79:
2744:
20:
634:
621:
908:
relationship) represents what could possibly exist or just what selection has allowed. Similarly, a thorough knowledge of physiological mechanisms can greatly enhance understanding of possible reasons for evolutionary correlations and constraints than is possible for many of the traits typically
1783:
Gaston, K. J.; Chown, S. L.; Calosi, P.; Bernardo, J.; Bilton, D. T.; Clarke, A.; Clusella-Trullas, S.; Ghalambor, C. K.; Konarzewski, M.; Peck, L. S.; Porter, W. P.; Pörtner, H. O.; Rezende, E. L.; Schulte, P. M.; Spicer, J. I.; Stillman, J. H.; Terblanche, J. S.; van
Kleunen, M. (2009).
812:
As the name implies, evolutionary physiology is the product of a merger between two distinct scientific disciplines. According to
Garland and Carter, evolutionary physiology arose in the late 1970s, following debates concerning the metabolic and thermoregulatory status of
903:
As a hybrid scientific discipline, evolutionary physiology provides some unique perspectives. For example, an understanding of physiological mechanisms can help in determining whether a particular pattern of phenotypic variation or co-variation (such as an
875:
became increasingly common in evolutionary physiology. Macrophysiology has emerged as a sub-discipline, in which practitioners attempt to identify large-scale patterns in physiological traits (e.g. patterns of co-variation with
1353:
2543:
350:
895:, which addresses such hybrid questions as "What are the most common endocrine mechanisms that respond to selection on behavior or life-history traits?"
1580:
1252:
891:. The growth of evolutionary physiology is also reflected in the emergence of sub-disciplines, such as evolutionary biomechanics and evolutionary
1707:
Kingsolver, J. G (1988). "Evolutionary physiology: Where's the ecology? A review of New
Directions in Ecological physiology, Feder et al. 1987".
665:
2858:
1951:
Broyde, S.; Dempsey, M.; Wang, L.; Cox, P. G.; Fagan, M.; Bates, K. T. (2021). "Evolutionary biomechanics: hard tissues and soft evidence?".
2245:
273:
1231:
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1222:
584:
3324:
865:
392:
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had little ecology but a considerable emphasis on evolutionary topics. It generated vigorous debate, and within a few years the
1274:
98:
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1196:
3319:
1935:
1691:
579:
3123:
526:
1239:
1979:
658:
387:
218:
883:
More recently, the importance of evolutionary physiology has been argued from the perspective of functional analyses,
2851:
2313:
2292:
Kelly, S. A.; T. Panhuis; A. Stoehr (2012). "Phenotypic plasticity: molecular mechanisms and adaptive significance".
1303:
1100:
1062:
1408:
1177:
1142:
845:
120:
1455:"Does behavior evolve first? Correlated responses to selection for voluntary wheel-running behavior in house mice"
741:
31:(e.g., what an animal chooses to do when confronted by a predator), which is expressed within limits set by whole-
2160:
Bolstad, G. H.; et, al (2015). "Complex constraints on allometry revealed by artificial selection on the wing of
1260:
888:
377:
345:
2687:
599:
382:
3350:
2763:
1785:
721:. Practitioners in the field come from a variety of backgrounds, including physiology, evolutionary biology,
651:
638:
2844:
2768:
710:
569:
2601:
1454:
1388:
1160:
1052:
861:
625:
2654:
2544:"How does selection operate on whole-organism functional performance capacities? A review and synthesis"
1163:. A number of scientific societies feature sections that encompass evolutionary physiology, including:
125:
2664:
1980:"Evolutionary endocrinology: the developing synthesis between endocrinology and evolutionary genetics"
1544:
2680:
1639:
Lovegrove, B. G. (2006). "The power of fitness in mammals: perceptions from the
African slipstream".
