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offspring that were also resistant to the immune system. Drug resistance also causes many problems for patients such as a worsening sickness or the sickness can mutate into something that can no longer be cured with medication. Without the proper medicine, a sickness can be the death of a patient. If their body has resistance to a certain number of drugs, then the right medicine will be harder and harder to find. Not completing the prescribed full course of antibiotic is also an example of resistance that will cause the bacteria against which the antibiotic is being taken to evolve and continue to spread in the body. When the full dosage of the medication does not enter the body and perform its proper job, the bacteria that survive the initial dosage will continue to reproduce. This can make for another bout of sickness later on that will be more difficult to cure because the bacteria involved will be resistant to the first medication used. Taking the full course of medicine that is prescribed is a vital step in avoiding antibiotic resistance.
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possible. By looking at different processes during development, and going through the evolutionary tree, one can determine at which point a specific structure came about. For example, the three germ layers can be observed to not be present in cnidarians and ctenophores, which instead present in worms, being more or less developed depending on the kind of worm itself. Other structures like the development of Hox genes and sensory organs such as eyes can also be traced with this practice.
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1271:, where paleobiologists and evolutionary biologists, including Thomas Halliday and Anjali Goswami, studied the evolution of early mammals going far back in time during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras (between 299 million to 12,000 years ago). Other fields related to generic exploration of evolution ("what happened and when?" ) include
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Individuals with chronic illnesses, especially those that can recur throughout a lifetime, are at greater risk of antibiotic resistance than others. This is because overuse of a drug or too high of a dosage can cause a patient's immune system to weaken and the illness will evolve and grow stronger.
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is a type of allopatric speciation that occurs when one of the new populations is considerably smaller than the other initial population. This leads to the founder's effect and the population can have different allele frequencies and phenotypes than the original population. These small populations
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Manolio TA; Collins FS; Cox NJ; Goldstein DB; Hindorff LA; Hunter DJ; McCarthy MI; Ramos EM; Cardon LR; Chakravarti A; Cho JH; Guttmacher AE; Kong A; Kruglyak L; Mardis E; Rotimi CN; Slatkin M; Valle D; Whittemore AS; Boehnke M; Clark AG; Eichler EE; Gibson G; Haines JL; Mackay TFC; McCarroll SA;
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In evolutionary developmental biology, scientists look at how the different processes in development play a role in how a specific organism reaches its current body plan. The genetic regulation of ontogeny and the phylogenetic process is what allows for this kind of understanding of biology to be
965:. For example, predator-prey coevolution, this is the most common type of co-evolution. In this, the predator must evolve to become a more effective hunter because there is a selective pressure on the prey to steer clear of capture. The prey in turn need to develop better survival strategies. The
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Evolution plays a role in resistance of drugs; for example, how HIV becomes resistant to medications and the body's immune system. The mutation of resistance of HIV is due to the natural selection of the survivors and their offspring. The few HIV that survive the immune system reproduced and had
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is the process in which related or distantly related organisms evolve similar characteristics independently. This type of evolution creates analogous structures which have a similar function, structure, or form between the two species. For example, sharks and dolphins look alike but they are not
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is a variational process, it happens as a result of the sampling errors from one generation to another generation where a random event that happens by chance in nature changes or influences allele frequency within a population. It has a much stronger effect on small populations than large ones.
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Sabeti PC; Reich DE; Higgins JM; Levine HZP; Richter DJ; Schaffner SF; Gabriel SB; Platko JV; Patterson NJ; McDonald GJ; Ackerman HC; Campbell SJ; Altshuler D; Cooper R; Kwiatkowski D; Ward R; Lander ES (2002). "Detecting recent positive selection in the human genome from haplotype structure".
856:, and architecture. The basic mechanisms of evolution are applied directly or indirectly to come up with novel designs or solve problems that are difficult to solve otherwise. The research generated in these applied fields, contribute towards progress, especially from work on evolution in
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Genes that have shared ancestry are homologs. If a speciation event occurs and one gene ends up in two different species the genes are now orthologous. If a gene is duplicated within the a singular species then it is a paralog. A molecular clock can be used to estimate when these events
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is when a new species or subspecies sprouts from the original population while still occupying the same small environment, and without any physical barriers separating them from members of their original population. There is scientific debate as to whether sympatric speciation actually
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relates to evolutionary changes that happen due to the changes in the environment, this makes the organism suitable to its habitat. This change increases the chances of survival and reproduction of the organism (this can be referred to as an organism's
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Phylogenetic Trees are representations of genetic lineage. They are figures that show how related species are to one another. They formed by analyzing the physical traits as well as the similarities of the DNA between species. Then by using a
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and speciation. They seek answers to questions such as how many genes are involved, how large are the effects of each gene, how interdependent are the effects of different genes, what do the genes do, and what changes happen to them (e.g.,
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Nesse, Randolph M.; Bergstrom, Carl T.; Ellison, Peter T.; Flier, Jeffrey S.; Gluckman, Peter; Govindaraju, Diddahally R.; Niethammer, Dietrich; Omenn, Gilbert S.; Perlman, Robert L.; Schwartz, Mark D.; Thomas, Mark G. (26 January 2010).
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on
Galapagos island developed different shaped beaks in order to survive for a long time. Adaptive evolution can also be convergent evolution if two distantly related species live in similar environments facing similar pressures.
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Fourth, the modern evolutionary synthesis involved agreement about which forces contribute to evolution, but not about their relative importance. Current research seeks to determine this. Evolutionary forces include
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Ozernyuk, N.D. (2019) "Evolutionary
Developmental Biology: the Interaction of Developmental Biology, Evolutionary Biology, Paleontology, and Genomics". Paleontological Journal, Vol. 53, No. 11, pp. 1117–1133. ISSN
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is an example of predator-prey interations. The relationship between pollinating insects like bees and flowering plants, herbivores and plants, are also some common examples of diffuse or guild coevolution.
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is allopatric speciation but occurs when the species diverge without a physical barrier separating the population. This tends to occur when a population of a species is incredibly large and occupies a vast
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related. Likewise, birds, flying insects, and bats all have the ability to fly, but they are not related to each other. These similar traits tend to evolve from having similar environmental pressures.
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Many physicians do not have enough background in evolutionary biology, making it difficult to use it in modern medicine. However, there are efforts to gain a deeper understanding of disease through
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must be updated to take into account modern molecular knowledge. This requires a great deal of mathematical development to relate DNA sequence data to evolutionary theory as part of a theory of
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is the transfer of genetic material from the gene pool of one population to another. In a population, migration occurs from one species to another, resulting in the change of allele frequency.
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Avise JC. Perspective: The evolutionary biology of aging, sexual reproduction, and DNA repair. Evolution. 1993 Oct;47(5):1293–1301. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb02155.x. PMID 28564887.
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on Earth. It is also defined as the study of the history of life forms on Earth. Evolution holds that all species are related and gradually change over generations. In a population, the
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in the 1930s and 1940s. It was not until the 1980s that many universities had departments of evolutionary biology. In the United States, many universities have created departments of
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Bernstein H, Byerly HC, Hopf FA, Michod RE. Genetic damage, mutation, and the evolution of sex. Science. 1985 Sep 20;229(4719):1277-81. doi: 10.1126/science.3898363. PMID 3898363.
