1478:'s report continues that a quarrel then broke out at Muhammad's bedside, with some suggesting that his orders should be followed and some siding with Umar to disregard the prophet's request, adds Ibn Sa'd in his most detailed report. As the noise and quarrel increased, Muhammad asked them to leave and did not write anything. In one of Ibn Sa'd's reports, Muhammad's wives demand that his request is fulfilled but are silenced by Umar. Another report of him identifies Muhammad's wife
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903:
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The accounts of al-Halabi and Ibn Hazm are similar to that of al-Baladhuri. Al-Halabi relates from Aisha with no further chain of transmission, while Ibn Hazm also expresses his regret about this missed opportunity to designate Abu Bakr, which would have prevented so much bloodshed after
Muhammad, in
1697:
as the designated successor, which
Muhammad intended to put into writing on his deathbed. In one of al-Baladhuri's reports, Muhammad clearly says so, adding that his writing would prevent discord among Muslims. There is also no mention of Umar and Ali in al-Baladhuri's reports and the focus is on Abu
1796:
For
Miskinzoda, the focal point of the story is the question of Muhammad's religious authority, exemplified by Umar's statement, "You have the Quran, the book of God is sufficient for us." In her view, these traditions imply that the Quran is sufficient for the guidance of Muslims after Muhammad. In
1709:
Ibn Kathir goes further and presents a highly polemic account of
Muhammad's death, adding that he designated Abu Bakr as his successor in his last sermon, an important announcement for which he had to purify himself first. The general Sunni belief today is that Muhammad did not appoint a successor.
1358:
expressed a wish to issue a written statement shortly before his death, possibly on a
Thursday, but was prevented from doing so. Muhammad's intentions are debated though it is commonly believed that the statement would have formally designated his successor. Possibly because of its ramifications
1788:), among others. Madelung alternatively argues that the Quran advises the faithful to settle some matters by consultation, but the succession of prophets is not one of them. That matter is settled by divine selection for the past prophets in the Quran, he writes.
1632:
There is no dearth of speculation among scholars about what
Muhammad intended to write. Shia scholars suggest that it would have been a formal appointment of Ali as the new leader, while Sunni authorities have advanced various alternatives.
1529:) suppresses this matter in his report but retains Umar's name. In one of Ibn Sa'd's reports, Muhammad reprimanded, "They are better than you are," after Umar silenced Muhammad's wives who were asking the men to fulfill the prophet's wish.
1537:
Some reports add that
Muhammad left three oral instructions in place of a written statement, though they have been recorded differently by various authors. One report by Ibn Sa'd lists two of these instructions as driving out the
1729:) emphasizes Umar's disobedience and that it displeased Muhammad, who verbally reiterated Ali's rights on his deathbed. His account matches the Sunni narrative, according to Miskinzoda, except for the part about Ali.
1762:
In Sunni Islam, this hadith has also been linked to the rise of the community politics that followed
Muhammad's death. By not leaving a will, it is argued, Muhammad had implicitly accepted how the Muslim community
1658:). He also claims that others present agreed with Umar and that the prophet's will must have had no religious significance. Otherwise, he says, Muhammad would have insisted on writing it. The Sunni al-Halabi (
1400:) and his condition worsened reportedly on a Thursday, when he asked for writing materials so that he would "write something, after which you will not be led into error," as related on the authority of
1486:
as saying, "The greatest of all calamities is what intervened between the
Apostle and his writing." Some reports instead attribute similar words to Ubayd Allah ibn Abd Allah. The phrase '
1735:
quotes an exchange between Ibn Abbas and Umar in which the latter claimed that
Muhammad intended to name Ali as his successor and that he prevented this out of the conviction that
702:
1584:
No, not after what you have said! Rather, keep well my memory through kindness to the people of my household. Treat with kindness the people of
1718:
In Shia sources, the incident is viewed as a calamity and a missed opportunity to designate Ali as the successor. For instance, the report of
1546:
and accepting delegations in the same manner as Muhammad had done. The third recommendation is absent, possibly forgotten by his source. The
1429:
protested, "The illness has overwhelmed the prophet. We have the book of God and that is enough for us." In another report by the Sunni
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1771:) would function after his death. This hadith has thus been linked to the emergence of the Sunni tradition, "My
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throughout the history of Islam, some have referred to this incident as the Calamity of Thursday (
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2142:"The Story of Pen and Paper and its interpretation in Muslim Literary and Historical Tradition"
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contrast, Hazleton notes that the Quran has been supplemented by the prophetic practice (
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will never agree on an error," an idea perpetuated by the Sunni theologians Ibn Hazm and
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Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini
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Yet another report by Ibn Sa'd on the authority of Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law
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Noting that it was Umar who prevented Muhammad from writing his will, the Sunni
1560:) reports that the third (missing) instruction was about Muhammad's family, the
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would revolt against Ali. A tradition to this effect is also cited by the Shia
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1455:), though this second report is silent about who made that comment. The Sunni
1440:), Umar instead told those present that Muhammad was raving, as noted also by
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Al-Tabari only quotes two short reports about the pen and paper incident.