1328:
1245:
491:
466:
446:
426:
103:
2563:
2404:
2373:
773:
481:
476:
451:
406:
372:
366:
355:
2733:
1744:"Macrophysiology: large-scale patterns in physiological traits and their ecological implications"
1418:
1338:
1333:
1034:
818:
594:
501:
441:
402:
203:
2867:
2210:
2019:"Hormones as mediators of phenotypic and genetic integration: an evolutionary genetics approach"
2933:
2800:
2558:
1393:
1343:
1308:
1116:
1069:
977:
925:
872:
853:
765:
506:
461:
283:
178:
2268:
2060:"Hormones and the evolution of complex traits: insights from artificial selection on behavior"
1502:
1119:
3018:
2993:
2973:
1995:
1428:
1403:
1383:
1136:
1075:
1023:
951:
849:
829:
777:
604:
486:
431:
397:
310:
47:
1217:
3238:
3048:
2998:
2820:
2374:"Inferring the physiological regimes of extinct vertebrates: methods, limits and framework"
1755:
1318:
1147:
1112:
1058:
982:
910:
833:
822:
718:
456:
228:
113:
70:
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1203:
1183:
8:
3345:
3153:
3023:
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1128:
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structures and processes; that is, the manner in which the functional characteristics of
546:
536:
471:
436:
320:
223:
148:
83:
55:
1759:
1521:
1168:
American
Physiological Society "integrating the life sciences from molecule to organism"
3314:
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3233:
3058:
3053:
2634:
2429:
2137:
2108:
2084:
1999:
1903:
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1621:
1313:
1095:
1010:
837:
589:
521:
305:
233:
198:
2337:
Bacigalupe, L. D.; F. Bozinovic (2002). "Animal design and sustained metabolic rate".
3253:
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290:
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2003:
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2079:
2071:
2030:
1991:
1960:
1898:
1890:
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1830:
1808:
1800:
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1716:
1648:
1603:
1595:
1559:
1517:
1466:
1358:
1348:
1016:
992:
947:
780:. One definition that has been offered is "the study of the physiological basis of
698:
325:
43:
24:
1453:
Khan, R. H.; J. S. Rhodes; I. A. Girardd; N. E. Schwartz; T. Garland, Jr. (2024).
1210:
1159:
In the United States, research in evolutionary physiology is funded mainly by the
3263:
3228:
2825:
2784:
2718:
2128:
1894:
1581:"Performance, personality, and energetics: correlation, causation, and mechanism"
1423:
1398:
1363:
1226:
278:
268:
130:
2541:
2446:"Inner ear biomechanics reveals a Late Triassic origin for mammalian endothermy"
3118:
2928:
2461:
2208:
2059:
1298:
797:
360:
263:
2743:
78:
3339:
3198:
3093:
2983:
2958:
2953:
2805:
2572:
1877:
Noble, D.; Jablonka, E.; Joyner, M. J.; MĂĽller, G. B.; Omholt, S. W. (2014).
1368:
1323:
892:
841:
769:
753:
702:
511:
183:
2528:
2403:
Rezende, E. L.; Bacigalupe, L. D.; Nespolo, L. D.; Bozinovic, L. D. (2020).
2350:
2177:
1862:
1845:
788:) of physiological form and function associated with the environment, diet,
3243:
3223:
3188:
3183:
3173:
3168:
3148:
3128:
3038:
3008:
2968:
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2938:
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2903:
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2420:
2389:
2358:
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2195:
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1964:
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745:
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300:
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213:
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1813:
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1529:
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3213:
3158:
3098:
3083:
3078:
3043:
3003:
2893:
2883:
2878:
2305:
2230:
2211:"Evolutionary physiology and genomics in the highly adaptable killifish (
2186:
2075:
2035:
2018:
1373:
955:
884:
789:
541:
258:
208:
51:
40:
19:
2668:
Focused
Collection: Trade-Offs in Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology
3278:
3273:
3218:
3203:
3143:
3108:
3103:
3073:
3033:
3013:
2943:
2923:
2703:
1728:
1413:
1184:
Journals that frequently publish articles about evolutionary physiology
1090:
1081:
1048:
1044:
1006:
986:
905:
714:
706:
686:
315:
238:
193:
173:
87:
2836:
2621:
2542:
Irschick, D. J.; J. J. Meyers; J. F. Husak; J.-F. Le
Galliard (2008).
2378:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1682:
Feder, M. E.; A. F. Bennett; W. W. Burggren; R. B. Huey, eds. (1987).
3193:
3178:
3163:
3113:
3088:
1293:
1030:
929:
828:
This period was followed by attempts in the early 1980s to integrate
793:
785:
733:
682:
574:
188:
108:
2209:
Crawford, D.L.; P. M. Schulte; A. Whitehead; M. F. Oleksiak (2020).
1720:
1354:
I. M. Sechenov
Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry
3283:
3208:
3138:
3068:
3063:
2888:
2672:
1804:
1652:
1599:
1470:
1124:
1002:
940:
877:
814:
726:
690:
564:
163:
32:
28:
3298:
3028:
2898:
2599:
2402:
1026:
in accounting for individual, population, and species differences
967:
749:
722:
2477:"Experimental evolution and its role in evolutionary physiology"
54:
model is the absence of an explicit recognition of the place of
2963:
1928:
Evolutionary biomechanics: selection, phylogeny, and constraint
620:
2405:"Shrinking dinosaurs and the evolution of endothermy in birds"
16:
Study of evolutionary changes in physiological characteristics
1266:
1086:
36:
1741:
998:
Magnitude of "phylogenetic signal" in physiological traits
46:(e.g., muscle fiber-type composition). A weakness of this
2330:
1167:
784:, namely, correlated evolution (including constraints and
736:
studied by evolutionary physiologists is broad, including
2246:"Physiological differentiation of vertebrate populations"
1876:
1782:
2291:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
2513:"Laboratory selection for the comparative physiologist"
1953:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1879:"Evolution evolves: physiology returns to centre stage"
836:, which had spillover effects on other fields, such as
709:
during the history of a population or species. It is a
2600:
Garland, T. Jr.; A. F. Bennett; E. L. Rezende (2005).
2336:
2237:
1978:
Zera, A. J.; Harshman, L. G.; Williams, T. D. (2007).
2655:
People, Labs, and Programs in Evolutionary Physiology
1700:
1578:
1572:
1485:
1150:
measurements of free-living energy demands of animals
2660:
Evolutionary Systems Biology - Some Important Papers
1984:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
1977:
1950:
848:
started to become popular in many fields, including
2602:"Phylogenetic approaches in comparative physiology"
2474:
2243:
2057:
2016:
1500:
1254:
Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology
1172:
39:(e.g., how fast it can run) that are determined by
2017:Cox, R. M.; McGlothlin, J. W.; Bonier, F. (2016).
2468:
3337:
2371:
2285:
2202:
2058:Garland, T. Jr.; Zhao, M.; Saltzman, W. (2016).
1742:Chown, S. L.; K. J. Gaston; D. Robinson (2004).
973:Extent to which species differences are adaptive
2593:
2396:
2166:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2153:
1925:
1173:Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology
2535:
2437:
871:Shortly thereafter, selection experiments and
740:traits, behavior, whole-organism performance,
2852:
2688:
1786:"Macrophysiology: a conceptual reunification"
1033:and constraints on evolution (e.g., putative
921:Important areas of current research include:
659:
1735:
909:studied by evolutionary biologists (such as
1843:
1446:
27:are often presumed to act most directly on
2859:
2845:
2695:
2681:
2365:
2100:
1846:"Macrophysiology - progress and prospects"
1706:
776:, and its findings are a major concern of
666:
652:
3325:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
2620:
2562:
2504:
2495:
2428:
2185:
2159:
2136:
2083:
2034:
1902:
1861:
1812:
1767:
1638:
1607:
1563:
1536:
976:Physiological underpinnings of limits to
2443:
2253:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
1996:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095615
1154:
1074:Analysis of physiological variation via
18:
2866:
1684:New directions in ecological physiology
1579:Careau, V. C.; T. Garland, Jr. (2012).
1198:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology
1068:Functional significance of biochemical
932:(e.g., measures of speed or stamina in
858:New Directions in Ecological Physiology
3338:
2244:Garland, T. Jr.; S. C. Adolph (1991).
1542:
1501:Garland, T. Jr.; P. A. Carter (1994).
1459:Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology
1275:Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology
898:
880:) and their ecological implications.
866:Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology
3320:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2840:
2676:
2666:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
2510:
2475:Bennett, A. F.; R. E. Lenski (1999).
2106:
1641:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
1588:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
1545:"Morphology, performance and fitness"
1280:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
1080:Paleophysiology and the evolution of
1019:to elucidate the degree of adaptation
2702:
1844:Chown, S. L.; Gaston, K. J. (2015).
1133:Measurement of selection in the wild
916:
2372:Padian, K.; de Ricqlès, A. (2020).