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Bernstein H, Byerly HC, Hopf FA, Michod RE. Sex and the emergence of species. J Theor Biol. 1985 Dec 21;117(4):665-90. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5193(85)80246-0. PMID 4094459.
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Third, the modern evolutionary synthesis was devised at a time when nobody understood the molecular basis of genes. Today, evolutionary biologists try to determine the
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inside a gene or a chromosome of an organism. Most mutations are deleterious, or neutral; i.e. they can neither harm nor benefit, but can also be beneficial sometimes.
961:. When two or more species evolve in company with each other, one species adapts to changes in other species. This type of evolution often happens in species that have
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More recently, the merge between biological science and applied sciences gave birth to new fields that are extensions of evolutionary biology, including
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Jesse Love
Hendrikse; Trish Elizabeth Parsons; Benedikt HallgrĂmsson (2007). "Evolvability as the proper focus of evolutionary developmental biology".
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Second, some evolutionary biologists ask the most straightforward evolutionary question: "what happened and when?". This includes fields such as
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829:, and paleontology. These alternative ways of dividing up the subject have been combined with evolutionary biology to create subfields like
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1019:: The survival and reproductive rate of a species depends on the adaptability of the species to their environment. This process is called
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For example, cancer patients will need a stronger and stronger dosage of medication because of their low functioning immune system.
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is when species are separated by a physical barrier that separates the population into two groups. Evolutionary mechanisms such as
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have overlap with ecology and other aspects of organismal biology. Overlap with ecology is also prominent in the review journals
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2356:"Eutherians experienced elevated evolutionary rates in the immediate aftermath of the Cretaceous–Palaeogene mass extinction"
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The mechanisms of evolution focus mainly on mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating, and natural selection.
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Gilbert, Scott F., Barresi, Michael J.F.(2016). "Developmental
Biology" Sinauer Associates, inc.(11th ed.) pp. 785–810.
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investigates how developmental processes work, and compares them in different organisms to determine how they evolved.
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Baquero, Fernando; CantĂłn, Rafael (2009). "Evolutionary
Biology of Drug Resistance". In Mayers, Douglas L. (ed.).
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Current research in evolutionary biology covers diverse topics and incorporates ideas from diverse areas, such as
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Artificial speciation is when scientists purposefully cause new species to emerge to use in laboratory procedures.
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is the central unifying concept in biology. Biology can be divided into various ways. One way is by the level of
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Smocovitis, Vassiliki Betty (1996). "Unifying
Biology: The Evolutionary Synthesis and Evolutionary Biology".
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First, some fields of evolutionary research try to explain phenomena that were poorly accounted for in the
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scientists can estimate when the species diverged. An example of a phylogeny would be the tree of life.
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Tokyo
University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Department of Applied Life Sciences, Lab. Extremophiles
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This evolutionary approach is key to much current research in organismal biology and ecology, such as
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1330:. For example, biologists try to infer which genes have been under strong selection by detecting
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Other journals combine aspects of evolutionary biology with other related fields. For example,
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Many biologists have contributed to shaping the modern discipline of evolutionary biology.
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overlap with molecular genetics questions that are not obviously evolutionary in nature.
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1427:. Some journals cover sub-specialties within evolutionary biology, such as the journals
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with the difficulty in finding which genes are responsible for this heritability using
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of understanding, from previously unrelated fields of biological research, such as
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specialise exclusively in evolutionary biology as a whole, including the journals
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will be an advantage to some organisms, which will then be passed on to their
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too is becoming an evolutionary discipline now that microbial physiology and
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709:. In the 1930s, the discipline of evolutionary biology emerged through what
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The investigational range of current research has widened to encompass the
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and their function relies heavily on comparative approaches. The field of
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958:
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178:
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768:
with the fields of study covered by the earlier evolutionary synthesis.
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873:
737:
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208:
163:
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57:
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2443:
2429:
2412:
701:. Some examples of evolution in species over many generations are the
6969:
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5110:
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4432:
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4056:
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3134:
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2501:
1318:
One challenge in studying genetic architecture is that the classical
1210:
1010:
962:
786:
698:
694:
690:
666:
544:
158:
78:
2702:"Evolutionary biology and the avoidance of antimicrobial resistance"
2173:"The Academic Genealogy of Evolutionary Biology: Brian Charlesworth"
1056:
7526:
7421:
7181:
6886:
6099:
6035:
5960:
5890:
5820:
5815:
5642:
5576:
5173:
5130:
5029:
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4752:
4552:
4477:
4407:
4337:
4332:
4157:
3959:
3161:
2263:
2203:
2190:
Wiens JJ (2004). "What is speciation and how should we study it?".
1147:
985:
718:
534:
133:
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4635:
4567:
4297:
4167:
3344:
3058:
2101:"The Academic Genealogy of Evolutionary Biology:Richard Lewontin"
1129:
810:
744:, and the different forces that contribute to evolution, such as
662:
2554:
Provine WB (1988). "Progress in evolution and meaning in life".
2155:"The Academic Genealogy of Evolutionary Biology: Marcus Feldman"
1027:), and they pass on these genetic features to their offsprings.
693:(physical characteristics) of an organism. These changes in the
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5717:
5248:
5233:
5193:
5188:
5062:
4984:
4979:
4889:
4232:
2788:
2083:"The Academic Genealogy of Evolutionary Biology: James F. Crow"
1785:
1198:
1125:
909:
is the process of speciation. This can happen in several ways:
814:
764:
is controlled, thus yielding a wider synthesis that integrates
590:
2119:"The Academic Genealogy of Evolutionary Biology: Daniel Hartl"
5379:
5278:
5210:
5198:
4936:
4884:
3265:
782:
Outline of evolution § Applications in other disciplines
957:
The influence of two closely associated species is known as
5258:
5243:
5183:
4859:
4748:
4704:
1104:
The idea of evolution by natural selection was proposed by
4604:
2572:"Making evolutionary biology a basic science for medicine"
2568:
27:
Study of the processes that produced the diversity of life
5037:
1687:
4921:
1665:"What economists can learn from evolutionary theorists"
931:
are also more likely to see effects from genetic drift.
860:
and engineering fields such as mechanical engineering.
2447:"Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases"
2037:(1). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press: 1–65.
973:
7515:
1158:
makes it possible to explore evolutionary questions.
1030:
1902:"genetic drift | Definition, Process, & Effects"
1485:
Annual Review of
Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
1461:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London Series B
1112:in its own right, emerged during the period of the
2250:Otto SP (2009). "The evolutionary enigma of sex".
1927:"gene flow | Definition, Effects, & Migration"
1708:Introduction to Evolutionary Computing: A.E. Eiben
1827:"coevolution | Definition, Examples, & Facts"
1221:trained a generation of evolutionary biologists.
7551:
1952:"natural selection | Definition & Processes"
2576:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1371:evolutionary developmental biology ("evo-devo")
1354:, developmental constraints, mutation bias and
863:
2558:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 49–79.
