils 2209:with an own consistory in 1881:had been either seized by 1009: 1003: 744:Christian congregation on 486: 197:Prussian Union of Churches 91:Prussian Union of Churches 13613: 13547: 13506: 13497: 13442: 13411: 13360: 13351: 13278: 13079: 12379:Widerstand in Wilmersdorf 11766:German Evangelical Church 11461:Widerstand in Wilmersdorf 10993:Berlin Missionary Society 9473:Electorate of Brandenburg 9290:Johann Gottfried Scheibel 8805:Johann Friedrich Winckler 8410:Johann Friedrich Winckler 8354:General synod (1846–1953) 8240: 8181:— 8076:were only Lutheran ones. 7837:) chose the abbreviation 7634:St. Mary's Church, Berlin 7436:German Evangelical Church 7240:East Pomeranian Offensive 7102:Reichssicherheitshauptamt 7017:German Evangelical Church 7001:German Evangelical Church 6695:German Evangelical Church 6691:Geistlicher Vertrauensrat 6556:, then celebrated in the 6514:After the November Pogrom 6416:Dachau concentration camp 6412:Dachau concentration camp 6404:Gurs (concentration camp) 5767:German Evangelical Church 5661:1936 (31 May) the second 5572:Württembergische Sozietät 5340:German Evangelical Church 5209:On 10 September 1935 the 5162:co-operated. In fact the 4948:school for social workers 4613:German Evangelical Church 4585:Plaque commemorating the 4338:government saw, that the 3848:German Evangelical Church 3719:Reichssicherheitshauptamt 3456:Federal Council (Germany) 3251:Evangelischer Preßverband 3167:St. Mary's Church, Berlin 3082:German Evangelical Church 3078:German Evangelical Church 3029:William I Memorial Church 2804:German Evangelical Church 2621:Dachau concentration camp 2432:The century of the Church 2322:provincial church council 2301:provincial church council 2124:The congregations in the 1899:League of Nations mandate 1809:William I Memorial Church 1768:and the diaconal work of 1504:Provinzial-Kirchenordnung 1442:(homonymous), and in the 1105:(then converted into the 969:Johann Gottfried Scheibel 788:House of Lords of Prussia 727:Rulemann Friedrich Eylert 649:Principality of Neuchâtel 568:Electorate of Brandenburg 441:German Evangelical Church 327:Status and official names 181: 164: 156: 146: 136: 117: 107: 95: 90: 13728:Christianity in Saarland 13443:United States of America 13343:Friedrich August Tholuck 13023:", Westerhaus, Martin O. 12877:, altered and ext. ed., 11892:24 November 2018 at the 11879:24 November 2018 at the 11124:, to have been murdered. 10819:in Berlin", p. 126. 10697:in Berlin", p. 131. 10661:in Berlin", p. 120. 10601:in Berlin", p. 121. 10560:in Berlin", p. 120. 10456:in Berlin", p. 114. 10385:in Berlin", p. 119. 10270:in Berlin", p. 118. 10148:Als die Zeugen schwiegen 9779:in the Church of Sweden. 9568:, comprising the former 9553:, comprising the former 8716:Reinhard Johannes Möller 8326:Frederick III of Prussia 8136:ecclesiastical provinces 8087:conceived themselves as 8046:Luther's Large Catechism 7790:President of the Council 7723:President of the Council 7656:On 24 February 1950 the 7587:struggle of the churches 7428:the Free State of Saxony 6759:struggle of the churches 6548:(16 November 1938), the 6442:Hoffnungstal Institution 5696:on the Protestant side. 5613:the Free State of Saxony 5544:Reich's Brethren Council 5532:Reich's Brethren Council 4933:Reich's Brethren Council 4910:Reich's Brethren Council 4855:Reich's Brethren Council 4793:Reich's Brethren Council 4672:deanery brethren council 4658:Confessing deanery synod 4276:majorities often banned 4024:struggle of the churches 3648:and leaves the church." 3610:Breslau Christian Weekly 3239:), took refuge with the 3076:to be dissolved and the 2910:Struggle of the Churches 2527:parliamentarians in the 2015:The 17 congregations in 1923:Saar (League of Nations) 1811:, Charlottenburg ), and 1783:and its famous opponent 1553:, a member thereof is a 1513:, in his second term as 1444:Province of West Prussia 1428:Province of Hohenzollern 1408:Province of East Prussia 1248:Association of Jerusalem 1123:Province of Hesse-Nassau 1094:Province of Hohenzollern 1086:Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen 632:in each of the then ten 611:Friedrich Schleiermacher 579:Battle of Jena-Auerstedt 421:old provinces of Prussia 293:Friedrich Schleiermacher 177:congregations in Prussia 13798:Christianity in Prussia 12904:University of Bielefeld 12875:Widerstand in Kreuzberg 12779:Christine-Ruth Müller, 12584:, lecture held for the 11839:They were published in 9704:On 10 October 2007 the 9675:, Paul Langhans, p. 10. 9574:People's State of Hesse 8093:Saxon provincial church 7855:. Especially after the 7520:Evangelisches Hilfswerk 7322:Hohenzollern provincial 7236:East Prussian Offensive 7021:state brethren councils 6656:in Steglitz (so-called 6541:, welcomed the pogrom. 6367:, who were deported to 6082:On 31 January 1936 the 6048:(Sha'ul) Paul of Tarsos 5241:convened for the third 5084:. Disputes between the 5042:financial departments. 4890:For the time being the 4814:in order to access any 4723:), who again elected a 4522:Friedrichswerder Church 4437:On 11 October 1934 the 4404:Jordan in the New March 4345:Landgericht I in Berlin 4247:, BK), their partisans 4151:German Christian schism 3962:(Sha'ul) Paul of Tarsos 3884:Niemöller, Rabenau and 3784:, where the Protestant 3273:were candidates of the 3109:Geistliches Ministerium 2941:(superintendent of the 2241:presbyterial structures 2239:included much stronger 2095:, transformed into the 2052:. The congregations in 1905:were either annexed by 1671:), who co-authored the 1455:general superintendents 1412:Province of Brandenburg 1229:American Colony (Jaffa) 887:general superintendents 813:Quarrels over the union 740:, would unite into one 182:2003 subsumed into the 13703:Christianity in Berlin 12932:10.13109/9783666357374 12281:37#4 (1968): 439–453. 11237: 10929: 10883: 10735: 10681: 10654: 10413: 9721: 9656: 9604: 9586: 9305:Friedrich Julius Stahl 8725:, jurist (*1855–1927*) 8711:, jurist (*1844–1920*) 8683:, jurist (*1826–1893*) 8376:Daniel Amadeus Neander 8147:Number of parishioners 8008:Due to the increasing 7903: 7868:to pocket the western 7834: 7766:replied that the term 7732: 7707: 7696:, replacing it by the 7689: 7675: 7637: 7556: 7519: 7387: 7341:St. Mary's Church 7309: 7246:, February–April) the 7232:Vistula-Oder Offensive 7076:Brandenburg provincial 7055: 6690: 6638: 6503: 6437: 6352:, the pupils named it 6308: 6287: 6261: 6234: 6159:, often euphemised as 6118: 6072: 6043: 6029: 6008: 5928:. Kerrl failed again. 5824: 5732:Church of St Servatius 5719: 5592: 5455:Gustav Adolf Deissmann 5353:Landeskirchenausschuss 5352: 5328:Reichskirchenausschuss 5327: 5264: 5206: 5164:Decision-Taking Office 5156:Decision-Taking Office 5148:Decision-Taking Office 5144:Decision-Taking Office 5135: 5065: 4957: 4905: 4876: 4819: 4750: 4729:state brethren council 4720: 4711:Confessing State synod 4702: 4681: 4668:Kreis-Bekenntnissynode 4667: 4649: 4635: 4590: 4578: 4570:, and Johannes Wolff. 4534:ecclesiastical college 4395: 4380: 4266: 4244: 4183: 4137:Brandenburg upon Havel 3972:. On 22 November, the 3957: 3943: 3920:On 13 November 20,000 3835: 3812: 3773: 3749:, Reichsfuhrer of the 3742: 3698: 3667: 3595:Forst in Lusatia/Baršć 3518: 3508: 3452:Prussian State Council 3387: 3250: 3236: 3215: 3170: 3142: 3108: 2919: 2905: 2888: 2825: 2814: 2756:, state bishop of the 2681: 2546: 2368: 2335: 2310: 2296: 2282: 2268: 2254: 2187: 2138: 2106: 2041: 2037: 1963: 1959: 1893:part of East Prussia ( 1862: 1801:Christian Social Party 1645: 1550: 1532: 1503: 1440:Province of Westphalia 1426:and since 1899 in the 1399: 1389: 1366: 1356: 1346: 1208: 1170: 1082:Hohenzollern-Hechingen 1069: 1055: 956: 852:Daniel Amadeus Neander 835:to the point that the 828: 715: 655:, who had ruled it in 593: 583: 551: 462: 254:Second Polish Republic 13793:Religion and politics 13507:Repristination School 13269:Confessional Lutheran 13033:Catholic Encyclopedia 12898:Hans-Walter Schmuhl, 12891:Hans-Rainer Sandvoß, 12884:Hans-Rainer Sandvoß, 12873:Hans-Rainer Sandvoß, 12458:Frederick William III 12346:75#1 (2006): 139–156. 12302:German Studies Review 12260:(Paulist Press, 2003) 11707:Hans-Walter Schmuhl, 11163:Hans-Rainer Sandvoß, 10508:Hans-Rainer Sandvoß, 10439:Hans-Rainer Sandvoß, 10355:Free State of Prussia 10209:Governing Burgomaster 10108:Hans-Rainer Sandvoß, 9109:Hans-Martin Linnemann 8332:William II of Prussia 7962:, the Praeses of the 7811:to the umbrella. The 7792:. On 2 July Held met 7627: 7504:most property of the 7377: 7238:, January–April, the 7053: 6920:Archbishop of Breslau 6221: 6116: 6032:), then renamed into 5946:Charlotte Friedenthal 5822: 5702: 5528:Confessing Christians 5508:Confessing Christians 5445:, who worked for the 5332:Confessing Christians 5311:Confessing Christians 5262: 5225:, unless the heretic 5200: 5192:Confessing Christians 5063: 5051:Confessing Christians 5028:Confessing Christians 5013:Confessing Christians 4892:Confessing Christians 4863:Confessing Christians 4824:Confessing Christians 4805: 4799:, consisting of six. 4766:Confessing Christians 4652:) to parallelise the 4624:majority a so-called 4584: 4576: 4530:Kirchliche Hochschule 4418:, later relocated to 4378: 4332:Spiritual Ministerium 4328:Second National Synod 4326:On 9 August 1934 the 4294:Confessing Christians 4278:Confessing Christians 4249:Confessing Christians 4093:simply ignored that. 4066:and president of the 3905:were certified to be 3817:Spiritual Ministerium 3800:Spiritual Ministerium 3767: 3732: 3585:, three pastors from 3574:, Eugen Weschke, and 3309:the one of Westphalia 3237:Evangelium und Kirche 3213: 3161: 3098:Spiritual Ministerium 2823: 2711:, which includes the 2674:by a Reich's Bishop ( 2603:In the period of the 2459:Free State of Prussia 2426:, published his book 2399:to the effect of the 2336:Konsistorialpräsident 2287:deanery synodal board 1726:William II of Prussia 1626:was the anti-liberal 1606:Kulturprotestantismus 1438:(homonymous), in the 1434:(homonymous), in the 1422:(homonymous), in the 1418:(homonymous), in the 1416:Province of Pomerania 1386:Magdeburg's Cathedral 1379: 1225:German Colony (Haifa) 1199: 1151:William II of Prussia 1148: 941:and take up the name 928:freedom of conscience 548:Frederick William III 546: 228:the first of its kind 13683:1817 in Christianity 13570:J. C. K. von Hofmann 13555:G. C. A. von Harless 13323:Lars Levi Laestadius 13166:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 13161:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 12501:Arthur Goldschmidt, 12328:Steinhoff, Anthony. 11927:Arthur Goldschmidt, 11815:the Redeemer, Sacrow 9755:March of Brandenburg 9041:Hans-Joachim Fränkel 8894:Landgericht Berlin I 8862:Jakob Emil Karl Koch 8604:Rudolf von Uechtritz 8446:Landgericht Berlin I 8305:William I of Prussia 8257:Source: See footnote 8153:Parishioners of the 8140:provinces of Prussia 8074:confessions of faith 8054:Heidelberg Catechism 7917:to remove the terms 7442:by the new umbrella 7416:the Hamburgian State 7400:Expulsion of Germans 7337:St. Nicholas' Church 7296:Confessing Christian 7212:Stolberg at the Harz 6888:homonymous Reichsgau 6878:, located in Polish 6713:Beginning of the war 6609:Synods of Confession 6337:Oranienburger Straße 6204:Oranienburger Straße 5882:), Friedrich Riehm ( 5861:March of Brandenburg 5648:1936 Summer Olympics 5399:March of Brandenburg 4609:decided to found an 4200:Jakob Emil Karl Koch 4099:March of Brandenburg 3778:First National Synod 3747:Joachim Hossenfelder 3475:Jakob Emil Karl Koch 3473:When on 5 September 3336:March of Brandenburg 2945:deanery), Dibelius, 2762:Hermann-Albert Hesse 2569:After the system of 2474:Christian socialists 2409:Thou shalt not steal 2311:Provinzialkirchenrat 2297:Kreissynodalvorstand 1843:of 1919 decreed the 1789:Nobel Prize laureate 1710:William I of Prussia 1563:congregation council 1480:and the Counties of 1463:March of Brandenburg 1384:, in the background 1207:# 15 (רחוב בר הופמן) 1037:Frederick William IV 833:Words of Institution 201:multiple other names 13788:Province of Silesia 13633:A. F. O. Münchmeyer 13565:Gottfried Thomasius 13222:Waldeck and Pyrmont 12942:, pp. 17–25. . 11964:extermination camps 11960:Rosenstraße protest 11774:Kirche und Judentum 11349:Messianic Testimony 11072:in Berlin", p. 132. 11059:in Berlin", p. 133. 10918:The law was called 10867:in Berlin", p. 130. 10854:in Berlin", p. 123. 10841:in Berlin", p. 128. 10542:in Berlin", p. 127. 10523:Dietrich Bonhoeffer 10227:in Berlin", p. 117. 10016:, pp. 436seqq. 9632:Province of Hanover 8924:brown general synod 8830:brown general synod 8618:Heinrich von Mühler 8435:brown general synod 8156: 8050:his Small Catechism 8042:Smalcaldic Articles 8034:Augsburg Confession 7894:second constitution 7320:. From 1945 on the 7256:eastern Brandenburg 7244:Silesian Offensives 7178:(especially in the 7152:Thou shalt not kill 6966:concentration camps 6904:Thou shalt not kill 6844:Third Book of Moses 6840:Thou shalt not kill 6724:Death's Head Squads 6451:, so she survived. 6215:, joined the work. 6123:Confessing Church's 6097:The failure of the 5712:St Servatius Church 5667:concentration camps 5154:to compromise. The 5099:University of Basel 5011:for the imprisoned 4987:(also old-Prussian 4942:was located in the 4914:Karl Immanuel Immer 4603:Dahlem Congregation 4428:Dietrich Bonhoeffer 4416:Stettin-Finkenwalde 4091:Dahlem Congregation 3869:This made also the 3828:The general synod ( 3725:Abolition of synods 3604:the church-aligned 3561:Dietrich Bonhoeffer 3544:'s doctrine of the 3428:Philip's University 3319:, and the Lutheran 3283:Dahlem Congregation 3037:Dahlem Congregation 2898:as statutory body ( 2863:freedom of religion 2617:Paul von Hindenburg 2529:Prussian State Diet 2170:Klaipėda Convention 2113:, since the Danzig 2089:Free City of Danzig 2002:Posen-West Prussian 1841:Weimar Constitution 1781:Heinrich Treitschke 1673:Weimar Constitution 1598:the denominationals 1523:Prussian State Diet 1436:Province of Silesia 1272:(2), as well as in 1169:, 31 October 1898). 1115:Electorate of Hesse 1107:Province of Hanover 1000:Old Lutheran schism 961:Augsburg Confession 875:Oberkonsistorialrat 669:Canton of Neuchâtel 661:Swiss Confederation 597:t (Section for the 505:Counter-Reformation 309:Dietrich Bonhoeffer 284:living east of the 13595:F. H. R. von Frank 13585:Theodosius Harnack 13424:Gotthard Fritzsche 13338:N. F. S. Grundtvig 13333:Carl Olof Rosenius 13308:Paavo Ruotsalainen 13298:Hans Nielsen Hauge 13206:Schleswig-Holstein 12628:in der EKD, 2006. 12478:Wolfgang Gerlach, 12274:(2001) pp: 169–87. 12248:Historical Journal 12232:Bigler, Robert M. 11800:Potsdam-Babelsberg 11591:Herschel Grynszpan 10932:, or colloquially 10146:Wolfgang Gerlach, 8632:Ludwig Emil Mathis 8587:Nikolaus Schneider 8451:1945–1950: vacancy 8152: 8113:that of Westphalia 8081:Berlin-Brandenburg 8058:Formula of Concord 7993:. In 1991 the two 7773:On 5 May 1952 the 7768:old-Prussian Union 7638: 7502:Kaliningrad Oblast 7392:Kaliningrad Oblast 7388: 7271:had agreed in the 7225:in late 1944, the 7088:Hannelotte Reiffen 7062:convened again in 7056: 7025:destroyed churches 7023:(representing the 7015:of the Confessing 6912:Diocese of Münster 6599:, appealed to the 6239:Berlin City Castle 6235: 6223:Berlin City Castle 6180:Bishop George Bell 6119: 6092:Bishop George Bell 5825: 5720: 5629:destroyed churches 5601:destroyed churches 5556:destroyed churches 5520:destroyed churches 5404:Walter von Keudell 5265: 5207: 5066: 4931:resigned from the 4885:destroyed churches 4820: 4780:in November 1934. 4591: 4579: 4551:, Joseph Chambon, 4414:(Gerhard Gloege), 4381: 4272:Presbyteries with 4072:Landgericht I 3944:jüdische Lohnmoral 3926:Berlin Sportpalast 3794:Ninety-five Theses 3774: 3743: 3739:Berlin City Palace 3640:descends from the 3548:within the church 3329:destroyed churches 3216: 3179:Evangelical Church 3171: 2840:and member of the 2838:Bethel Institution 2826: 2715:and the virtue of 2519:(presbyter at the 2255:Gemeindevertretung 2017:East Upper Silesia 1746:churches in Berlin 1559:Gemeindekirchenrat 1432:Province of Saxony 1390: 1221:Bethlehem of Judea 1209: 1171: 1103:Kingdom of Hanover 1090:Kingdom of Prussia 765:Nassau-Saarbrücken 634:Prussian provinces 552: 525:Jülich-Cleves-Berg 393:incorporated into 252:In the 1920s, the 13665: 13664: 13661: 13660: 13514:E.W. Hengstenberg 13493: 13492: 13393:H. E. F. Guericke 13312:Finnish Awakening 13235: 13234: 13129:Hanover, Reformed 13124:Hanover, Lutheran 12924:978-3-666-35737-4 12916:978-3-525-35737-8 12734:Bekennende Kirche 12304:(1988): 423–446. 11804:Nikolskoë, Berlin 11683:Gunnar Heinsohn, 11320:Church of England 11070:Bekennende Kirche 11057:Bekennende Kirche 10865:Bekennende Kirche 10852:Bekennende Kirche 10839:Bekennende Kirche 10817:Bekennende Kirche 10776:Bekennende Kirche 10695:Bekennende Kirche 10659:Bekennende Kirche 10599:Bekennende Kirche 10558:Bekennende Kirche 10540:Bekennende Kirche 10454:Bekennende Kirche 10383:Bekennende Kirche 10268:Bekennende Kirche 10225:Bekennende Kirche 10211:of Berlin (West). 9999:Heinz Gefaeller, 9777:nominating groups 9615:, and the former 9607:, for the former 9213: 9212: 9067:Karl Eduard Immer 8968: 8967: 8931:1933–1935(1945): 8920:German Christians 8760:Ernst Stoltenhoff 8579:spy IM "Dietrich" 8566: 8565: 8548:Herbert Karpinski 8405:1907–1915: ? 8261: 8260: 8066:Church discipline 8062:Gallic Confession 8028:Doctrinal sources 7953:Karl Eduard Immer 7874:East German marks 7583:German Christians 7498:Churches of Peace 7273:Potsdam Agreement 7252:Farther Pomerania 7074:, praeses of the 6970:Confessing Church 6939:Confessing Church 6908:Clemens von Galen 6895:Confessing Church 6880:Greater Pomerania 6816:under Gen.-Supt. 6771:Confessing Church 6767:Confessing Church 6763:Confessing Church 6751:Confessing Church 6601:Confessing Church 6586:Helmut Gollwitzer 6574:Confessing Church 6564:(First Sunday of 6524:German Christians 6508:Berlin-Zehlendorf 6410:, and in 1941 to 6396:Hans von Dohnanyi 6386:were deported to 6309:Auswandererabgabe 6266:Reinhard Heydrich 6193:Church of England 6184:Church of England 6146:Confessing Church 6099:Confessing Church 6088:Confessing Church 5988:Confessing Church 5973:Confessing Church 5960:, Meusel, Pastor 5942:Confessing Church 5922:German Christians 5918:Wittenberger Bund 5892:Confessing Church 5888:Confessing Church 5871:Walter Herrmann ( 5850:Confessing Church 5810:Confessing Church 5798:Confessing Church 5782:Confessing Church 5763:Confessing Church 5756:Confessing Church 5675:First Commandment 5654:press continued. 5652:Confessing Church 5625:Confessing Church 5522:, especially the 5481:Confessing Church 5447:Confessing Church 5439:Confessing Church 5435:Confessing Church 5420:Crossen upon Oder 5392:Confessing Church 5388:brethren councils 5383:Confessing Church 5379:Confessing Church 5336:German Christians 5307:German Christians 5227:German Christians 5188:German Christians 5160:Confessing Church 5152:Confessing Church 5140:Confessing Church 5114:Confessing Church 5107:Confessing Church 5074:Confessing Church 5055:Confessing Church 5047:Confessing Church 5024:German Christians 4970:Confessing Church 4859:Confessing Church 4840:Confessing Church 4836:Confessing Church 4816:Confessing Church 4812:Confessing Church 4770:brethren councils 4689:Confessing Church 4595:Confessing Church 4553:Franz Hildebrandt 4526:Confessing Church 4439:Confessing Church 4412:Naumburg am Queis 4386:Confessing Church 4361:German Christians 4340:German Christians 4290:German Christians 4253:German Christians 4245:Bekennende Kirche 4235:Confessing Church 4162:German Christians 4080:Friedrich Weißler 3997:German Christians 3993:German Christians 3989:German Christians 3978:German Christians 3970:German Christians 3966:German Christians 3930:German Christians 3922:German Christians 3911:Bernau bei Berlin 3888:(Congregation in 3751:German Christians 3715:Sicherheitsdienst 3705:No. 24 in Berlin- 3546:Kingdom of Christ 3519:Provinzialbischof 3460:German Christians 3458:). Also here the 3432:Marburg upon Lahn 3370:Gospel and Church 3355:Nordwestuckermark 3340:German Christians 3301:German Christians 3295:German Christians 3291:Gospel and Church 3279:Gospel and Church 3275:German Christians 3263:German Christians 3255:German Christians 3220:Gospel and Church 3175:German Christians 3163:German Christians 2859:German Christians 2846:German Christians 2780:Confessing Church 2735:German Christians 2701:German Christians 2697:German Christians 2695:Furthermore, the 2686:German Christians 2668:German Christians 2664:German Christians 2660:German Christians 2521:Gethsemane Church 2343:provincial synods 2188:Landesdirektorium 2012:on 9 March 1921. 1998:Province of Posen 1817:Auferstehungsheim 1730:Adolf von Harnack 1519:National Liberals 1511:Otto von Bismarck 1420:Province of Posen 1175:Church of England 1022:religious freedom 769:Saarbrücken Union 560:liturgical agenda 523:or migrants from 455:Confessing Church 400: 399: 301:Adolf von Harnack 297:Julius Wellhausen 278:strategic bombing 222:denominations in 214:that united both 193: 192: 122:United Protestant 84: 83: 16:(Redirected from 13825: 13643:Theodor Kliefoth 13560:J. W. F. Höfling 13504: 13503: 13470:C. F. W. Walther 13465:F. C. D. Wyneken 13398:G. P. E. Huschke 13358: 13357: 13262: 13255: 13248: 13239: 13238: 13218:(till 1926 only) 13201:Schaumburg-Lippe 13191:Reuss Elder Line 13141:(people's state) 13064: 13057: 13050: 13041: 13040: 12799:Wilhelm Niesel, 12736:in Berlin", in: 12449:Erich Foerster, 12310:Hope, Nicholas. 12239:Borg, Daniel R. 12221: 12206: 12200: 12186: 12180: 12166: 12160: 12146: 12137: 12123: 12112: 12098: 12092: 12078: 12069: 12066: 12060: 12057: 12051: 12037: 12022: 12016: 12010: 12007: 12001: 11994: 11988: 11983:Wilhelm Niesel, 11981: 11975: 11947: 11941: 11938: 11932: 11925: 11919: 11916: 11910: 11903: 11897: 11870: 11864: 11853: 11844: 11837: 11831: 11828: 11822: 11812: 11796: 11790: 11783: 11777: 11762: 11756: 11753: 11747: 11740: 11734: 11731: 11720: 11717: 11711: 11705: 11699: 11694: 11688: 11681: 11675: 11672: 11666: 11659: 11653: 11645: 11639: 11636: 11625: 11618: 11612: 11604: 11598: 11587: 11581: 11575: 11569: 11566: 11560: 11557:Capernaum Church 11553: 11547: 11544: 11535: 11525: 11519: 11516: 11505: 11501: 11495: 11492: 11486: 11482: 11476: 11457: 11451: 11444: 11438: 11435: 11429: 11418: 11412: 11409: 11403: 11400: 11394: 11391: 11385: 11379: 11373: 11370: 11361: 11358: 11352: 11329: 11323: 11304: 11298: 11295: 11289: 11286: 11280: 11269: 11263: 11260: 11254: 11251: 11245: 11235: 11230:The name was in 11228: 11222: 11219: 11213: 11210: 11204: 11201: 11195: 11192: 11186: 11183: 11177: 11174: 11168: 11161: 11155: 11152: 11137: 11134: 11125: 11110: 11104: 11093: 11087: 11079: 11073: 11066: 11060: 11053: 11044: 11041: 11024: 11021: 11012: 11009: 11000: 10989: 10983: 10980: 10974: 10971: 10965: 10962: 10956: 10952: 10946: 10943: 10937: 10927: 10916: 10910: 10907: 10901: 10898: 10887: 10881: 10876:The name was in 10874: 10868: 10861: 10855: 10848: 10842: 10835: 10829: 10826: 10820: 10813: 10804: 10785: 10779: 10772: 10766: 10763: 10757: 10754: 10748: 10745: 10739: 10733: 10722: 10716: 10713: 10698: 10691: 10685: 10679: 10668: 10662: 10652: 10641: 10635: 10632: 10626: 10623: 10614: 10611: 10602: 10595: 10582: 10579: 10573: 10570: 10561: 10554: 10543: 10536: 10530: 10519: 10513: 10506: 10500: 10486: 10467: 10463: 10457: 10450: 10444: 10437: 10431: 10428: 10417: 10411: 10401: 10395: 10392: 10386: 10379: 10366: 10351: 10345: 10339: 10333: 10318: 10289: 10286: 10280: 10277: 10271: 10264: 10258: 10255: 10246: 10243: 10237: 10234: 10228: 10221: 10212: 10205:Heinrich Albertz 10201: 10195: 10191: 10185: 10182: 10169: 10166: 10160: 10157: 10151: 10144: 10138: 10135: 10126: 10119: 10113: 10106: 10100: 10097: 10088: 10074: 10065: 10061: 10055: 10052: 10039: 10032: 10026: 10023: 10017: 10010: 10004: 9997: 9991: 9976: 9965: 9951: 9924: 9910: 9904: 9901: 9895: 9892: 9886: 9883: 9877: 9874: 9865: 9862: 9856: 9853: 9847: 9844: 9838: 9824: 9815: 9801: 9792: 9789: 9780: 9773: 9767: 9764: 9758: 9751: 9745: 9731: 9725: 9719: 9702: 9696: 9682: 9676: 9670: 9664: 9654: 9644: 9625: 9602: 9581: 9567: 9552: 9540: 9534: 9515: 9509: 9495: 9489: 9482: 9476: 9469: 9463: 9449: 9440: 9426: 9407: 9393: 9387: 9381: 9375: 9361: 9277: 9263: 9249: 9235: 9203: 9182: 9168: 9154: 9140: 9117: 9103: 9089: 9075: 9055: 9049: 9035: 9020:Joachim Beckmann 9007: 8955: 8870: 8850: 8827: 8819:Friedrich Werner 8813: 8785: 8777:Friedrich Werner 8768: 8757: 8754: 8751: 8748: 8745: 8738: 8724: 8710: 8696: 8682: 8668: 8654: 8646:Wilhelm Hoffmann 8640: 8626: 8612: 8542: 8516: 8496: 8476: 8432: 8424:Friedrich Werner 8418: 8401: 8393:Wilhelm Schrader 8384: 8374: 8371: 8368: 8365: 8362: 8342:Before 1922 the 8324: 8321: 8318: 8315: 8312: 8170: 8165: 8157: 8151: 7961: 7901: 7832: 7787: 7730: 7705: 7687: 7673: 7630:Andreas Schlüter 7554: 7517: 7483: 7307: 7137: 7096: 7043:of the 'intact' 7009:German Christian 6949:had to wear the 6900:Grafeneck Castle 6826: 6688: 6673:German Christian 6647:Walter Grundmann 6636: 6598: 6572:fraction of the 6536: 6501: 6487: 6479:Bethany Hospital 6468:Wilhelm Jannasch 6450: 6435: 6345:Reichsvertretung 6306: 6285: 6259: 6248:Kindertransporte 6227:An der Stechbahn 6209:German Christian 6135: 6073:Vereinigung 1937 6070: 6063:Association 1937 6060: 6041: 6027: 6006: 5970: 5884:German Christian 5881: 5869:German Christian 5865:German Christian 5829:Halle upon Saale 5802:Alfred Rosenberg 5724:Heinrich Himmler 5706:Henry the Fowler 5590: 5475: 5451:Alfred Bertholet 5373: 5350: 5325: 5295:Church of Sweden 5276: 5255: 5182:On 16 July 1935 5150:blackmailed the 5133: 5118:German Christian 4974:German Christian 4955: 4922: 4903: 4874: 4762:destroyed church 4748: 4718: 4700: 4679: 4665: 4647: 4633: 4626:brethren council 4622:German Christian 4618:destroyed church 4565: 4546: 4519: 4504: 4493: 4482: 4467: 4456: 4393: 4274:German Christian 4264: 4251:, as opposed to 4242: 4211:Brethren Council 4208: 4192:Brethren Council 4181: 4060:German Christian 4056:German Christian 4041:divide et impera 4033:German Christian 4013:German Christian 4009:German Christian 4005:German Christian 3955: 3941: 3924:convened in the 3875:August Marahrens 3844:German Christian 3833: 3810: 3759:German Christian 3711:Heinrich Himmler 3696: 3687:premises of the 3665: 3584: 3573: 3555:Among them were 3516: 3506: 3483: 3425: 3385: 3374:German Christian 3367: 3352: 3248: 3234: 3228: 3206: 3195: 3187:Wilhelm Harnisch 3140: 3106: 3070:German-Christian 3064: 3049: 3033:Martin Niemöller 3026: 3007: 2999:Friedrich Werner 2995:German Christian 2977: 2966: 2955: 2917: 2903: 2886: 2812: 2795:German Christian 2770: 2754:August Marahrens 2747: 2719:(taken from the 2713:Ten Commandments 2679: 2634:convened in the 2587:. Following the 2544: 2535:, the so-called 2496:and another new 2366: 2333: 2318:provincial synod 2308: 2294: 2280: 2266: 2252: 2223: 2185: 2164:, Japan and the 2151: 2136: 2104: 2035: 2029: 1957: 1903:Prussian Silesia 1860: 1837:summus episcopus 1693: 1666: 1643: 1634:), colloquially 1614: 1548: 1530: 1501: 1397: 1364: 1354: 1344: 1312:(1), Spain (1), 1267: 1256: 1159:Augusta Victoria 1067: 1053: 1032:, respectively. 954: 921: 910: 871:St. Petri Church 860: 826: 777: 735: 713: 703: 689: 596: 587:(Lutheran Upper 586: 556:summus episcopus 465: 447:German Christian 331: 330: 313:Martin Niemöller 274:Second World War 100: 88: 87: 79: 76: 70: 38: 37: 30: 21: 13833: 13832: 13828: 13827: 13826: 13824: 13823: 13822: 13668: 13667: 13666: 13657: 13648:Heinrich Hansen 13623:A. F. C. Vilmar 13609: 13580:K. F. A. Kahnis 13575:Franz Delitzsch 13548:Erlangen School 13543: 13489: 13480:F. W. Stellhorn 13455:J. A. A. Grabau 13438: 13407: 13388:Henrik Steffens 13347: 13274: 13266: 13236: 13231: 13156:Lübeck (region) 13075: 13068: 13016: 12788:, Diss., 1986. 12578:Gunnar Heinsohn 12498:, Diss., 1970. 12467:Herbert Frost, 12452:Protestantismus 12434:Gerhard Engel, 12353: 12229: 12227:Further reading 12224: 12207: 12203: 12187: 12183: 12167: 12163: 12147: 12140: 12124: 12115: 12099: 12095: 12079: 12072: 12067: 12063: 12058: 12054: 12038: 12025: 12017: 12013: 12008: 12004: 11995: 11991: 11982: 11978: 11948: 11944: 11939: 11935: 11926: 11922: 11917: 11913: 11904: 11900: 11894:Wayback Machine 11881:Wayback Machine 11871: 11867: 11854: 11847: 11838: 11834: 11829: 11825: 11806: 11797: 11793: 11784: 11780: 11763: 11759: 11754: 11750: 11741: 11737: 11732: 11723: 11718: 11714: 11706: 11702: 11695: 11691: 11682: 11678: 11673: 11669: 11661:Gerhard Engel, 11660: 11656: 11646: 11642: 11637: 11628: 11619: 11615: 11605: 11601: 11588: 11584: 11576: 11572: 11567: 11563: 11554: 11550: 11545: 11538: 11526: 11522: 11517: 11508: 11502: 11498: 11493: 11489: 11483: 11479: 11458: 11454: 11445: 11441: 11436: 11432: 11419: 11415: 11410: 11406: 11401: 11397: 11392: 11388: 11380: 11376: 11371: 11364: 11359: 11355: 11330: 11326: 11305: 11301: 11296: 11292: 11287: 11283: 11270: 11266: 11261: 11257: 11252: 11248: 11231: 11229: 11225: 11220: 11216: 11211: 11207: 11202: 11198: 11193: 11189: 11184: 11180: 11175: 11171: 11162: 11158: 11153: 11140: 11135: 11128: 11114:Erich Klausener 11111: 11107: 11094: 11090: 11080: 11076: 11067: 11063: 11054: 11047: 11042: 11027: 11022: 11015: 11010: 11003: 10990: 10986: 10981: 10977: 10972: 10968: 10963: 10959: 10953: 10949: 10944: 10940: 10934:Sicherungsesetz 10923: 10917: 10913: 10908: 10904: 10899: 10890: 10877: 10875: 10871: 10862: 10858: 10849: 10845: 10836: 10832: 10827: 10823: 10814: 10807: 10786: 10782: 10773: 10769: 10764: 10760: 10755: 10751: 10746: 10742: 10729: 10723: 10719: 10714: 10701: 10692: 10688: 10675: 10669: 10665: 10648: 10642: 10638: 10633: 10629: 10624: 10617: 10612: 10605: 10596: 10585: 10580: 10576: 10571: 10564: 10555: 10546: 10537: 10533: 10520: 10516: 10507: 10503: 10487: 10470: 10464: 10460: 10451: 10447: 10438: 10434: 10429: 10420: 10407: 10402: 10398: 10393: 10389: 10380: 10369: 10359:Konrad Adenauer 10352: 10348: 10340: 10336: 10319: 10292: 10287: 10283: 10278: 10274: 10265: 10261: 10256: 10249: 10244: 10240: 10235: 10231: 10222: 10215: 10202: 10198: 10192: 10188: 10183: 10172: 10167: 10163: 10158: 10154: 10145: 10141: 10136: 10129: 10120: 10116: 10107: 10103: 10098: 10091: 10075: 10068: 10062: 10058: 10053: 10042: 10034:Otto Dibelius, 10033: 10029: 10024: 10020: 10011: 10007: 9998: 9994: 9978:Konrad Müller, 9977: 9968: 9952: 9927: 9911: 9907: 9902: 9898: 9893: 9889: 9884: 9880: 9875: 9868: 9863: 9859: 9854: 9850: 9845: 9841: 9825: 9818: 9802: 9795: 9790: 9783: 9774: 9770: 9765: 9761: 9752: 9748: 9732: 9728: 9715: 9703: 9699: 9683: 9679: 9671: 9667: 9650: 9638: 9619: 9598: 9577: 9570:Duchy of Nassau 9561: 9546: 9542:These were the 9541: 9537: 9516: 9512: 9496: 9492: 9483: 9479: 9470: 9466: 9450: 9443: 9427: 9410: 9394: 9390: 9382: 9378: 9362: 9343: 9339: 9334: 9320:Neo-Lutheranism 9285: 9271: 9257: 9243: 9229: 9219: 9214: 9197: 9176: 9174:Gottfried Forck 9162: 9148: 9134: 9127: 9111: 9097: 9083: 9069: 9062: 9043: 9029: 9001: 8994: 8974: 8969: 8949: 8942: 8908: 8889: 8881: 8864: 8857: 8843: 8821: 8807: 8800: 8779: 8762: 8755: 8752: 8749: 8746: 8743: 8732: 8718: 8704: 8690: 8676: 8662: 8648: 8634: 8620: 8606: 8595: 8572: 8567: 8555:Dietrich Affeld 8536: 8526: 8510: 8501:Christof Karzig 8490: 8483: 8465: 8456:Lothar Kreyssig 8426: 8412: 8395: 8378: 8372: 8369: 8366: 8363: 8360: 8356: 8340: 8322: 8319: 8316: 8313: 8310: 8287: 8267: 8262: 8256: 8253:eastern Germany 8250: 8154: 8149: 8132: 8126: 8030: 7955: 7897: 7828: 7781: 7726: 7701: 7698:Church Chancery 7683: 7669: 7654: 7646:Konrad Adenauer 7617:as well as the 7550: 7513: 7477: 7467:Lusatian Neisse 7396:Lithuania Minor 7303: 7281:Oder-Neiße Line 7265: 7160: 7131: 7090: 6972:reported about 6820: 6715: 6684: 6645:, led by Prof. 6632: 6592: 6562:Liturgical year 6546:Buß- und Bettag 6530: 6520:November Pogrom 6516: 6497: 6481: 6472:Harald Poelchau 6444: 6431: 6392:occupied France 6361:occupied Poland 6313:Reichsmark (ℛℳ) 6302: 6281: 6255: 6225:with the house 6175:in his parish. 6173:allotment clubs 6157:November Pogrom 6129: 6066: 6054: 6052:Heinrich Spiero 6037: 6034:Paul's Covenant 6023: 6002: 5980:Aryan paragraph 5964: 5950:Heinrich Grüber 5934: 5875: 5841:Lippstadt Synod 5671:state terrorism 5636:Winter Olympics 5595:, colloquially 5586: 5579:intact churches 5516:intact churches 5469: 5463:Wilhelm Lütgert 5412:Bad Freienwalde 5367: 5355:, LKA) for the 5346: 5321: 5270: 5249: 5180: 5129: 5086:intact churches 5003:race, was pure 4951: 4944:Burckhardt-Haus 4916: 4899: 4881:intact churches 4870: 4851:intact churches 4828:Reformation Day 4744: 4714: 4696: 4682:Kreis-Bruderrat 4675: 4661: 4643: 4629: 4607:intact churches 4559: 4540: 4528:opened its own 4513: 4498: 4487: 4476: 4461: 4450: 4420:Groß Schlönwitz 4396:Predigerseminar 4389: 4373: 4260: 4238: 4202: 4177: 4153: 3951: 3937: 3829: 3826: 3806: 3727: 3692: 3681:Aryan paragraph 3661: 3654: 3624:Nobody budges. 3591:Aryan paragraph 3578: 3567: 3565:Herbert Goltzen 3512: 3509:Bistum/Bistümer 3502: 3495:Aryan paragraph 3490:Aryan paragraph 3477: 3436:Aryan paragraph 3419: 3413:Rudolf Bultmann 3396:Aryan paragraph 3381: 3378:Aryan paragraph 3361: 3346: 3325:intact churches 3244: 3230: 3222: 3200: 3189: 3136: 3121: 3102: 3058: 3043: 3020: 3001: 2971: 2960: 2949: 2913: 2899: 2882: 2855: 2808: 2764: 2741: 2690:Reformation Day 2675: 2601: 2599:Under Nazi rule 2540: 2510:Kirchenparteien 2470:Kirchenparteien 2436:Weimar Republic 2393:Weimar Republic 2389: 2362: 2329: 2304: 2290: 2276: 2262: 2248: 2217: 2215:Otto Obereigner 2201:and formed the 2181: 2145: 2132: 2128:Klaipėda Region 2100: 2031: 2023: 1953: 1895:Klaipėda Region 1856: 1833: 1785:Theodor Mommsen 1724:. In 1888 King 1712:sided with the 1706:Konfessionellen 1698:Konfessionellen 1687: 1660: 1639: 1608: 1602:Neo-Lutheranism 1594:Konfessionellen 1578:Kirchenparteien 1544: 1526: 1497: 1393: 1360: 1350: 1340: 1333: 1261: 1250: 1235:(Ar. a. Ger.), 1167:Reformation Day 1143: 1119:Duchy of Nassau 1092:and became the 1078: 1063: 1049: 1018: 1008: 1002: 950: 915: 904: 854: 822: 815: 798:faculty at the 771: 746:Reformation Day 738:Garrison Church 729: 709: 697: 683: 577:'s army at the 541: 489: 329: 307:(temporarily), 299:(temporarily), 286:Oder-Neiße line 226:. Although not 103: 80: 74: 71: 52: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13831: 13821: 13820: 13815: 13810: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13685: 13680: 13663: 13662: 13659: 13658: 13656: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13619: 13617: 13611: 13610: 13608: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13590:C. E. Luthardt 13587: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13551: 13549: 13545: 13544: 13542: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13519:F. A. Philippi 13516: 13510: 13508: 13501: 13495: 13494: 13491: 13490: 13488: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13460:Wilhelm Sihler 13457: 13452: 13450:Martin Stephan 13446: 13444: 13440: 13439: 13437: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13415: 13413: 13409: 13408: 13406: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13383:Eduard Huschke 13380: 13378:J. G. Scheibel 13375: 13370: 13364: 13362: 13355: 13349: 13348: 13346: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13320: 13315: 13305: 13295: 13290: 13284: 13282: 13276: 13275: 13265: 13264: 13257: 13250: 13242: 13233: 13232: 13230: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13147: 13142: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13114:Frankfurt/Main 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13080: 13077: 13076: 13067: 13066: 13059: 13052: 13044: 13038: 13037: 13024: 13015: 13014:External links 13012: 13011: 13010: 13000: 12986: 12971: 12957: 12943: 12935: 12896: 12889: 12882: 12871: 12856: 12842: 12827: 12812: 12797: 12777: 12770: 12763: 12749: 12730: 12715: 12700: 12685: 12670: 12663: 12648: 12642: 12636: 12618: 12604: 12591:Ernst Hornig, 12589: 12575: 12569: 12551: 12536: 12521: 12506: 12499: 12476: 12465: 12455: 12447: 12432: 12425: 12415: 12400: 12394: 12375: 12362:Helmut Baier, 12360: 12352: 12349: 12348: 12347: 12344:Church history 12340: 12333: 12326: 12319: 12308: 12298: 12291: 12285: 12279:Church History 12275: 12268: 12263:Groh, John E. 12261: 12254: 12244: 12237: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12222: 12201: 12181: 12161: 12138: 12113: 12093: 12070: 12061: 12052: 12023: 12011: 12002: 11989: 11976: 11968:Theresienstadt 11942: 11933: 11920: 11911: 11898: 11872:Heike Köhler, 11865: 11845: 11832: 11823: 11791: 11778: 11757: 11748: 11746:, pp. 297–307. 11742:Ernst Hornig, 11735: 11721: 11712: 11700: 11689: 11676: 11667: 11654: 11640: 11626: 11613: 11599: 11595:Ernst vom Rath 11593:'s assault on 11582: 11570: 11561: 11548: 11536: 11520: 11506: 11496: 11487: 11477: 11452: 11450:, pp. 227–230. 11446:Helmut Baier, 11439: 11430: 11422:Eichmann Trial 11413: 11404: 11395: 11386: 11374: 11362: 11353: 11324: 11308:Hans Ehrenberg 11299: 11290: 11281: 11264: 11255: 11246: 11223: 11214: 11205: 11196: 11187: 11178: 11169: 11156: 11138: 11126: 11118:Paul Schneider 11105: 11088: 11074: 11061: 11045: 11025: 11013: 11001: 10984: 10975: 10966: 10957: 10947: 10938: 10911: 10902: 10888: 10869: 10856: 10843: 10830: 10821: 10805: 10780: 10767: 10758: 10749: 10740: 10717: 10699: 10686: 10663: 10636: 10627: 10615: 10603: 10583: 10574: 10562: 10544: 10531: 10514: 10501: 10468: 10458: 10445: 10443:, p. 211. 10432: 10418: 10396: 10387: 10367: 10363:Preussenschlag 10346: 10334: 10290: 10281: 10272: 10259: 10247: 10238: 10229: 10213: 10196: 10186: 10170: 10161: 10152: 10139: 10127: 10114: 10112:, p. 205. 10101: 10089: 10066: 10056: 10040: 10027: 10018: 10005: 9992: 9966: 9925: 9905: 9896: 9887: 9878: 9866: 9857: 9848: 9839: 9816: 9793: 9781: 9768: 9759: 9746: 9726: 9697: 9677: 9665: 9645:), since 1925 9535: 9510: 9490: 9477: 9464: 9441: 9408: 9388: 9376: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9280: 9279: 9265: 9255:Helge Klassohn 9251: 9237: 9223: 9218: 9215: 9211: 9210: 9206: 9205: 9191: 9190:spy IM "Orion" 9184: 9170: 9160:Eberhard Natho 9156: 9146:Werner Krusche 9142: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9120: 9119: 9105: 9095:Gerhard Brandt 9091: 9077: 9061: 9058: 9053: 9052: 9051: 9037: 9023: 9016: 9009: 8993: 8990: 8973: 8970: 8966: 8965: 8961: 8960: 8957: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8901: 8900: 8897: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8879: 8878: 8875: 8872: 8856: 8853: 8848: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8837: 8815: 8799: 8796: 8795: 8794: 8787: 8773: 8740: 8730:Hermann Kapler 8726: 8712: 8698: 8684: 8674:Ottomar Hermes 8670: 8656: 8642: 8628: 8614: 8594: 8591: 8590: 8589: 8583: 8580: 8571: 8568: 8564: 8563: 8559: 8558: 8551: 8544: 8534:Manfred Becker 8530: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8519: 8518: 8504: 8497: 8482: 8479: 8474: 8473: 8472: 8469: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8459: 8452: 8449: 8442: 8441:on 26 January) 8420: 8406: 8403: 8389: 8386: 8355: 8352: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8334: 8328: 8307: 8301: 8295: 8286: 8283: 8266: 8263: 8259: 8258: 8245:, and all the 8238: 8237: 8234: 8231: 8227: 8226: 8223: 8220: 8216: 8215: 8212: 8209: 8205: 8204: 8201: 8198: 8194: 8193: 8190: 8187: 8183: 8182: 8179: 8176: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8128:Main article: 8125: 8122: 8029: 8026: 7887:Deutsche Marks 7870:Deutsche Marks 7823:, the renamed 7805:Prussian Union 7794:Otto Grotewohl 7756:Karl Steinhoff 7752:Prussian Union 7708:Kirchenkanzlei 7653: 7652:Into the 1950s 7650: 7314:Middle Germany 7264: 7261: 7214:and partly to 7159: 7156: 7148:murder of Jews 7120:mixed marriage 7110:Theresienstadt 7104:dissolved the 7027:including the 6806:Arthur Greiser 6783:Weltanschauung 6742:of the Poles. 6714: 6711: 6526:, like Bishop 6515: 6512: 6464:Franz Kaufmann 6373:Hermann Göring 6365:Stettin Region 6350:Familienschule 6292:Good Samaritan 6270:Adolf Eichmann 5993:In early 1933 5933: 5930: 5911:Martin Bormann 5790:One-Man-Church 5679:Weltanschauung 5640:Sinti and Roma 5500:Bad Oeynhausen 5494:At the fourth 5467:Julius Richter 5459:Hans Lietzmann 5408:Hohenlübbichow 5287:Nuremberg Laws 5231:Nuremberg Laws 5219:Steglitz Synod 5179: 5176: 5168:Hermann Ehlers 5103:Nuremberg Laws 5080:for the third 5070:Nuremberg Laws 4735:(colloquially 4693:deanery pastor 4670:), electing a 4568:Heinrich Vogel 4496:Wilhelm Niesel 4459:Günther Harder 4372: 4369: 4309:ius patronatus 4219:Holy Scripture 4152: 4149: 4037:Walter Künneth 3862:, presided by 3825: 3822: 3772:in Wittenberg. 3770:National Synod 3726: 3723: 3668:Pfarrernotbund 3653: 3650: 3417:Hans von Soden 3388:Arierparagraph 3359:Gerhard Jacobi 3120: 3117: 3093:National Synod 3039:, Berlin) and 3018:Gerhard Jacobi 2939:Martin Albertz 2854: 2851: 2836:, head of the 2739:Hermann Kapler 2644:Day of Potsdam 2600: 2597: 2571:state churches 2494:Positive Union 2388: 2385: 2166:United Kingdom 1915:Polish Silesia 1907:Czechoslovakia 1832: 1829: 1797:Adolf Stoecker 1750:Charlottenburg 1722:Positive Union 1714:Positive Union 1702:Positive Union 1446:(homonymous). 1424:Rhine Province 1400:Kirchenprovinz 1332: 1326: 1318:United Kingdom 1270:Ottoman Empire 1165:in Jerusalem ( 1142: 1139: 1133:(becoming the 1077: 1074: 1004:Main article: 1001: 998: 814: 811: 657:personal union 626:Napoleonic Age 540: 537: 493:John Sigismund 488: 485: 484: 483: 476: 473: 470: 458: 443: 437: 434: 427: 424: 417: 414: 408: 398: 397: 391: 387: 386: 383: 379: 378: 375: 371: 370: 367: 363: 362: 359: 355: 354: 351: 347: 346: 343: 339: 338: 337:Official name 335: 328: 325: 239:Weimar Germany 203:) was a major 191: 190: 179: 178: 168: 162: 161: 158: 154: 153: 148: 144: 143: 138: 134: 133: 119: 115: 114: 109: 108:Classification 105: 104: 101: 93: 92: 82: 81: 61:it, or adding 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13830: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13675: 13673: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13638:J. K. W. Löhe 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13620: 13618: 13616: 13612: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13552: 13550: 13546: 13540: 13539:L. A. Gotwald 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13529:C. P. Caspari 13527: 13525: 13524:F. G. Hedberg 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13511: 13509: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13496: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13447: 13445: 13441: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13429:Johann Flierl 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13416: 13414: 13410: 13404: 13403:Free churches 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13365: 13363: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13350: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13328: 13327:Laestadianism 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13313: 13309: 13306: 13303: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13285: 13283: 13281: 13277: 13273: 13270: 13263: 13258: 13256: 13251: 13249: 13244: 13243: 13240: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13217: 13216:Upper Lusatia 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13081: 13078: 13073: 13065: 13060: 13058: 13053: 13051: 13046: 13045: 13042: 13035: 13034: 13029: 13025: 13022: 13018: 13017: 13008: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12998:3-923095-61-9 12995: 12991: 12987: 12984: 12983:3-923095-61-9 12980: 12976: 12972: 12970: 12969:3-923095-61-9 12966: 12962: 12958: 12956: 12955:3-7858-0346-X 12952: 12948: 12944: 12941: 12936: 12933: 12929: 12925: 12921: 12917: 12913: 12909: 12905: 12901: 12897: 12894: 12890: 12887: 12883: 12880: 12876: 12872: 12869: 12868:3-7668-3934-9 12865: 12861: 12857: 12855: 12854:3-7858-0346-X 12851: 12847: 12843: 12840: 12839:3-923095-61-9 12836: 12832: 12828: 12825: 12824:3-923095-61-9 12821: 12817: 12813: 12810: 12809:3-525-55556-3 12806: 12802: 12798: 12795: 12794:3-459-01811-9 12791: 12787: 12783: 12778: 12775: 12771: 12768: 12764: 12762: 12761:3-7858-0346-X 12758: 12754: 12750: 12747: 12746:3-923095-61-9 12743: 12739: 12735: 12731: 12728: 12727:3-7674-0158-4 12724: 12720: 12716: 12713: 12712:3-923095-61-9 12709: 12705: 12701: 12698: 12697:3-923095-61-9 12694: 12690: 12686: 12683: 12682:3-923095-61-9 12679: 12675: 12671: 12668: 12664: 12661: 12660:3-87969-179-7 12657: 12653: 12649: 12646: 12643: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12634:3-00-019520-3 12631: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12617: 12616:3-7858-0346-X 12613: 12609: 12605: 12602: 12601:3-525-55554-7 12598: 12594: 12590: 12587: 12583: 12579: 12576: 12573: 12570: 12567: 12566:3-89244-900-7 12563: 12559: 12555: 12554:Israel Gutman 12552: 12549: 12548:3-459-01708-2 12545: 12541: 12537: 12534: 12533:3-525-01620-4 12530: 12526: 12522: 12519: 12518:3-525-01620-4 12515: 12511: 12507: 12504: 12500: 12497: 12493: 12489: 12488:3-923095-69-4 12485: 12481: 12477: 12474: 12470: 12466: 12463: 12459: 12456: 12453: 12448: 12445: 12444:3-421-01699-2 12441: 12437: 12433: 12430: 12426: 12423: 12419: 12418:Otto Dibelius 12416: 12413: 12412:3-525-01620-4 12409: 12405: 12401: 12398: 12395: 12392: 12391:3-926082-03-8 12388: 12384: 12380: 12376: 12373: 12372:3-7686-9049-0 12369: 12365: 12361: 12358: 12355: 12354: 12345: 12341: 12339:(Berne, 1979) 12338: 12334: 12332:(Brill, 2008) 12331: 12327: 12324: 12320: 12317: 12313: 12309: 12307: 12303: 12299: 12296: 12292: 12290: 12286: 12284: 12280: 12276: 12273: 12269: 12266: 12262: 12259: 12255: 12253: 12249: 12245: 12242: 12238: 12235: 12231: 12230: 12219: 12218:3-7858-0346-X 12215: 12211: 12205: 12199: 12198:3-7858-0346-X 12195: 12191: 12185: 12179: 12178:3-7858-0346-X 12175: 12171: 12165: 12159: 12158:3-7858-0346-X 12155: 12151: 12145: 12143: 12136: 12135:3-7858-0346-X 12132: 12128: 12122: 12120: 12118: 12111: 12110:3-7858-0346-X 12107: 12103: 12097: 12091: 12090:3-7858-0346-X 12087: 12083: 12077: 12075: 12065: 12056: 12050: 12049:3-7858-0346-X 12046: 12042: 12036: 12034: 12032: 12030: 12028: 12021:, p. 18. 12020: 12015: 12006: 11999: 11993: 11987:, pp. 275seq. 11986: 11980: 11973: 11969: 11965: 11961: 11958:kinship (see 11957: 11952: 11946: 11937: 11930: 11924: 11915: 11908: 11902: 11895: 11891: 11888: 11887: 11882: 11878: 11875: 11869: 11862: 11858: 11852: 11850: 11842: 11836: 11827: 11820: 11816: 11810: 11805: 11801: 11795: 11788: 11785:Published in 11782: 11776:, pp. 116seq. 11775: 11771: 11770:church bodies 11767: 11761: 11752: 11745: 11739: 11730: 11728: 11726: 11716: 11710: 11704: 11698: 11693: 11686: 11680: 11671: 11664: 11658: 11651: 11644: 11635: 11633: 11631: 11623: 11617: 11610: 11603: 11596: 11592: 11586: 11579: 11574: 11565: 11558: 11552: 11543: 11541: 11533: 11529: 11528:Israel Gutman 11524: 11515: 11513: 11511: 11500: 11491: 11481: 11474: 11473:3-926082-03-8 11470: 11466: 11462: 11456: 11449: 11448:Kirche in Not 11443: 11434: 11427: 11423: 11417: 11408: 11399: 11390: 11383: 11378: 11369: 11367: 11357: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11328: 11321: 11317: 11313: 11309: 11303: 11294: 11285: 11278: 11274: 11268: 11259: 11250: 11243: 11239: 11234: 11227: 11218: 11209: 11200: 11191: 11182: 11173: 11166: 11160: 11151: 11149: 11147: 11145: 11143: 11133: 11131: 11123: 11119: 11115: 11109: 11102: 11098: 11092: 11086:, pp. 113seq. 11085: 11078: 11071: 11065: 11058: 11052: 11050: 11040: 11038: 11036: 11034: 11032: 11030: 11020: 11018: 11008: 11006: 10998: 10994: 10988: 10979: 10970: 10961: 10951: 10942: 10935: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10915: 10906: 10897: 10895: 10893: 10885: 10880: 10873: 10866: 10860: 10853: 10847: 10840: 10834: 10825: 10818: 10812: 10810: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10784: 10777: 10771: 10762: 10753: 10744: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10721: 10712: 10710: 10708: 10706: 10704: 10696: 10690: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10667: 10660: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10640: 10631: 10622: 10620: 10610: 10608: 10600: 10594: 10592: 10590: 10588: 10578: 10569: 10567: 10559: 10553: 10551: 10549: 10541: 10535: 10528: 10524: 10518: 10511: 10505: 10499: 10498:3-7858-0346-X 10495: 10491: 10485: 10483: 10481: 10479: 10477: 10475: 10473: 10462: 10455: 10449: 10442: 10436: 10427: 10425: 10423: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10391: 10384: 10378: 10376: 10374: 10372: 10364: 10360: 10356: 10350: 10343: 10338: 10331: 10330:3-7858-0346-X 10327: 10323: 10317: 10315: 10313: 10311: 10309: 10307: 10305: 10303: 10301: 10299: 10297: 10295: 10285: 10276: 10269: 10263: 10254: 10252: 10242: 10233: 10226: 10220: 10218: 10210: 10206: 10200: 10190: 10181: 10179: 10177: 10175: 10165: 10156: 10149: 10143: 10134: 10132: 10124: 10123:Landeskirchen 10118: 10111: 10105: 10096: 10094: 10087: 10086:3-7858-0346-X 10083: 10079: 10073: 10071: 10060: 10051: 10049: 10047: 10045: 10037: 10031: 10022: 10015: 10009: 10002: 9996: 9989: 9988:3-16-645329-6 9985: 9981: 9975: 9973: 9971: 9964: 9963:3-7858-0346-X 9960: 9956: 9950: 9948: 9946: 9944: 9942: 9940: 9938: 9936: 9934: 9932: 9930: 9923: 9922:3-7858-0346-X 9919: 9915: 9909: 9900: 9891: 9882: 9873: 9871: 9861: 9852: 9843: 9837: 9836:3-7858-0346-X 9833: 9829: 9823: 9821: 9814: 9813:3-7858-0346-X 9810: 9806: 9800: 9798: 9788: 9786: 9778: 9772: 9763: 9756: 9750: 9744: 9743:3-7858-0346-X 9740: 9736: 9730: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9712: 9708: 9701: 9695: 9694:3-7858-0346-X 9691: 9687: 9681: 9674: 9669: 9662: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9642: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9623: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9575: 9571: 9565: 9560: 9556: 9550: 9545: 9539: 9532: 9531:0-646-25324-7 9528: 9524: 9520: 9514: 9508: 9507:3-7858-0346-X 9504: 9500: 9494: 9487: 9481: 9474: 9468: 9462: 9461:3-7858-0346-X 9458: 9454: 9448: 9446: 9439: 9438:3-7858-0346-X 9435: 9431: 9425: 9423: 9421: 9419: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9406: 9405:3-7858-0346-X 9402: 9398: 9392: 9386: 9380: 9374: 9373:3-7858-0346-X 9370: 9366: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9354: 9352: 9350: 9348: 9346: 9341: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9287: 9275: 9270: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9241:Eduard Berger 9238: 9233: 9228: 9224: 9221: 9220: 9209: 9201: 9196: 9195:Joachim Rogge 9192: 9189: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9129: 9128: 9122: 9115: 9110: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9064: 9063: 9057: 9056: 9047: 9042: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9024: 9021: 9017: 9014: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8999:Heinrich Held 8996: 8995: 8989: 8987: 8982: 8980: 8964: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8944: 8943: 8934: 8933:Ludwig Müller 8930: 8929: 8928: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8912:Landesbischof 8903: 8898: 8895: 8891: 8890: 8884: 8882: 8876: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8859: 8858: 8852: 8851: 8847: 8836:on 26 January 8835: 8834:Ludwig Müller 8831: 8825: 8820: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8802: 8801: 8792: 8791:Otto Dibelius 8788: 8783: 8778: 8774: 8772: 8766: 8761: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8660:Emil Herrmann 8657: 8652: 8647: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8588: 8584: 8581: 8578: 8574: 8573: 8562: 8557:(*1928–2007*) 8556: 8552: 8549: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8521: 8514: 8509: 8505: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8489: 8485: 8484: 8478: 8477: 8470: 8467: 8466: 8457: 8453: 8450: 8447: 8443: 8440: 8439:Ludwig Müller 8436: 8430: 8425: 8421: 8419:(*1856–1943*) 8416: 8411: 8407: 8404: 8402:(*1817–1907*) 8399: 8394: 8390: 8387: 8385:(*1775–1869*) 8382: 8377: 8358: 8357: 8351: 8349: 8345: 8333: 8329: 8327: 8308: 8306: 8302: 8300: 8296: 8293: 8289: 8288: 8282: 8280: 8279:Landesbischof 8275: 8273: 8254: 8248: 8244: 8239: 8235: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8224: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8213: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8202: 8199: 8196: 8195: 8191: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8180: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8167: 8162: 8159: 8158: 8144: 8141: 8137: 8131: 8121: 8119: 8114: 8110: 8104: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8083:, Saxony and 8082: 8077: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8025: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8010:irreligionism 8006: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7983: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7959: 7954: 7951:In July 1970 7949: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7934: 7932: 7929:, the latter 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7907: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7849: 7847: 7842: 7840: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7785: 7780: 7779:Heinrich Held 7776: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7740: 7738: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7717: 7713: 7712:Church Senate 7709: 7704: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7663: 7662:General Synod 7659: 7649: 7647: 7643: 7635: 7631: 7626: 7622: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7579: 7577: 7573: 7572:Deutsche Mark 7569: 7565: 7560: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7523: 7521: 7516: 7509: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7485: 7481: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7447: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7408: 7406: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7385: 7381: 7376: 7372: 7370: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7344: 7342: 7338: 7333: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7260: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7228: 7224: 7219: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7187: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7155: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7135: 7130: 7129:Ruth Wendland 7124: 7122: 7121: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7098: 7094: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7080:Sachsenhausen 