2064:Integrative and Comparative Biology
2023:Integrative and Comparative Biology
1686:. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
1522:10.1146/annurev.ph.56.030194.003051
1240:Integrative and Comparative Biology
13:
1143:Phylogenetically based comparisons
1040:Limits on sustained metabolic rate
995:in shaping physiological evolution
764:. The field is closely related to
14:
3362:
2648:
1304:Beneficial acclimation hypothesis
1247:Journal of Comparative Physiology
1101:Evolution of dietary antioxidants
1063:Individual differences psychology
2742:
2265:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.22.1.193
2109:"Selection on wing allometry in
1769:10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00825.x
1409:Phylogenetic comparative methods
1178:Society for Experimental Biology
846:phylogenetic comparative methods
633:
632:
619:
77:
2609:Journal of Experimental Biology
2517:Journal of Experimental Biology
2339:Journal of Experimental Biology
2051:
2010:
1971:
1944:
1919:
1870:
1837:
1268:Journal of Experimental Biology
1261:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
1009:in physiological evolution and
889:extended evolutionary synthesis
681:is the study of the biological
626:Evolutionary biology portal
1930:. Oxford: Offord Univ. Press.
1926:Taylor, G.; A. Thomas (2014).
1776:
1675:
1632:
585:Creation–evolution controversy
339:History of evolutionary theory
1:
2769:Physiological plant disorders
2764:Plant perception (physiology)
2551:Evolutionary Ecology Research
1440:
1106:
864:had developed a panel titled
844:. In the mid- to late 1980s,
1895:10.1113/jphysiol.2014.273151
570:Evolution as fact and theory
7:
2444:AraĂşjo, R.; et, al (2022).
1510:Annual Review of Physiology
1389:Metabolic theory of ecology
1286:
1161:National Science Foundation
1053:metabolic theory of ecology
961:Functional significance of
862:National Science Foundation
10:
3367:
2462:10.1038/s41586-022-04963-z
2129:10.1093/genetics/126.4.975
943:in physiological evolution
807:
732:Accordingly, the range of
605:Nature-nurture controversy
3307:
2874:
2793:
2777:
2751:
2740:
2711:
1883:The Journal of Physiology
1503:"Evolutionary physiology"
1329:Evolutionary neuroscience
1120:mouse wheel running video
1037:on running and breathing)
492:Evolutionary neuroscience
467:Evolutionary epistemology
447:Evolutionary anthropology
427:Applications of evolution
2294:Comprehensive Physiology
2219:Comprehensive Physiology
1205:Comprehensive Physiology
1051:laws (and the so-called
774:environmental physiology
752:, classical physiology,
482:Evolutionary linguistics
477:Evolutionary game theory
452:Evolutionary computation
2816:Evolutionary physiology
2734:Physiology of dinosaurs
2529:10.1242/jeb.202.20.2709
2351:10.1242/jeb.205.19.2963
2178:10.1073/pnas.1505357112
2162:Drosophila melanogaster
2111:Drosophila melanogaster
1863:10.1111/1365-2435.12510
1793:The American Naturalist
1419:Physiology of dinosaurs
1339:Evolutionary psychology
1334:Evolutionary psychiatry
856:. A 1987 volume titled
819:physiology of dinosaurs
679:Evolutionary physiology
595:Objections to evolution
502:Evolutionary psychology
497:Evolutionary physiology
442:Evolutionary aesthetics
421:Fields and applications
403:History of paleontology
2934:Biological engineering
2801:Comparative physiology
2421:10.1126/sciadv.aaw4486
2390:10.1098/rstb.2019.0147
1965:10.1098/rspb.2020.2809
1543:Arnold, S. J. (1983).
1394:Organismal performance
1344:Experimental evolution
1309:Comparative physiology
1117:experimental evolution
950:basis of variation in
926:Organismal performance
873:experimental evolution
854:comparative physiology
766:comparative physiology
527:Speciation experiments
507:Experimental evolution
462:Evolutionary economics
284:Recent human evolution
142:Processes and outcomes
59:
3019:Developmental biology
2994:Computational biology
2974:Cellular microbiology
2511:Gibbs, A. G. (1999).
2213:Fundulus heteroclitus
2107:Weber, K. E. (1990).
1609:10536/DRO/DU:30056093
1429:Theodore Garland, Jr.
1404:Phenotypic plasticity
1384:List of physiologists
1155:Funding and societies
1137:Phenotypic plasticity
1076:quantitative genetics
1047:scaling relations or
1029:Mechanistic basis of
1024:phenotypic plasticity
850:physiological ecology
830:quantitative genetics
792:, energy management,
778:evolutionary medicine
742:functional morphology
701:or changed by random
487:Evolutionary medicine
432:Biosocial criminology
398:History of speciation
311:Evolutionary taxonomy
274:Timeline of evolution
22:
3351:Evolutionary biology
3239:Reproductive biology
3124:Mathematical biology
3049:Evolutionary biology
2999:Conservation biology
2821:Molecular physiology
2615:(Pt 16): 3015–3035.
2497:10.1093/icb/39.2.346
2306:10.1002/cphy.c110008
2231:10.1002/cphy.c190004
1565:10.1093/icb/23.2.347
1319:Field metabolic rate
1148:Doubly labeled water
1113:Artificial selection
1059:Individual variation
1035:Carrier's constraint
983:Geographic variation
834:evolutionary biology
823:mammal-like reptiles
719:evolutionary biology
457:Evolutionary ecology
71:Evolutionary biology
3024:Ecological genetics
2868:Branches of biology
1760:2004FuEco..18..159C
1379:Life history theory
1191:American Naturalist
1017:optimality modeling
970:basis of adaptation
963:molecular evolution
899:Emergent properties
762:molecular evolution
559:Social implications
547:Universal Darwinism
537:Island biogeography
472:Evolutionary ethics
437:Ecological genetics
383:Molecular evolution
321:Transitional fossil
149:Population genetics
65:Part of a series on
3315:History of biology
3249:Structural biology
3234:Relational biology
3059:Generative biology
3054:Freshwater biology
2484:American Zoologist
2076:10.1093/icb/icw040
2036:10.1093/icb/icw033
1850:Functional Ecology
1748:Functional Ecology
1552:American Zoologist
1314:Darwinian medicine
1233:Functional Ecology
1225:2006-04-25 at the
1096:Darwinian medicine
946:Physiological and
838:behavioral ecology
804:characteristics".
693:have responded to
590:Theistic evolution
522:Selective breeding
234:Parallel evolution
199:Adaptive radiation
60:
3333:
3332:
3254:Synthetic biology
3134:Molecular biology
2989:Cognitive biology
2834:
2833:
2811:Electrophysiology
2729:Insect physiology
2622:10.1242/jeb.01745
2523:(20): 2709–2718.
1937:978-0-19-177945-9
1889:(11): 2237–2244.
1693:978-0-521-34938-3
1434:Thrifty phenotype
978:geographic ranges
934:animal locomotion
917:Areas of research
695:natural selection
676:
675:
367:Origin of Species
169:Natural selection
3358:
2979:Chemical biology
2861:
2854:
2847:
2838:
2837:
2759:Plant physiology
2746:
2724:Human physiology
2697:
2690:
2683:
2674:
2673:
2643:
2642:
2624:
2606:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2575:. Archived from
2566:
2548:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2481:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2409:Science Advances
2400:
2394:
2393:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2300:(2): 1417–1439.
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2273:
2267:. Archived from
2250:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2140:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1816:
1790:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1715:(5): 1645–1646.
1704:
1698:
1697:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1611:
1585:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1549:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1507:
1498:
1483:
1482:
1450:
1349:Human physiology
1139:and manipulation
1125:Genetic analyses
993:sexual selection
948:endocrinological
705:across multiple
699:sexual selection
668:
661:
654:
641:
636:
635:
628:
624:
623:
600:Level of support
393:Current research
378:Modern synthesis
373:Before synthesis
326:Extinction event
84:Darwin's finches
81:
62:
61:
25:sexual selection
3366:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3303:
3264:Systems biology
3229:Quantum biology
2870:
2865:
2835:
2830:
2826:Neurophysiology
2789:
2785:Cell physiology
2773:
2747:
2738:
2719:Fish physiology
2707:
2701:
2651:
2646:
2604:
2598:
2594:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2564:10.1.1.371.8464
2546:
2540:
2536:
2509:
2505:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2442:
2438:
2401:
2397:
2370:
2366:
2335:
2331:
2316:
2290:
2286:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2207:
2203:
2172:: 13284–13289.
