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3925:, Darwin noted that population growth would lead to a "struggle for existence" in which favourable variations prevailed as others perished. In each generation, many offspring fail to survive to an age of reproduction because of limited resources. This could explain the diversity of plants and animals from a common ancestry through the working of natural laws in the same way for all types of organism. Darwin developed his theory of "natural selection" from 1838 onwards and was writing up his "big book" on the subject when
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1957:
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616:. If the DNA sequence at a locus varies between individuals, the different forms of this sequence are called alleles. DNA sequences can change through mutations, producing new alleles. If a mutation occurs within a gene, the new allele may affect the trait that the gene controls, altering the phenotype of the organism. However, while this simple correspondence between an allele and a trait works in some cases, most traits are influenced by multiple genes in a
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3459:. Current species are a stage in the process of evolution, with their diversity the product of a long series of speciation and extinction events. The common descent of organisms was first deduced from four simple facts about organisms: First, they have geographic distributions that cannot be explained by local adaptation. Second, the diversity of life is not a set of completely unique organisms, but organisms that share morphological similarities. Third,
2052:, which can undergo parapatric speciation in response to localised metal pollution from mines. Here, plants evolve that have resistance to high levels of metals in the soil. Selection against interbreeding with the metal-sensitive parental population produced a gradual change in the flowering time of the metal-resistant plants, which eventually produced complete reproductive isolation. Selection against hybrids between the two populations may cause
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1295:. This drift halts when an allele eventually becomes fixed, either by disappearing from the population or by replacing the other alleles entirely. Genetic drift may therefore eliminate some alleles from a population due to chance alone. Even in the absence of selective forces, genetic drift can cause two separate populations that begin with the same genetic structure to drift apart into two divergent populations with different sets of alleles.
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the past may not re-evolve in an identical form. However, a re-activation of dormant genes, as long as they have not been eliminated from the genome and were only suppressed perhaps for hundreds of generations, can lead to the re-occurrence of traits thought to be lost like hindlegs in dolphins, teeth in chickens, wings in wingless stick insects, tails and additional nipples in humans etc. "Throwbacks" such as these are known as
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2046:. This is similar to peripatric speciation in that a small population enters a new habitat, but differs in that there is no physical separation between these two populations. Instead, speciation results from the evolution of mechanisms that reduce gene flow between the two populations. Generally this occurs when there has been a drastic change in the environment within the parental species' habitat. One example is the grass
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1354:. Haldane and Fisher argued that, because mutation is a weak pressure easily overcome by selection, tendencies of mutation would be ineffectual except under conditions of neutral evolution or extraordinarily high mutation rates. This opposing-pressures argument was long used to dismiss the possibility of internal tendencies in evolution, until the molecular era prompted renewed interest in neutral evolution.
1230:, a founder of ecology, defined an ecosystem as: "Any unit that includes all of the organisms...in a given area interacting with the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure, biotic diversity, and material cycles (i.e., exchange of materials between living and nonliving parts) within the system...." Each population within an ecosystem occupies a distinct
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2208:). If one species can out-compete another, this could produce species selection, with the fitter species surviving and the other species being driven to extinction. The intermittent mass extinctions are also important, but instead of acting as a selective force, they drastically reduce diversity in a nonspecific manner and promote bursts of rapid evolution and speciation in survivors.
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1524:, lessening the chance of it going extinct, while a wide geographic range increases the chance of speciation, by making it more likely that part of the population will become isolated. In this sense, microevolution and macroevolution might involve selection at different levels—with microevolution acting on genes and organisms, versus macroevolutionary processes such as
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Macroevolution is the outcome of long periods of microevolution. Thus, the distinction between micro- and macroevolution is not a fundamental one—the difference is simply the time involved. However, in macroevolution, the traits of the entire species may be important. For instance, a large amount of variation among individuals allows a species to rapidly adapt to new
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2126:. This happened about 20,000 years ago, and the speciation process has been repeated in the laboratory, which allows the study of the genetic mechanisms involved in this process. Indeed, chromosome doubling within a species may be a common cause of reproductive isolation, as half the doubled chromosomes will be unmatched when breeding with undoubled organisms.
1999:. In this case, closely related species may regularly interbreed, but hybrids will be selected against and the species will remain distinct. However, viable hybrids are occasionally formed and these new species can either have properties intermediate between their parent species, or possess a totally new phenotype. The importance of hybridisation in producing
1839:, or a predator and its prey, these species can develop matched sets of adaptations. Here, the evolution of one species causes adaptations in a second species. These changes in the second species then, in turn, cause new adaptations in the first species. This cycle of selection and response is called coevolution. An example is the production of
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1798:. It is also possible for structures that have been lost in evolution to reappear due to changes in developmental genes, such as a mutation in chickens causing embryos to grow teeth similar to those of crocodiles. It is now becoming clear that most alterations in the form of organisms are due to changes in a small set of conserved genes.
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855:, sexual organisms exchange DNA between two matching chromosomes. Recombination and reassortment do not alter allele frequencies, but instead change which alleles are associated with each other, producing offspring with new combinations of alleles. Sex usually increases genetic variation and may increase the rate of evolution.
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1971:
Despite the diversity of various species concepts, these various concepts can be placed into one of three broad philosophical approaches: interbreeding, ecological and phylogenetic. The
Biological Species Concept (BSC) is a classic example of the interbreeding approach. Defined by evolutionary biologist
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connected natural selection and population genetics, based on
Mendelian inheritance, into a unified theory that included random genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow. This new version of evolutionary theory focused on changes in allele frequencies in population. It explained patterns observed across
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Past species have also left records of their evolutionary history. Fossils, along with the comparative anatomy of present-day organisms, constitute the morphological, or anatomical, record. By comparing the anatomies of both modern and extinct species, palaeontologists can infer the lineages of those
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despite their small size and constitute the vast majority of Earth's biodiversity. Simple organisms have therefore been the dominant form of life on Earth throughout its history and continue to be the main form of life up to the present day, with complex life only appearing more diverse because it is
1029:
is defined by the regular and repeated activities of organisms in their environment. This generates a legacy of effects that modify and feed back into the selection regime of subsequent generations. Other examples of heritability in evolution that are not under the direct control of genes include the
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continually producing simple forms of life that developed greater complexity in parallel lineages with an inherent progressive tendency, and postulated that on a local level, these lineages adapted to the environment by inheriting changes caused by their use or disuse in parents. (The latter process
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Prokaryotes inhabited the Earth from approximately 3–4 billion years ago. No obvious changes in morphology or cellular organisation occurred in these organisms over the next few billion years. The eukaryotic cells emerged between 1.6 and 2.7 billion years ago. The next major change in cell
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is an ongoing mass extinction associated with humanity's expansion across the globe over the past few thousand years. Present-day extinction rates are 100–1000 times greater than the background rate and up to 30% of current species may be extinct by the mid 21st century. Human activities are now the
1970:
There are multiple ways to define the concept of "species". The choice of definition is dependent on the particularities of the species concerned. For example, some species concepts apply more readily toward sexually reproducing organisms while others lend themselves better toward asexual organisms.
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that will also cause the other alleles in the haplotype to become more common in the population; this effect is called genetic hitchhiking or genetic draft. Genetic draft caused by the fact that some neutral genes are genetically linked to others that are under selection can be partially captured by
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by genetic drift. In this model, most genetic changes in a population are thus the result of constant mutation pressure and genetic drift. This form of the neutral theory has been debated since it does not seem to fit some genetic variation seen in nature. A better-supported version of this model is
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The time it takes a neutral allele to become fixed by genetic drift depends on population size; fixation is more rapid in smaller populations. The number of individuals in a population is not critical, but instead a measure known as the effective population size. The effective population is usually
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Importantly, the fitness of an allele is not a fixed characteristic; if the environment changes, previously neutral or harmful traits may become beneficial and previously beneficial traits become harmful. However, even if the direction of selection does reverse in this way, traits that were lost in
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More offspring are produced than can possibly survive, and these conditions produce competition between organisms for survival and reproduction. Consequently, organisms with traits that give them an advantage over their competitors are more likely to pass on their traits to the next generation than
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applied one of the previously more general terms for fixed natural types, "species", to plant and animal types, but he strictly identified each type of living thing as a species and proposed that each species could be defined by the features that perpetuated themselves generation after generation.
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cavefish that lost its eyesight during evolution. Breeding together different populations of this blind fish produced some offspring with functional eyes, since different mutations had occurred in the isolated populations that had evolved in different caves. This helped identify genes required for
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Extinction is the disappearance of an entire species. Extinction is not an unusual event, as species regularly appear through speciation and disappear through extinction. Nearly all animal and plant species that have lived on Earth are now extinct, and extinction appears to be the ultimate fate of
1975:
in 1942, the BSC states that "species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups." Despite its wide and long-term use, the BSC like other species concepts is not without controversy, for example, because genetic
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Adaptation occurs through the gradual modification of existing structures. Consequently, structures with similar internal organisation may have different functions in related organisms. This is the result of a single ancestral structure being adapted to function in different ways. The bones within
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A special case of natural selection is sexual selection, which is selection for any trait that increases mating success by increasing the attractiveness of an organism to potential mates. Traits that evolved through sexual selection are particularly prominent among males of several animal species.
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Recombination allows alleles on the same strand of DNA to become separated. However, the rate of recombination is low (approximately two events per chromosome per generation). As a result, genes close together on a chromosome may not always be shuffled away from each other and genes that are close
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Gene flow is the exchange of genes between populations and between species. It can therefore be a source of variation that is new to a population or to a species. Gene flow can be caused by the movement of individuals between separate populations of organisms, as might be caused by the movement of
889:. The second cost is that any individual who reproduces sexually can only pass on 50% of its genes to any individual offspring, with even less passed on as each new generation passes. Yet sexual reproduction is the more common means of reproduction among eukaryotes and multicellular organisms. The
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in 1859, the idea that life had evolved was an active source of academic debate centred on the philosophical, social and religious implications of evolution. Today, the modern evolutionary synthesis is accepted by a vast majority of scientists. However, evolution remains a contentious concept for
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resistance. It is possible that we are facing the end of the effective life of most of available antibiotics and predicting the evolution and evolvability of our pathogens and devising strategies to slow or circumvent it is requiring deeper knowledge of the complex forces driving evolution at the
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The role of extinction in evolution is not very well understood and may depend on which type of extinction is considered. The causes of the continuous "low-level" extinction events, which form the majority of extinctions, may be the result of competition between species for limited resources (the
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However, mutational hypotheses for the evolution of composition suffered a reduction in scope when it was discovered that (1) GC-biased gene conversion makes an important contribution to composition in diploid organisms such as mammals and (2) bacterial genomes frequently have AT-biased mutation.
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For instance, mutation biases are frequently invoked in models of codon usage. Such models also include effects of selection, following the mutation-selection-drift model, which allows both for mutation biases and differential selection based on effects on translation. Hypotheses of mutation bias
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Contemporary thinking about the role of mutation biases reflects a different theory from that of
Haldane and Fisher. More recent work showed that the original "pressures" theory assumes that evolution is based on standing variation: when evolution depends on events of mutation that introduce new
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An individual organism's phenotype results from both its genotype and the influence of the environment it has lived in. The modern evolutionary synthesis defines evolution as the change over time in this genetic variation. The frequency of one particular allele will become more or less prevalent
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skin comes from the interaction between a person's genotype and sunlight; thus, suntans are not passed on to people's children. The phenotype is the ability of the skin to tan when exposed to sunlight. However, some people tan more easily than others, due to differences in genotypic variation; a
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Highly energetic chemistry is thought to have produced a self-replicating molecule around 4 billion years ago, and half a billion years later the last common ancestor of all life existed. The current scientific consensus is that the complex biochemistry that makes up life came from simpler
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that are able to reproduce. On an even smaller scale, the somatic cells that make up the body of an animal limit their reproduction so they can maintain a stable organism, which then supports a small number of the animal's germ cells to produce offspring. Here, somatic cells respond to specific
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versus microevolution. Macroevolution refers to evolution that occurs at or above the level of species, in particular speciation and extinction, whereas microevolution refers to smaller evolutionary changes within a species or population, in particular shifts in allele frequency and adaptation.
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About half of the mutations in the coding regions of protein-coding genes are deleterious — the other half are neutral. A small percentage of the total mutations in this region confer a fitness benefit. Some of the mutations in other parts of the genome are deleterious but the vast majority are
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Evolutionary processes are generally thought of as processes by which these changes occur. Four such processes are widely recognized: natural selection (in the broad sense, to include sexual selection), genetic drift, mutation, and migration (Fisher 1930; Haldane 1932). The latter two generate
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Adaptation may cause either the gain of a new feature, or the loss of an ancestral feature. An example that shows both types of change is bacterial adaptation to antibiotic selection, with genetic changes causing antibiotic resistance by both modifying the target of the drug, or increasing the
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composed of four types of bases. The sequence of bases along a particular DNA molecule specifies the genetic information, in a manner similar to a sequence of letters spelling out a sentence. Before a cell divides, the DNA is copied, so that each of the resulting two cells will inherit the DNA
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are linked, with natural selection and genetic drift acting most strongly on organisms undergoing speciation in novel habitats or small populations. As a result, the periods of stasis in the fossil record correspond to the parental population and the organisms undergoing speciation and rapid
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of an organism. Fitness is measured by an organism's ability to survive and reproduce, which determines the size of its genetic contribution to the next generation. However, fitness is not the same as the total number of offspring: instead fitness is indicated by the proportion of subsequent
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perspective, evolution occurs when there are changes in the frequencies of alleles within a population of interbreeding organisms, for example, the allele for black colour in a population of moths becoming more common. Mechanisms that can lead to changes in allele frequencies include natural
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with other species in an ever-changing environment. Another hypothesis is that sexual reproduction is primarily an adaptation for promoting accurate recombinational repair of damage in germline DNA, and that increased diversity is a byproduct of this process that may sometimes be adaptively
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More than 99% of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.9 million are estimated to have been named and
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or migration. Selection under these conditions can produce very rapid changes in the appearance and behaviour of organisms. As selection and drift act independently on populations isolated from the rest of their species, separation may eventually produce organisms that cannot interbreed.
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Although sexually favoured, traits such as cumbersome antlers, mating calls, large body size and bright colours often attract predation, which compromises the survival of individual males. This survival disadvantage is balanced by higher reproductive success in males that show these
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and how modifications of development and developmental processes produce novel features. These studies have shown that evolution can alter development to produce new structures, such as embryonic bone structures that develop into the jaw in other animals instead forming part of the
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of humanity have the same types of natural causes as other inherited traits in animals. In some countries, notably the United States, these tensions between science and religion have fuelled the current creation–evolution controversy, a religious conflict focusing on politics and
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species. However, this approach is most successful for organisms that had hard body parts, such as shells, bones or teeth. Further, as prokaryotes such as bacteria and archaea share a limited set of common morphologies, their fossils do not provide information on their ancestry.
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generations that carry an organism's genes. For example, if an organism could survive well and reproduce rapidly, but its offspring were all too small and weak to survive, this organism would make little genetic contribution to future generations and would thus have low fitness.