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7064:Hamm, Hamburg 7061: 7052: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6954: 6952: 6948: 6947:Geltungsjuden 6943: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6916:Adolf Bertram 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6851:Book of Hosea 6848: 6845: 6841: 6836: 6834: 6828: 6824: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6790: 6788: 6787:Gerhard Engel 6784: 6780: 6774: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6720: 6710: 6708: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6679:, to form an 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6661: 6659: 6655: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6626: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6602: 6596: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6553: 6547: 6542: 6540: 6534: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6460:Helene Jacobs 6457: 6452: 6448: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6357: 6355: 6354:Grüber School 6351: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6318: 6317:Bureau Grüber 6315:5,000 to the 6314: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6258: 6251: 6249: 6244: 6240: 6232: 6231:Bureau Grüber 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6196: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6161:Kristallnacht 6158: 6153: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6142:Inner Mission 6139: 6133: 6128: 6127:Bureau Grüber 6124: 6115: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6058: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5976: 5974: 5968: 5963: 5962:Werner Sylten 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5938:Geltungsjuden 5929: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5914: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5900: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5853: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5833: 5830: 5821: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5759: 5757: 5753: 5752:Breslau Synod 5749: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5707: 5701: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5580: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5552:Hamm, Hamburg 5549: 5545: 5540: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5349: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5334:and moderate 5333: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5062: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4614: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4588: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4569: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4549:Hans Asmussen 4544: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4497: 4491: 4486: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4460: 4454: 4449: 4448:Walter Delius 4445: 4440: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4406:(both led by 4405: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4377: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4349:Führerprinzip 4346: 4341: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4212: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4064:Church Senate 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4048:Führerprinzip 4044: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4020:muzzle decree 4016: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3948:New Testament 3945: 3940: 3935: 3934:Old Testament 3931: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3864:Theophil Wurm 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3836:Generalsynode 3832: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3803: 3801: 3796: 3795: 3790: 3789:Martin Luther 3787: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3703:Wilhelmstraße 3700: 3695: 3690: 3684: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3587:Lower Lusatia 3582: 3577: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3534:Martin Luther 3531: 3530:anti-Semitism 3527: 3522: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3464:General Synod 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3446:of the whole 3445: 3444:General Synod 3440: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3226: 3221: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3144:Landesbischof 3139: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2980:Lower Lusatia 2975: 2970: 2964: 2959: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2868:Bernhard Rust 2864: 2860: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2830:Ludwig Müller 2822: 2818: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2787:Ludwig Müller 2785: 2784:army chaplain 2781: 2776: 2774: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2709:Old Testament 2706: 2705:proselytising 2702: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2682:Reichsbischof 2678: 2673: 2672:Führerprinzip 2669: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2576:German states 2572: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2533:Kirchenpartei 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2498:Kirchenpartei 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2416:Otto Dibelius 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2377:church senate 2374: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2359:church senate 2356: 2352: 2351:general synod 2348: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2273:deanery synod 2271:), holding a 2270: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2129: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2008:, joined the 2007: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1938:Czech Silesia 1935: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1913:) or Poland ( 1912: 1911:Hlučín Region 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1815:(Evangelical 1814: 1810: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1777:anti-Semitism 1773: 1771: 1767: 1766:Inner Mission 1763: 1762:Kirchen-Juste 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1680:Kirchenpartei 1676: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1624:Kirchenpartei 1620: 1618: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1590:Kirchenpartei 1587: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1537:Adalbert Falk 1534: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1367:Generalsynode 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1331: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1265: 1260: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1121:(combined as 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1073: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1017: 1013: 1007: 1006:Old Lutherans 997: 993: 991: 987: 986: 985:Old Lutherans 980: 978: 975:, founded in 974: 970: 966: 965:Lord's Supper 962: 958: 953: 948: 944: 940: 936: 931: 929: 923: 919: 914: 908: 903: 899: 895: 890: 888: 883: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 858: 853: 849: 845: 840: 838: 837:Real Presence 834: 830: 825: 820: 810: 808: 805: 801: 797: 791: 790:as of 1854). 789: 785: 784:first chamber 779: 775: 770: 766: 762: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 733: 728: 724: 719: 717: 712: 707: 701: 696: 691: 687: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 647:In 1814, the 645: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 618: 616: 612: 606: 604: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 576: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 549: 545: 536: 534: 531:, Poland, or 530: 526: 522: 518: 517:Low Countries 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 481: 477: 474: 471: 468: 464: 459: 456: 452: 448: 444: 442: 438: 435: 432: 428: 425: 422: 418: 415: 413: 409: 405: 404: 403: 396: 392: 390:2004–present 389: 388: 384: 381: 380: 376: 373: 372: 368: 365: 364: 360: 357: 356: 352: 349: 348: 344: 341: 340: 336: 333: 332: 324: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 235:German Empire 231: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 206: 202: 199:(known under 198: 189: 185: 180: 176: 172: 169: 167: 163: 159: 155: 152: 149: 145: 142: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 120: 116: 113: 110: 106: 99: 94: 89: 86: 78: 68: 64: 60: 56: 50: 48: 43:This article 41: 32: 31: 19: 13738:East Prussia 13605:Werner Elert 13600:Paul Althaus 13534:C. P. Krauth 13499:Neo-Lutheran 13419:August Kavel 13353:Old Lutheran 13288:J. G. Hamann 13134:Hesse-Cassel 13036:, J. Wilhelm 13031: 13002: 12989: 12974: 12960: 12946: 12938: 12907: 12899: 12892: 12885: 12874: 12859: 12845: 12830: 12815: 12800: 12782:Widerstandes 12780: 12773: 12772:Kurt Meier, 12766: 12752: 12737: 12733: 12718: 12703: 12688: 12673: 12666: 12651: 12644: 12638: 12621: 12607: 12592: 12585: 12581: 12571: 12557: 12539: 12524: 12509: 12502: 12491: 12479: 12468: 12461: 12450: 12435: 12428: 12421: 12403: 12396: 12378: 12363: 12356: 12343: 12336: 12335:Ward, W. R. 12329: 12322: 12311: 12301: 12294: 12278: 12271: 12264: 12257: 12247: 12240: 12233: 12209: 12204: 12189: 12184: 12169: 12164: 12149: 12126: 12101: 12096: 12081: 12064: 12055: 12040: 12018: 12014: 12005: 11997: 11992: 11984: 11979: 11971: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11936: 11928: 11923: 11914: 11906: 11901: 11885: 11868: 11856: 11840: 11835: 11826: 11794: 11786: 11781: 11773: 11765: 11760: 11751: 11743: 11738: 11715: 11708: 11703: 11692: 11684: 11679: 11670: 11662: 11657: 11649: 11643: 11621: 11616: 11608: 11602: 11585: 11577: 11573: 11564: 11551: 11531: 11523: 11499: 11490: 11480: 11460: 11455: 11447: 11442: 11433: 11425: 11416: 11407: 11398: 11389: 11381: 11377: 11356: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11339:founded the 11327: 11319: 11302: 11293: 11284: 11272: 11267: 11258: 11249: 11241: 11226: 11217: 11208: 11199: 11190: 11181: 11172: 11164: 11159: 11121: 11108: 11100: 11096: 11091: 11083: 11077: 11069: 11064: 11056: 10996: 10987: 10978: 10969: 10960: 10950: 10941: 10933: 10919: 10914: 10905: 10872: 10864: 10859: 10851: 10846: 10838: 10833: 10824: 10816: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10783: 10775: 10770: 10761: 10752: 10743: 10725: 10720: 10694: 10689: 10671: 10666: 10658: 10644: 10639: 10630: 10598: 10577: 10557: 10539: 10534: 10526: 10517: 10509: 10504: 10489: 10461: 10453: 10448: 10440: 10435: 10403: 10399: 10390: 10382: 10349: 10341: 10337: 10321: 10284: 10275: 10267: 10262: 10241: 10232: 10224: 10199: 10189: 10164: 10155: 10147: 10142: 10117: 10109: 10104: 10077: 10059: 10035: 10030: 10021: 10013: 10008: 10000: 9995: 9979: 9954: 9913: 9908: 9899: 9890: 9881: 9860: 9851: 9842: 9827: 9804: 9771: 9762: 9754: 9749: 9734: 9729: 9705: 9700: 9685: 9680: 9672: 9668: 9646: 9634:founded the 9631: 9608: 9594: 9569: 9554: 9538: 9522: 9519:Wilhelm Iwan 9513: 9498: 9493: 9485: 9480: 9467: 9452: 9429: 9396: 9391: 9384: 9379: 9364: 9330:Kirchenkampf 9310:August Kavel 9269:Manfred Sorg 9207: 9132:Horst Gienke 8983: 8979:old-Prussian 8978: 8975: 8962: 8923: 8916:August Jäger 8909: 8906:State Bishop 8880: 8844: 8829: 8771:August Jäger 8596: 8560: 8508:Manfred Kock 8434: 8341: 8276: 8272:church order 8268: 8246: 8242: 8133: 8105: 8088: 8078: 8031: 8024:in Germany. 8013: 8007: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7984: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7950: 7945: 7937: 7935: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7908: 7891: 7878: 7852: 7850: 7843: 7838: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7804: 7801:old-Prussian 7800: 7798: 7789: 7774: 7772: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7751: 7747: 7741: 7736: 7722: 7720: 7715: 7711: 7697: 7693: 7679: 7661: 7657: 7655: 7648:government. 7639: 7636:(East), 1959 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7582: 7580: 7567: 7563: 7561: 7557:Landessynode 7524: 7510: 7505: 7486: 7455:Ernst Hornig 7450: 7448: 7439: 7415: 7409: 7404: 7389: 7379: 7368: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7345: 7334: 7329: 7325: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7285: 7266: 7226: 7222: 7220: 7207: 7203: 7194: 7190: 7188: 7183: 7175: 7161: 7143: 7140:Lichterfelde 7125: 7117: 7105: 7099: 7059: 7057: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6998: 6993: 6989: 6981: 6977: 6969: 6965: 6955: 6951:Yellow badge 6944: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6928: 6923: 6894: 6892: 6883: 6875: 6871: 6869: 6858:Book of Amos 6837: 6832: 6829: 6813: 6810: 6797: 6793: 6791: 6775: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6744: 6719:Genghis Khan 6716: 6703: 6698: 6694: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6662: 6658:Exaudi Synod 6657: 6653: 6651: 6624: 6622: 6613: 6608: 6606: 6600: 6581: 6579: 6573: 6569: 6557: 6549: 6543: 6528:Martin Sasse 6523: 6517: 6476: 6455: 6453: 6427: 6420: 6415: 6407: 6377: 6358: 6353: 6349: 6344: 6329: 6320: 6316: 6296: 6277: 6252: 6236: 6230: 6226: 6208: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6177: 6160: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6137: 6122: 6120: 6107: 6103: 6098: 6096: 6087: 6083: 6081: 6062: 6033: 6017: 5998: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5977: 5972: 5958:Hermann Maas 5941: 5935: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5915: 5905: 5903: 5898: 5896: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5854: 5849: 5840: 5836: 5834: 5826: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5744: 5735: 5721: 5704: 5694:Kirchenkampf 5685: 5683: 5662: 5656: 5651: 5644:zigeunerfrei 5643: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5600: 5596: 5582: 5578: 5576: 5571: 5564:Nassau-Hesse 5555: 5547: 5543: 5541: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5510:. The first 5507: 5503: 5495: 5493: 5491:guidelines. 5488: 5484: 5480: 5478: 5446: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5428: 5423: 5415: 5398: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5376: 5356: 5344: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5317: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5298: 5290: 5282: 5268:Marga Meusel 5266: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5208: 5202: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5125: 5123: 5117: 5113: 5111: 5106: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5076:convened in 5073: 5067: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5012: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4989:Dahlem Synod 4988: 4984: 4982: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4966: 4961: 4947: 4939: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4909: 4895: 4891: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4848: 4844:Kirchenkampf 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4821: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4806:A so-called 4796: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4759: 4754: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4710: 4706: 4703:Kreispfarrer 4692: 4688: 4686: 4671: 4657: 4653: 4639: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4611:independent 4606: 4602: 4601:in Berlin's 4598: 4594: 4592: 4586: 4557:Edo Osterloh 4533: 4529: 4525: 4511:Bruno Violet 4485:Fritz Müller 4474:Günter Jacob 4438: 4436: 4422:and then to 4410:1935–1937), 4385: 4382: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4339: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4325: 4320: 4313:manor estate 4307:holding the 4300: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4277: 4273: 4271: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4227:New Covenant 4215: 4210: 4195: 4191: 4188:Barmen Synod 4187: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4156: 4154: 4144: 4132: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4084: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3929: 3921: 3919: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3878: 3868: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3827: 3816: 3804: 3799: 3792: 3777: 3775: 3769: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3734: 3685: 3680: 3655: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3599: 3590: 3576:Günter Jacob 3554: 3549: 3545: 3525: 3523: 3498: 3497:for all the 3494: 3489: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3441: 3435: 3411: 3402: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3373: 3372:). Then the 3369: 3342:and two for 3339: 3335: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3304: 3300: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3262: 3257:, while the 3254: 3240: 3217: 3178: 3174: 3172: 3162: 3148: 3133:State Bishop 3132: 3128: 3124: 3122: 3112: 3096: 3092: 3090: 3086:Adolf Hitler 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3067: 3009: 2994: 2992: 2987: 2934: 2930: 2928: 2923: 2920:Kirchenkampf 2895: 2893: 2878: 2872:August Jäger 2858: 2856: 2845: 2841: 2827: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2777: 2749: 2734: 2732: 2700: 2696: 2694: 2685: 2667: 2663: 2657: 2643: 2629: 2624: 2608: 2602: 2581: 2568: 2555: 2550: 2532: 2517:Wilhelm Kube 2514: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2490:Middle Party 2489: 2485: 2481: 2476:founded the 2469: 2467: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2448: 2443: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2413: 2404: 2390: 2380: 2376: 2369:Kirchensenat 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2340: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2315: 2300: 2286: 2272: 2269:Kirchenkreis 2244: 2236: 2234: 2226:Oldenburgian 2206: 2198: 2196: 2191: 2173: 2125: 2123: 2118: 2110: 2092: 2086: 2077: 2073: 2070:East Cantons 2062:Neu-Moresnet 2049: 2014: 2009: 1995: 1990: 1982: 1974: 1972: 1945: 1941: 1927: 1889:. The trans- 1879:West Prussia 1874: 1872: 1867:State Church 1866: 1852: 1848: 1836: 1834: 1816: 1805: 1793:Anti-Judaism 1774: 1761: 1742: 1737: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1658:Wilhelm Kahl 1646:Mittelpartei 1636:Middle party 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1582:presbyteries 1577: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1551:Presbyterium 1540: 1508: 1467: 1462: 1451:consistories 1448: 1391: 1381: 1371: 1336: 1334: 1329: 1245: 1210: 1205:Beer-Hofmann 1172: 1157:, and Queen 1154: 1079: 1059: 1034: 1019: 994: 983: 981: 946: 942: 938: 934: 932: 924: 913:Wilhelm Ross 911:(1832), and 897: 891: 879: 874: 841: 818: 816: 792: 780: 760: 758: 720: 692: 673:state church 653:Hohenzollern 646: 619: 613:, pastor of 607: 572: 564:Queen Louise 555: 553: 490: 466: 412:state church 401: 394: 290: 270:Soviet Union 262:East Germany 251: 247:state church 232: 196: 194: 147:Headquarters 85: 72: 44: 13628:F. J. Stahl 13615:High Church 13475:H. A. Preus 13318:Claus Harms 13293:Paul Henkel 13227:Württemberg 13181:old Prussia 13152:(Free City) 13074:(1922–1933) 12940:No. 1) 12494:, Hamburg, 11807: [ 11333:David Baron 9639: [ 9620: [ 9589:), today's 9562: [ 9547: [ 9272: [ 9267:2000–2003: 9258: [ 9253:1998–2000: 9244: [ 9239:1996–1998: 9230: [ 9227:Peter Beier 9225:1994–1996: 9198: [ 9193:1989–1991: 9177: [ 9172:1984–1987: 9163: [ 9158:1979–1983: 9149: [ 9144:1976–1979: 9135: [ 9130:1972–1976: 9112: [ 9107:1987–1991: 9098: [ 9093:1981–1987: 9084: [ 9081:Hans Thimme 9079:1975–1981: 9070: [ 9065:1972–1975: 9044: [ 9039:1970–1972: 9030: [ 9025:1963–1969: 9018:1960–1963: 9013:Kurt Scharf 9011:1957–1960: 9002: [ 8997:1951–1957: 8986:Kurt Scharf 8950: [ 8945:1935–1937: 8865: [ 8860:1934–1936: 8822: [ 8817:1933–1934: 8808: [ 8803:1922–1933: 8789:1945–1951: 8780: [ 8775:1933–1945: 8763: [ 8733: [ 8728:1925–1933: 8719: [ 8714:1919–1924: 8705: [ 8702:Bodo Voigts 8700:1903–1919: 8691: [ 8686:1891–1903: 8677: [ 8672:1878–1891: 8663: [ 8658:1873–1878: 8649: [ 8644:1872–1873: 8635: [ 8630:1865–1872: 8621: [ 8616:1863–1864: 8607: [ 8602:1850–1863: 8585:1998–2003: 8553:1988–1991: 8546:1982–1988: 8537: [ 8532:1976–1982: 8511: [ 8506:1988–1991: 8499:1976–1988: 8491: [ 8486:1972–1976: 8454:1950–1970: 8427: [ 8422:1933–1934: 8413: [ 8408:1915–1933: 8396: [ 8391:1875–1907: 8379: [ 8330:1888–1918: 8303:1861–1888: 8297:1840–1861: 8290:1817–1840: 8091:, with the 8048:as well as 7956: [ 7857:Berlin Wall 7782: [ 7615:Barmensians 7595:Barmensians 7478: [ 7465:beyond the 7424:Mecklenburg 7382:in today's 7162:The Allied 7132: [ 7118:privileged 7091: [ 7084:Ilse Härter 7082:, ordained 7072:Kurt Scharf 6956:Systematic 6918:, Catholic 6821: [ 6616:(so-called 6593: [ 6531: [ 6482: [ 6445: [ 6319:. Also the 6211:-dominated 6130: [ 6055: [ 6013:oecumenical 5982:within the 5965: [ 5876: [ 5728:Quedlinburg 5716:Quedlinburg 5708:Celebration 5609:Mecklenburg 5470: [ 5368: [ 5291:Cold Pogrom 5271: [ 5250: [ 5184:Hanns Kerrl 4983:The second 4976:-dominated 4917: [ 4709:as well as 4560: [ 4541: [ 4514: [ 4499: [ 4488: [ 4477: [ 4462: [ 4451: [ 4351:within the 4203: [ 3886:Kurt Scharf 3856:Hans Meiser 3791:nailed the 3579: [ 3568: [ 3552:the world. 3542:John Calvin 3478: [ 3468:Brown Synod 3420: [ 3362: [ 3347: [ 3223: [ 3201: [ 3190: [ 3068:On 11 July 3059: [ 3044: [ 3021: [ 3002: [ 2972: [ 2961: [ 2950: [ 2947:Max Diestel 2793:, a devout 2765: [ 2742: [ 2605:Third Reich 2422:within the 2283:Kreissynode 2218: [ 2168:signed the 2146: [ 2139:Memelgebiet 2024: [ 1897:) became a 1770:deaconesses 1688: [ 1661: [ 1609: [ 1588:. A strong 1486:Tecklenburg 1314:Switzerland 1298:Netherlands 1262: [ 1251: [ 1239:(Ar.), and 1217:Beit Sahour 1191:expatriates 957:evangelisch 947:Evangelical 943:Evangelical 916: [ 905: [ 863:Royal Saxon 855: [ 796:theological 772: [ 750:Reformation 742:Evangelical 730: [ 698: [ 684: [ 665:confederacy 533:Switzerland 529:Netherlands 497:Lutheranism 463:Landgericht 453:, with the 208:church body 118:Orientation 63:subheadings 13672:Categories 13373:Background 13302:Haugeanism 13186:Palatinate 13099:Birkenfeld 13007:Lutherhaus 12624:, Berlin: 11277:Lutherhaus 10361:until the 9711:Bundeswehr 9337:References 9027:Ernst Wilm 8488:Ernst Wilm 8222:14,700,000 8211:19,500,000 8200:18,700,000 8189:14,900,000 8178:11,000,000 8097:Wittenberg 7866:Staatsbank 7611:Dahlemites 7591:Dahlemites 7545:, and the 7500:). In the 7496:(see e.g. 6732:Lebensraum 6707:Euthanasia 6554:and Prayer 6552:Repentance 6488:in Berlin- 6384:Palatinate 6264:), led by 6077:Mischlinge 6044:Paulusbund 5904:The sixth 5835:The fifth 5607:, Lübeck, 5524:Dahlemites 5504:Dahlemites 5485:Dahlemites 5361:Oberhausen 4929:Dahlemites 4877:Dahlemiten 4867:Dahlemites 4822:In Berlin 4555:, Niesel, 4470:Fehrbellin 4424:Sigurdshof 4408:Hans Iwand 4110:Karl Barth 3858:, and the 3782:Wittenberg 3735:Luther Day 3557:Karl Barth 3293:, 40 were 3259:Nazi Party 2969:Ernst Vits 2958:Emil Karow 2870:appointed 2832:, elected 2791:Königsberg 2723:, Book of 2397:plebiscite 2230:Birkenfeld 2040:, Polish: 1979:Pomerellia 1962:, Polish: 1754:Schöneberg 1492:, and the 1490:Siegerland 1213:Beit Jalla 1203:in Rechov 1117:, and the 1010:See also: 807:ordination 804:ecumenical 638:Mennonites 630:consistory 622:absolutism 589:Consistory 511:, France ( 382:1953–2004 374:1922–1953 366:1875–1922 358:1845–1875 350:1821–1845 342:1817–1821 317:irreligion 305:Karl Barth 268:, and the 237:and later 205:Protestant 112:Protestant 59:condensing 13280:Awakening 13211:Thuringia 13176:Oldenburg 13109:Brunswick 12926:(ebook), 12918:(print), 12351:In German 11974:, p. 302. 11697:Amos 5:24 11534:, p. 130. 11233:‹See Tfd› 10925:‹See Tfd› 10879:‹See Tfd› 10731:‹See Tfd› 10677:‹See Tfd› 10650:‹See Tfd› 10512:, p. 206. 10409:‹See Tfd› 9717:‹See Tfd› 9652:‹See Tfd› 9600:‹See Tfd› 9579:‹See Tfd› 8947:Karl Eger 8233:9,262,000 7923:Pomerania 7899:‹See Tfd› 7830:‹See Tfd› 7728:‹See Tfd› 7703:‹See Tfd› 7685:‹See Tfd› 7671:‹See Tfd› 7619:Dibelians 7552:‹See Tfd› 7515:‹See Tfd› 7432:Thuringia 7305:‹See Tfd› 7290:. In the 7216:Züllichau 7180:Ruhr Area 6818:Paul Blau 6802:Warthegau 6686:‹See Tfd› 6634:‹See Tfd› 6570:Dahlemite 6499:‹See Tfd› 6490:Kreuzberg 6470:, Pastor 6466:, Pastor 6433:‹See Tfd› 6428:submarine 6424:Auschwitz 6398:from the 6304:‹See Tfd› 6283:‹See Tfd› 6257:‹See Tfd› 6243:IG Farben 6068:‹See Tfd› 6039:‹See Tfd› 6025:‹See Tfd› 6004:‹See Tfd› 5948:, Pastor 5845:Lippstadt 5659:Pentecost 5617:Thuringia 5605:Brunswick 5597:Lutherrat 5588:‹See Tfd› 5568:Oldenburg 5530:quit the 5489:Dahlemite 5348:‹See Tfd› 5323:‹See Tfd› 5131:‹See Tfd› 5009:rogations 5005:mysticism 4960:) of the 4953:‹See Tfd› 4901:‹See Tfd› 4872:‹See Tfd› 4746:‹See Tfd› 4739:), and a 4716:‹See Tfd› 4698:‹See Tfd› 4677:‹See Tfd› 4663:‹See Tfd› 4645:‹See Tfd› 4636:Bruderrat 4631:‹See Tfd› 4507:Elberfeld 4400:Bielefeld 4391:‹See Tfd› 4262:‹See Tfd› 4240:‹See Tfd› 4179:‹See Tfd› 3953:‹See Tfd› 3939:‹See Tfd› 3854:, led by 3838:) of the 3831:‹See Tfd› 3808:‹See Tfd› 3707:Kreuzberg 3694:‹See Tfd› 3676:heretical 3663:‹See Tfd› 3615:"Vision: 3514:‹See Tfd› 3504:‹See Tfd› 3383:‹See Tfd› 3246:‹See Tfd› 3232:‹See Tfd› 3138:‹See Tfd› 3104:‹See Tfd› 2997:Dr. iur. 2993:Then the 2984:New March 2915:‹See Tfd› 2901:‹See Tfd› 2884:‹See Tfd› 2810:‹See Tfd› 2773:Wuppertal 2725:Leviticus 2692:holiday. 2677:‹See Tfd› 2632:Reichstag 2563:concordat 2542:‹See Tfd› 2364:‹See Tfd› 2331:‹See Tfd› 2306:‹See Tfd› 2292:‹See Tfd› 2278:‹See Tfd› 2264:‹See Tfd› 2250:‹See Tfd› 2183:‹See Tfd› 2154:Lithuania 2134:‹See Tfd› 2102:‹See Tfd› 2033:‹See Tfd› 1955:‹See Tfd› 1858:‹See Tfd› 1825:marks (ℳ) 1821:war bonds 1641:‹See Tfd› 1592:were the 1555:Presbyter 1546:‹See Tfd› 1528:‹See Tfd› 1499:‹See Tfd› 1395:‹See Tfd› 1362:‹See Tfd› 1352:‹See Tfd› 1342:‹See Tfd› 1320:(5), and 1296:(2), the 1274:Argentina 1233:Jerusalem 1183:Holy Land 1127:Schleswig 1065:‹See Tfd› 1051:‹See Tfd› 990:sectarian 952:‹See Tfd› 824:‹See Tfd› 711:‹See Tfd› 667:) as the 642:Moravians 513:Huguenots 501:Calvinism 323:in 2003. 258:Lithuania 175:Calvinist 166:Merger of 130:Calvinist 75:June 2023 67:talk page 55:splitting 53:Consider 13272:revivals 12306:in JSTOR 12283:in JSTOR 12252:in JSTOR 12000:, p. 19. 11931:, p. 13. 11890:Archived 11877:Archived 11580:, p. 24. 11428:, p. 26. 11384:, p. 12. 11331:In 1893 11244:, p. 11. 11236:German: 11167:, p. 41. 10928:German: 10882:German: 10734:German: 10680:German: 10653:German: 10529:, p. 13. 10412:German: 10207:, later 10194:(32.5%). 10150:, p. 28. 9720:German: 9709:for the 9655:German: 9603:German: 9283:See also 8543:(*1939*) 8101:Eisleben 8064:and the 8052:and the 7913:and the 7902:German: 7833:German: 7731:German: 7706:German: 7688:German: 7674:German: 7555:German: 7518:German: 7459:Świdnica 7308:German: 7248:Red Army 7242:and the 7170:and the 7035:and the 6740:genocide 6689:German: 6643:Eisenach 6637:German: 6618:Epiphany 6607:Holding 6544:For the 6502:German: 6436:German: 6382:and the 6307:German: 6286:German: 6274:Anschluß 6260:German: 6071:German: 6042:German: 6028:German: 6007:German: 5646:for the 5591:German: 5351:German: 5326:German: 5134:German: 5078:Augsburg 4956:German: 4904:German: 4875:German: 4832:red card 4808:Red Card 4749:German: 4719:German: 4701:German: 4680:German: 4666:German: 4648:German: 4634:German: 4432:Dortmund 4394:German: 4317:advowson 4282:Pietists 4265:German: 4243:German: 4225:and the 4182:German: 3999:and the 3956:German: 3942:German: 3915:legalist 3834:German: 3811:German: 3786:Reformer 3697:German: 3666:German: 3642:Crucifix 3517:German: 3507:German: 3386:German: 3249:German: 3235:German: 3141:German: 3107:German: 2982:and the 2918:German: 2904:German: 2887:German: 2876:Prussian 2813:German: 2703:opposed 2680:German: 2648:Dibelius 2545:German: 2440:Occident 2367:German: 2345:and the 2334:German: 2309:German: 2295:German: 2281:German: 2267:German: 2253:German: 2228:exclave 2211:Klaipėda 2186:German: 2137:German: 2105:German: 2066:St. Vith 2036:German: 1958:German: 1861:German: 1685:Positive 1654:theology 1644:German: 1622:A third 1549:German: 1531:German: 1502:German: 1398:German: 1365:German: 1355:German: 1345:German: 1302:Portugal 1282:Bulgaria 1243:(Ger.). 1241:Waldheim 1237:Nazareth 1231:(Ger.), 1227:(Ger.), 1187:Templers 1131:Holstein 1068:German: 1054:German: 992:groups. 955:German: 939:Reformed 935:Lutheran 922:(1836). 827:German: 714:German: 624:and the 575:Napoléon 521:Wallonia 407:Prussia. 220:Reformed 216:Lutheran 171:Lutheran 126:Lutheran 47:too long 13361:Germany 13119:Hamburg 11687:, p. 3. 10995:of the 10955:71seqq. 10521:It was 9557:), the 8550:(*1932) 8517:(*1936) 8503:(*1934) 8344:praeses 8085:Silesia 7919:Silesia 7666:praeses 7574:in the 7490:Masuria 7471:Görlitz 7463:Wrocław 7420:Hanover 7354:of the 7263:Postwar 7174:of the 7168:Rhenish 7114:Cologne 6988:-Hamm; 6986:Hamburg 6910:of the 6568:), the 6550:Day of 6537:of the 6333:rectory 5734:of the 5730:-based 5710:in the 5566:and of 4946:of the 4787:of the 4772:of the 4731:of the 4727:or the 4532:(KiHo, 4284:in the 4194:of the 4186:, also 3691:(YMCA, 3644:of the 3493:in the 3486:praeses 3484:, then 3407:baptism 3357:), and 3287:Staaken 3183:Gestapo 3153:bishops 3014:penance 2943:Spandau 2717:charity 2640:Potsdam 2444:Kurmark 2420:Kurmark 2373:praeses 2259:deanery 2058:Malmedy 1944:of the 1919:Belgium 1775:Modern 1708:. King 1567:Älteste 1533:Landtag 1521:in the 1478:Juliers 1453:led by 1322:Uruguay 1306:Romania 1223:(Ar.), 1219:(Ar.), 1215:(Ar.), 1153:, then 1109:), the 1098:deanery 977:Breslau 894:Kurmark 867:Provost 848:worship 723:Potsdam 515:), the 509:Bohemia 487:History 243:schisms 224:Prussia 188:Hanover 141:Prussia 45:may be 13196:Saxony 13171:Nassau 13150:Lübeck 13104:Bremen 13084:Anhalt 12996: 12981: 12967: 12953: 12922: 12914: 12866: 12852: 12837: 12822: 12807: 12792: 12759: 12744: 12725: 12710: 12695: 12680: 12658: 12632: 12614: 12599: 12564: 12546: 12531: 12516: 12486: 12442: 12410: 12389: 12370: 12325:(1969) 12316:online 12297:(1951) 12289:online 12216: 12196: 12176: 12156: 12133: 12108: 12088: 12047: 11883:, on: 11471: 11312:Bochum 10496: 10328: 10084: 9986: 9961: 9920: 9834: 9811: 9741: 9692: 9583:German 9529: 9505: 9459: 9436: 9403: 9371: 9208: 8963: 8561: 8236:−37.0% 8225:−24.6% 8203:+25.5% 8192:+35.5% 8040:, the 8036:, the 7609:, the 7576:Bizone 7541:, the 7537:, the 7533:, the 7529:, the 7430:, and 7348:Treysa 7005:Aryans 6964:or to 6804:under 6747:Poland 6566:Advent 6438:U-Boot 6400:Abwehr 6369:Lublin 6321:intact 6104:Israel 5839:(also 5750:(also 5718:, 1938 5669:, the 5560:Bremen 5465:, and 5217:(also 4305:patron 4221:, the 4166:Barmen 4141:Moabit 3672:schism 3638:Christ 3368:(both 3315:, the 3181:. The 2559:vicars 2500:, the 2484:(EuL, 2158:France 2115:Senate 2064:, and 1987:Soldau 1930:Hlučín 1891:Niemen 1887:Danzig 1883:Poland 1752:, and 1586:synods 1488:, the 1476:, and 1474:Cleves 1457:. The 1402:; see 1310:Serbia 1280:(10), 1278:Brazil 1257:, the 1113:, the 844:Agenda 527:, the 519:, and 451:schism 334:Years 311:, and 264:, the 157:Origin 151:Berlin 137:Region 13145:Lippe 13139:Hesse 13089:Baden 12496:Univ. 12473:Univ. 11956:Aryan 11951:Aryan 11811:] 9643:] 9624:] 9566:] 9551:] 9276:] 9262:] 9248:] 9234:] 9202:] 9188:Stasi 9181:] 9167:] 9153:] 9139:] 9116:] 9102:] 9088:] 9074:] 9048:] 9034:] 9006:] 8954:] 8869:] 8826:] 8812:] 8784:] 8767:] 8737:] 8723:] 8709:] 8695:] 8681:] 8667:] 8653:] 8639:] 8625:] 8611:] 8577:Stasi 8541:] 8515:] 8495:] 8431:] 8417:] 8400:] 8383:] 8359:1846: 8348:synod 8309:1888: 8230:1990 8219:1950 8214:+4.3% 8208:1933 8197:1925 8186:1890 8175:1865 7960:] 7942:Stasi 7821:EKapU 7786:] 7632:) in 7482:] 7136:] 7095:] 6847:19:18 6825:] 6641:) in 6597:] 6535:] 6486:] 6449:] 6380:Baden 6134:] 6059:] 5969:] 5880:] 5562:, of 5474:] 5372:] 5283:Aryan 5275:] 5254:] 5001:Aryan 4921:] 4564:] 4545:] 4518:] 4503:] 4492:] 4481:] 4466:] 4455:] 4207:] 3907:Aryan 3902:Aryan 3894:Aryan 3701:) in 3646:altar 3636:Then 3583:] 3572:] 3482:] 3424:] 3398:too. 3366:] 3351:] 3227:] 3205:] 3194:] 3063:] 3048:] 3025:] 3006:] 2976:] 2965:] 2954:] 2789:from 2769:] 2746:] 2728:19:18 2721:Torah 2525:NSDAP 2222:] 2162:Italy 2150:] 2054:Eupen 2028:] 1694:Union 1692:] 1665:] 1613:] 1571:elder 1316:(1), 1308:(8), 1304:(1), 1300:(2), 1294:Italy 1292:(2), 1290:Egypt 1288:(3), 1286:Chile 1284:(1), 1276:(3), 1266:] 1255:] 1149:King 1042:synod 920:] 909:] 882:synod 859:] 776:] 761:Union 734:] 716:Talar 702:] 688:] 12994:ISBN 12979:ISBN 12965:ISBN 12951:ISBN 12920:ISBN 12912:ISBN 12864:ISBN 12850:ISBN 12835:ISBN 12820:ISBN 12805:ISBN 12790:ISBN 12757:ISBN 12742:ISBN 12723:ISBN 12708:ISBN 12693:ISBN 12678:ISBN 12656:ISBN 12630:ISBN 12612:ISBN 12597:ISBN 12562:ISBN 12544:ISBN 12529:ISBN 12514:ISBN 12484:ISBN 12440:ISBN 12408:ISBN 12387:ISBN 12368:ISBN 12214:ISBN 12194:ISBN 12174:ISBN 12154:ISBN 12131:ISBN 12106:ISBN 12086:ISBN 12045:ISBN 11555:Cf. 11469:ISBN 11335:and 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