2158:
2154:
2105:
2101:
2056:
2052:
2015:
2011:
1976:
1972:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1924:
1920:
1875:
1871:
1842:
1838:
1788:
1781:
1777:
1740:
1736:
1721:10.2307/1941674
1705:
1701:
1694:
1680:
1676:
1637:
1633:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1505:
1499:
1486:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1424:Raymond B. Huey
1399:Peter Hochachka
1364:Krogh Principle
1289:
1227:Wayback Machine
1186:
1157:
1109:
1015:Application of
919:
901:
810:
672:
631:
618:
617:
610:
609:
560:
552:
551:
422:
414:
413:
412:
340:
332:
331:
330:
279:Human evolution
269:History of life
253:
252:Natural history
245:
244:
243:
143:
135:
90:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3364:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
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3236:
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3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
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3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
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3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3119:Marine biology
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
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2981:
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2971:
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2941:
2936:
2931:
2929:Bioinformatics
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2864:
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2856:
2849:
2841:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
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2794:Related topics
2791:
2790:
2788:
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2779:
2775:
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2772:
2771:
2766:
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2755:
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2709:
2708:
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2699:
2692:
2685:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2657:
2650:
2649:External links
2647:
2645:
2644:
2592:
2534:
2503:
2490:(2): 346–362.
2467:
2436:
2395:
2364:
2329:
2314:
2284:
2236:
2201:
2152:
2099:
2070:(2): 207–224.
2050:
2029:(2): 126–137.
2009:
1970:
1943:
1936:
1918:
1869:
1856:(3): 330–344.
1836:
1814:10019.1/119921
1805:10.1086/605982
1799:(5): 595–612.
1775:
1754:(2): 159–167.
1734:
1699:
1692:
1674:
1653:10.1086/499994
1647:(2): 224–236.
1631:
1600:10.1086/666970
1594:(6): 543–571.
1571:
1558:(2): 347–361.
1535:
1484:
1471:10.1086/730153
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1299:Allometric law
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974:
971:
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954:traits (e.g.,
944:
937:
918:
915:
900:
897:
809:
806:
711:sub-discipline
674:
673:
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580:Social effects
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323:
318:
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306:Classification
303:
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264:Common descent
261:
259:Origin of life
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117:
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9:
6:
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2:
3363:
3352:
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3341:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
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3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
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3207:
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3200:
3199:Phylogenetics
3197:
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3177:
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3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
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3100:
3097:
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3094:Human biology
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
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3062:
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3017:
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3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
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2984:Chronobiology
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:Biotechnology
2957:
2955:
2954:Biostatistics
2952:
2950:
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2942:
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2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
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2862:
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2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
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2809:
2807:
2806:Ecophysiology
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2735:
2732:
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2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2691:
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2684:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2582:on 2011-06-09
2578:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
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2522:
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2478:
2471:
2463:
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2455:
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2422:
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2414:
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2406:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2345:: 2963–2970.
2344:
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2333:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2315:9780470650714
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2274:on 2012-02-16
2270:
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2258:
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2247:
2240:
2232:
2228:
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2216:
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2205:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2187:11250/2463865
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2134:
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2054:
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2020:
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2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
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1910:
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1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1369:John Speakman
1367:
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1362:
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1359:Kleiber's law
1357:
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1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
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1332:
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1327:
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1324:Ecophysiology
1322:
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1199:
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1165:
1164:
1162:
1149:
1146:
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1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1129:manipulations
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:adaptational
1088:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1070:polymorphisms
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:
994:
990:
988:
984:
981:
979:
975:
972:
969:
966:
964:
960:
957:
953:
949:
945:
942:
938:
935:
931:
928:as a central
927:
924:
923:
922:
914:
912:
907:
896:
894:
893:endocrinology
890:
886:
881:
879:
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
842:ecophysiology
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
816:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:ecophysiology
767:
763:
759:
755:
754:endocrinology
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
703:genetic drift
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:physiological
684:
680:
669:
664:
662:
657:
655:
650:
649:
647:
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512:Phylogenetics
510:
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391:
389:
386:
384:
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376:
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371:
369:
368:
364:
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359:
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356:Before Darwin
354:
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336:
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212:
210:
207:
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184:Genetic drift
182:
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177:
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172:
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162:
160:
157:
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147:
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107:
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102:
100:
97:
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72:
69:
68:
64:
63:
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
21:
3244:Sociobiology
3224:Protistology
3189:Photobiology
3184:Pharmacology
3174:Parasitology
3169:Paleontology
3149:Neuroscience
3129:Microbiology
3039:Epidemiology
3009:Cytogenetics
2969:Cell biology
2949:Biosemiotics
2939:Biomechanics
2919:Biogeography
2914:Biochemistry
2909:Bacteriology
2904:Astrobiology
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2577:the original
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758:biochemistry
746:biomechanics
738:life history
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532:Sociobiology
517:Paleontology
496:
365:
301:Biogeography
296:Biodiversity
214:Coextinction
204:Co-operation
179:Polymorphism
104:Introduction
56:life history
35:performance
23:Natural and
3294:Xenobiology
3289:Virophysics
3259:Systematics
3214:Primatology
3159:Ornithology
3099:Ichthyology
3084:Herpetology
3079:Gerontology
3044:Epigenetics
3004:Cryobiology
2894:Agrostology
2884:Aerobiology
2879:Abiogenesis
2557:: 177–196.
2456:: 726–731.
2259:: 193–228.
2225:: 637–671.
2123:: 975–989.
1990:: 793–817.
1516:: 579–621.
1374:Leon Orbeli
956:clutch size
885:epigenetics
790:homeostasis
707:generations
542:Systematics
351:Renaissance
229:Convergence
219:Contingency
209:Coevolution
52:operational
41:subordinate
3346:Physiology
3340:Categories
3279:Toxicology
3274:Teratology
3219:Proteomics
3204:Physiology
3144:Neontology
3109:Lipidology
3104:Immunology
3074:Geobiology
3034:Embryology
3014:Dendrology
2944:Biophysics
2924:Biogeology
2704:Physiology
2586:2009-01-22
2278:2013-05-07
1465:: 97–117.
1441:References
1414:Physiology
1278:(formerly
1107:Techniques
1091:physiology
1082:endothermy
1061:(see also
1049:allometric
1045:allometric
1043:Origin of
1031:trade-offs
987:physiology
911:morphology
906:allometric
786:trade-offs
734:phenotypes
715:physiology
316:Cladistics
239:Extinction
224:Divergence
194:Speciation
174:Adaptation
88:John Gould
48:conceptual
3194:Phycology
3179:Pathology
3164:Osteology
3154:Nutrition
3114:Mammalogy
3089:Histology
2573:0003-1569
2559:CiteSeerX
1294:Allometry
1219:Evolution
1007:parasites
1003:pathogens
930:phenotype
887:, and an
815:dinosaurs
798:mortality
794:longevity
691:organisms
683:evolution
575:Dysgenics
291:Phylogeny
189:Gene flow
159:Diversity
154:Variation
37:abilities
3308:See also
3284:Virology
3269:Taxonomy
3209:Pomology
3139:Mycology
3069:Genomics
3064:Genetics
2889:Agronomy
2639:14871059
2631:16081601
2359:12200400
2324:23798305
2196:26371319
2117:Genetics
2094:27252193
2045:27252188
2004:33272127
1913:24882808
1823:19788354
1669:24536395
1661:16555182
1626:16499109
1618:23099454
1479:38728689
1287:See also
1223:Archived
1022:Role of
1011:immunity
1001:Role of
991:Role of
941:behavior
939:Role of
878:latitude
727:genetics
713:of both
639:Category
565:Eugenics
407:timeline
388:Evo-devo
346:Overview
164:Mutation
126:Evidence
121:Glossary
33:organism
29:behavior
3299:Zoology
3029:Ecology
2899:Anatomy
2712:Animals
2430:6938711
2147:2127580
2138:1204293
2085:5964798
1904:4048083
1831:6239591
1756:Bibcode
1729:1941674
1709:Ecology
1530:8010752
1212:Ecology
968:Genomic
808:History
782:fitness
750:anatomy
723:ecology
131:History
114:Outline
58:traits.
2964:Botany
2752:Plants
2637:
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2450:Nature
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796:, and
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760:, and
725:, and
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361:Darwin
44:traits
2778:Cells
2706:types
2635:S2CID
2605:(PDF)
2580:(PDF)
2547:(PDF)
2480:(PDF)
2272:(PDF)
2249:(PDF)
2000:S2CID
1827:S2CID
1789:(PDF)
1725:JSTOR
1665:S2CID
1622:S2CID
1584:(PDF)
1548:(PDF)
1506:(PDF)
1087:Human
832:into
817:(see
99:Index
2627:PMID
2569:ISSN
2355:PMID
2320:PMID
2310:ISBN
2192:PMID
2143:PMID
2090:PMID
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1932:ISBN
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1819:PMID
1688:ISBN
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1526:PMID
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1127:and
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109:Main
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2525:doi
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2458:doi
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2425:PMC
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2182:hdl
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2170:112
2164:".
2133:PMC
2125:doi
2121:126
2080:PMC
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2031:doi
1992:doi
1961:doi
1957:288
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1891:doi
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1858:doi
1809:hdl
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