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around 250,000 years ago. However, despite the evolution of these large animals, smaller organisms similar to the types that evolved early in this process continue to be highly successful and dominate the Earth, with the majority of both biomass and species being prokaryotes.
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Evolution influences every aspect of the form and behaviour of organisms. Most prominent are the specific behavioural and physical adaptations that are the outcome of natural selection. These adaptations increase fitness by aiding activities such as finding food, avoiding
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that were the same for all visible things and that did not require the existence of any fixed natural categories or divine cosmic order. However, this new approach was slow to take root in the biological sciences: the last bastion of the concept of fixed natural types.
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During evolution, some structures may lose their original function and become vestigial structures. Such structures may have little or no function in a current species, yet have a clear function in ancestral species, or other closely related species. Examples include
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smaller than the total population since it takes into account factors such as the level of inbreeding and the stage of the lifecycle in which the population is the smallest. The effective population size may not be the same for every gene in the same population.
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species diverge without geographic isolation or changes in habitat. This form is rare since even a small amount of gene flow may remove genetic differences between parts of a population. Generally, sympatric speciation in animals requires the evolution of both
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Adaptation is the process that makes organisms better suited to their habitat. Also, the term adaptation may refer to a trait that is important for an organism's survival. For example, the adaptation of horses' teeth to the grinding of grass. By using the term
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between two diverging sexual populations are required for the populations to become new species. Gene flow may slow this process by spreading the new genetic variants also to the other populations. Depending on how far two species have diverged since their
4029:'s structure. De Vries was also one of the researchers who made Mendel's work well known, believing that Mendelian traits corresponded to the transfer of heritable variations along the germline. To explain how new variants originate, de Vries developed
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produced by mutations. For example, these DNA sequence comparisons have revealed that humans and chimpanzees share 98% of their genomes and analysing the few areas where they differ helps shed light on when the common ancestor of these species existed.
851:, as they cannot mix with genes of other organisms during reproduction. In contrast, the offspring of sexual organisms contain random mixtures of their parents' chromosomes that are produced through independent assortment. In a related process called
3625:
of modern animals appeared in the fossil record, as well as unique lineages that subsequently became extinct. Various triggers for the
Cambrian explosion have been proposed, including the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere from photosynthesis.
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Due to horizontal gene transfer, this "tree of life" may be more complicated than a simple branching tree, since some genes have spread independently between distantly related species. To solve this problem and others, some authors prefer to use the
1319:(CNE), which explains that complex systems can emerge and spread into a population through neutral transitions due to the principles of excess capacity, presuppression, and ratcheting, and it has been applied in areas ranging from the origins of the
1389:(arrival biases) can impose biases on evolution without requiring neutral evolution or high mutation rates. Several studies report that the mutations implicated in adaptation reflect common mutation biases though others dispute this interpretation.
1762:, which developed an extremely flat head for hiding in crevices, as can be seen by looking at its near relatives. However, in this species, the head has become so flattened that it assists in gliding from tree to tree—an exaptation. Within cells,
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and were integrated into
Christian learning, but Aristotle did not demand that real types of organisms always correspond one-for-one with exact metaphysical forms and specifically gave examples of how new types of living things could come to be.
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may further accelerate it in the future. Despite the estimated extinction of more than 99% of all species that ever lived on Earth, about 1 trillion species are estimated to be on Earth currently with only one-thousandth of 1% described.
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of the system; one gene in the pair can acquire a new function while the other copy continues to perform its original function. Other types of mutations can even generate entirely new genes from previously noncoding DNA, a phenomenon termed
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2031:, which occurs when small populations of organisms become isolated in a new environment. This differs from allopatric speciation in that the isolated populations are numerically much smaller than the parental population. Here, the
23510:
Piatigorsky, Joram; Kantorow, Marc; Gopal-Srivastava, Rashmi; Tomarev, Stanislav I. (1994). "Recruitment of enzymes and stress proteins as lens crystallins". In
Jansson, Bengt; Jörnvall, Hans; Rydberg, Ulf; et al. (eds.).
17753:"Charles Darwin's hunch about early life was probably right – In a few scrawled notes to a friend, biologist Charles Darwin theorised how life began. Not only was it probably correct, his theory was a century ahead of its time"
6598:
2110:. This allows the chromosomes from each parental species to form matching pairs during meiosis, since each parent's chromosomes are represented by a pair already. An example of such a speciation event is when the plant species
1515:. In the longer term, evolution produces new species through splitting ancestral populations of organisms into new groups that cannot or will not interbreed. These outcomes of evolution are distinguished based on time scale as
1245:, such as genes, cells, individual organisms, groups of organisms and species. Selection can act at multiple levels simultaneously. An example of selection occurring below the level of the individual organism are genes called
1727:, the non-functional remains of eyes in blind cave-dwelling fish, wings in flightless birds, the presence of hip bones in whales and snakes, and sexual traits in organisms that reproduce via asexual reproduction. Examples of
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hands, due to the descent of all these structures from a common mammalian ancestor. However, since all living organisms are related to some extent, even organs that appear to have little or no structural similarity, such as
1539:
have evolved, they occur as a side effect of the overall number of organisms increasing, and simple forms of life still remain more common in the biosphere. For example, the overwhelming majority of species are microscopic
3614:. In January 2016, scientists reported that, about 800 million years ago, a minor genetic change in a single molecule called GK-PID may have allowed organisms to go from a single cell organism to one of many cells.
1334:
It is usually difficult to measure the relative importance of selection and neutral processes, including drift. The comparative importance of adaptive and non-adaptive forces in driving evolutionary change is an area of
2014:
and in nature. In sexually reproducing organisms, speciation results from reproductive isolation followed by genealogical divergence. There are four primary geographic modes of speciation. The most common in animals is
3629:
About 500 million years ago, plants and fungi colonised the land and were soon followed by arthropods and other animals. Insects were particularly successful and even today make up the majority of animal species.
1980:. Some researchers have attempted a unifying monistic definition of species, while others adopt a pluralistic approach and suggest that there may be different ways to logically interpret the definition of a species.
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If an allele increases fitness more than the other alleles of that gene, then with each generation this allele has a higher probability of becoming common within the population. These traits are said to be "selected
16722:
Pan, Dabo; Weiwei Xue; Wenqi Zhang; et al. (October 2012). "Understanding the drug resistance mechanism of hepatitis C virus NS3/4A to ITMN-191 due to R155K, A156V, D168A/E mutations: a computational study".
2133:, which accounts for the pattern in the fossil record of short "bursts" of evolution interspersed with relatively long periods of stasis, where species remain relatively unchanged. In this theory, speciation and
928:. Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another organism that is not its offspring; this is most common among bacteria. In medicine, this contributes to the spread of
1662:. An interesting but still controversial idea is that some adaptations might increase the ability of organisms to generate genetic diversity and adapt by natural selection (increasing organisms' evolvability).
694:). Despite the constant introduction of new variation through mutation and gene flow, most of the genome of a species is very similar among all individuals of that species. However, discoveries in the field of
24979:
20082:
750:), which can introduce extra copies of a gene into a genome. Extra copies of genes are a major source of the raw material needed for new genes to evolve. This is important because most new genes evolve within
1455:
become blue during the height of mating season. Blue reflectance may be a form of intersexual communication. It is hypothesised that males with brighter blue coloration may signal greater sexual and genetic
559:
is an inherited characteristic and an individual might inherit the "brown-eye trait" from one of their parents. Inherited traits are controlled by genes and the complete set of genes within an organism's
1599:
for the product (the bodily part or function), the two senses of the word may be distinguished. Adaptations are produced by natural selection. The following definitions are due to
Theodosius Dobzhansky:
12173:
Crawford, Ronald L.; Jung, Carina M.; Strap, Janice L. (October 2007). "The recent evolution of pentachlorophenol (PCP)-4-monooxygenase (PcpB) and associated pathways for bacterial degradation of PCP".
3405:
Eon. Microbial mat fossils have been found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone in
Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old
1311:, according to which a mutation that would be effectively neutral in a small population is not necessarily neutral in a large population. Other theories propose that genetic drift is dwarfed by other
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10710:
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decision of 1925 caused the subject to become very rare in
American secondary biology textbooks for a generation, but it was gradually re-introduced later and became legally protected with the 1968
2245:
such as antibiotic resistance genes being used to manipulate DNA. Proteins with valuable properties have evolved by repeated rounds of mutation and selection (for example modified enzymes and new
1350:
is usually conceived as a difference in expected rates for two different kinds of mutation, e.g., transition-transversion bias, GC-AT bias, deletion-insertion bias. This is related to the idea of
1932:
contain these alleles and thus those alleles will be passed on. Other processes that may promote cooperation include group selection, where cooperation provides benefits to a group of organisms.
1869:
Not all co-evolved interactions between species involve conflict. Many cases of mutually beneficial interactions have evolved. For instance, an extreme cooperation exists between plants and the
608:
sequence. Portions of a DNA molecule that specify a single functional unit are called genes; different genes have different sequences of bases. Within cells, each long strand of DNA is called a
1078:
Evolution by natural selection is the process by which traits that enhance survival and reproduction become more common in successive generations of a population. It embodies three principles:
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769:
New genes can be generated from an ancestral gene when a duplicate copy mutates and acquires a new function. This process is easier once a gene has been duplicated because it increases the
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insisted that species were unrelated and fixed, their similarities reflecting divine design for functional needs. In the meantime, Ray's ideas of benevolent design had been developed by
3494:
More recently, evidence for common descent has come from the study of biochemical similarities between organisms. For example, all living cells use the same basic set of nucleotides and
13560:
Geffeney, Shana; Brodie, Edmund D. Jr.; Ruben, Peter C.; Brodie, Edmund D. III (23 August 2002). "Mechanisms of
Adaptation in a Predator-Prey Arms Race: TTX-Resistant Sodium Channels".
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decision. Since then, the competing religious belief of creationism was legally disallowed in secondary school curricula in various decisions in the 1970s and 1980s, but it returned in
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act on genetic variation, resulting in certain characteristics becoming more or less common within a population over successive generations. The process of evolution has given rise to
3617:
Soon after the emergence of these first multicellular organisms, a remarkable amount of biological diversity appeared over approximately 10 million years, in an event called the
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with no clear purpose resemble functional ancestral traits. Fourth, organisms can be classified using these similarities into a hierarchy of nested groups, similar to a family tree.
1789:
An area of current investigation in evolutionary developmental biology is the developmental basis of adaptations and exaptations. This research addresses the origin and evolution of
16923:
RodrĂguez-Rojas, Alexandro; RodrĂguez-Beltrán, JerĂłnimo; Couce, Alejandro; Blázquez, JesĂşs (August 2013). "Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance: A bitter fight against evolution".
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Natural selection most generally makes nature the measure against which individuals and individual traits, are more or less likely to survive. "Nature" in this sense refers to an
2320:. Evolutionary algorithms are now used to solve multi-dimensional problems more efficiently than software produced by human designers and also to optimise the design of systems.
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have played an important role in the development of thinking about the evolution of genome composition, including isochores. Different insertion vs. deletion biases in different
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9647:
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361:, in the mid-19th century as an explanation for why organisms are adapted to their physical and biological environments. The theory was first set out in detail in Darwin's book
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from each parent are from different species and cannot successfully pair. However, it is more common in plants because plants often double their number of chromosomes, to form
1203:
becoming most common, with selection against the average value. This would be when either short or tall organisms had an advantage, but not those of medium height. Finally, in
579:. Some of these traits come from the interaction of its genotype with the environment while others are neutral. Some observable characteristics are not inherited. For example,
2300:
started in the 1960s and were extended with simulation of artificial selection. Artificial evolution became a widely recognised optimisation method as a result of the work of
885:. The first cost is that in sexually dimorphic species only one of the two sexes can bear young. This cost does not apply to hermaphroditic species, like most plants and many
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The generation of new genes can also involve small parts of several genes being duplicated, with these fragments then recombining to form new combinations with new functions (
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13034:
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2276:. Many human diseases are not static phenomena, but capable of evolution. Viruses, bacteria, fungi and cancers evolve to be resistant to host immune defences, as well as to
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Understanding the changes that have occurred during an organism's evolution can reveal the genes needed to construct parts of the body, genes which may be involved in human
3903:
The crucial break from the concept of constant typological classes or types in biology came with the theory of evolution through natural selection, which was formulated by
1758:: structures originally adapted for one function, but which coincidentally became somewhat useful for some other function in the process. One example is the African lizard
1377:
can lead to the evolution of different genome sizes. The hypothesis of Lynch regarding genome size relies on mutational biases toward increase or decrease in genome size.
932:, as when one bacteria acquires resistance genes it can rapidly transfer them to other species. Horizontal transfer of genes from bacteria to eukaryotes such as the yeast
21736:
21176:; Verde, Licia; Peiris, Hiranya V.; et al. (2003). "First-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Determination of Cosmological Parameters".
1361:
proposed that systematic biases in mutation might be responsible for systematic differences in genomic GC composition between species. The identification of a GC-biased
731:
Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of a cell's genome and are the ultimate source of genetic variation in all organisms. When mutations occur, they may alter the
14283:
Fraser, Christophe; Alm, Eric J.; Polz, Martin F.; et al. (6 February 2009). "The Bacterial Species Challenge: Making Sense of Genetic and Ecological Diversity".
21943:
20265:
11999:
Okada, Hirosuke; Negoro, Seiji; Kimura, Hiroyuki; et al. (10 November 1983). "Evolutionary adaptation of plasmid-encoded enzymes for degrading nylon oligomers".
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4084:
Since then, further syntheses have extended evolution's explanatory power in the light of numerous discoveries, to cover biological phenomena across the whole of the
1191:
Natural selection within a population for a trait that can vary across a range of values, such as height, can be categorised into three different types. The first is
10838:
Hunt, John; Brooks, Robert; Jennions, Michael D.; et al. (23 December 2004). "High-quality male field crickets invest heavily in sexual display but die young".
5511:
Some of the values in table 1 on p. 193 were given incorrectly. The errors do not affect the conclusions drawn in the paper. The corrected table is reproduced below.
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1715:
eyes, or the limbs and wings of arthropods and vertebrates, can depend on a common set of homologous genes that control their assembly and function; this is called
2134:
21762:
26106:
367:. Evolution by natural selection is established by observable facts about living organisms: (1) more offspring are often produced than can possibly survive; (2)
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16725:
4033:
that led to a temporary rift between those who accepted Darwinian evolution and biometricians who allied with de Vries. In the 1930s, pioneers in the field of
11710:, p. 483: "Adaptation... could no longer be considered a static condition, a product of a creative past and became instead a continuing dynamic process."
3487:" as a metaphor or a mathematical model to illustrate the evolution of life. This view dates back to an idea briefly mentioned by Darwin but later abandoned.
1913:
signals that instruct them whether to grow, remain as they are, or die. If cells ignore these signals and multiply inappropriately, their uncontrolled growth
23303:
Nardon, Paul; Grenier, Anne-Marie (1991). "Serial Endosymbiosis Theory and Weevil Evolution: The Role of Symbiosis". In Margulis, Lynn; Fester, René (eds.).
21476:(2003). "The Evolutionary Origin and Maintenance of Sexual Recombination: A Review of Contemporary Models". In MacIntyre, Ross J.; Clegg, Michael T. (eds.).
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4786:
Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi; et al. (January 2014). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks".
1013:) are areas where epigenetic inheritance systems have been discovered at the organismic level. Developmental biologists suggest that complex interactions in
948:, which have received a range of genes from bacteria, fungi and plants. Viruses can also carry DNA between organisms, allowing transfer of genes even across
821:) disrupt the pattern. The majority of pig breeds carry MC1R mutations disrupting wild-type colour and different mutations causing dominant black colouring.
10791:"Balancing natural and sexual selection in sockeye salmon: interactions between body size, reproductive opportunity and vulnerability to predation by bears"
25043:
20755:
10661:
1234:, or position, with distinct relationships to other parts of the system. These relationships involve the life history of the organism, its position in the
17762:
13607:"The evolutionary response of predators to dangerous prey: hotspots and coldspots in the geographic mosaic of coevolution between garter snakes and newts"
3977:
The mechanisms of reproductive heritability and the origin of new traits remained a mystery. Towards this end, Darwin developed his provisional theory of
1238:
and its geographic range. This broad understanding of nature enables scientists to delineate specific forces which, together, comprise natural selection.
19953:
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wrote: "If life arose relatively quickly on Earth, then it could be common in the universe." In July 2016, scientists reported identifying a set of 355
1133:. Conversely, the lower fitness caused by having a less beneficial or deleterious allele results in this allele likely becoming rarer—they are "selected
10512:"Evidence for Heterogeneity in Recombination in the Human Pseudoautosomal Region: High Resolution Analysis by Sperm Typing and Radiation-Hybrid Mapping"
3868:
proposed that all warm-blooded animals could have descended from a single microorganism (or "filament"). The first full-fledged evolutionary scheme was
1774:
evolved by the recruitment of several pre-existing proteins that previously had different functions. Another example is the recruitment of enzymes from
13281:
792:
act as modules with simple independent functions, which can be mixed together to produce new combinations with new and complex functions. For example,
418:
molecules that pass information from generation to generation. The processes that change DNA in a population include natural selection, genetic drift,
20602:
It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.
17471:
21958:
17179:
10071:
Petrov, Dmitri A.; Sangster, Todd A.; Johnston, J. Spencer; et al. (11 February 2000). "Evidence for DNA Loss as a Determinant of Genome Size".
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2178:
all species. These extinctions have happened continuously throughout the history of life, although the rate of extinction spikes in occasional mass
2098:
of two related species to produce a new hybrid species. This is not common in animals as animal hybrids are usually sterile. This is because during
698:
have demonstrated that even relatively small differences in genotype can lead to dramatic differences in phenotype both within and between species.
20784:; Mesoudi, Alex; Pujol, Benoit; Blanchet, Simon (June 2011). "Beyond DNA: integrating inclusive inheritance into an extended theory of evolution".
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within a population from one generation to the next. When selective forces are absent or relatively weak, allele frequencies are equally likely to
22013:
6837:
Boucher, Yan; Douady, Christophe J.; Papke, R. Thane; et al. (December 2003). "Lateral gene transfer and the origins of prokaryotic groups".
4738:; Kudryavtsev, Anatoliy B.; Czaja, Andrew D.; Tripathi, Abhishek B. (5 October 2007). "Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils".
686:
Evolution can occur if there is genetic variation within a population. Variation comes from mutations in the genome, reshuffling of genes through
19747:
3070:
555:
Evolution in organisms occurs through changes in heritable characteristics—the inherited characteristics of an organism. In humans, for example,
12408:(November 2002). "Limbs in whales and limblessness in other vertebrates: mechanisms of evolutionary and developmental transformation and loss".
10813:
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4146:
and informally called "evo-devo", emphasises how changes between generations (evolution) act on patterns of change within individual organisms (
3538:
1553:. Indeed, the evolution of microorganisms is particularly important to evolutionary research since their rapid reproduction allows the study of
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21047:
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4049:
set the foundations of evolution onto a robust statistical philosophy. The false contradiction between Darwin's theory, genetic mutations, and
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1620:
is an aspect of the developmental pattern of the organism which enables or enhances the probability of that organism surviving and reproducing.
395:
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in 1735 explicitly recognised the hierarchical nature of species relationships, but still viewed species as fixed according to a divine plan.
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in 1377 AD, in which he asserted that humans developed from "the world of the monkeys", in a process by which "species become more numerous".
1369:, established the plausibility of mutational explanations for molecular patterns, which are now common in the molecular evolution literature.
16925:
15982:; Koch, Paul L.; Feranec, Robert S.; et al. (1 October 2004). "Assessing the Causes of Late Pleistocene Extinctions on the Continents".
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eukaryotes, prokaryotes and archaea until about 610 million years ago when multicellular organisms began to appear in the oceans in the
25855:
23211:
McKinney, Michael L. (1997). "How do rare species avoid extinction? A paleontological view". In Kunin, William E.; Gaston, Kevin J. (eds.).
25155:
25088:
13228:
Johnson, Norman A.; Porter, Adam H. (November 2001). "Toward a new synthesis: population genetics and evolutionary developmental biology".
4017:
connected Darwin's pangenesis theory to Weismann's germ/soma cell distinction and proposed that Darwin's pangenes were concentrated in the
3989:
and segregation of elements (later known as genes). Mendel's laws of inheritance eventually supplanted most of Darwin's pangenesis theory.
3361:
2333:
2233:
Artificial selection is the intentional selection of traits in a population of organisms. This has been used for thousands of years in the
1531:
A common misconception is that evolution has goals, long-term plans, or an innate tendency for "progress", as expressed in beliefs such as
1308:
17680:
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7306:
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811:
piglets. They are camouflage coloured and show a characteristic pattern of dark and light longitudinal stripes. However, mutations in the
22633:
Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence
21021:
19004:
14964:(July 2006). "Evolution in closely adjacent plant populations X: long-term persistence of prereproductive isolation at a mine boundary".
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as "Any change in the structure or functioning of successive generations of a population that makes it better suited to its environment."
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8702:
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5022:
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4187:
307:
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18436:
17278:"Lead isotope study of basic-ultrabasic layered complexes: Speculations about the age of the earth and primitive mantle characteristics"
10291:
A. Stoltzfus (2019). "Understanding bias in the introduction of variation as an evolutionary cause". In Uller, T.; Laland, K.N. (eds.).
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Bernstein H, Byerly HC, Hopf FA, Michod RE. Genetic damage, mutation, and the evolution of sex. Science. 1985 Sep 20;229(4719):1277–81.
1535:
and evolutionism; realistically, however, evolution has no long-term goal and does not necessarily produce greater complexity. Although
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has been used to explain the significance of sexual reproduction as a means to enable continual evolution and adaptation in response to
19656:
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13657:
12919:
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7414:
6140:
Long, Manyuan; Betrán, Esther; Thornton, Kevin; Wang, Wen (November 2003). "The origin of new genes: glimpses from the young and old".
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The teaching of evolution in American secondary school biology classes was uncommon in most of the first half of the 20th century. The
4268:
4191:
22916:
14714:"Rapid large-scale evolutionary divergence in morphology and performance associated with exploitation of a different dietary resource"
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1831:
Interactions between organisms can produce both conflict and cooperation. When the interaction is between pairs of species, such as a
20238:
19336:
14939:
9706:
Yampolsky, Lev Y.; Stoltzfus, Arlin (20 December 2001). "Bias in the introduction of variation as an orienting factor in evolution".
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and the y-axis variable is the number of organisms. Group A is the original population and Group B is the population after selection.
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25814:
21894:
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Lang, B. Franz; Gray, Michael W.; Burger, Gertraud (December 1999). "Mitochondrial genome evolution and the origin of eukaryotes".
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5377:
Rongling Wu; Min Lin (March 2006). "Functional mapping — how to map and study the genetic architecture of dynamic complex traits".
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3520:
1795:
22079:(1968). "On Some Fundamental Concepts of Darwinian Biology". In Dobzhansky, Theodosius; Hecht, Max K.; Steere, William C. (eds.).
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Copley, Shelley D. (June 2000). "Evolution of a metabolic pathway for degradation of a toxic xenobiotic: the patchwork approach".
9043:
7654:
804:; they contain up to 100 independent domains that each catalyse one step in the overall process, like a step in an assembly line.
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12546:"Descent with modification: the unity underlying homology and homoplasy as seen through an analysis of development and evolution"
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3917:
2363:
19751:
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Rice, William R.; Hostert, Ellen E. (December 1993). "Laboratory Experiments on Speciation: What Have We Learned in 40 Years?".
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evolution are found in small populations or geographically restricted habitats and therefore rarely being preserved as fossils.
25165:
23093:"Papers from the Symposium on the Limits of Reductionism in Biology, held at the Novartis Foundation, London, May 13–15, 1997."
19793:
19192:
15185:
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Duret, Laurent; Galtier, Nicolas (September 2009). "Biased Gene Conversion and the Evolution of Mammalian Genomic Landscapes".
9379:(March 2009). "Fundamental concepts in genetics: effective population size and patterns of molecular evolution and variation".
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22334:(2004). "The Fruit of the Tree of Life: Insights into Evolution and Ecology". In Cracraft, Joel; Donoghue, Michael J. (eds.).
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20234:"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection"
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Fong, Daniel F.; Kane, Thomas C.; Culver, David C. (November 1995). "Vestigialization and Loss of Nonfunctional Characters".
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4179:
3575:. The engulfed bacteria and the host cell then underwent coevolution, with the bacteria evolving into either mitochondria or
3547:
2187:
1645:
evolving a novel enzyme that allows these bacteria to grow on the by-products of nylon manufacturing, and the soil bacterium
1386:
1366:
1299:
1082:
Variation exists within populations of organisms with respect to morphology, physiology and behaviour (phenotypic variation).
199:
134:
17998:
17277:
10630:
7250:"Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance: Prevalence, Mechanisms, and Implications for the Study of Heredity and Evolution"
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wrote of natural modifications occurring during reproduction and accumulating over many generations to produce new species.
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22505:
22451:
21940:
20379:
20233:
17481:
17177:
Jamshidi, Mo (15 August 2003). "Tools for intelligent control: fuzzy controllers, neural networks and genetic algorithms".
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4497:
3986:
3542:
2011:
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around the average value and less diversity. This would, for example, cause organisms to eventually have a similar height.
503:
21825:(2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved". In Lewis, C.L.E.; Knell, S.J. (eds.).
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Haldane, J.B.S. (July 1927). "A Mathematical Theory of Natural and Artificial Selection, Part V: Selection and Mutation".
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Oetting, William S.; Brilliant, Murray H.; King, Richard A. (August 1996). "The clinical spectrum of albinism in humans".
4135:", because it has brought to light the relations of what first seemed disjointed facts in natural history into a coherent
3548:
3544:
26205:
25125:
24087:. illustrations by Jamie W. Carroll, Josh P. Klaiss, Leanne M. Olds (1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
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21407:(1995). "Genome growth and the evolution of the genotype–phenotype map". In Banzhaf, Wolfgang; Eeckman, Frank H. (eds.).
18317:; Altheide, Tasha K. (December 2005). "Comparing the human and chimpanzee genomes: searching for needles in a haystack".
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Ohno, Susumu (January 1997). "The reason for as well as the consequence of the Cambrian explosion in animal evolution".
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11033:
Hendry, Andrew Paul; Kinnison, Michael T. (November 2001). "An introduction to microevolution: rate, pattern, process".
3541:
3531:
1881:. Here, the fungi actually grow inside plant cells, allowing them to exchange nutrients with their hosts, while sending
1613:
is the state of being adapted: the degree to which an organism is able to live and reproduce in a given set of habitats.
1428:. This can be important when one allele in a particular haplotype is strongly beneficial: natural selection can drive a
25867:
25527:
24896:
24849:
24622:
19845:
17238:
13182:
10736:
10516:
9915:"Explaining complex codon usage patterns with selection for translational efficiency, mutation bias, and genetic drift"
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4143:
3965:
shared a common ancestry. Some were disturbed by this since it implied that humans did not have a special place in the
3545:
1536:
695:
238:
194:
21914:
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
16130:
12063:"Birth of a unique enzyme from an alternative reading frame of the preexisted, internally repetitious coding sequence"
1924:, which is where one organism acts to help raise a relative's offspring. This activity is selected for because if the
23850:
23606:
19529:
4371:
3543:
3540:
3530:
3529:
1771:
1417:
1195:, which is a shift in the average value of a trait over time—for example, organisms slowly getting taller. Secondly,
1073:
25934:
20296:
3546:
25939:
25537:
23128:
22255:
21481:
21412:
838:
20301:
19578:
17359:
16880:
Neve, Paul (October 2007). "Challenges for herbicide resistance evolution and management: 50 years after Harper".
11930:"Inaugural Article: Historical contingency and the evolution of a key innovation in an experimental population of
8472:"Individuality and adaptation across levels of selection: how shall we name and generalise the unit of Darwinism?"
3881:.) These ideas were condemned by established naturalists as speculation lacking empirical support. In particular,
26184:
26174:
26098:
25373:
24025:
24001:
21364:(1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The British Society for the History of Science: 117–141.
19583:
17234:
14228:
10412:"The role of mutation bias in adaptive molecular evolution: insights from convergent changes in protein function"
9539:
9476:
8815:
7337:"Experimental alteration of DNA methylation affects the phenotypic plasticity of ecologically relevant traits in
6772:"How species evolve collectively: implications of gene flow and selection for the spread of advantageous alleles"
4151:
4062:
3895:(1802), which proposed complex adaptations as evidence of divine design and which was admired by Charles Darwin.
3660:
2205:
411:
300:
185:
175:
119:
25055:
20704:
20326:
Y. -S. Liu; X. M. Zhou; M. X. Zhi; X. J. Li; Q. L. Wang (September 2009). "Darwin's contributions to genetics".
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6246:
Weissman, Kira J.; Müller, Rolf (14 April 2008). "Protein–Protein Interactions in Multienzyme Megasynthetases".
6197:"The Evolutionary Mechanics of Domain Organization in Proteomes and the Rise of Modularity in the Protein World"
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Sturm, Richard A.; Frudakis, Tony N. (August 2004). "Eye colour: portals into pigmentation genes and ancestry".
4123:, mapping the transition of traits into a comparative and testable framework through the publication and use of
1855:
has produced high levels of toxin in the newt and correspondingly high levels of toxin resistance in the snake.
1152:
These charts depict the different types of genetic selection. On each graph, the x-axis variable is the type of
1025:. Heritability may also occur at even larger scales. For example, ecological inheritance through the process of
387:
of fitness). In successive generations, members of a population are therefore more likely to be replaced by the
26312:
26179:
25959:
25703:
25501:
25405:
25294:
24697:
21918:
21565:
18604:"Disparate rates, differing fates: tempo and mode of evolution changed from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic"
17752:
9815:
3539:
3422:
3393:. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates from at least 3.5 billion years ago, during the
3130:
2928:
1416:. This tendency is measured by finding how often two alleles occur together on a single chromosome compared to
1316:
1276:
703:
434:
399:
180:
22896:
14223:
9222:"Domestication of self-splicing introns during eukaryogenesis: the rise of the complex spliceosomal machinery"
4646:
4204:
3535:
26423:
26413:
26377:
25964:
25708:
25447:
24015:
19892:
17668:
17476:
17351:
13886:
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Hause, Bettina; Fester, Thomas (May 2005). "Molecular and cell biology of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis".
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Jeffery, William R. (May–June 2005). "Adaptive Evolution of Eye Degeneration in the Mexican Blind Cavefish".
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Jiggins, Chris D.; Bridle, Jon R. (March 2004). "Speciation in the apple maggot fly: a blend of vintages?".
9479:(November 2007). "Which evolutionary processes influence natural genetic variation for phenotypic traits?".
5481:"Correction for Butlin and Tregenza, Levels of genetic polymorphism: marker loci versus quantitative traits"
3856:
of this time speculated on the evolutionary change of species over time according to natural laws. In 1751,
573:
The complete set of observable traits that make up the structure and behaviour of an organism is called its
26317:
25819:
24888:
24830:
23339:
22637:
22593:
21233:"Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago"
19273:
18886:
18268:
13315:
12545:
10631:"Turning blue and ultraviolet: sex-specific colour change during the mating season in the Balkan moor frog"
5723:
5721:(17 May 2002). "Studying Genomes Through the Aeons: Protein Families, Pseudogenes and Proteome Evolution".
4183:
3831:
of the 17th century rejected the Aristotelian approach. It sought to explain natural phenomena in terms of
3516:
3355:
2988:
967:. It is possible that eukaryotes themselves originated from horizontal gene transfers between bacteria and
204:
170:
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Gavrilets, Sergey (October 2003). "Perspective: models of speciation: what have we learned in 40 years?".
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Brunet, T. D. P.; Doolittle, W. Ford (19 March 2018). "The generality of Constructive Neutral Evolution".
3502:
has revealed the record of evolution left in organisms' genomes: dating when species diverged through the
1017:
and communication among cells can lead to heritable variations that may underlay some of the mechanics in
26387:
25981:
24868:
23626:
22589:
21232:
20885:
19792:(Online exhibit). Berkeley, California: University of California Museum of Paleontology. 4 October 1995.
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Kimura, Motoo (1989). "The neutral theory of molecular evolution and the world view of the neutralists".
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Hickey, Donal A. (1992). "Evolutionary dynamics of transposable elements in prokaryotes and eukaryotes".
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Bernstein H, Hopf FA, Michod RE. The molecular basis of the evolution of sex. Adv Genet. 1987;24:323-70.
6506:
4673:"The Last Universal Common Ancestor: emergence, constitution and genetic legacy of an elusive forerunner"
2604:
2356:
1988:
1275:
Simulation of genetic drift of 20 unlinked alleles in populations of 10 (top) and 100 (bottom). Drift to
1249:, which can replicate and spread throughout a genome. Selection at a level above the individual, such as
213:
24913:
20291:
18201:
14780:
14001:
12695:
ZhaoLei Zhang; Gerstein, Mark (August 2004). "Large-scale analysis of pseudogenes in the human genome".
11657:(June 2003). "Evolution experiments with microorganisms: the dynamics and genetic bases of adaptation".
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Radding, Charles M. (December 1982). "Homologous Pairing and Strand Exchange in Genetic Recombination".
3413:" found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. Commenting on the Australian findings,
379:, and behaviour; (3) different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential
26083:
25257:
24929:
24814:
24705:
22036:
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Miller, Jon D.; Scott, Eugenie C.; Okamoto, Shinji (11 August 2006). "Public Acceptance of Evolution".
19652:
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1991:, it may still be possible for them to produce offspring, as with horses and donkeys mating to produce
1607:
is the evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes better able to live in its habitat or habitats.
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22167:(1972). "Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism". In Schopf, Thomas J.M. (ed.).
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Poole, Anthony M.; Penny, David (January 2007). "Evaluating hypotheses for the origin of eukaryotes".
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The proposal that one type of organism could descend from another type goes back to some of the first
2692:
1625:
activity of transporters that pump the drug out of the cell. Other striking examples are the bacteria
26418:
25877:
25674:
25484:
25252:
25145:
24950:
24872:
24797:
22495:
22126:
21178:
20172:; Crovello, Theodore J. (March–April 1970). "The Biological Species Concept: A Critical Evaluation".
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Jäckel, Christian; Kast, Peter; Hilvert, Donald (June 2008). "Protein Design by Directed Evolution".
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Agrawal, Aneil F. (5 September 2006). "Evolution of Sex: Why Do Organisms Shuffle Their Genotypes?".
6342:
5319:"Epistasis—the essential role of gene interactions in the structure and evolution of genetic systems"
3934:
3842:
3376:
3231:
2948:
2230:
Concepts and models used in evolutionary biology, such as natural selection, have many applications.
2217:
2152:
1402:
1266:
548:
330:
of biological populations over successive generations. It occurs when evolutionary processes such as
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42:
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20992:
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7269:
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structure came when bacteria were engulfed by eukaryotic cells, in a cooperative association called
3532:
26300:
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26136:
26111:
26068:
25971:
25904:
25779:
25652:
25620:
25593:
25583:
24047:
23177:
23138:
23037:
Maynard Smith, John (1998). "The Units of Selection". In Bock, Gregory R.; Goode, Jamie A. (eds.).
22588:. Translation by D. Dwight Davis and Rainer Zangerl; foreword by Donn E. Rosen, Gareth Nelson, and
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21298:
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19269:
17386:
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Gross, Joshua B.; Borowsky, Richard; Tabin, Clifford J. (2 January 2009). Barsh, Gregory S. (ed.).
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12176:
11221:(2000). "Micro- and macroevolution: scale and hierarchy in evolutionary biology and paleobiology".
7989:
Goldberg, Emma E.; Igić, Boris (November 2008). "On phylogenetic tests of irreversible evolution".
3711:
3429:
1.6 million documented in a central database to date, leaving at least 80% not yet described.
2908:
2572:
2225:
1864:
1821:
1508:
1018:
940:
934:
925:
852:
523:
363:
17:
25784:
20964:
15018:
12509:
Penny, David; Poole, Anthony (December 1999). "The nature of the last universal common ancestor".
10459:
Svensson, Erik I.; Berger, David (1 May 2019). "The Role of Mutation Bias in Adaptive Evolution".
8763:
7690:(February 2009). "Fundamental concepts in genetics: genetics and the understanding of selection".
3941:
explained natural selection in detail and in a way that led to an increasingly wide acceptance of
1315:
forces in evolution, such as genetic hitchhiking, also known as genetic draft. Another concept is
702:
relative to other forms of that gene. Variation disappears when a new allele reaches the point of
26305:
26235:
26144:
25872:
25754:
25522:
25118:
24892:
24331:
24201:
23995:
22825:
22339:
22297:
22084:
20786:
20174:
19958:
17078:
15453:
Säll, Torbjörn; Jakobsson, Mattias; Lind-Halldén, Christina; Halldén, Christer (September 2003).
13316:"Evolutionary Morphology, Innovation and the Synthesis of Evolutionary and Developmental Biology"
11813:
10133:
6192:
4249:
4195:
4163:
4085:
3857:
3725:
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1874:
1873:
fungi that grow on their roots and aid the plant in absorbing nutrients from the soil. This is a
1022:
1014:
813:
677:
617:
491:
343:
243:
190:
25074:
20867:
For the scientific and social reception of evolution in the 19th and early 20th centuries, see:
13780:
Paszkowski, Uta (August 2006). "Mutualism and parasitism: the yin and yang of plant symbioses".
12783:
Maxwell, Erin E.; Larsson, Hans C.E. (May 2007). "Osteology and myology of the wing of the Emu (
11590:
Buckling, Angus; MacLean, R. Craig; Brockhurst, Michael A.; Colegrave, Nick (12 February 2009).
8276:"Gulliver's further travels: the necessity and difficulty of a hierarchical theory of selection"
4578:
3691:
3537:
26344:
25993:
25862:
25824:
25725:
25696:
25669:
25664:
25262:
24966:
23747:
Evolutionsstrategie; Optimierung technischer Systeme nach Prinzipien der biologischen Evolution
22926:
22794:
21416:
20987:
20645:
19992:
18900:
18394:
18326:
17660:
15999:
15979:
15397:
13465:"Evo-Devo and an Expanding Evolutionary Synthesis: A Genetic Theory of Morphological Evolution"
12747:
11223:
11092:
10676:
7264:
7249:
6404:
4931:
4139:
body of knowledge that describes and predicts many observable facts about life on this planet.
3873:
3536:
3433:
chemical reactions. The beginning of life may have included self-replicating molecules such as
3342:
2968:
2636:
2349:
2293:
2186:, during which the non-avian dinosaurs became extinct, is the most well-known, but the earlier
2130:
2088:
2067:
2057:
1983:
1976:
recombination among prokaryotes is not an intrinsic aspect of reproduction; this is called the
1928:
individual contains alleles which promote the helping activity, it is likely that its kin will
1852:
1554:
1421:
481:
453:
25850:
24084:
Endless Forms Most Beautiful: The New Science of Evo Devo and the Making of the Animal Kingdom
22370:"Proceedings of a symposium held at the American Museum of Natural History in New York, 2002."
21520:
The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society
20965:"Who Believes What? Clearing up Confusion over Intelligent Design and Young-Earth Creationism"
17562:
16968:
Schenk, Martijn F.; Szendro, Ivan G.; Krug, Joachim; de Visser, J. Arjan G.M. (28 June 2012).
8670:
7930:; Arnold, Stevan J. (November 1983). "The Measurement of Selection on Correlated Characters".
5019:
1097:
is the quality whereby the process of natural selection creates and preserves traits that are
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25759:
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25410:
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24211:
24165:
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23676:
23343:
23251:
22790:
22118:
22076:
20626:
20438:
20229:
20044:"Search results for "descent with modification" – The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online"
19373:
Wible, John R.; Rougier, Guillermo W.; Novacek, Michael J.; Asher, Robert J. (21 June 2007).
19055:
18456:
18371:
18370:
Ciccarelli, Francesca D.; Doerks, Tobias; von Mering, Christian; et al. (3 March 2006).
17636:
16671:
16446:
16348:
14334:
Short, Roger Valentine (October 1975). "The contribution of the mule to scientific thought".
13648:
13406:
Harris, Matthew P.; Hasso, Sean M.; Ferguson, Mark W.J.; Fallon, John F. (21 February 2006).
12789:
6102:
4283:, evolutionary biology experiences significantly more opposition from religious literalists.
4263:
4147:
4128:
4050:
3926:
3922:
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3828:
3729:
3695:
3685:
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showing the divergence of modern species from their common ancestor in the centre. The three
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3029:
2190:
was even more severe, with approximately 96% of all marine species driven to extinction. The
2103:
2043:
2028:
2020:
2016:
1779:
1488:
1204:
1192:
1175:
1162:
929:
834:
747:
403:
358:
24020:
23951:
21558:
19216:
Waters, Elizabeth R. (December 2003). "Molecular adaptation and the origin of land plants".
19050:
18759:
Martin, William (October 2005). "The missing link between hydrogenosomes and mitochondria".
17295:
8618:
7574:
4351:
1085:
Different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness).
456:. Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped by repeated formations of new species (
26259:
26154:
26088:
25889:
25804:
25720:
25632:
25615:
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25532:
25242:
25150:
25134:
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24793:
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21197:
20979:
20546:
20091:
19386:
19227:
19119:
18962:
18842:
18833:
McFadden, Geoffrey Ian (1 December 1999). "Endosymbiosis and evolution of the plant cell".
18717:
18615:
18386:
18213:
18023:
17900:
17796:
17401:
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17188:
17094:
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15273:
15218:
15145:
15088:
14851:
14796:
14725:
14488:
14437:
14422:
Burke, John M.; Arnold, Michael L. (December 2001). "Genetics and the fitness of hybrids".
14292:
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14013:
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13842:
13789:
13734:
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13419:
13123:
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10910:
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10082:
9926:
9867:
9824:
9764:
9656:
9129:
9116:
Muñoz-Gómez, Sergio A.; Bilolikar, Gaurav; Wideman, Jeremy G.; et al. (1 April 2021).
9011:
8954:
8565:
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8347:
8147:
8051:
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Collin, Rachel; Miglietta, Maria Pia (November 2008). "Reversing opinions on Dollo's Law".
7885:
7423:
7355:
7198:
7060:
6944:
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6666:
6518:
6396:
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2588:
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2112:
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1892:
Coalitions between organisms of the same species have also evolved. An extreme case is the
1336:
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874:
844:
473:
372:
368:
31:
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25764:
24295:. Significant contributions by Murray P. Pendarvis (9th ed.). Boston, Massachusetts:
22205:
Time Frames: The Rethinking of Darwinian Evolution and the Theory of Punctuated Equilibria
14897:
12289:
Lancaster, Alex K.; Bardill, J. Patrick; True, Heather L.; Masel, Joanna (February 2010).
10410:
Storz, Jay F.; Natarajan, Chandrasekhar; Signore, Anthony V.; et al. (22 July 2019).
10048:
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6456:
Peters, Andrew D.; Otto, Sarah P. (June 2003). "Liberating genetic variance through sex".
2075:
706:—when it either disappears from the population or replaces the ancestral allele entirely.
353:
of evolution by natural selection was conceived independently by two British naturalists,
8:
26322:
26280:
26230:
26149:
25997:
25989:
25919:
25899:
25845:
25689:
25442:
25385:
25247:
25230:
25208:
24618:
24205:
23908:
23476:
22209:
22042:
21641:
18705:
17346:
16214:
12295:+] and Its Implications for the Evolution of the Evolvability Properties of the [
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7483:
7128:
6201:
4884:
4840:
4605:
4398:
4073:
4034:
3958:
3950:
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3049:
2317:
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2238:
2191:
2118:
2071:
1882:
1848:
1817:
1398:
1207:
there is selection against extreme trait values on both ends, which causes a decrease in
1110:
830:
793:
687:
643:
407:
258:
248:
228:
139:
25600:
24992:
22809:
21834:
21248:
21231:
Wilde, Simon A.; Valley, John W.; Peck, William H.; Graham, Colin M. (11 January 2001).
21201:
20983:
20679:
20550:
20095:
19390:
19375:"Cretaceous eutherians and Laurasian origin for placental mammals near the K/T boundary"
19231:
19123:
18846:
18721:
18619:
18390:
18217:
18027:
17904:
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17405:
17192:
17098:
16893:
16550:
16290:
16227:
16168:
15995:
15929:
15855:
15796:
15732:
15673:
15619:
15344:
15277:
15222:
15149:
15133:
15092:
14855:
14800:
14729:
14492:
14296:
14174:
14064:
14017:
13950:
13846:
13793:
13738:
13573:
13423:
13127:
12681:
12623:
12355:
12078:
12012:
11949:
11607:
11544:
11417:
11362:
11176:
10991:
10914:
10851:
10472:
10204:
10086:
9930:
9871:
9828:
9768:
9660:
9133:
9015:
8958:
8569:
8487:
8351:
8151:
8055:
7889:
7427:
7359:
7202:
7124:"Evolution and Horizontal Transfer of dUTPase-Encoding Genes in Viruses and Their Hosts"
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6948:
6882:
Walsh, Timothy R. (October 2006). "Combinatorial genetic evolution of multiresistance".
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5151:
5043:"Evolution, Science, and Society: Evolutionary Biology and the National Research Agenda"
4944:
4801:
4753:
4618:
4518:
4310:
case. The debate over Darwin's ideas did not generate significant controversy in China.
2003:
of animals is unclear, although cases have been seen in many types of animals, with the
1967:
Speciation is the process where a species diverges into two or more descendant species.
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21013:
20819:
20742:
20700:
20671:
20663:
20578:
20476:
20460:
20439:"Hugo de Vries on Heredity, 1889–1903: Statistics, Mendelian Laws, Pangenes, Mutations"
20359:
20252:
20207:
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20122:
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Labbé, Pierrick; Berticat, Claire; Berthomieu, Arnaud; et al. (16 November 2007).
16704:
16642:
16604:
in the parallel evolution of depigmentation in independent populations of the cavefish
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16255:
16085:
16052:
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SĂ©mon, Marie; Wolfe, Kenneth H. (December 2007). "Consequences of genome duplication".
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Barluenga, Marta; Stölting, Kai N.; Salzburger, Walter; et al. (9 February 2006).
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14875:
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Hoskin, Conrad J.; Higgle, Megan; McDonald, Keith R.; Moritz, Craig (27 October 2005).
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10573:
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10356:
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8599:
8448:
8308:
8275:
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8197:
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8134:
Hoekstra, Hopi E.; Hoekstra, Jonathan M.; Berrigan, David; et al. (31 July 2001).
8116:
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7971:
7955:
7943:
7909:
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7813:
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7756:
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Jablonka, Eva; Lamb, Marion J. (December 2002). "The Changing Concept of Epigenetics".
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6173:
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2250:
2221:
1947:
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1462:
1351:
1106:
1102:
1026:
882:
775:
499:
442:
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18284:
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Gavrilets, Sergey (21 March 2006). "The Maynard Smith model of sympatric speciation".
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with each other, usually by aiding their relatives or engaging in mutually beneficial
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21090:
21078:
21070:
21005:
20940:
20932:
20910:
20859:
For an overview of the philosophical, religious and cosmological controversies, see:
20811:
20803:
20781:
20747:
20729:
20675:
20570:
20562:
20468:
20396:
20351:
20343:
20257:
20191:
20127:
20109:
20017:
20009:
19917:
19909:
19853:
19739:
19680:
19620:
19600:
19544:
19476:
19464:
19456:
19410:
19402:
19355:
19350:
19331:
19327:
19301:
19293:
19289:
19251:
19243:
19184:
19176:
19143:
19135:
19080:
19072:
19012:
18974:
18966:
18926:
18918:
18858:
18821:
18813:
18776:
18733:
18686:
18678:
18643:
18638:
18603:
18582:
18547:
18498:
18480:
18420:
18412:
18352:
18344:
18296:
18288:
18237:
18229:
18174:
18166:
18116:
18098:
18077:
Kunin, Victor; Goldovsky, Leon; Darzentas, Nikos; Ouzounis, Christos A. (July 2005).
18059:
18041:
17977:
17969:
17952:
17924:
17916:
17869:
17861:
17812:
17726:
17718:
17672:
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17597:
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17118:
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17009:
16991:
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16942:
16905:
16901:
16862:
16844:
16799:
16791:
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16750:
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16696:
16688:
16647:
16629:
16572:
16564:
16507:
16499:
16458:
16450:
16405:
16397:
16352:
16314:
16309:
16274:
16247:
16239:
16138:
16090:
16072:
16025:
16017:
15961:
15943:
15887:
15882:
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15756:
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15569:
15534:
15480:
15475:
15454:
15423:
15366:
15358:
15309:
15291:
15260:
Wood, Troy E.; Takebayashi, Naoki; Barker, Michael S.; et al. (18 August 2009).
15242:
15234:
15169:
15161:
15112:
15104:
15046:
15038:
14991:
14983:
14931:
14867:
14812:
14761:
14743:
14692:
14676:
14618:
14610:
14573:
14557:
14514:
14506:
14449:
14441:
14404:
14386:
14347:
14339:
14308:
14257:
14198:
14138:
14126:
14088:
14029:
13982:
13964:
13903:
13858:
13813:
13805:
13760:
13698:
13694:
13626:
13605:
Brodie, Edmund D. Jr.; Ridenhour, Benjamin J.; Brodie, Edmund D. III (October 2002).
13585:
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13372:
13298:
13290:
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10753:
10702:
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5797:
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5402:
5394:
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5285:
5277:
5273:
5260:
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4788:
4765:
4735:
4714:
4696:
4638:
4630:
4522:
4433:
4415:
4258:
in 1844, the most controversial aspect of evolutionary biology is the implication of
4124:
4108:
4104:
3551:
2309:
2242:
2157:
2000:
1763:
1682:
1659:
1652:
1545:
1525:
1242:
1219:
1117:
1067:
1002:
670:
639:
633:
485:
380:
350:
331:
129:
23570:
21385:
21338:
21217:
21017:
20480:
20363:
20211:
20029:
19929:
19785:
19164:
19155:
18986:
18745:
18186:
17273:
17216:
16584:
16519:
16259:
16037:
15697:
15492:
15058:
15003:
14712:
Herrel, Anthony; Huyghe, Katleen; Vanhooydonck, Bieke; et al. (25 March 2008).
14585:
14526:
14461:
14320:
13915:
13870:
13546:
13449:
13392:
13339:
13276:
13081:
12932:
12884:
12826:
12585:
12387:
12275:
11914:
11774:
11737:
Orr, H. Allen (February 2005). "The genetic theory of adaptation: a brief history".
11576:
11244:
11130:
11066:
10897:
Baym, Michael; Lieberman, Tami D.; Kelsic, Eric D.; et al. (9 September 2016).
10118:
9737:
9676:
9516:
9424:"Natural selection shapes nucleotide polymorphism across the genome of the nematode
9292:
9067:"Constructive neutral evolution: exploring evolutionary theory's curious disconnect"
8603:
8120:
8026:
7975:
7650:
7522:
7459:
7383:
7141:
7096:
6442:
6177:
5875:
5809:
5414:
4761:
4542:
2056:, which is the evolution of traits that promote mating within a species, as well as
1291:
upward or downward in each successive generation because the alleles are subject to
1129:." Examples of traits that can increase fitness are enhanced survival and increased
25929:
25496:
25474:
25282:
25014:
24996:
23520:
23257:
23050:
22930:
22866:
22813:
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21838:
21426:
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21316:
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21205:
21131:
21062:
20997:
20924:
20879:
20875:
20823:
20795:
20737:
20719:
20655:
20582:
20554:
20537:
20452:
20388:
20335:
20247:
20183:
20117:
20099:
20001:
19948:
19901:
19841:
19660:
19592:
19448:
19422:
19394:
19345:
19313:
19285:
19235:
19127:
19064:
18958:
18910:
18850:
18809:
18805:
18768:
18725:
18670:
18633:
18623:
18572:
18537:
18529:
18488:
18472:
18432:
18404:
18336:
18280:
18221:
18158:
18106:
18090:
18049:
18031:
17961:
17950:
Bapteste, Eric; Walsh, David A. (June 2005). "Does the 'Ring of Life' ring true?".
17936:
17908:
17851:
17840:"From self-assembly of life to present-day bacteria: a possible role for nanocells"
17824:
17804:
17605:
17587:
17427:
17409:
17355:
17299:
17196:
17130:
17102:
17050:
17040:
16999:
16981:
16934:
16897:
16852:
16834:
16781:
16734:
16708:
16680:
16637:
16619:
16554:
16489:
16442:
16387:
16344:
16304:
16294:
16231:
16205:
16080:
16064:
16009:
15951:
15933:
15877:
15859:
15810:
15800:
15746:
15736:
15677:
15623:
15561:
15526:
15506:
15470:
15413:
15378:
15348:
15299:
15281:
15226:
15181:
15153:
15096:
15030:
14975:
14961:
14921:
14913:
14879:
14859:
14824:
14804:
14751:
14733:
14668:
14602:
14549:
14496:
14433:
14394:
14378:
14300:
14237:
14188:
14178:
14118:
14078:
14068:
14021:
13972:
13954:
13895:
13850:
13833:
13797:
13750:
13742:
13710:
13690:
13638:
13618:
13597:
13577:
13526:
13500:
13478:
13427:
13364:
13327:
13261:
13233:
13194:
13141:
13131:
13053:
12928:
12915:"The unresolved problem of the third molar: Would people be better off without it?"
12856:
12798:
12757:
12704:
12677:
12627:
12557:
12518:
12464:
12437:
12417:
12367:
12326:
12310:
12255:
12213:
12185:
12139:
12100:
12082:
12044:
12016:
11971:
11953:
11884:
11833:
11746:
11666:
11611:
11548:
11497:
11493:
11489:
11439:
11421:
11386:
11366:
11298:
11232:
11190:
11180:
11102:
11038:
11005:
10995:
10934:
10918:
10883:
10855:
10761:
10745:
10686:
10642:
10601:
10585:
10541:
10525:
10476:
10431:
10423:
10382:
10372:
10327:
10319:
10263:
10253:
10220:
10200:
10177:
10149:
10090:
10043:
10032:"Cytosine Deamination Plays a Primary Role in the Evolution of Mammalian Isochores"
9998:
9990:
9944:
9934:
9885:
9875:
9851:
9832:
9782:
9772:
9717:
9664:
9615:
9599:
9564:
9548:
9488:
9447:
9439:
9388:
9330:
9322:
9280:
9243:
9233:
9206:
9186:
9145:
9137:
9088:
9078:
9039:
9019:
8970:
8962:
8887:
8854:
8824:
8775:
8725:
8684:
8632:
8623:
8573:
8509:
8491:
8452:
8424:
8373:
8355:
8303:
8287:
8217:
8209:
8165:
8155:
8100:
8059:
7998:
7939:
7913:
7893:
7869:
7841:
7825:
7776:
7768:
7719:
7699:
7622:
7492:
7431:
7363:
7302:
7274:
7234:
7206:
7153:
7137:
7068:
7042:
7007:
6970:
6952:
6893:
6848:
6809:
6793:
6749:
6732:
6692:
6674:
6554:
6526:
6507:"Sex increases the efficacy of natural selection in experimental yeast populations"
6467:
6414:
6351:
6312:
6257:
6210:
6149:
6126:
6098:
6051:
6035:
5991:
5975:
5934:
5916:
5845:
5779:
5732:
5678:
5662:
5617:
5609:
5556:
5540:
5492:
5457:
5441:
5386:
5346:
5330:
5269:
5216:
5185:
5155:
5097:
5061:
5048:(Executive summary). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Office of University Publications,
4964:
4948:
4849:
4805:
4757:
4704:
4686:
4622:
4514:
4493:
4423:
4407:
4068:
4046:
3555:
2289:
2257:
2179:
1909:
1627:
1442:
1303:
1284:
1231:
1223:
1153:
1088:
These traits can be passed from generation to generation (heritability of fitness).
998:
949:
921:
743:
613:
511:
327:
281:
25774:
22757:
Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection
21842:
18249:
18162:
16417:
15840:"The current biodiversity extinction event: scenarios for mitigation and recovery"
15124:
13110:
Clements, Abigail; Bursac, Dejan; Gatsos, Xenia; et al. (15 September 2009).
11694:
10094:
5244:
4923:"Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the
26290:
25914:
25741:
25730:
25684:
25627:
25576:
25356:
25160:
25084:
24575:
23809:
23742:
23524:
23347:
23106:. Columbia Biological Series. Vol. 13. New York: Columbia University Press.
22954:
22920:
22499:
21947:
21901:
21822:
21695:
21687:
21553:
21515:
20871:
20169:
19436:
19274:"Why are there so many insect species? Perspectives from fossils and phylogenies"
18577:
18560:
17592:
17045:
16986:
16839:
16738:
16624:
16212:(June 2004). "The modern theory of biological evolution: an expanded synthesis".
14917:
14219:
13514:
12944:
11342:
11218:
10510:
Lien, Sigbjørn; Szyda, Joanna; Schechinger, Birgit; et al. (February 2000).
10377:
10355:
Payne, Joshua L.; Menardo, Fabrizio; Trauner, Andrej; et al. (13 May 2019).
10258:
9994:
9326:
8759:
8467:
6594:
6502:
6387:
5921:
5836:
5823:
5646:
5200:
5026:
4259:
4159:
3990:
3783:
3775:
3742:
3733:
3638:
and birds around 155 million years ago (both from "reptile"-like lineages),
3503:
3475:
3460:
3410:
3398:
3191:
2301:
2297:
1977:
1528:
acting on entire species and affecting their rates of speciation and extinction.
1429:
1413:
1406:
1250:
1042:
990:
956:
770:
488:, although direct comparison of genetic sequences is a more common method today.
469:
430:
109:
23669:
22375:
22092:
20530:"Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid"
20377:
Weiling, Franz (July 1991). "Historical study: Johann Gregor Mendel 1822–1884".
19239:
15393:
12314:
12244:"The evolution of the evolvability properties of the yeast prion [PSI+]"
8966:
8213:
7772:
5613:
5207:(April 2008). "Heritability in the genomics era — concepts and misconceptions".
4154:, which would account for the effects of non-genetic inheritance modes, such as
2237:
of plants and animals. More recently, such selection has become a vital part of
26130:
26002:
25944:
25304:
25299:
25237:
25215:
24970:
24942:
24500:
24423:
23896:
23660:
23054:
22160:
22032:
21984:
21954:
21908:
21884:
21001:
20960:
20928:
20915:
20443:
20287:
20225:
19987:
19887:
19165:"Morphological and developmental macroevolution: a paleontological perspective"
18944:
18914:
18882:
17734:
16938:
16392:
16375:
16371:
16209:
15909:
15599:
15230:
15017:
Nosil, Patrik; Crespi, Bernard J.; Gries, Regine; Gries, Gerhard (March 2007).
14893:
14606:
13483:
13469:
13464:
12603:
11654:
11347:"Chance and necessity: the evolution of morphological complexity and diversity"
10690:
10480:
9972:
9141:
8063:
7752:
7687:
6927:
Kondo, Natsuko; Nikoh, Naruo; Ijichi, Nobuyuki; et al. (29 October 2002).
6646:
6080:
6019:
5831:
4677:
4593:
4280:
4150:). Since the beginning of the 21st century, some biologists have argued for an
4026:
3908:
3904:
3882:
3865:
3706:
3591:
3446:
2196:
2032:
2004:
1914:
1878:
1836:
1641:
1516:
1292:
917:
between heavy-metal-tolerant and heavy-metal-sensitive populations of grasses.
866:. If each individual were to contribute to the same number of offspring (two),
789:
785:
354:
24923:
24846:"Understanding Evolution: your one-stop resource for information on evolution"
23305:
Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation and Morphogenesis
22892:
21369:
20005:
19905:
19664:
18772:
17965:
16559:
16534:
16235:
15565:
15530:
15353:
15328:
15034:
14501:
14476:
13854:
13801:
13432:
13407:
13331:
13237:
12708:
12561:
12189:
11928:
Blount, Zachary D.; Borland, Christina Z.; Lenski, Richard E. (10 June 2008).
11867:
Nakajima, Akira; Sugimoto, Yohko; Yoneyama, Hiroshi; et al. (June 2002).
11552:
11042:
10153:
9668:
9284:
9238:
8999:
8933:"Genetic Draft and Quasi-Neutrality in Large Facultatively Sexual Populations"
8578:
8553:
7367:
6897:
6418:
6215:
6196:
6083:(July 2005). "Protein families and their evolution—a structural perspective".
5101:
3681:
1049:
followed by natural selection results in a population with darker colouration.
26402:
26332:
26210:
26169:
26015:
25769:
25437:
25432:
25010:
24731:
24609:
24530:
24400:
24073:
23980:
23946:
23938:
23842:
23750:
23625:. Chicago History of Science and Medicine (2nd ed.). Chicago, Illinois:
23602:
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20807:
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20347:
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20195:
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19913:
19604:
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19406:
19359:
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19076:
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19016:
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18922:
18878:
18817:
18682:
18484:
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18348:
18292:
18264:
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18170:
18102:
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17865:
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17676:
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17489:
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17311:
17230:
17114:
16995:
16946:
16922:
16909:
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16795:
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16692:
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16503:
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16356:
16332:
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16076:
16021:
15947:
15873:
15681:
15657:
15635:
15510:
15362:
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15165:
15108:
15042:
14987:
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14747:
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14614:
14561:
14510:
14445:
14390:
13968:
13809:
13376:
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13065:
12868:
12810:
12716:
12569:
12476:
12405:
12322:
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12151:
12096:
12028:
11967:
11898:
11845:
11758:
11678:
11623:
11560:
11471:
11435:
11271:
11114:
11050:
10967:
10930:
10867:
10809:
10757:
10698:
10597:
10537:
10244:
10235:
10161:
10102:
9753:"On the Genetic Basis of Variation and Heterogeneity of DNA Base Composition"
9611:
9560:
9530:
9500:
8901:
8838:
8787:
8737:
8644:
8587:
8505:
8496:
8436:
8369:
8299:
8198:"Excursions along the Interface between Disruptive and Stabilizing Selection"
8010:
7951:
7927:
7837:
7634:
7562:
7537:
7506:
7443:
7375:
7286:
7218:
7187:"The ring of life provides evidence for a genome fusion origin of eukaryotes"
7182:
7149:
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6998:
Sprague, George F. Jr. (December 1991). "Genetic exchange between kingdoms".
6966:
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6326:
6269:
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5859:
5793:
5744:
5674:
5552:
5506:
5453:
5398:
5342:
5281:
5228:
5169:
5109:
4960:
4817:
4769:
4700:
4634:
4526:
4419:
4328:
4297:
4276:
4245:
4100:
4042:
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4014:
3982:
3886:
3846:
3580:
3576:
3484:
3272:
2261:
2234:
1921:
1886:
1790:
1716:
1550:
1347:
1262:
1054:
1031:
964:
660:
449:
335:
253:
114:
99:
25001:
24810:
24689:
24650:
24567:
24492:
24453:
24359:
24322:
24280:
24237:
24193:
24156:
24110:
24042:
Barrett, Paul H.; Weinshank, Donald J.; Gottleber, Timothy T., eds. (1981).
23884:
23702:
23652:
23550:
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23502:
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23330:
23242:
23080:
22938:
22851:
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22573:
22531:
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22407:
22365:
22323:
22281:
22235:
22110:
22068:
21868:
21721:
21692:
From DNA to Diversity: Molecular Genetics and the Evolution of Animal Design
21633:
21591:
21545:
21464:
21135:
21066:
20724:
20392:
20104:
19861:
19857:
19051:"Fossils, molecules and embryos: new perspectives on the Cambrian explosion"
18729:
18628:
18408:
18036:
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Roskov, Y.; Abucay, L.; Orrell, T.; Nicolson, D.; et al., eds. (2016).
17574:
Mora, Camilo; Tittensor, Derek P.; Adl, Sina; et al. (23 August 2011).
17414:
16013:
15938:
15805:
15741:
15627:
15418:
15286:
14738:
14382:
14304:
14183:
14073:
14025:
13959:
13746:
13581:
13408:"The Development of Archosaurian First-Generation Teeth in a Chicken Mutant"
13368:
13136:
12761:
11958:
11426:
11185:
11000:
10922:
10323:
9939:
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9552:
9173:
Lukeš, Julius; Archibald, John M.; Keeling, Patrick J.; et al. (2011).
7072:
6736:
6317:
6301:"Mutations in Domestic Animals Disrupting or Creating Pigmentation Patterns"
6300:
5057:
4013:
of the body, demonstrating that heredity passes through the germ line only.
2019:, which occurs in populations initially isolated geographically, such as by
612:. The specific location of a DNA sequence within a chromosome is known as a
494:
have continued to study various aspects of evolution by forming and testing
26327:
26275:
26220:
26053:
26048:
25642:
25400:
25028:
24865:"Evolution of Evolution – 150 Years of Darwin's 'On the Origin of Species'"
24462:
24419:
24374:
24254:
23776:
23734:
23614:
23164:
23029:
22804:
22744:
22663:
22581:
22243:
22009:
21976:
21829:. Geological Society Special Publication. Vol. 190. pp. 205–221.
21788:
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20815:
20751:
20574:
20521:
20472:
20355:
20131:
20021:
19921:
19883:
19525:
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19305:
19255:
19188:
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18862:
18825:
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18690:
18586:
18551:
18533:
18502:
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18356:
18300:
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17981:
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17873:
17816:
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17441:
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17122:
17064:
17013:
16954:
16866:
16803:
16754:
16700:
16651:
16576:
16511:
16462:
16409:
16318:
16299:
16251:
16094:
16068:
16029:
15965:
15914:"Human impacts on the rates of recent, present and future bird extinctions"
15891:
15864:
15760:
15689:
15573:
15538:
15484:
15427:
15370:
15313:
15246:
15173:
15116:
15050:
14995:
14979:
14871:
14779:
Losos, Jonathan B.; Warhelt, Kenneth I.; Schoener, Thomas W. (1 May 1997).
14765:
14696:
14657:"Evidence for Rapid Speciation Following a Founder Event in the Laboratory"
14622:
14577:
14518:
14453:
14408:
14343:
14312:
14202:
14130:
14092:
13986:
13907:
13862:
13817:
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13702:
13630:
13589:
13538:
13492:
13441:
13302:
13253:
13155:
13073:
12940:
12876:
12818:
12769:
12724:
12639:
12577:
12530:
12484:
12453:"Serial homology and the evolution of mammalian limb covariation structure"
12429:
12379:
12340:
12267:
12239:
12205:
12159:
12087:
11985:
11906:
11873:
Due to Interplay of the MexAB-OprM Efflux Pump and the DNA Gyrase Mutation"
11766:
11686:
11631:
11568:
11511:
11378:
11122:
11058:
11019:
10948:
10875:
10775:
10749:
10706:
10629:
Ries, C; Spaethe, J; Sztatecsny, M; Strondl, C; Hödl, W (20 October 2008).
10615:
10589:
10555:
10488:
10445:
10427:
10396:
10341:
10277:
10212:
10169:
10110:
10057:
9958:
9880:
9810:
9796:
9729:
9629:
9578:
9508:
9461:
9400:
9257:
9198:
9159:
9115:
9102:
9083:
9031:
8984:
8909:
8846:
8779:
8666:
8595:
8523:
8360:
8291:
8231:
8179:
8160:
8112:
8071:
8018:
7967:
7905:
7855:
7809:
7790:
7711:
7642:
7603:
7570:
7514:
7474:
7451:
7294:
7226:
7167:
7088:
6984:
6957:
6913:
6868:
6823:
6679:
6546:
6487:
6434:
6277:
6261:
6232:
6169:
6118:
6065:
6005:
5948:
5907:
5867:
5832:"The Modulation of DNA Content: Proximate Causes and Ultimate Consequences"
5752:
5692:
5631:
5544:
5497:
5480:
5445:
5406:
5360:
5236:
5177:
5117:
4978:
4918:
4718:
4691:
4642:
4437:
4389:
4287:
4167:
4096:
4018:
4010:
3954:
3832:
3611:
3572:
3406:
3390:
3150:
2888:
2048:
1840:
1824:
1732:
1670:
1532:
1496:
1358:
989:
in the DNA. These phenomena are classed as epigenetic inheritance systems.
886:
732:
384:
339:
24826:
23574:
23558:
23509:
23428:
23119:
23088:
22719:
The Presocratic Philosophers: A Critical History with a Selection of Texts
22194:
20400:
19552:
19147:
19084:
19068:
18647:
18241:
17472:"When did life first emerge on Earth? Maybe a lot earlier than we thought"
15824:
15643:
14935:
14351:
14033:
13384:
13355:
Allin, Edgar F. (December 1975). "Evolution of the mammalian middle ear".
13214:
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12036:
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11204:
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9777:
9443:
9344:
8795:
8745:
8698:
8652:
8444:
8387:
8317:
8104:
7027:
6706:
6371:
6039:
5962:
Liu, Na; Okamura, Katsutomo; Tyler, David M.; et al. (October 2008).
5801:
5570:
5471:
5289:
4952:
4363:
3892:
Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity
3583:-like organisms led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants.
1908:, where sterile insects feed and guard the small number of organisms in a
1582:. The bones of these animals have the same basic structure, but have been
1571:
1218:, that is, a system in which organisms interact with every other element,
26354:
26225:
25954:
25489:
25319:
25225:
25183:
24781:
was created from a revision of this article dated 18 April 2005
24415:
23892:
23390:
23213:
The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare—common differences
22152:
21778:
21192:
19000:
16819:"Forty Years of Erratic Insecticide Resistance Evolution in the Mosquito
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15905:
15075:; Anstett, Marie-Charlotte; Lexer, Christian; et al. (11 May 2006).
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Sachs, Joel L. (September 2006). "Cooperation within and among species".
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11814:"Genetics of Natural Populations. XXV. Genetic Changes in Populations of
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Whitman, William B.; Coleman, David C.; Wiebe, William J. (9 June 1998).
10971:
10730:; Brooks, Robert; McNamara, John M.; Houston, Alasdair I. (7 July 2002).
10727:
10569:
6248:
5784:
5767:
4914:
4241:
4155:
4136:
4120:
4030:
3853:
3810:
3802:
3771:
3701:
3603:
3455:
All organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor or ancestral
3372:
2834:
2796:
1893:
1807:
1744:
1647:
1632:
1320:
1227:
985:
Some heritable changes cannot be explained by changes to the sequence of
980:
960:
894:
751:
595:
Heritable characteristics are passed from one generation to the next via
477:
263:
41:
For a more accessible and less technical introduction to this topic, see
25794:
20437:
Stamhuis, Ida H.; Meijer, Onno G.; Zevenhuizen, Erik J. A. (June 1999).
19398:
17912:
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Read, Andrew F.; Lynch, Penelope A.; Thomas, Matthew B. (7 April 2009).
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7210:
6530:
5979:
5430:"Levels of genetic polymorphism: marker loci versus quantitative traits"
3985:
reported that traits were inherited in a predictable manner through the
3864:, suggested that species could degenerate into different organisms, and
3801:
order. Variations of this idea became the standard understanding of the
1956:
1920:
Such cooperation within species may have evolved through the process of
653:
26215:
26116:
26038:
26025:
25659:
25459:
25346:
25324:
25277:
25272:
25220:
25188:
25103:
24133:. Very Short Introductions. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
23130:
The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance
23103:
Systematics and the Origin of Species from the Viewpoint of a Zoologist
23097:
23042:
22714:
22550:(4th ed.). Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
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18674:
18340:
18314:
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14569:
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12358:(February 2008). "Evolution of evolvability in a developmental model".
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7959:
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7748:
6471:
5964:"The evolution and functional diversification of animal microRNA genes"
5850:
5204:
4534:
4209:
3978:
3878:
3815:
3607:
3495:
3380:
3170:
2170:
2147:
2107:
2095:
2036:
1972:
1961:
1941:
1870:
1783:
1775:
1755:
1724:
1712:
1566:
1541:
1312:
1235:
1178:, where the intermediate phenotype is favoured over the extreme traits.
1148:
986:
945:
870:
the sexual population remains the same size each generation, where the
801:
725:
609:
604:
556:
544:
495:
465:
461:
457:
376:
223:
144:
89:
21411:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 899. Berlin; New York:
20464:
14249:
12860:
10357:"Transition bias influences the evolution of antibiotic resistance in
9856:"Altered base ratios in the DNA of an Escherichia coli mutator strain"
5527:"Factors affecting levels of genetic diversity in natural populations"
4411:
4236:
have reconciled their beliefs with evolution through concepts such as
2063:
1754:
However, many traits that appear to be simple adaptations are in fact
944:
has occurred. An example of larger-scale transfers are the eukaryotic
754:
from pre-existing genes that share common ancestors. For example, the
437:(LUCA), which lived approximately 3.5–3.8 billion years ago. The
30:
This article is about evolution in biology. For related articles, see
26349:
26200:
25809:
25427:
24946:
24917:
24430:. Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
23858:
22970:. Collier Books. Science Library, CS9 (New rev. ed.). New York:
22912:
22752:
21256:
20558:
20325:
19648:
18225:
17382:
17106:
16721:
16669:(December 2006). "Cancer as an evolutionary and ecological process".
14808:
13884:
Bertram, John S. (December 2000). "The molecular biology of cancer".
12468:
12020:
11370:
11161:"Tempo and mode in the macroevolutionary reconstruction of Darwinism"
10240:"Evidence That Mutation Is Universally Biased towards AT in Bacteria"
7897:
6655:"Sexual reproduction as an adaptation to resist parasites (a review)"
6458:
4809:
4116:
4022:
3994:
3942:
3809:
A number of Arab Muslim scholars wrote about evolution, most notably
3787:
3737:
3736:. Such proposals survived into Roman times. The poet and philosopher
3675:
3643:
3631:
3563:
3471:
3456:
3394:
2680:
2620:
2281:
2039:
increases selection on homozygotes, leading to rapid genetic change.
1996:
1704:
1690:
1656:
1512:
1504:
1452:
1425:
1215:
1187:, in which the extreme phenotypes are favoured over the intermediate.
1166:
1130:
1094:
994:
955:
Large-scale gene transfer has also occurred between the ancestors of
907:
808:
759:
755:
691:
621:
580:
575:
502:
from the field or laboratory and on data generated by the methods of
423:
388:
324:
104:
21321:
20913:(30 December 2006). "Intelligent design and biological complexity".
20799:
20659:
20239:
Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology
19452:
18149:
Jablonski, David (25 June 1999). "The Future of the Fossil Record".
18079:"The net of life: Reconstructing the microbial phylogenetic network"
17808:
16684:
16494:
16477:
14672:
13530:
11837:
11750:
11670:
9492:
9392:
9190:
8729:
8636:
7829:
7703:
6153:
5666:
5390:
5334:
5220:
5160:
5135:
4927:
3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia"
4262:
that humans share common ancestry with apes and that the mental and
3634:
first appeared around 364 million years ago, followed by early
3598:
occurred in multiple independent events, in organisms as diverse as
1424:. A set of alleles that is usually inherited in a group is called a
26252:
25454:
24336:(Canto ed.). Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
23726:
23710:
23134:
22860:
21564:(3rd completely rev. and expanded ed.). Berkeley, California:
21209:
20456:
20187:
19596:
18372:"Toward Automatic Reconstruction of a Highly Resolved Tree of Life"
17757:
14241:
14122:
10529:
8415:
7626:
7278:
4112:
4006:
3966:
3837:
3795:
3252:
2701:
2683:
2246:
1951:
1832:
1767:
1698:
bat wings, for example, are very similar to those in mice feet and
1579:
1271:
1208:
1046:
788:). When new genes are assembled from shuffling pre-existing parts,
763:
720:
715:
600:
585:
566:
531:
527:
445:
419:
124:
72:
24723:
24681:
24582:
The Origins of Order: Self-organization and Selection in Evolution
24559:
24522:
24484:
24445:
24392:
24314:
24229:
24148:
24102:
23930:
23694:
23644:
23594:
23494:
23455:
23367:
23275:
23195:
22884:
22694:
22565:
22523:
22479:
22434:
22419:(Fourth ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates.
22399:
22357:
22273:
21990:
The foundations of The origin of species, a sketch written in 1842
21860:
21806:
21713:
21583:
20779:
17661:"Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2016 Annual Checklist"
11589:
11527:"Post-Viking microbiology: new approaches, new data, new insights"
9175:"How a neutral evolutionary ratchet can build cellular complexity"
8949:
6759:
1847:
and the evolution of tetrodotoxin resistance in its predator, the
25637:
25351:
24845:
23749:(PhD thesis). Problemata (in German). Vol. 15. Afterword by
23335:"Based on a conference held in Bellagio, Italy, June 25–30, 1989"
22862:
Rethinking Evolution: The Revolution That's Hiding in Plain Sight
22759:. Complex Adaptive Systems. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
22721:(2nd ed.). Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
20884:(3rd revised ed.). Nanaimo, BC: Liberal Studies Department,
20631:"Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution"
19846:"The Imaginary Lamarck: A Look at Bogus 'History' in Schoolbooks"
19439:(28 July 2011). "Palaeontology: An icon knocked from its perch".
18369:
16275:"Lessons from the past: Evolutionary impacts of mass extinctions"
15455:"Chloroplast DNA indicates a single origin of the allotetraploid
14711:
13935:"The emergence of a superorganism through intergroup competition"
4469:, pp. 1–22, Chapter 1: Introduction to the Chemistry of Life
4387:
3671:
3635:
3559:
2768:
2735:
2099:
2091:
and nonrandom mating, to allow reproductive isolation to evolve.
1901:
1699:
1665:
1583:
1521:
1142:
1006:
968:
589:
507:
391:
of parents with favourable characteristics for that environment.
54:
27:
Change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations
24642:
24601:
24351:
24272:
24185:
24065:
23972:
23876:
23834:
23768:
23542:
23420:
23322:
23234:
23156:
23111:
23072:
23021:
22979:
22843:
22774:
22736:
22655:
22611:
22315:
22227:
22186:
22144:
22060:
22001:
21968:
21926:
21671:
21625:
21537:
21456:
15452:
10293:
Evolutionary Causation: Biological and Philosophical Reflections
9813:(July 1962). "On the Evolution of the Base Composition of DNA".
8876:"Is the population size of a species relevant to its evolution?"
8133:
7479:"Perspective: Seven Reasons (Not) to Neglect Niche Construction"
3937:. At the end of 1859, Darwin's publication of his "abstract" as
3466:
2060:, which is when two species become more distinct in appearance.
1507:
or attracting mates. Organisms can also respond to selection by
1447:
913:
mice between inland and coastal populations, or the movement of
858:
506:. Their discoveries have influenced not just the development of
21409:
Evolution and Biocomputation: Computational Models of Evolution
21352:
Xiaoxing Jin (March 2019). "Translation and transmutation: the
18076:
16169:"Researchers find that Earth may be home to 1 trillion species"
16053:"Climate change, species–area curves and the extinction crisis"
15329:"Genomic Clues to the Evolutionary Success of Polyploid Plants"
13112:"The reducible complexity of a mitochondrial molecular machine"
9977:"The selection-mutation-drift theory of synonymous codon usage"
7330:
4226:
4133:
nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution
3998:
3929:
sent him a version of virtually the same theory in 1858. Their
3798:
3639:
3622:
3599:
3402:
2745:
2717:
2265:
1736:
914:
797:
758:
uses four genes to make structures that sense light: three for
561:
480:
traits tend to be more similar among species that share a more
438:
383:); and (4) traits can be passed from generation to generation (
276:
24925:
Video (1980; Cosmos animation; 8:01): "Evolution" – Carl Sagan
24704:. Translation by Mark Epstein. Princeton, New Jersey; Oxford:
19332:"The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians"
17342:"Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth"
17029:"How to Make Evolution-Proof Insecticides for Malaria Control"
13183:"Lens crystallins: gene recruitment and evolutionary dynamism"
13016:
13014:
10789:
Quinn, Thomas P.; Hendry, Andrew P.; Buck, Gregory B. (2001).
9172:
4734:
4671:
Glansdorff, Nicolas; Ying Xu; Labedan, Bernard (9 July 2008).
4252:. As had been demonstrated by responses to the publication of
3911:
in terms of variable populations. Darwin used the expression "
2280:. These same problems occur in agriculture with pesticide and
1877:
relationship as the plants provide the fungi with sugars from
1557:
and the observation of evolution and adaptation in real time.
1412:
together tend to be inherited together, a phenomenon known as
742:
Mutations can involve large sections of a chromosome becoming
25558:
20492:
20490:
15134:"Sympatric speciation in Nicaraguan crater lake cichlid fish"
12787:) and its bearing on the evolution of vestigial structures".
11866:
10899:"Spatiotemporal microbial evolution on antibiotic landscapes"
9308:"The Probability of Fixation in Populations of Changing Size"
8539:, pp. 55–66, Chapter 3: Natural Selection and Adaptation
4002:
3297:
2652:
1708:
1374:
1010:
547:
are in the centre, surrounded by phosphate–sugar chains in a
536:
18561:"Archean microfossils: a reappraisal of early life on Earth"
15904:
15391:
15259:
15071:
10628:
9474:
1302:
most evolutionary changes are the result of the fixation of
735:, or prevent the gene from functioning, or have no effect.
24541:
Keywords and Concepts in Evolutionary Developmental Biology
24167:
Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History
22038:
Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life
21737:
Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts
17271:
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15717:"In the light of evolution II: Biodiversity and extinction"
15660:(28 March 1986). "Biological extinction in Earth history".
14477:"Polyploid Hybrids: Multiple Origins of a Treefrog Species"
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11083:(March–April 2000). "The scale independence of evolution".
10509:
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8087:"Atavisms: Medical, Genetic, and Evolutionary Implications"
5598:"Rates and fitness consequences of new mutations in humans"
4220:
In the 19th century, particularly after the publication of
4107:
in 1953 demonstrated a physical mechanism for inheritance.
3418:
2726:
2162:
1992:
1199:
is selection for extreme trait values and often results in
510:
but also other fields including agriculture, medicine, and
24702:
Forms of Becoming: The Evolutionary Biology of Development
24044:
A Concordance to Darwin's Origin of Species, First Edition
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17889:"A formal test of the theory of universal common ancestry"
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15262:"The frequency of polyploid speciation in vascular plants"
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10726:
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9699:
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8764:"The neutral theory is dead. Long live the neutral theory"
7331:
Bossdorf, Oliver; Arcuri, Davide; Richards, Christina L.;
7040:
5644:
4785:
4394:"The Niche Construction Perspective: A Critical Appraisal"
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leg bones, both suggesting an adaptation from land to sea.
24820:
23905:
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18461:"Cell evolution and Earth history: stasis and revolution"
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13649:"Whatever Doesn't Kill Some Animals Can Make Them Deadly"
13559:
13405:
13109:
12291:"The Spontaneous Appearance Rate of the Yeast Prion [
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8136:"Strength and tempo of directional selection in the wild"
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4913:
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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
4325: – Notion that species can revert to primitive forms
4213:
4092:
3962:
3434:
3334:
3293:
1905:
1897:
1495:
growing across a plate with increasing concentrations of
596:
540:
415:
25075:"EEB 122: Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior"
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19005:"Genetic Flip Helped Organisms Go From One Cell to Many"
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14367:"The Ecological Genetics of Homoploid Hybrid Speciation"
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10299:
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endosymbiont transferred to X chromosome of host insect"
5705:
4670:
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those with traits that do not confer an advantage. This
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Gene transfer between species includes the formation of
584:
striking example are people with the inherited trait of
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17576:"How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?"
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15978:
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12608:"Deep homology and the origins of evolutionary novelty"
10837:
10019:
9694:
7608:"Rethinking the Theoretical Foundation of Sociobiology"
7047:"Massive Horizontal Gene Transfer in Bdelloid Rotifers"
6926:
6836:
5961:
3794:
in which all things have an intended role to play in a
3409:
discovered in Western Greenland as well as "remains of
2010:
Speciation has been observed multiple times under both
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766:; all four are descended from a single ancestral gene.
24544:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
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15077:"Sympatric speciation in palms on an oceanic island"
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5586:, pp. 79–102, Chapter 4: Mutation and Variation
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in particular became popular through the writing of
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23006:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
22679:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
22250:. Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics. Vol.
20876:"Section Three: The Origins of Evolutionary Theory"
20705:"In the light of evolution IV: The human condition"
18263:Wolf, Yuri I.; Rogozin, Igor B.; Grishin, Nick V.;
18012:"Pattern pluralism and the Tree of Life hypothesis"
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6024:"Darwinian alchemy: Human genes from noncoding DNA"
4279:also conflict with literal interpretations of many
4111:improved understanding of the relationship between
3872:'s "transmutation" theory of 1809, which envisaged
2328:
24659:
24579:
24246:
24207:Almost Like a Whale: The Origin of Species Updated
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13647:
13282:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
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8536:
6500:
5583:
5376:
4562:
4244:who believe that evolution is contradicted by the
4208:As evolution became widely accepted in the 1870s,
3933:were presented together at an 1858 meeting of the
3654:
588:, who do not tan at all and are very sensitive to
24827:"Evolution Resources from the National Academies"
24469:. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates.
23513:Toward a Molecular Basis of Alcohol Use and Abuse
22822:The Phenomenon of Teilhard: Prophet for a New Age
21960:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
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18887:"Environmental Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea"
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18465:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
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17180:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
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16057:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
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10416:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
10308:"Mutational Biases Influence Parallel Adaptation"
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8280:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
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8084:
5532:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
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5485:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
5434:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
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2129:Speciation events are important in the theory of
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8619:"Fisherian and Wrightian theories of speciation"
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5198:
4565:, pp. 3–26, Chapter 1: Evolutionary Biology
4454:
4383:
4381:
4347:
4173:
3915:" rather than "evolution". Partly influenced by
1116:The central concept of natural selection is the
881:The two-fold cost of sex was first described by
603:that encodes genetic information. DNA is a long
23565:
23041:. Novartis Foundation Symposia. Vol. 213.
22415:Futuyma, Douglas J.; Kirkpatrick, Mark (2017).
20836:
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12842:"On the fate of sexual traits under asexuality"
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7814:"Fitness and its role in evolutionary genetics"
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4907:
4248:found in their religions and who raise various
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13723:"Five Rules for the Evolution of Cooperation"
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12697:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
12511:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
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10290:
10193:Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
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4304:(ID), to be excluded once again in the 2005
4021:and when expressed they could move into the
3362:Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
847:organisms, genes are inherited together, or
410:to give rise to modern evolutionary theory.
24627:. Oxford; New York: W.H. Freeman Spektrum.
24538:Hall, Brian K.; Olson, Wendy, eds. (2003).
23475:. Facts on File science library. New York:
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11532:Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres
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9683:
8192:
7926:
7247:
5768:"Evolution of colour vision in vertebrates"
5524:
5050:Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
4824:
4776:
4574:
4556:
4255:Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation
4188:Acceptance of evolution by religious groups
3961:to provide strong evidence that humans and
3747:
2007:being a particularly well-studied example.
1283:Genetic drift is the random fluctuation of
877:population doubles in size each generation.
25126:
25112:
23741:
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22117:
22075:
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21895:The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online
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11869:"High-Level Fluoroquinolone Resistance in
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11799:
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10782:
10622:
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10184:
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8811:"Neutral theory: a historical perspective"
8542:
8465:
7415:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
7405:
7324:
7241:
7180:
6455:
5651:"Mechanisms of change in gene copy number"
4833:
4730:
4728:
4192:Rejection of evolution by religious groups
4119:. Advances were also made in phylogenetic
3972:
2364:
2350:
2318:automatic evolution of computer programmes
2094:One type of sympatric speciation involves
1433:an appropriate effective population size.
1253:, may allow the evolution of cooperation.
498:as well as constructing theories based on
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25018:
25000:
24914:History of Evolution in the United States
23473:The Cell: Evolution of the First Organism
22462:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
22294:The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection
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21420:
21403:
21320:
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20741:
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20407:
20251:
20121:
20103:
19936:
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19570:
19349:
19337:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
18904:
18637:
18627:
18576:
18541:
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15474:
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11096:
11009:
10999:
10976:"Biological design in science classrooms"
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10765:
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5461:
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5031:
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4968:
4708:
4690:
4592:
4483:
4427:
4056:
3782:of fixed natural possibilities, known as
3425:(LUCA) of all organisms living on Earth.
1743:, and other behavioural vestiges such as
26360:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
25133:
24789:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
24772:
23855:Archetype: A Natural History of the Self
23210:
22858:
21345:
20830:
20689:
20508:
20370:
20062:
19986:
19840:
19746:(Online exhibit). Berkeley, California:
19737:
17886:
17750:
17652:
17558:
17469:
17176:
17083:"Monte Carlo Analyses of Genetic Models"
16532:
16447:10.1146/annurev.biophys.37.032807.125832
16349:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114020
16337:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
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14145:
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7874:"The Theory of Natural Selection To-Day"
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7466:
6713:
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5765:
5316:
4877:
4506:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
4492:
4460:
4307:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District
4271:. While other scientific fields such as
4203:
3953:applied Darwin's ideas to humans, using
3700:
3690:
3680:
3670:
3524:
3521:Timeline of evolutionary history of life
3465:
2151:
2062:
1955:
1811:
1664:
1570:
1472:
1446:
1279:is more rapid in the smaller population.
1270:
1147:
1041:
959:and bacteria, during the acquisition of
857:
824:
719:
535:
371:among individuals with respect to their
23849:
23675:(6th ed.). Boston, Massachusetts:
23613:
23609:from the original on 18 September 2015.
23579:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
23307:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
22789:
22626:
22373:
22330:
22031:
21728:
21694:(2nd ed.). Malden, Massachusetts:
21224:
20862:
20425:
20376:
20286:
19814:
19627:
19326:
18654:
17647:
17154:
16129:Novacek, Michael J. (8 November 2014).
16128:
13883:
13462:
13005:
12737:
12606:; Carroll, Sean B. (12 February 2009).
11524:
11341:
9644:
7868:
7862:
6997:
6561:
6384:
6378:
6339:
5305:
5133:
5037:
4991:
4878:Pearlman, Jonathan (13 November 2013).
4725:
3993:made the important distinction between
3918:An Essay on the Principle of Population
3898:
2308:to solve complex engineering problems.
1782:to serve as structural proteins called
1387:biases in the introduction of variation
627:
14:
26401:
24889:"Human Evolution Timeline Interactive"
23945:
23783:
23435:
23256:(14th ed.). Belmont, California:
23137:by E. Silk. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
22592:(Reissue ed.). Urbana, Illinois:
22580:
22288:
21983:
21953:
21907:
21883:
21598:
21552:
21514:
21293:
21110:
21045:
20904:
20847:
20613:
20496:
20413:
20319:
20156:
19772:
19699:
19524:
19489:
19435:
19268:
19215:
18999:
18963:10.1146/annurev.genet.35.102401.090145
18943:
18758:
18697:
18601:
18515:
18200:Mason, Stephen F. (6 September 1984).
18133:
17994:
17751:Marshall, Michael (11 November 2020).
17701:
17077:
16478:"Evolution: Biology's next top model?"
15598:
15545:
15392:Jakobsson, Mattias; Hagenblad, Jenny;
14475:Vrijenhoek, Robert C. (4 April 2006).
14438:10.1146/annurev.genet.35.102401.085719
14049:"Eusociality: Origin and consequences"
13689:(5): 1415–1418, discussion 1426–1436.
13309:from the original on 28 November 2014.
13180:
12969:
12127:
11258:Dougherty, Michael J. (20 July 1998).
10568:
10131:
9971:
9809:
9750:
9689:
8715:
8665:
8412:
8403:, pp. 203–211, discussion 211–217
8256:
7804:
7802:
7800:
7732:
6853:10.1146/annurev.genet.37.050503.084247
6581:
6572:
6018:
5900:
5706:Carroll, Grenier & Weatherbee 2005
5372:
5370:
5317:Phillips, Patrick C. (November 2008).
4478:
3862:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
3740:followed Empedocles in his masterwork
3719:
3330:
2316:. Practical applications also include
1786:within the lenses of organisms' eyes.
1392:
1385:alleles, mutational and developmental
1037:
26123:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
25107:
23811:Watching, from the Edge of Extinction
23470:
23438:Evolution and the Levels of Selection
23039:The Limits of Reductionism in Biology
22961:
22945:from the original on 4 September 2014
22911:
22449:
22242:
21777:
21765:from the original on 25 December 2016
21741:Australian Biological Resources Study
21166:
20780:Danchin, Étienne; Charmantier, Anne;
20068:
19965:from the original on 15 December 2014
19693:
19537:Leeds International Classical Studies
19513:
19219:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
18199:
17783:
17765:from the original on 11 November 2020
17704:"Controversies on the origin of life"
17683:from the original on 12 November 2016
17241:from the original on 23 December 2005
16475:
16325:
16149:from the original on 29 December 2014
16050:
15781:"The role of extinction in evolution"
15434:from the original on 15 February 2022
14333:
13680:
13646:Carroll, Sean B. (21 December 2009).
13354:
13277:"Evo-Devo: the long and winding road"
13020:
12993:
12957:
12654:
11812:Dobzhansky, Theodosius (March 1956).
11296:
11158:
11143:
11079:
10049:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026420
8808:
8616:
8551:
8270:
8261:
7920:
7686:
7675:
7670:
7248:Jablonka, Eva; Raz, Gal (June 2009).
7045:; Arkhipova, Irina R. (30 May 2008).
6881:
5003:
4892:from the original on 16 December 2014
4880:"Oldest signs of life on Earth found"
4834:Borenstein, Seth (13 November 2013).
4552:from the original on 6 February 2015.
4180:Social effects of evolutionary theory
3778:had considered all natural things as
3646:around 10 million years ago and
2342:
2184:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
2167:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
1300:neutral theory of molecular evolution
25091:from the original on 1 December 2017
24129:Evolution: A Very Short Introduction
23389:
23171:
23126:
23096:
22819:
22751:
22494:
22453:The Structure of Evolutionary Theory
22123:Genetics of the Evolutionary Process
21646:The Correspondence of Charles Darwin
20959:
20380:American Journal of Medical Genetics
20307:from the original on 19 January 2015
20144:
19796:from the original on 19 January 2012
19718:
19633:
19195:from the original on 24 October 2014
19109:
18202:"Origins of biomolecular handedness"
17887:Theobald, Douglas L. (13 May 2010).
17514:
17482:Christian Science Publishing Society
17451:from the original on 6 November 2015
17340:Borenstein, Seth (19 October 2015).
17165:
16879:
16533:Borowsky, Richard (8 January 2008).
16370:Doebley, John F.; Gaut, Brandon S.;
15778:
15656:
15402:: Evidence from Nuclear DNA Markers"
14642:from the original on 22 January 2009
14630:Boxhorn, Joseph (1 September 1995).
14270:
13513:
13039:to the origin of bacterial flagella"
12981:
12543:
12057:
11707:
11525:Nealson, Kenneth H. (January 1999).
11329:
9722:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2001.003002073.x
9065:Stoltzfus, Arlin (13 October 2012).
8330:
8244:
8092:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
5518:
4216:or monkey body symbolised evolution.
4091:The publication of the structure of
4079:
3586:The history of life was that of the
3510:
3306:
3282:
3261:
3241:
3220:
3200:
3180:
3159:
3139:
3119:
3099:
3079:
3059:
3038:
3018:
2997:
2977:
2957:
2937:
2917:
2897:
2877:
2331:
1544:, which form about half the world's
1061:
504:mathematical and theoretical biology
23709:
23349:Science, Evolution, and Creationism
21046:Hameed, Salman (12 December 2008).
20761:from the original on 23 August 2014
20592:from the original on 23 August 2014
19724:
19023:from the original on 7 January 2016
18704:Dyall, Sabrina D.; Brown, Mark T.;
18602:Schopf, J. William (19 July 1994).
18516:Schopf, J. William (29 June 2006).
18269:"Genome trees and the tree of life"
17283:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
16774:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
16535:"Restoring sight in blind cavefish"
14942:from the original on 23 August 2014
12682:10.1146/annurev.es.26.110195.001341
11736:
11311:from the original on 23 August 2014
11159:Gould, Stephen Jay (19 July 1994).
10205:10.1146/annurev-genom-082908-150001
9529:
7808:
7797:
7755:; Nuismer, Scott L. (August 2008).
6587:
6356:10.1146/annurev.ge.16.120182.002201
5882:from the original on 23 August 2014
5367:
4917:; Christian, Daniel; Wacey, David;
4519:10.1146/annurev.es.01.110170.000245
4234:various religions and denominations
3642:around 129 million years ago,
1468:
1436:
1030:inheritance of cultural traits and
690:and migration between populations (
24:
25528:Evolutionary developmental biology
25044:"Evolution Matters Lecture Series"
24975:"Algorithms, games, and evolution"
24897:National Museum of Natural History
24850:University of California, Berkeley
24759:
24624:The Major Transitions in Evolution
23989:
23215:(1st ed.). London; New York:
21604:Charles Darwin: The Power of Place
20892:from the original on 16 April 2016
20253:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1858.tb02500.x
19754:from the original on 30 April 2011
19530:"Lucretius and the New Empedocles"
18518:"Fossil evidence of Archaean life"
18442:from the original on 4 March 2016.
17857:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00592.x
17496:from the original on 22 March 2016
17470:Schouten, Lucy (20 October 2015).
16051:Lewis, Owen T. (29 January 2006).
14632:"Observed Instances of Speciation"
14554:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb01257.x
13660:from the original on 23 April 2015
12260:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00358.x
11890:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02711.x
11402:"Prokaryotes: The unseen majority"
10737:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
10716:from the original on 9 March 2013.
10662:"Sexual selection and mate choice"
10517:American Journal of Human Genetics
9354:from the original on 19 March 2015
8893:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00732.x
8809:Leigh, E. G. Jr. (November 2007).
8676:Japanese Journal of Human Genetics
7944:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1983.tb00236.x
7498:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb00520.x
7436:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04913.x
6305:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
4144:evolutionary developmental biology
4127:. In 1973, evolutionary biologist
3558:are coloured, with bacteria blue,
3437:and the assembly of simple cells.
2122:crossbred to give the new species
2078:produced over a dozen new species.
1323:to the complex interdependence of
696:evolutionary developmental biology
441:includes a progression from early
71:
25:
26435:
24740:
23953:Genetic and Biometric Foundations
23576:Evolution, the Extended Synthesis
22542:; HallgrĂmsson, Benedikt (2008).
22019:from the original on 4 March 2016
21560:Evolution: The History of an Idea
21413:Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
21299:"Understanding Creationism after
21048:"Bracing for Islamic Creationism"
20268:from the original on 14 July 2007
19091:from the original on 1 March 2015
17540:from the original on 28 July 2016
15188:from the original on 30 July 2022
14595:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
13463:Carroll, Sean B. (11 July 2008).
12894:from the original on 23 July 2015
11822:in Some Localities in California"
11297:Isaak, Mark, ed. (22 July 2003).
10819:from the original on 5 March 2016
10669:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
10461:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
9046:from the original on 30 July 2022
8705:from the original on 5 June 2022.
8552:Masel, Joanna (25 October 2011).
8043:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
7312:from the original on 15 July 2011
7103:from the original on 30 July 2022
4856:from the original on 29 June 2015
4627:10.1038/scientificamerican0200-90
4443:variation; the first two sort it.
4374:from the original on 3 June 2016.
3786:. This became part of a medieval
3440:
3366:
2292:, simulations of evolution using
2188:Permian–Triassic extinction event
2027:The second mode of speciation is
1896:found in social insects, such as
1851:. In this predator-prey pair, an
1595:for the evolutionary process and
564:(genetic material) is called its
26382:
26373:
26372:
24771:
22899:from the original on 21 May 2022
22824:(1st ed.). Macon, Georgia:
22248:Mathematical Population Genetics
21115:
21104:
21039:
21027:from the original on 11 May 2008
20853:
20841:
20430:
20419:
20280:
20218:
20162:
20150:
20138:
20050:from the original on 5 June 2022
20036:
19949:"Darwin, C. R. to Lubbock, John"
19808:
19778:
19766:
19731:
19712:
19687:
19579:"Was Aristotle an Evolutionist?"
19518:
19507:
19502:Kirk, Raven & Schofield 1983
19495:
19483:
19429:
19366:
19351:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00246.x
19320:
19290:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00018.x
19262:
19209:
19103:
18937:
18871:
18835:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
18787:
18752:
18595:
18509:
18307:
18256:
18193:
18070:
18003:
17988:
17943:
17880:
17831:
17777:
17695:
17463:
17170:
17159:
17148:
17137:
17071:
17020:
16961:
16916:
16902:10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00581.x
16873:
16810:
16787:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01492.x
16761:
16715:
16658:
16591:
16526:
16469:
16424:
16363:
16266:
16044:
15972:
15898:
15831:
15704:
15650:
15592:
15580:
15517:—a model genus for speciation".
15499:
15476:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00554.x
15446:
15385:
15320:
15253:
15202:
15065:
15010:
14954:
14886:
14831:
14705:
14533:
14468:
14415:
14358:
14327:
14276:
14264:
14157:de Queiroz, Kevin (3 May 2005).
14040:
13993:
13922:
13824:
13782:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
13773:
13695:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01152.x
13674:
13553:
13507:
13456:
13399:
13348:
13268:
13221:
13174:
13162:
13103:
13026:
12999:
12987:
12975:
12963:
12951:
12906:
12833:
12776:
12731:
12688:
12592:
12537:
12444:
12422:10.1046/j.1525-142X.2002.02033.x
12372:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00303.x
12347:
12282:
12232:
12220:
12166:
12121:
12051:
11992:
11921:
11860:
11805:
11793:
11781:
11730:
11713:
11701:
11646:
11518:
11476:"Status of the Microbial Census"
11393:
11323:
11290:
11107:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00044.x
11073:
11026:
10890:
10831:
10732:"The sexual selection continuum"
10720:
10653:
10647:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00456.x
10562:
10503:
10125:
10064:
9523:
9468:
9415:
9299:
9264:
9213:
9166:
9109:
8830:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01410.x
8003:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00505.x
7542:"Morphogenesis by symbiogenesis"
7393:from the original on 5 June 2022
6798:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02164.x
6505:; Burt, Austin (31 March 2005).
5901:Hurles, Matthew (13 July 2004).
4072:species in populations, through
3822:
2012:controlled laboratory conditions
1487:A visual demonstration of rapid
1342:
1256:
1243:different levels of organisation
839:Evolution of sexual reproduction
669:
652:
402:and evolution was combined with
275:
26185:Extended evolutionary synthesis
25374:Gene-centered view of evolution
23290:from the original on 2 May 2019
21893:The notebook is available from
21482:Springer Science+Business Media
21396:
20972:Journal of Geoscience Education
19584:The Quarterly Review of Biology
17235:United States Geological Survey
16476:Maher, Brendan (8 April 2009).
16273:Jablonski, David (8 May 2001).
16181:from the original on 4 May 2016
16131:"Prehistory's Brilliant Future"
15779:Raup, David M. (19 July 1994).
15463:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
15406:Molecular Biology and Evolution
13683:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
12933:10.14219/jada.archive.2003.0194
11278:from the original on 6 May 2014
10312:Molecular Biology and Evolution
10036:Molecular Biology and Evolution
9751:Sueoka, Noboru (1 April 1962).
9592:Molecular Biology and Evolution
9540:Molecular Biology and Evolution
9058:
8991:
8924:
8816:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
8802:
8752:
8709:
8610:
8459:
8406:
8394:
8186:
8127:
8078:
8033:
7982:
7741:
7726:
7615:The Quarterly Review of Biology
7257:The Quarterly Review of Biology
7174:
7142:10.1128/JVI.73.9.7710-7721.1999
7115:
7034:
6991:
6920:
6885:Current Opinion in Microbiology
6830:
6742:
6725:
6494:
6449:
6333:
6292:
6239:
6184:
6133:
6072:
6012:
5955:
5894:
5816:
5766:Bowmaker, James K. (May 1998).
5759:
5710:
5699:
5638:
5589:
5421:
5310:
5251:
5192:
5079:
5009:
4762:10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009
4664:
4152:extended evolutionary synthesis
4063:Modern synthesis (20th century)
3661:History of evolutionary thought
3655:History of evolutionary thought
2211:
2206:competitive exclusion principle
1637:long-term laboratory experiment
739:neutral. A few are beneficial.
26313:Hologenome theory of evolution
26180:History of molecular evolution
25406:Evolutionarily stable strategy
25295:Last universal common ancestor
25048:Harvard Online Learning Portal
24965:Chastain, Erick; Livnat, Adi;
24867:. Arlington County, Virginia:
21644:; Smith, Sydney, eds. (1991).
21566:University of California Press
20297:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
19975:Letter 2532, 22 November 1859.
19112:Journal of Molecular Evolution
18810:10.1146/annurev.genet.33.1.351
15211:Journal of Theoretical Biology
14002:"The evolution of cooperation"
13187:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
13181:Wistow, