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back and forth between officer and enlisted status in both the Army and the Marine Corps that this was not in the best interests of the service, Carlson radically reformed the raider battalion along much more egalitarian lines. Leaders were expected to serve the unit and the fighters they led, not to be served. Responsibility, not privilege, would be the keyword for battalion leadership when the Second
Raiders formed up. Using an egalitarian and team-building approach, Carlson promulgated a new way for senior NCOs to mentor junior officers and work with the officers for the betterment of the unit. Even more controversial in concept, Carlson gave his men "ethical indoctrination," designed to "give (his men) conviction through persuasion," describing for each man what he was fighting for and why.
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The Navy Cross is presented to Evans
Fordyce Carlson, Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Reserve), for extraordinary heroism and courage as leader of the Second Marine Raider Battalion in action against enemy forces in the British Solomon Islands during the period from November 4 to December 4,
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personally directed his forces in the face of intense fire of enemy ground troops and aerial bombing barrage, inflicting great personnel and material damage on the enemy. In the withdrawal of his forces under adverse sea conditions, he displayed outstanding resourcefulness, initiative and resolute
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The Navy Cross is presented to Evans
Fordyce Carlson, Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Reserve), for extraordinary heroism and distinguished service as Commanding Officer of the Second Marine Raider Battalion in action against Japanese forces on Makin Island, August 17–18, 1942. In the first
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In the United States military there was a sharp caste-system divide between officers and enlisted personnel, and even experienced noncommissioned officers were expected to be subservient to even the newest, greenest second lieutenant. Drawing on his time in China and his experience in having gone
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When
Carlson left China in 1938, he was commended by the commander in chief of the Asiatic Fleet for his services. Carlson was so impressed with the danger of Japanese aggression in the Far East that in 1939, he resigned his commission as a captain in order to be free to write and lecture on that
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was assigned at Jalapa in the bandit area of Nueva
Segovia. On July 8, 1930, he received a report that a group of one hundred bandits were looting the town of Portillo. He immediately left with a detachment of sixteen men to gain contact. Four of the men deserted en route but with the remaining
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twelve men he pushed on and overtook and gained contact with a group of forty bandits, completely routing them, killing two and wounding seven, without any casualties to his detachment. Arms, ammunition, equipment and clothing looted from the town of
Portillo were recaptured.
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Physical disability resulting from the wounds received on Saipan caused
Carlson's retirement on July 1, 1946. He was advanced to the rank of brigadier general on the retired list at that time for having been specially commended for the performance of duty in actual combat.
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led his men in a determined and aggressive search for threatening hostile forces, overcoming all opposition and completing their mission with small losses to our men while taking heavy toll of the enemy. His personal valor and inspiring fortitude reflect great credit upon
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Of more lasting importance to the Marine Corps, Carlson also changed the organization of his squads, eschewing an eight-man squad dictated by the
Marines in favor of a 10-man squad composed of a squad leader and three 3-man "fireteams", each containing a
517:. Traveling thousands of miles through the interior of China with the communist guerrillas, often on foot and horseback over the most hazardous terrain, he lived under the same primitive conditions. He was impressed by the tactics used by
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The Navy Cross is presented to Evans
Fordyce Carlson, First Lieutenant, U.S. Marine Corps, for extraordinary heroism while attached to the Guardia Nacional from May 16, 1930, to May 1, 1931. Upon joining the Guardia Nacional,
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purpose in evacuating all wounded and disabled men. His high courage and excellent leadership throughout the engagement were in keeping with the finest traditions of the United States Naval
Service.
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with the rank of lieutenant colonel, a new combat organization whose creation he influenced. Because of his relationship with President Roosevelt and the president's son, Captain
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On March 15, 1943, the four raider battalions were placed under the control of the newly created 1st Raider Regiment, commanded by the former commander of the 3rd Raiders, Col.
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in November 1943, as an observer, and was cited for volunteering to carry vital information through enemy fire from an advanced post to division headquarters. During the
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in 1924 and remained there five months before being ordered to the West Coast for duty with the Pacific Fleet. Applying for aviation training in 1925, he went to
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subject. When the danger he foresaw neared reality in 1941, Carlson applied to be recommissioned in the Marine Corps and was accepted with the rank of major.
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270:. Many credit Carlson with developing the tactics and attitude that would later come to define America's special operations forces. He is renowned for the "
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in 1944, he was wounded while attempting to rescue a wounded enlisted radioman from a front-line observation post, and was awarded a second Purple Heart (
358:) for wounds received in action. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in May 1917, and made captain of field artillery in December 1917. He served in
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for leading 12 Marines against 100 bandits in a night attack to break up a threat to his garrison. He was also commended for his actions following the
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Carlson's career as a Marine started in 1922 when he enlisted as a private. In 1923, he was again commissioned a second lieutenant. After duty at
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proposing the creation of the Raiders, the Marine Corps authorized the creation of the Raiders despite misgivings about Carlson's philosophy.
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505:. This encounter led him to visit the Chinese communist troop headquarters in northern China, where he met Chinese Communist leaders such as
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maintained his district in a most excellent manner and by his activities and well-directed operations kept it singularly free from banditry.
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Carlson was soon ordered back to the United States for medical treatment of malaria and jaundice, and served as a technical advisor to
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and as a military observer with Chinese forces. There he was afforded the opportunity to learn the tactics of the Japanese soldier.
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1620:, Furman Magazine. Carol Carlson Loving on her grandfather. (PDF file, from the U.S. Embassy in Beijing China)
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squad-organization concept pioneered by Carlson, which was soon adopted by the Marine Corps as a whole.
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1510:"American Commando: Evans Carlson, His WWII Marine Raiders and America's First Special Forces Mission",
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628:-inch gold star in lieu of third Navy Cross) for extraordinary heroism and distinguished leadership on
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Carlson wrote books about his third tour in China when he was attached to the Chinese 8th Route Army:
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in 1930 as an officer in the Guardia Nacional. A first lieutenant at the time, he earned his first
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258:(February 26, 1896 – May 27, 1947) was a decorated and retired United States Marine Corps
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1536:, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1944. (Details Carlson's Long Patrol on Guadalcanal)
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1942. In the face of most difficult conditions of tropical weather and heavy growth,
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while attending Marine Corps Schools, and studying International Law and Politics at
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1252:, International Secretariat, Institute of Pacific Relations, 1939. (ASIN B00089LO5S)
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1492:, History Division, United States Marine Corps. (URL accessed November 27, 2021)
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On May 27, 1947, at age 51, Carlson died as the result of a cardiac ailment at
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He went back to China for the third time in 1937 as an official student of the
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He subsequently returned to the Pacific campaign and participated in the
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with the Army of Occupation. He was discharged from the army in 1921.
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Forgotten Raiders of '42: The Fate of the Marines Left Behind on Makin
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in lieu of second Navy Cross). He received a third Navy Cross (second
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418:, and for performance of duties as Chief of Police in 1932 and 1933.
286:, in which 488 Japanese were killed. Carlson popularized the phrase "
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Peatross, Oscar F. (1995). John P. McCarthy; John Clayborne (eds.).
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to fight Japanese troops. Carlson adopted the phrase "gung ho" from
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of the Marine Corps Detachment at President Roosevelt's alternative
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Returning to the United States in 1933, Captain Carlson served as
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Quirk, Brian J. "Reflections of Carlson's Raiders", Commentary,
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Navy Cross Awards to members of the U.S. Marines in World War II
529:. Carlson often had leftwing political views, prompting General
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Evans F. Carlson, Brigadier General, United States Marine Corps
1422:. From Makin to Bougainville: Marine Raiders in the Pacific War
1399:. From Makin to Bougainville: Marine Raiders in the Pacific War
1329:. From Makin to Bougainville: Marine Raiders in the Pacific War
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operation of this type ever conducted by United States forces,
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Young, Howard. "Carlson's Raiders on Makin, August 17–18, 1942
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Haughey, David W. "Carlson's Raid on Makin Island", Feature,
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in 1910 and two years later disguised his age to enter the
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Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1947. (ASIN B0007HNZ8K)
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Don Burke (September 20, 1943). "Carlson of the Raiders".
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During his first enlistment in the army, he served in the
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Carlson's Raid : The Daring Marine Assault on Makin,
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The Chinese army its organization and military efficiency
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Military Secretary to the Commandant of the Marine Corps
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Guadalcanal, Long Patrol (November 4 – December 4, 1942)
561:, a Marine reserve captain who authored a letter to the
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After his Warm Springs tour Carlson was posted to the
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Gung Ho!: The Story of Carlson's Makin Island Raiders
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to say of him, "He may be red, but he's not yellow."
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United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
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Navy Cross Awards during the 2nd Nicaraguan Campaign
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438:, where he became closely acquainted with President
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The Island: A History of the Marines On Guadalcanal
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The Big Yankee: The Life of Carlson of the Raiders,
604:, August 17, 1942, earned him a second Navy Cross (
1226:, his command and the United States Naval Service.
600:Carlson's leadership of the Second Raiders in the
1859:United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory
1549:Bless 'em All: The Raider Marines of World War II
1380:Bless 'em All: The Raider Marines of World War II
682:-inch gold star in lieu of second Purple Heart).
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1208:Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Reserve)
298:Evans Carlson was born on February 26, 1896, in
1258:, China and U.S. Publication. (ASIN B0006F13D2)
1181:Commanding Officer, 2d Marine Raider Battalion
1179:Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Reserve)
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449:
274:" in 1942, and his raiders' "Long Patrol" (aka
2399:American military personnel of the Banana Wars
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1212:Date of Action: November 4 – December 4, 1942
1210:Commanding Officer, 2d Marine Raider Battalion
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350:, he saw action in France, and was awarded a
2364:Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
1395:Hoffman, Maj. Jon T. (USMC) (October 2013).
1325:Hoffman, Maj. Jon T. (USMC) (October 2013).
2349:United States Army personnel of World War I
1742:Seapower and Projection Forces subcommittee
1256:Evans F. Carlson on China at War, 1937–1941
365:
330:. He was discharged in 1916 as a "top" or
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1153:Date of Action: May 16, 1930 – May 1, 1931
31:
2374:Recipients of the War Merit Cross (Italy)
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553:In 1942, he was placed in command of the
549:LtCol Carlson after the Makin Island Raid
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1684:Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps
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1848:Marine Corps Combat Development Command
1512:Dutton Caliber, 2010. (ISBN 0451229983)
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1173:Makin Island, Raid (August 17–18, 1942)
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1106:Nicaraguan Presidential Order of Merit
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306:minister. He ran away from his home in
2389:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
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1532:Merillat, Herbert C. (Captain, USMCR)
1498:, Arlington National Cemetery profile.
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1309:The Long, Strange Journey Of 'Gung-Ho'
1143:Nicaragua (May 16, 1930 – May 1, 1931)
2384:People from Delaware County, New York
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1432:The Marines adopted a 4-man fireteam.
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1121:Nicaraguan Medal of Distinction with
181:United States occupation of Nicaragua
2394:People from Clackamas County, Oregon
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694:Grave at Arlington National Cemetery
384:Naval Aeronautical Station Pensacola
317:
2379:United States Marine Corps generals
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1183:Date of Action: August 17–18, 1942
1149:First Lieutenant, U.S. Marine Corps
13:
2163:Color Sergeant of the Marine Corps
1689:Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps
1591:Wiles, W. Emerson "Tripp" (2007).
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729:General Carlson's awards include:
576:LtCol Carlson is decorated by Adm
16:United States Marine Corps general
14:
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2369:Recipients of the Legion of Merit
1703:Marine Corps three-star generals
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1490:Who's Who in Marine Corps History
1354:. p. 58; cited in Moe (1967)
1246:, Dodd, Mead & Company, 1940.
1010:Presidential Unit Citation (Navy)
541:World War II, "Carlson's Raiders"
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2271:History of Hispanics in the USMC
1853:Training & Education Command
1787:Organization of the Marine Corps
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1056:Second Nicaraguan Campaign Medal
1028:Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal
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2027:Criminal Investigation Division
1749:Senate Armed Services Committee
1699:Marine Corps four-star generals
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632:in November and December 1942.
527:Chinese Industrial Cooperatives
2409:Military personnel from Oregon
1819:III Marine Expeditionary Force
1737:House Armed Services Committee
1679:Commandant of the Marine Corps
1529:85(8): 56–64, August 31, 2001.
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1078:Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
1066:American Defense Service Medal
563:Commandant of the Marine Corps
555:Second Marine Raider Battalion
422:Friendship with the Roosevelts
341:
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1:
1802:II Marine Expeditionary Force
1543:85(8):58–61, August 31, 2001.
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1418:Hoffman, Maj. Jon T. (USMC).
1151:Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua
717:General Carlson is buried in
2276:History of women in the USMC
2246:Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima
2037:Chaplain of the Marine Corps
1898:Marine Air-Ground Task Force
1882:Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary
1866:Marine Corps Systems Command
1814:I Marine Expeditionary Force
647:Later service in the Pacific
519:Chinese Communist guerrillas
480:George Washington University
450:Second and third China tours
397:
7:
2404:United States Army officers
1674:Under Secretary of the Navy
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719:Arlington National Cemetery
336:Mexican punitive expedition
139:1922–1939, 1941–1946 (USMC)
85:Arlington National Cemetery
10:
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1655:United States Marine Corps
1364:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1224:Lieutenant Colonel Carlson
1219:Lieutenant Colonel Carlson
1190:Lieutenant Colonel Carlson
1094:World War II Victory Medal
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661:(released December 1943).
128:United States Marine Corps
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2218:Marine Corps War Memorial
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2068:Officer Candidates School
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1994:
1985:
1938:Marine expeditionary unit
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1792:Headquarters Marine Corps
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1382:ReView Publications, 1995
1102:Croce al Merito di Guerra
1040:World War I Victory Medal
499:in China and read Snow's
354:(later exchanged for the
247:Croce al Merito di Guerra
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2168:Eagle, Globe, and Anchor
2042:Associated organizations
1470:August 29, 2006, at the
1448:August 29, 2006, at the
1378:p.78 Peatross, Oscar F.
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1229:SPOT AWARD, January 1943
1196:SPOT AWARD, October 1942
1161:First Lieutenant Carlson
710:. He had been living in
580:, on September 30, 1942.
434:and vacation retreat at
366:U.S. Marine Corps career
185:Second Sino-Japanese War
96:United States of America
2032:Judge Advocate Division
1586:87(8): August 31, 2003.
1569:Presidio Press, 2001. (
1420:"Reshaping the raiders"
1073:American Campaign Medal
474:. At home he served at
402:Carlson was ordered to
262:who was the leader of "
173:Pancho Villa Expedition
1958:Marine Raider Regiment
1327:"Creating the raiders"
1206:CARLSON, EVANS FORDYCE
1177:CARLSON, EVANS FORDYCE
1147:CARLSON, EVANS FORDYCE
725:Awards and decorations
695:
581:
550:
2120:Vehicles and aircraft
1943:Marine Security Guard
1826:Marine Forces Reserve
1809:Marine Forces Pacific
1797:Marine Forces Command
1754:Seapower subcommittee
1669:Secretary of the Navy
1397:"Shaping the raiders"
1049:Yangtze Service Medal
1035:Mexican Service Medal
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575:
548:
440:Franklin D. Roosevelt
436:Warm Springs, Georgia
256:Evans Fordyce Carlson
134:Years of service
25:Evans Fordyce Carlson
2208:White House Sentries
2203:Silent Drill Platoon
2183:Drum and Bugle Corps
2125:Individual equipment
2078:Martial Arts Program
1616:Richardson-Moore, .
1584:Marine Corps Gazette
1541:Marine Corps Gazette
1527:Marine Corps Gazette
1138:Navy Cross citations
686:Retirement and death
380:Culebra, Puerto Rico
243:Combat Action Ribbon
200:Guadalcanal campaign
163:2nd Raider Battalion
1244:Twin Stars of China
1061:China Service Medal
637:Harry B. Liversedge
502:Red Star Over China
2223:Marine Detachments
2153:Acronyms and terms
2063:School of Infantry
2017:Historical Marines
1948:Special Operations
1831:Fleet Marine Force
1516:Blankfort, Michael
1444:, Home of Heroes.
1166:Lieutenant Carlson
994:Purple Heart Medal
712:Brightwood, Oregon
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356:Purple Heart Medal
312:United States Army
238:Purple Heart Medal
116:United States Army
37:BGen Evans Carlson
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2022:Marine Astronauts
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1618:"A Marine Legacy"
1602:978-1-59797-055-6
1595:. Potomac Books.
1565:Smith, George W.
1466:, Home of Heroes
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578:Chester W. Nimitz
464:American Legation
428:executive officer
318:U.S. Army service
304:Congregationalist
272:Makin Island raid
264:Carlson's Raiders
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195:Makin Island Raid
153:Brigadier general
53:February 26, 1896
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2252:Rifleman's Creed
2073:The Basic School
2058:Recruit Training
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1277:Biography portal
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666:Battle of Tarawa
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490:Chinese language
484:Washington, D.C.
378:, he sailed for
300:Sidney, New York
276:Carlson's patrol
217:Battle of Saipan
212:Battle of Tarawa
205:Carlson's patrol
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73:Portland, Oregon
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56:Sidney, New York
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35:
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20:
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2288:Honorary Marine
2281:Women's Reserve
2240:National Museum
2213:Service Numbers
2135:
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2012:Notable Marines
1987:
1981:
1933:Marine aviation
1886:
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1503:Further reading
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1472:Wayback Machine
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974:
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960:
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848:
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793:
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688:
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649:
624:
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606:
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559:James Roosevelt
543:
452:
424:
412:1931 earthquake
400:
392:Shanghai, China
368:
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320:
302:, the son of a
296:
260:general officer
245:
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234:Legion of Merit
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1611:External links
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531:David M. Shoup
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332:first sergeant
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2188:Horse Marines
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2093:and equipment
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2015:
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2002:Rank insignia
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671:
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654:
653:Walter Wanger
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633:
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574:
570:
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560:
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515:Deng Xiaoping
512:
508:
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498:
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491:
486:
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352:Wound Chevron
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45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2310:
2256:
2244:
1988:and training
1717:2010–present
1592:
1585:
1581:
1566:
1548:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1509:
1489:
1437:
1424:. Retrieved
1413:
1401:. Retrieved
1379:
1374:
1349:
1343:
1331:. Retrieved
1304:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1238:
1235:Bibliography
1223:
1218:
1205:
1189:
1176:
1165:
1160:
1146:
1131:silver star
1044:France clasp
1023:bronze stars
728:
716:
701:
697:
663:
656:
650:
634:
599:
583:
567:
552:
535:
500:
494:
487:
453:
442:and his son
425:
401:
372:MCB Quantico
369:
345:
321:
297:
268:World War II
255:
254:
190:World War II
169:Battles/wars
68:(1947-05-27)
66:May 27, 1947
18:
2344:1947 deaths
2339:1896 births
2198:Color Guard
2178:Marine Band
1729:US Congress
1403:January 30,
1333:January 30,
1080:with three
1012:with three
630:Guadalcanal
456:4th Marines
432:White House
348:World War I
342:World War I
324:Philippines
294:Early years
284:Guadalcanal
177:World War I
2333:Categories
2193:Marine One
1908:Battalions
1662:Leadership
1551:. Review.
1481:References
1118:gold star
1006:gold star
983:gold stars
970:Navy Cross
602:Makin Raid
523:Rewi Alley
511:Zhou Enlai
507:Mao Zedong
497:Edgar Snow
408:Navy Cross
229:Navy Cross
187:(observer)
92:Allegiance
49:1896-02-26
1995:Personnel
1986:Personnel
1928:MEF/Corps
1923:Divisions
1913:Regiments
1891:Structure
1875:Auxiliary
1712:2000–2009
1707:1942–1959
972:with two
616:gold star
593:, and an
404:Nicaragua
398:Nicaragua
282:lines on
278:) behind
266:" during
2317:Category
2158:Birthday
2100:Uniforms
2091:Uniforms
2051:Training
1975:Division
1918:Brigades
1836:Atlantic
1780:commands
1468:Archived
1446:Archived
1426:June 27,
1263:See also
1100:Italian
641:fireteam
591:Thompson
476:Quantico
460:Shanghai
376:Virginia
280:Japanese
159:Commands
102:Service/
2298:Gung ho
2148:Culture
2143:History
2134:History
2115:Weapons
1855:(TECOM)
1841:Pacific
1126:⁄
1113:⁄
1085:⁄
1017:⁄
1001:⁄
977:⁄
677:⁄
623:⁄
609:⁄
597:rifle.
495:He met
468:Peiping
416:Managua
388:Florida
360:Germany
346:During
308:Vermont
288:gung-ho
249:(Italy)
2110:Badges
2105:Awards
1778:Major
1599:
1573:
1555:
614:-inch
328:Hawaii
225:Awards
125:
113:
104:branch
75:, U.S.
58:, U.S.
2264:march
2235:Oorah
1970:Force
1965:Recon
1903:Bases
1296:Notes
1108:with
1042:with
996:with
472:Japan
444:James
2173:Flag
1597:ISBN
1571:ISBN
1553:ISBN
1428:2008
1405:2014
1366:link
1351:Life
1335:2014
589:, a
513:and
326:and
144:Rank
63:Died
43:Born
2007:MOS
706:in
655:'s
587:BAR
525:'s
482:in
458:in
414:at
290:".
240:(2)
231:(3)
2335::
1582:,
1518:.
1488:,
1456:^
1387:^
1362:}}
1358:{{
1315:^
1128:16
1115:16
1087:16
1019:16
1003:16
985:|
979:16
721:.
679:16
625:16
611:16
595:M1
509:,
466:,
446:.
394:.
386:,
374:,
338:.
314:.
2231:"
2227:"
1647:e
1640:t
1633:v
1605:.
1577:)
1561:.
1430:.
1407:.
1368:)
1337:.
1124:3
1111:5
1083:3
1015:3
999:5
975:5
675:5
621:5
607:5
51:)
47:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