1286:of interesting evolutionary phenomena such as
924:can then act independently on each population.
6162:
4620:
4121:
2826:
2636:
1169:established an empirical research programme.
629:
1711:. Natural Computing Series. Springer. 2003.
6176:
2695:
6169:
6155:
4627:
4613:
4128:
4114:
2833:
2819:
2675:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2553:
2028:
2004:"7.13C: Homologs, Orthologs, and Paralogs"
1224:
636:
622:
4594:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
2760:
2727:
2717:
2613:
2595:
2478:
2428:
2417:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2379:
1108:in 1859, but evolutionary biology, as an
7333:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
4067:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
2840:
2671:"What Exactly is Antibiotic Resistance?"
2410:
2353:
2189:
2137:"Feldman lab alumni & collaborators"
1387:
1080:
1055:
647:
4135:
2249:
1683:"Investigating architecture and design"
1181:created a sound theoretical framework.
1124:, in place of the older departments of
889:
14:
7552:
1725:from the original on 1 September 2017.
1629:from the original on 16 December 2016.
901:
6825:Psychological effects of Internet use
6150:
4608:
4589:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
4109:
3830:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
2814:
1773:from the original on 27 November 2021
1201:helped to form the modern synthesis.
1045:
868:
778:Outline of evolution § Subfields
6121:
2753:Knowledge und Geschichtswissenschaft
1695:from the original on 18 August 2017.
1641:"What is an Evolutionary Algorithm?"
6805:Digital media use and mental health
6131:
1653:from the original on 9 August 2017.
974:Mechanism: The process of evolution
24:
6436:Automatic and controlled processes
5048:Evolutionary developmental biology
3235:Evolutionary developmental biology
2751:"GruĂźwort Wikimedia Deutschland",
2411:Halliday, Thomas (28 March 2016).
2360:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1671:from the original on 30 July 2017.
1303:). They try to reconcile the high
1037:Evolutionary developmental biology
1031:Evolutionary developmental biology
835:evolutionary developmental biology
758:evolutionary developmental biology
25:
7576:
6845:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
5073:Post-transcriptional modification
2781:
2354:Halliday, Thomas (29 June 2016).
2179:from the original on 14 May 2012.
2161:from the original on 14 May 2012.
2125:from the original on 14 May 2012.
2107:from the original on 14 May 2012.
2089:from the original on 14 May 2012.
2031:Journal of the History of Biology
1150:are better understood. The quick
7537:
7525:
7496:
7483:
7471:
7470:
6870:Mobile phones and driving safety
6130:
6120:
6111:
6110:
6098:
5449:
4089:
4080:
4079:
2787:
2719:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00066.x
2325:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2007.00176.x
1553:Phylogenetic comparative methods
1250:evolution of sexual reproduction
1154:of bacteria and viruses such as
1122:ecology and evolutionary biology
603:
602:
589:
47:
6773:Computer-mediated communication
3892:Extended evolutionary synthesis
3081:Gene-centered view of evolution
2744:
2689:
2663:
2641:. Humana Press. pp. 9–32.
2630:
2562:
2547:
2495:
2437:
2404:
2347:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2243:
2234:
2183:
2165:
2147:
2129:
2111:
2093:
2075:
2022:
1996:
1979:
1969:
1944:
1919:
1894:
1869:
1844:
1819:
1479:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
1436:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1418:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
1313:genome-wide association studies
1100:Modern synthesis (20th century)
1096:History of evolutionary thought
756:. Moreover, the newer field of
596:Evolutionary biology portal
7050:Empathising–systemising theory
6353:female intrasexual competition
6290:Evolutionarily stable strategy
4020:Hologenome theory of evolution
3887:History of molecular evolution
3113:Evolutionarily stable strategy
3002:Last universal common ancestor
1755:
1729:
1699:
1675:
1657:
1633:
1611:
1585:
1473:Theoretical Population Biology
952:
805:. Another way is by perceived
760:("evo-devo") investigates how
555:Creation–evolution controversy
309:History of evolutionary theory
13:
1:
7410:Standard social science model
6463:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
3814:Renaissance and Enlightenment
2639:Antimicrobial Drug Resistance
1579:
1324:modern evolutionary synthesis
1242:modern evolutionary synthesis
7258:Missing heritability problem
6850:Social aspects of television
6473:Evolution of nervous systems
6441:Computational theory of mind
4025:Missing heritability problem
3652:Gamete differentiation/sexes
1767:Galapagos Conservation Trust
1441:Genome Biology and Evolution
864:Different types of evolution
771:
540:Evolution as fact and theory
7:
7504:Evolutionary biology portal
4634:
2647:10.1007/978-1-59745-180-2_2
2313:Evolution & Development
1852:"Coevolution – an overview"
1806:National Geographic Society
1516:Computational phylogenetics
1503:
1400:
1072:
10:
7581:
7465:Evolutionary psychologists
7338:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
7253:Human–animal communication
6965:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
6815:Imprinted brain hypothesis
6783:Human–computer interaction
3657:Life cycles/nuclear phases
3209:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
1619:"Evolutionary engineering"
1118:molecular and cell biology
1093:
1089:
1049:
1034:
775:
575:Nature-nurture controversy
7459:
7385:Environmental determinism
7356:Cultural selection theory
7348:
7243:Evolutionary epistemology
7230:
7157:evolutionary neuroscience
7119:
7112:
7010:
6885:
6830:Rank theory of depression
6753:
6677:
6579:
6385:
6378:
6332:Parent–offspring conflict
6241:
6184:
6092:
6061:
5623:
5593:
5559:Polymerase chain reaction
5519:Green fluorescent protein
5469:
5458:
5447:
5355:
5287:
5219:
5159:
5096:Earliest known life forms
5081:
5028:
4945:
4852:
4692:
4683:
4642:
4576:
4143:
4075:
3975:
3900:
3804:
3731:
3687:
3542:
3446:
3263:
3222:
3155:Parent–offspring conflict
3091:
2960:Earliest known life forms
2881:
2848:
2800:Evolution and Paleobotany
2762:10.1515/9783110376357-002
2706:Evolutionary Applications
1741:Biology Online Dictionary
1531:Evolutionary neuroscience
462:Evolutionary neuroscience
437:Evolutionary epistemology
417:Evolutionary anthropology
397:Applications of evolution
7278:Cultural group selection
7162:Biocultural anthropology
6855:Societal impacts of cars
6788:Media naturalness theory
6478:Fight-or-flight response
4008:Cultural group selection
3872:The eclipse of Darwinism
3844:On the Origin of Species
3819:Transmutation of species
1542:On the Origin of Species
1521:Evolutionary computation
1424:BMC Evolutionary Biology
452:Evolutionary linguistics
447:Evolutionary game theory
422:Evolutionary computation
7478:Evolutionary psychology
7442:Sociocultural evolution
7283:Dual inheritance theory
6740:Personality development
6201:Theoretical foundations
6178:Evolutionary psychology
5611:species discovery curve
4739:Response to environment
4013:Dual inheritance theory
3852:History of paleontology
2805:Encyclopædia Britannica
2597:10.1073/pnas.0906224106
1956:Encyclopædia Britannica
1931:Encyclopædia Britannica
1906:Encyclopædia Britannica
1831:Encyclopædia Britannica
1536:Evolutionary physiology
1467:The American Naturalist
1439:and its sister journal
1225:Current research topics
963:symbiotic relationships
791:biological organization
565:Objections to evolution
472:Evolutionary psychology
467:Evolutionary physiology
412:Evolutionary aesthetics
391:Fields and applications
373:History of paleontology
7400:Social constructionism
7395:Psychological nativism
7370:Biological determinism
7318:Recent human evolution
7313:Punctuated equilibrium
7136:Behavioral epigenetics
7131:evolutionary economics
7100:Variability hypothesis
7045:Emotional intelligence
6778:Engineering psychology
6468:Evolution of the brain
6084:Plant morphology terms
5688:Biological engineering
5370:Biological interaction
4203:Biological engineering
3701:Punctuated equilibrium
3022:Non-adaptive radiation
2970:Evolutionary arms race
2582:(suppl 1): 1800–1807.