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1665:) similarly suggests that Umar only wanted to ease the prophet's task (
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1510:) and Ibn Sa'd both mention that Muhammad was saddened by the quarrel (
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2148:. The Study of Shi‘i Islam: History, Theology and Law. I.B.Tauris.
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After the Prophet: The epic story of the Shia-Sunni split in Islam
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The succession to Muhammad: A study of the early caliphate
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as the one making this demand. Ibn Abbas is quoted in the
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The Study of Shiʿi Islam: History, Theology and Law
1801:). Shia Muslims add to these the practice of their
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2228:The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib
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1492:' is sometimes used in reference to this event.
1690:), many Sunni authors have presented the first
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2125:. Cambridge University Press. p. 41.
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2106:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
1652:) suggests that he only meant good (
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1516:), while the Sunni al-Diyarbakri (
1404:in the canonical Sunni collection
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2281:. Facts On File. pp. 125–6.
2246:Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn
1840:
1750:). This view has been echoed by
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2140:Miskinzoda, Gurdofarid (2014).
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2208:An introduction to Shi'i Islam
1354:) is an incident in which the
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2277:. In Campo, Juan E. (ed.).
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2144:. In Farhad Daftary (ed.).
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2121:Madelung, Wilferd (1997).
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1533:Muhammad's recommendations
1489:al-raziyya kull al-raziyya
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1422:continues that Muhammad's
1392:Muhammad became ill in 11
18:Event of the pen and paper
2230:. Yale University Press.
2211:. Yale University Press.
2102:Hazleton, Lesley (2009).
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341:Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah
2169:. Infobase Publishing.
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476:Sahih Ibn Khuzaymah
2004:, pp. 66, 67.
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750:
744:
743:
741:
735:
734:
732:
726:
725:
723:
717:
716:
714:
712:Bihar al-Anwar
708:
707:
705:
699:
698:
696:
690:
689:
687:
681:
680:
678:
675:
668:
667:
660:
654:
653:
646:
640:
639:
632:
627:
624:
623:
616:
610:
609:
598:
593:
588:
587:
584:
583:
578:
577:
572:
569:
568:
563:
560:
559:
557:Shu'ab al-Iman
554:
551:
550:
545:
542:
541:
536:
533:
532:
527:
524:
523:
518:
515:
514:
509:
506:
505:
500:
497:
496:
491:
488:
487:
482:
479:
478:
473:
470:
469:
464:
461:
460:
455:
452:
451:
446:
443:
442:
437:
434:
433:
431:Musnad Humaidi
428:
425:
424:
419:
416:
415:
410:
407:
406:
401:
398:
397:
392:
389:
388:
383:
380:
379:
374:
371:
370:
365:
362:
361:
356:
353:
352:
347:
344:
343:
338:
335:
334:
329:
326:
325:
320:
317:
316:
311:
308:
307:
302:
299:
298:
293:
290:
289:
287:Kitab al-Athar
284:
281:
280:
275:
272:
271:
266:
263:
262:
257:
254:
253:
251:
248:
241:
240:
233:
227:
226:
219:
213:
212:
205:
199:
198:
191:
185:
184:
177:
171:
170:
163:
157:
156:
145:
140:
135:
134:
129:
124:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
87:
86:
85:
80:
70:
64:
61:Hadith studies
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2329:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2290:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2265:0-87395-390-8
2261:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2251:Shi'ite Islam
2247:
2243:
2239:
2237:9780300252057
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2218:9780300035315
2214:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2197:9780415624404
2193:
2190:. Routledge.
2189:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2176:9781438126968
2172:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2132:9780521646963
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2113:9780385532099
2109:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2087:
2082:
2076:, p. 80.
2075:
2070:
2063:
2058:
2052:, p. 50.
2051:
2050:Hazleton 2009
2046:
2040:, p. 17.
2039:
2038:Madelung 1997
2034:
2028:, p. 49.
2027:
2026:Hazleton 2009
2022:
2015:
2010:
2003:
2002:Madelung 1997
1998:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1974:
1968:, p. 22.
1967:
1966:Madelung 1997
1962:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1909:, p. 16.
1908:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1878:, p. 89.
1877:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1847:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1789:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1755:
1753:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1721:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1682:
1672:
1669:
1656:
1644:
1634:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1581:
1563:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1530:
1514:
1502:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1458:
1447:
1443:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1337:
1333:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
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1271:
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1257:
1254:
1251:
1249:
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1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1002:
999:
998:
995:
992:
991:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
971:
966:
965:
962:
959:
958:
954:
950:
949:
939:
934:
932:
927:
925:
920:
919:
917:
916:
913:
909:
899:
898:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
880:Ahl al-Hadith
878:
877:
871:
870:
857:
851:
850:
849:
848:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
829:
824:
823:
814:
812:
809:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
787:
785:
782:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
742:
740:
737:
736:
733:
731:
728:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
697:
695:
692:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
673:
661:
659:
656:
655:
650:تهذیب الاحکام
647:
645:
642:
641:
633:
630:
626:
625:
620:الكتاب الكافي
617:
615:
614:Kitab al-Kafi
612:
611:
601:
596:
591:
586:
585:
576:
573:
571:
570:
567:
564:
562:
561:
558:
555:
553:
552:
549:
546:
544:
543:
540:
537:
535:
534:
531:
528:
526:
525:
522:
519:
517:
516:
513:
510:
508:
507:
504:
501:
499:
498:
495:
492:
490:
489:
486:
483:
481:
480:
477:
474:
472:
471:
468:
465:
463:
462:
459:
456:
454:
453:
450:
447:
445:
444:
441:
438:
436:
435:
432:
429:
427:
426:
423:
420:
418:
417:
414:
411:
409:
408:
405:
402:
400:
399:
396:
393:
391:
390:
387:
384:
382:
381:
378:
375:
373:
372:
369:
366:
364:
363:
360:
357:
355:
354:
351:
348:
346:
345:
342:
339:
337:
336:
333:
330:
328:
327:
324:
321:
319:
318:
315:
312:
310:
309:
306:
303:
301:
300:
297:
294:
292:
291:
288:
285:
283:
282:
279:
278:Kanz al-Ummal
276:
274:
273:
270:
267:
265:
264:
261:
258:
256:
255:
246:
234:
232:
229:
228:
220:
218:
215:
214:
206:
204:
201:
200:
192:
190:
187:
186:
178:
176:
173:
172:
164:
162:
159:
158:
148:
143:
138:
133:
132:
127:
122:
121:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
88:
84:
81:
79:
76:
75:
74:
71:
69:
66:
65:
62:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
2278:
2250:
2227:
2207:
2186:
2165:
2145:
2122:
2103:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1985:
1973:
1961:
1883:
1844:
1795:
1761:
1731:
1717:
1708:
1704:
1681:al-Baladhuri
1678:
1640:
1637:Disobedience
1631:
1603:
1585:
1583:
1536:
1499:
1483:
1475:
1473:
1419:
1417:
1405:
1391:
1331:
1329:
1175:Ghadir Khumm
1115:Perspectives
802:Ain Al-Hayat
237:سنن ابن ماجه
195:سنن أبي داود
175:Sahih Muslim
167:صحيح البخاري
113:Israʼiliyyat
92:(categories)
78:Sahih hadith
2074:Mavani 2013
1990:Keaney 2009
1811:Ahl al-Bayt
1748: 1981
1706:his view.
1562:Ahl al-Bayt
1540:polytheists
1243:Possessions
1190:Ahl al-Bayt
1145:Historicity
658:Al-Istibsar
223:سنن النسائي
209:سنن الترمذي
126:Collections
73:Terminology
2301:Categories
2095:References
2086:Campo 2009
2062:Momen 1985
1907:Momen 1985
1888:Momen 1985
1876:Abbas 2021
1688: 892
1624:(slaves).
1501:Al-Bukhari
1457:Ibn Kathir
1163:Succession
1103:Christians
1041:Diplomatic
835:Jami Sahih
1851:Footnotes
1741:Tababatai
1446:al-Tabari
1424:companion
1402:Ibn Abbas
1383:Narration
1370:romanized
1345:romanized
1150:Criticism
885:Criticism
856:Ahmadiyya
811:Al-Ghadir
664:الاستبصار
181:صحيح مسلم
2248:(1975).
1817:See also
1752:Hazleton
1733:Madelung
1720:al-Mufid
1695:Abu Bakr
1643:Ibn Hazm
1442:Madelung
1431:Ibn Sa'd
1054:Miracles
1036:Military
961:Muhammad
953:a series
951:Part of
912:Category
910:•
103:Musannaf
35:a series
33:Part of
2312:Ahadith
1628:Debates
1589:dhimmah
1569:
1551:Tabarsi
1521:
1470:Quarrel
1372::
1347::
1230:Related
1208:Salawat
1170:Saqifah
1131:Judaism
685:Al-Wafi
2285:
2262:
2234:
2215:
2194:
2173:
2152:
2129:
2110:
1829:Saqifa
1692:caliph
1544:Arabia
1480:Zaynab
1361:Arabic
1336:Arabic
1248:Relics
1218:Mawlid
1202:Praise
1030:Career
1013:Hadith
987:Medina
982:Hijrah
676:Others
249:Others
108:Musnad
90:Types
43:Hadith
1803:Imams
1799:Sunna
1737:Arabs
1700:Aisha
1612:zakat
1542:from
1484:Sahih
1476:Sahih
1396:(632
1126:Bible
1121:Islam
1092:Views
1061:Quran
977:Mecca
828:Ibadi
137:Sunni
83:Maudu
2283:ISBN
2260:ISBN
2232:ISBN
2213:ISBN
2192:ISBN
2171:ISBN
2150:ISBN
2127:ISBN
2108:ISBN
1774:umma
1767:umma
1566:lit.
1548:Shia
1474:The
1427:Umar
1330:The
1253:Seal
1213:Naat
1098:Jews
970:Life
590:Shia
1702:.
1671:).
1606:Ali
1379:).
2303::
1914:^
1895:^
1858:^
1813:.
1784:d.
1754:.
1746:d.
1725:d.
1686:d.
1661:d.
1648:d.
1556:d.
1523:c.
1519:d.
1506:d.
1462:d.
1451:d.
1436:d.
1398:CE
1394:AH
1367:,
1363::
1342:,
1338::
955:on
37:on
2291:.
2268:.
2240:.
2221:.
2200:.
2179:.
2158:.
2135:.
2116:.
2088:.
1956:.
1781:(
1763:(
1743:(
1722:(
1683:(
1645:(
1600:.
1578:'
1572:'
1564:(
1553:(
1503:(
1459:(
1448:(
1433:(
1409:.
1334:(
1319:e
1312:t
1305:v
1067:)
1063:(
1007:)
1003:(
937:e
930:t
923:v
20:)
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