2372:10.1098/rspb.2015.3026
1382:evolutionary therapies
1191:George Gaylord Simpson
1136:is often grouped with
1086:
1061:
827:experimental evolution
809:, with fields such as
655:
497:Speciation experiments
477:Experimental evolution
432:Evolutionary economics
254:Recent human evolution
112:Processes and outcomes
18:Evolutionary biologist
7565:Philosophy of biology
7427:Multilineal evolution
7390:Nature versus nurture
7349:Theoretical positions
7197:Functional psychology
7192:Evolutionary medicine
7167:Biological psychiatry
6875:Texting while driving
6865:Lead–crime hypothesis
6725:Cognitive development
6710:Caregiver deprivation
6221:Gene selection theory
5773:Developmental biology
5748:Computational biology
5728:Cellular microbiology
5068:Mendelian inheritance
4980:Energy transformation
4288:Developmental biology
4263:Computational biology
4243:Cellular microbiology
3993:Evolutionary medicine
3867:Mendelian inheritance
3575:Biological complexity
3563:Programmed cell death
3255:Phenotypic plasticity
2975:Evolutionary pressure
2965:Evidence of evolution
2863:Timeline of evolution
2556:Evolutionary progress
1877:"What is a mutation?"
1573:Speculative evolution
1558:Quantitative genetics
1526:Evolutionary dynamics
1388:Drug resistance today
1378:evolutionary medicine
1163:Theodosius Dobzhansky
1084:
1059:
935:Parapatric speciation
928:Peripatric speciation
914:Allopatric speciation
842:evolutionary robotics
766:developmental biology
651:
457:Evolutionary medicine
402:Biosocial criminology
368:History of speciation
281:Evolutionary taxonomy
244:Timeline of evolution
7560:Evolutionary biology
7544:Evolutionary biology
7380:Cultural determinism
7187:Evolutionary biology
7172:Cognitive psychology
7120:Academic disciplines
6768:Cognitive ergonomics
6735:Language acquisition
6715:Childhood attachment
6528:Wason selection task
6422:Behavioral modernity
6211:Cognitive revolution
6194:Evolutionary thought
5991:Reproductive biology
5876:Mathematical biology
5802:Evolutionary biology
5753:Conservation biology
5564:Two-hybrid screening
5534:Protein purification
5365:Biogeochemical cycle
5327:Internal environment
4975:Cellular respiration
4508:Reproductive biology
4393:Mathematical biology
4318:Evolutionary biology
4268:Conservation biology
3967:Teleology in biology
3862:Blending inheritance
3240:Genetic assimilation
3103:Artificial selection
2842:Evolutionary biology
2796:at Wikimedia Commons
2794:Evolutionary biology
2755:, DE GRUYTER, 2015,
2445:Visscher PM (2009).
1856:ScienceDirect Topics
1737:"Adaptive evolution"
1691:. 24 February 2009.
1593:"What is evolution?"
1284:genetic architecture
1193:in paleontology and
967:Red Queen hypothesis
942:Sympatric speciation
895:Convergent evolution
890:Convergent evolution
831:evolutionary ecology
734:genetic architecture
681:) that produced the
659:Evolutionary biology
427:Evolutionary ecology
41:Evolutionary biology
7447:Unilineal evolution
7212:Population genetics
6997:Sexy son hypothesis
6935:Hormonal motivation
6915:Concealed ovulation
6456:Dual process theory
6327:Parental investment
5778:Ecological genetics
5489:Gel electrophoresis
5479:Genetic engineering
5432:Population dynamics
5342:Reproductive system
4293:Ecological genetics
4137:Branches of biology
4030:Molecular evolution
3988:Ecological genetics
3857:Transitional fossil
3647:Sexual reproduction
3487:endomembrane system
3416:pollinator-mediated
3372:dolphins and whales
3150:Parental investment
2700:(27 January 2009).
2588:2010PNAS..107.1800N
2525:10.1038/nature01140
2517:2002Natur.419..832S
2471:10.1038/nature08494
2463:2009Natur.461..747M
2252:American Naturalist
2192:American Naturalist
1511:Comparative anatomy
1407:scientific journals
1367:Annotation of genes
1363:life history theory
1328:molecular evolution
1322:that catalysed the
1320:population genetics
1258:evolution of ageing
1252:, the evolution of
1195:G. Ledyard Stebbins
1110:academic discipline
1085:Mammalian Phylogeny
988:is a change in the
907:Divergent evolution
902:Divergent evolution
823:theoretical biology
742:molecular evolution
661:is the subfield of
529:Social implications
517:Universal Darwinism
507:Island biogeography
442:Evolutionary ethics
407:Ecological genetics
353:Molecular evolution
291:Transitional fossil
119:Population genetics
35:Part of a series on
7405:Social determinism
7288:Fisher's principle
7248:Great ape language
7238:Cultural evolution
7207:Philosophy of mind
7040:Division of labour
7002:Westermarck effect
6950:Mating preferences
6860:Distracted driving
6594:Literary criticism
6451:Domain specificity
6431:modularity of mind
6105:Biology portal
6001:Structural biology
5986:Relational biology
5811:Generative biology
5806:Freshwater biology
5606:mark and recapture
5554:Restriction enzyme
5347:Respiratory system
5302:Circulatory system
5229:Epidermis (botany)
4584:History of biology
4518:Structural biology
4503:Relational biology
4328:Generative biology
4323:Freshwater biology
4003:Cultural evolution
3118:Fisher's principle
3047:Handicap principle
3037:Parallel evolution
2901:Adaptive radiation
2043:10.1007/BF01947504
2008:Biology LibreTexts
1763:"Darwin's finches"
1599:. 17 February 2017
1568:Taxonomy (biology)
1563:Selective breeding
1430:Systematic Biology
1301:genome duplication
1231:molecular genetics
1219:Brian Charlesworth
1087:
1062:
1046:Phylogenetic Trees
874:Adaptive evolution
869:Adaptive evolution
687:genetic variations
656:
560:Theistic evolution
492:Selective breeding
204:Parallel evolution
169:Adaptive radiation
7513:
7512:
7491:Psychology portal
7455:
7454:
7298:Hologenome theory
7268:Unit of selection
7263:Primate cognition
7177:Cognitive science
7108:
7107:
6979:Sexual attraction
6955:Mating strategies
6720:Cinderella effect
6650:Moral foundations
6554:Visual perception
6446:Domain generality
6415:Facial expression
6363:Sexual dimorphism
6322:Natural selection
6268:Hamiltonian spite
6144:
6143:
6006:Synthetic biology
5886:Molecular biology
5743:Cognitive biology
5619:
5618:
5445:
5444:
5136:Natural selection
4917:Organic compounds
4814:Scientific method
4804:Emergent property
4745:Hierarchy of life
4715:Energy processing
4602:
4601:
4523:Synthetic biology
4403:Molecular biology
4258:Cognitive biology
4103:
4102:
3719:Uniformitarianism
3672:Sex-determination
3177:Sexual dimorphism
3172:Natural selection
3076:Unit of selection
3042:Signalling theory
2792:Media related to
2772:978-3-11-037635-7
2696:Read, Andrew F.;
2656:978-1-60327-592-7
2511:(6909): 832–837.
2457:(7265): 747–753.
2430:10.1111/bij.12731
1455:Molecular Ecology
1340:natural selection
1052:Phylogenetic tree
1021:natural selection
1017:Natural selection
922:natural selection
683:diversity of life
671:natural selection
665:that studies the
646:
645:
337:Origin of Species
139:Natural selection
16:(Redirected from
7572:
7542:
7541:
7530:
7529:
7521:
7500:
7487:
7474:
7473:
7117:
7116:
7113:Related subjects
6900:Adult attachment
6427:Cognitive module
6383:
6382:
6370:Social selection
6344:Costly signaling
6339:Sexual selection
6226:Modern synthesis
6171:
6164:
6157:
6148:
6147:
6134:
6133:
6124:
6123:
6114:
6113:
6107:
6103:
6102:
6079:Ecological terms
5733:Chemical biology
5594:Field techniques
5467:
5466:
5453:
5312:Digestive system
5307:Endocrine system
4880:Chemical element
4839:Biology journals
4735:Self-replication
4690:
4689:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4606:
4605:
4248:Chemical biology
4130:
4123:
4116:
4107:
4106:
4093:
4083:
4082:
3882:Modern synthesis
3642:Multicellularity
3637:Mosaic evolution
3522:auditory ossicle
3204:Social selection
3187:Flowering plants
3182:Sexual selection
2835:
2828:
2821:
2812:
2811:
2791:
2776:
2775:
2764:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2731:
2721:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2667:
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2660:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2599:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2482:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2383:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2143:on 7 March 2023.
2139:. Archived from
2133:
2127:
2126:
2115:
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2108:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2000:
1994:
1983:
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1962:
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1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1798:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1743:. 7 October 2019
1733:
1727:
1726:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1589:
1344:sexual selection
1332:selective sweeps
1297:gene duplication
1244:. These include
1235:computer science
1207:Richard Lewontin
1179:J. B. S. Haldane
1114:modern synthesis
1060:The tree of life
883:Darwin's Finches
881:). For example,
858:computer science
746:sexual selection
715:modern synthesis
707:flightless birds
653:Darwin's finches
638:
631:
624:
611:
606:
605:
598:
594:
593:
570:Level of support
363:Current research
348:Modern synthesis
343:Before synthesis
296:Extinction event
54:Darwin's finches
51:
32:
31:
21:
7580:
7579:
7575:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7570:
7569:
7550:
7549:
7548:
7536:
7524:
7516:
7514:
7509:
7451:
7437:Neoevolutionism
7344:
7328:Species complex
7293:Group selection
7231:Research topics
7226:
7202:Neuropsychology
7104:
7090:Substance abuse
7012:Sex differences
7006:
6920:Coolidge effect
6881:
6793:Neuroergonomics
6758:
6749:
6673:
6575:
6509:Folk psychology
6390:
6374:
6244:
6237:
6180:
6175:
6145:
6140:
6097:
6096:
6088:
6074:Botanical terms
6057:
6056:
6055:
6016:Systems biology
5981:Quantum biology
5615:
5589:
5471:
5461:
5454:
5441:
5351:
5332:Muscular system
5289:
5283:
5274:Vascular tissue
5221:
5215:
5155:
5116:History of life
5077:
5058:Gene regulation
5053:Gene expression
5024:
4941:
4848:
4679:
4638:
4633:
4603:
4598:
4572:
4533:Systems biology
4498:Quantum biology
4139:
4134:
4104:
4099:
4071:
3998:Group selection
3971:
3896:
3800:
3727:
3689:Tempo and modes
3683:
3538:
3442:
3259:
3218:
3094:
3087:
3064:Species complex
2877:
2868:History of life
2844:
2839:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2698:Huijben, Silvie
2694:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2677:. 13 March 2020
2669:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2635:
2631:
2567:
2563:
2552:
2548:
2500:
2496:
2442:
2438:
2409:
2405:
2352:
2348:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2188:
2184:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2053:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1875:
1874:
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1681:
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1676:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1506:
1488:. The journals
1403:
1390:
1380:and to develop
1293:point mutations
1227:
1152:generation time
1102:
1094:Main articles:
1092:
1075:
1067:molecular clock
1054:
1048:
1039:
1033:
976:
955:
904:
892:
871:
866:
807:taxonomic group
784:
774:
642:
601:
588:
587:
580:
579:
530:
522:
521:
392:
384:
383:
382:
310:
302:
301:
300:
249:Human evolution
239:History of life
223:
222:Natural history
215:
214:
213:
113:
105:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7578:
7568:
7567:
7562:
7547:
7546:
7534:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7494:
7481:
7468:
7460:
7457:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7413:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7358:
7352:
7350:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7342:
7341:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7234:
7232:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7142:
7133:
7123:
7121:
7114:
7110:
7109:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7016:
7014:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6981:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6891:
6889:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6820:Mind-blindness
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6796:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6764:
6762:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6694:
6689:
6683:
6681:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6666:
6665:
6664:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6620:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6596:
6585:
6583:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6525:
6515:
6513:theory of mind
6506:
6497:
6496:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6424:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6396:
6394:
6380:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6372:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6346:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6280:Baldwin effect
6277:
6276:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6255:
6249:
6247:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6174:
6173:
6166:
6159:
6151:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6128:
6118:
6108:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6065:
6063:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5871:Marine biology
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5683:Bioinformatics
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5580:
5573:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5514:DNA microarray
5511:
5509:DNA sequencing
5506:
5501:
5499:Centrifugation
5496:
5494:Chromatography
5491:
5486:
5484:Transformation
5481:
5475:
5473:
5464:
5456:
5455:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5395:Climate change
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5361:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5337:Nervous system
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5269:Vascular plant
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5225:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5176:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5126:Microevolution
5123:
5121:Macroevolution
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5034:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5015:Photosynthesis
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4970:Cell signaling
4967:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4856:
4854:
4853:Chemical basis
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4819:Taxonomic rank
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4799:Reductionistic
4796:
4742:
4707:
4702:
4696:
4694:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4660:
4655:
4646:Introduction (
4643:
4640:
4639:
4632:
4631:
4624:
4617:
4609:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4388:Marine biology
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4198:Bioinformatics
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4133:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4110:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4087:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3910:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3838:Charles Darwin
3835:
3834:
3833:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3776:Non-ecological
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3716:
3707:
3693:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3549:
3547:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3527:nervous system
3524:
3519:
3514:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3347:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3027:Origin of life
3024:
3019:
3014:
3012:Microevolution
3009:
3007:Macroevolution
3004:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2945:Common descent
2942:
2941:
2940:
2930:
2925:
2923:Baldwin effect
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2797:
2783:
2782:External links
2780:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2743:
2688:
2662:
2655:
2629:
2561:
2546:
2494:
2436:
2423:(1): 152–168.
2403:
2346:
2319:(4): 393–401.
2303:
2294:
2285:
2264:10.1086/599084
2258:(s1): S1–S14.
2242:
2233:
2212:10.1086/386552
2204:10.1086/386552
2198:(6): 914–923.
2182:
2164:
2146:
2128:
2110:
2092:
2074:
2051:
2021:
1995:
1978:
1968:
1943:
1918:
1893:
1868:
1843:
1818:
1784:
1754:
1728:
1717:
1698:
1674:
1656:
1632:
1610:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1548:Macroevolution
1545:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1402:
1399:
1389:
1386:
1226:
1223:
1215:Marcus Feldman
1156:bacteriophages
1106:Charles Darwin
1091:
1088:
1074:
1071:
1050:Main article:
1047:
1044:
1035:Main article:
1032:
1029:
975:
972:
954:
951:
950:
949:
946:
939:
932:
925:
903:
900:
891:
888:
870:
867:
865:
862:
801:, organism to
773:
770:
675:common descent
644:
643:
641:
640:
633:
626:
618:
615:
614:
613:
612:
599:
582:
581:
578:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
550:Social effects
547:
542:
537:
531:
528:
527:
524:
523:
520:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
393:
390:
389:
386:
385:
381:
380:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
333:
328:
323:
318:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
299:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
276:Classification
273:
268:
263:
258:
257:
256:
246:
241:
236:
234:Common descent
231:
229:Origin of life
225:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
212:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
87:
86:
81:
76:
71:
65:
62:
61:
52:
44:
43:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7577:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7522:
7519:
7506:
7505:
7499:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7486:
7482:
7480:
7479:
7469:
7467:
7466:
7462:
7461:
7458:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7432:Neo-Darwinism
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7417:Functionalism
7415:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7375:Connectionism
7373:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7366:
7365:indeterminism
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7347:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7233:
7229:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7115:
7111:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7085:Schizophrenia
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7070:Mental health
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7013:
7009:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6945:Mate guarding
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6905:Age disparity
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6888:
6884:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6835:Schizophrenia
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6769:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6760:Mental health
6756:
6755:Human factors
6752:
6746:
6745:Socialization
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6705:paternal bond
6702:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6680:
6676:
6670:
6667:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6658:
6655:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6643:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6582:
6578:
6570:
6569:NaĂŻve physics
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6535:Motor control
6533:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6501:
6498:
6494:
6493:Ophidiophobia
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6483:Arachnophobia
6481:
6480:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6410:Display rules
6408:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6388:
6384:
6381:
6377:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6337:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6312:Kin selection
6310:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6246:
6240:
6234:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6206:Adaptationism
6204:
6203:
6202:
6199:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6183:
6179:
6172:
6167:
6165:
6160:
6158:
6153:
6152:
6149:
6137:
6129:
6127:
6119:
6117:
6109:
6106:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6091:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6060:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5951:Phylogenetics
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5846:Human biology
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5738:Chronobiology
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5713:Biotechnology
5711:
5709:
5708:Biostatistics
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5601:Belt transect
5599:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5549:Southern blot
5547:
5545:
5544:Northern blot
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5457:
5452:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5322:Immune system
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5239:Ground tissue
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5218:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5141:Phylogenetics
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5106:Genetic drift
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4912:Nucleic acids
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4875:Chemical bond
4873:
4871:
4870:Carbohydrates
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4630:
4625:
4623:
4618:
4616:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4468:Phylogenetics
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4363:Human biology
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4253:Chronobiology
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4228:Biotechnology
4226:
4224:
4223:Biostatistics
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4126:
4124:
4119:
4117:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4086:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4040:Phylogenetics
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3943:Structuralism
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3918:Catastrophism
3916:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3877:Neo-Darwinism
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3791:Reinforcement
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3723:Catastrophism
3720:
3717:
3715:
3714:Macromutation
3711:
3710:Micromutation
3708:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3645:
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2010:. 17 May 2017
2009:
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1991:9781605354705
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1352:genetic draft
1349:
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1175:Sewall Wright
1172:
1171:Ronald Fisher
1168:
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1138:earth science
1135:
1134:Palaeontology
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1004:
1001:
1000:Genetic drift
997:
996:Genetic drift
993:
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987:
983:
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964:
960:
947:
943:
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936:
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918:genetic drift
915:
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808:
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800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
779:
769:
767:
763:
762:embryogenesis
759:
755:
751:
750:genetic drift
747:
743:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
721:and ecology,
720:
716:
712:
711:Julian Huxley
708:
704:
703:peppered moth
700:
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688:
684:
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482:Phylogenetics
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334:
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329:
327:
326:Before Darwin
324:
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154:Genetic drift
152:
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55:
50:
46:
45:
42:
39:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
7502:
7489:
7476:
7463:
7222:Sociobiology
7186:
7080:Neuroscience
7060:Intelligence
6606:Anthropology
6559:Color vision
6544:Multitasking
6523:Flynn effect
6518:Intelligence
6500:Folk biology
6243:Evolutionary
5996:Sociobiology
5976:Protistology
5941:Photobiology
5936:Pharmacology
5926:Parasitology
5921:Paleontology
5901:Neuroscience
5881:Microbiology
5793:Epidemiology
5763:Cytogenetics
5723:Cell biology
5703:Biosemiotics
5693:Biomechanics
5673:Biogeography
5668:Biochemistry
5663:Bacteriology
5658:Astrobiology
5582:
5575:
5568:
5539:Western blot
5529:Enzyme assay
5504:Cell culture
5405:Conservation
5290:and function
5288:Animal form
5222:and function
4995:Fermentation
4773:Organ system
4731:Reproduction
4709:Properties (
4513:Sociobiology
4493:Protistology
4458:Photobiology
4453:Pharmacology
4443:Parasitology
4438:Paleontology
4418:Neuroscience
4398:Microbiology
4317:
4308:Epidemiology
4278:Cytogenetics
4238:Cell biology
4218:Biosemiotics
4208:Biomechanics
4188:Biogeography
4183:Biochemistry
4178:Bacteriology
4173:Astrobiology
4052:Polymorphism
4035:Astrobiology
3983:Biogeography
3938:Saltationism
3928:Orthogenesis
3913:Alternatives
3842:
3828:
3761:Cospeciation
3756:Cladogenesis
3705:Saltationism
3662:Mating types
3585:Color vision
3570:Avian flight
3492:mitochondria
3230:Canalisation
3108:Biodiversity
2853:Introduction
2841:
2803:
2752:
2746:
2712:(1): 40–51.
2709:
2705:
2691:
2679:. Retrieved
2674:
2665:
2638:
2632:
2579:
2575:
2564:
2555:
2549:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2454:
2450:
2439:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2236:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2167:
2149:
2141:the original
2131:
2113:
2095:
2077:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2012:. Retrieved
2007:
1998:
1981:
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1955:
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1930:
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1905:
1896:
1884:. Retrieved
1880:
1871:
1859:. Retrieved
1855:
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1830:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1805:
1802:"Speciation"
1775:. Retrieved
1766:
1757:
1745:. Retrieved
1740:
1731:
1707:
1701:
1686:
1677:
1659:
1635:
1622:
1613:
1601:. Retrieved
1596:
1587:
1540:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1395:
1391:
1375:
1360:
1356:biogeography
1336:
1317:
1309:twin studies
1305:heritability
1281:
1269:paleobiology
1266:
1262:evolvability
1239:
1228:
1160:
1144:Microbiology
1142:
1121:
1117:
1103:
1076:
1063:
1040:
1016:
1015:
1006:
1005:
995:
994:
990:DNA sequence
981:
980:
977:
956:
938:environment.
905:
893:
872:
839:
819:microbiology
785:
754:biogeography
731:
727:paleontology
667:evolutionary
658:
657:
502:Sociobiology
487:Paleontology
335:
271:Biogeography
266:Biodiversity
184:Coextinction
174:Co-operation
149:Polymorphism
74:Introduction
40:
29:
7361:Determinism
7273:Coevolution
7217:Primatology
7055:Gender role
6960:Orientation
6840:Screen time
6697:Affectional
6679:Development
6358:Mate choice
6285:By-products
6253:Adaptations
6216:Cognitivism
6136:WikiProject
6046:Xenobiology
6041:Virophysics
6011:Systematics
5966:Primatology
5911:Ornithology
5851:Ichthyology
5836:Herpetology
5831:Gerontology
5798:Epigenetics
5758:Cryobiology
5648:Agrostology
5638:Aerobiology
5633:Abiogenesis
5470:Laboratory
5317:Homeostasis
5220:Plant form
5043:Epigenetics
4965:Cell theory
4865:Amino acids
4844:Common name
4834:Peer review
4809:Mechanistic
4563:Xenobiology
4558:Virophysics
4528:Systematics
4483:Primatology
4428:Ornithology
4368:Ichthyology
4353:Herpetology
4348:Gerontology
4313:Epigenetics
4273:Cryobiology
4163:Agrostology
4153:Aerobiology
4148:Abiogenesis
4062:Systematics
3933:Mutationism
3751:Catagenesis
3679:Snake venom
3612:Eusociality
3590:in primates
3580:Cooperation
3508:In animals
3328:butterflies
3301:Cephalopods
3291:Brachiopods
3223:Development
3197:Mate choice
2950:Convergence
2933:Coevolution
2891:Abiogenesis
2014:28 November
1961:27 November
1936:27 November
1911:27 November
1886:27 November
1861:27 November
1836:27 November
1811:27 November
1777:27 November
1747:27 November
1603:27 November
1273:systematics
1254:cooperation
1187:systematics
959:coevolution
953:Coevolution
846:engineering
723:systematics
713:called the
689:affect the
669:processes (
512:Systematics
321:Renaissance
199:Convergence
189:Contingency
179:Coevolution
7554:Categories
7308:Population
7303:Lamarckism
7149:behavioral
7127:Behavioral
7075:Narcissism
7020:Aggression
6810:Hypophobia
6800:Depression
6687:Attachment
6669:Universals
6633:Psychology
6611:Biological
6599:Musicology
6589:Aesthetics
6488:Basophobia
6295:Exaptation
6273:Reciprocal
6062:Glossaries
6031:Toxicology
6026:Teratology
5971:Proteomics
5956:Physiology
5896:Neontology
5861:Lipidology
5856:Immunology
5826:Geobiology
5788:Embryology
5768:Dendrology
5698:Biophysics
5678:Biogeology
5472:techniques
5427:Microbiome
5254:Plant stem
5146:Speciation
5091:Adaptation
5020:Prokaryote
5000:Metabolism
4960:Cell cycle
4791:>
4787:>
4783:>
4781:Population
4779:>
4775:>
4771:>
4767:>
4763:>
4759:>
4755:>
4751:>
4727:Regulation
4711:Adaptation
4548:Toxicology
4543:Teratology
4488:Proteomics
4473:Physiology
4413:Neontology
4378:Lipidology
4373:Immunology
4343:Geobiology
4303:Embryology
4283:Dendrology
4213:Biophysics
4193:Biogeology
3923:Lamarckism
3901:Philosophy
3824:David Hume
3786:Peripatric
3781:Parapatric
3766:Ecological
3746:Anagenesis
3741:Allopatric
3733:Speciation
3697:Gradualism
3622:Metabolism
3482:chromosome
3472:Eukaryotes
3250:Modularity
3167:Population
3093:Population
3054:Speciation
3032:Panspermia
2985:Extinction
2980:Exaptation
2955:Divergence
2928:Cladistics
2916:Reciprocal
2896:Adaptation
1976:0031-0301.
1881:YourGenome
1597:YourGenome
1580:References
1446:Cladistics
1288:adaptation
1246:speciation
1203:James Crow
1183:Ernst Mayr
1167:E. B. Ford
850:algorithms
803:population
776:See also:
738:adaptation
695:phenotypes
691:phenotypes
679:speciation
286:Cladistics
209:Extinction
194:Divergence
164:Speciation
144:Adaptation
58:John Gould
7153:cognitive
7145:Affective
7030:Cognition
6984:Sexuality
6970:Pair bond
6730:Education
6387:Cognition
6305:Inclusive
6245:processes
6233:Criticism
5946:Phycology
5931:Pathology
5916:Osteology
5906:Nutrition
5866:Mammalogy
5841:Histology
5584:in silico
5460:Research
5437:Resources
5410:Ecosystem
5400:Community
5385:Biosphere
5297:Breathing
5179:Eukaryote
5161:Diversity
5111:Gene flow
5083:Evolution
4990:Eukaryote
4902:Molecules
4793:Biosphere
4789:Ecosystem
4785:Community
4757:Organelle
4652:Evolution
4463:Phycology
4448:Pathology
4433:Osteology
4423:Nutrition
4383:Mammalogy
4358:Histology
4057:Protocell
3908:Darwinism
3796:Sympatric
3545:processes
3433:Tetrapods
3382:Kangaroos
3308:Dinosaurs
3245:Inversion
3214:Variation
3135:Gene flow
3128:Inclusive
2938:Mutualism
2883:Evolution
2606:0027-8424
2069:189833728
1412:Evolution
1211:Dan Hartl
1078:occurred.
1011:Gene flow
1007:Gene flow
854:economics
795:molecular
787:Evolution
772:Subfields
699:offspring
545:Dysgenics
261:Phylogeny
159:Gene flow
129:Diversity
124:Variation
7422:Memetics
7182:Ethology
7140:genetics
6975:Physical
6940:Jealousy
6895:Activity
6701:maternal
6657:Religion
6645:Morality
6623:Language
6504:taxonomy
6317:Mismatch
6263:Cheating
6258:Altruism
6116:Category
6036:Virology
6021:Taxonomy
5961:Pomology
5891:Mycology
5821:Genomics
5816:Genetics
5643:Agronomy
5624:Branches
5577:in vitro
5174:Bacteria
5151:Taxonomy
5131:Mutation
5101:Function
5030:Genetics
4932:Proteins
4777:Organism
4753:Molecule
4737:),
4693:Overview
4668:Timeline
4648:Genetics
4577:See also
4553:Virology
4538:Taxonomy
4478:Pomology
4408:Mycology
4338:Genomics
4333:Genetics
4158:Agronomy
4085:Category
3960:Vitalism
3955:Theistic
3948:Spandrel
3632:Morality
3627:Monogamy
3502:plastids
3467:Flagella
3423:Reptiles
3404:sea cows
3387:primates
3296:Molluscs
3274:Bacteria
3162:Mutation
3095:genetics
3071:Taxonomy
3017:Mismatch
2997:Homology
2911:Cheating
2906:Altruism
2738:25567846
2681:20 April
2624:19918069
2533:12397357
2489:19812666
2390:27358361
2366:(1833).
2341:31540737
2333:17651363
2272:19441962
2228:15042207
2220:15266388
2177:Archived
2159:Archived
2123:Archived
2105:Archived
2087:Archived
2061:11623198
1771:Archived
1723:Archived
1693:Archived
1669:Archived
1648:Archived
1627:Archived
1504:See also
1491:Genetics
1401:Journals
1307:seen in
1299:or even
1148:genomics
1073:Homologs
986:Mutation
982:Mutation
719:genetics
609:Category
535:Eugenics
377:timeline
358:Evo-devo
316:Overview
134:Mutation
96:Evidence
91:Glossary
7532:Biology
7518:Portals
7323:Species
7095:Suicide
6930:Fantasy
6910:Arousal
6692:Bonding
6581:Culture
6405:Display
6392:Emotion
6300:Fitness
6189:History
6126:Commons
6069:Biology
6051:Zoology
5783:Ecology
5653:Anatomy
5570:in vivo
5462:methods
5415:Habitat
5390:Climate
5375:Biomass
5357:Ecology
5204:Protist
5169:Archaea
5063:Genomes
5010:Mitosis
5005:Meiosis
4927:Polymer
4907:Monomer
4895:Quantum
4729:,
4725:,
4721:,
4717:,
4713:,
4700:Science
4685:Biology
4663:History
4658:Outline
4636:Biology
4568:Zoology
4298:Ecology
4168:Anatomy
3976:Related
3806:History
3667:Meiosis
3602:Empathy
3597:Emotion
3497:nucleus
3438:Viruses
3428:Spiders
3340:Mammals
3323:Insects
3123:Fitness
3059:Species
2858:Outline
2802:at the
2729:3352414
2615:2868284
2584:Bibcode
2541:4404534
2513:Bibcode
2480:2831613
2459:Bibcode
2398:4920075
2381:4936024
2280:9250680
1130:zoology
1090:History
1025:fitness
945:exists.
879:fitness
811:zoology
793:, from
663:biology
101:History
84:Outline
7501:
7488:
7475:
7065:Memory
7025:Autism
6992:female
6925:Desire
6662:Origin
6638:Speech
6628:Origin
6400:Affect
5718:Botany
5524:vector
5380:Biomes
5249:Phloem
5234:Flower
5194:Fungus
5189:Animal
4985:Enzyme
4890:Matter
4885:Lipids
4824:Theory
4765:Tissue
4719:Growth
4233:Botany
4095:Portal
3771:Hybrid
3607:Ethics
3449:organs
3411:Plants
3397:lemurs
3392:humans
3377:horses
3367:hyenas
3355:wolves
3350:canids
3284:origin
2769:
2736:
2726:
2653:
2622:
2612:
2604:
2539:
2531:
2505:Nature
2487:
2477:
2451:Nature
2396:
2388:
2378:
2339:
2331:
2278:
2270:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2067:
2059:
2049:
1989:
1715:
1443:, and
1421:, and
1260:, and
1256:, the
1248:, the
1217:, and
1199:botany
1177:, and
1126:botany
817:, and
815:botany
780:, and
752:, and
725:, and
607:
331:Darwin
7035:Crime
6618:Crime
6549:Sleep
6539:skill
6379:Areas
5420:niche
5279:Xylem
5264:Shoot
5211:Virus
5199:Plant
4947:Cells
4937:Water
4860:Atoms
4769:Organ
4723:Order
4675:Index
3558:Death
3553:Aging
3532:brain
3318:Fungi
3279:Birds
3192:Fungi
2990:Event
2873:Index
2537:S2CID
2394:S2CID
2337:S2CID
2276:S2CID
2224:S2CID
2208:JSTOR
2065:S2CID
1651:(PDF)
1644:(PDF)
1405:Some
69:Index
6988:male
6349:Male
5259:Root
5244:Leaf
5184:Alga
4761:Cell
4749:Atom
4705:Life
4045:Tree
3517:hair
3457:Cell
3360:dogs
3345:cats
3335:Life
3313:Fish
3266:taxa
2767:ISBN
2734:PMID
2683:2020
2651:ISBN
2620:PMID
2602:ISSN
2529:PMID
2485:PMID
2386:PMID
2329:PMID
2268:PMID
2216:PMID
2057:PMID
2047:ISBN
2016:2022
1987:ISBN
1963:2021
1938:2021
1913:2021
1888:2021
1863:2022
1838:2021
1813:2022
1779:2021
1749:2021
1713:ISBN
1605:2021
1494:and
1482:and
1470:and
1295:vs.
1275:and
1233:and
1165:and
1128:and
1098:and
920:and
833:and
799:cell
705:and
79:Main
6887:Sex
6564:Eye
5038:DNA
4955:ATP
4829:Law
3543:Of
3512:eye
3462:DNA
3447:Of
3264:Of
2757:doi
2724:PMC
2714:doi
2643:doi
2610:PMC
2592:doi
2580:107
2521:doi
2509:419
2475:PMC
2467:doi
2455:461
2425:doi
2421:118
2376:PMC
2368:doi
2364:283
2321:doi
2260:doi
2256:174
2200:doi
2196:163
2039:doi
1688:IBM
1197:in
1185:in
1120:or
797:to
736:of
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4922:pH
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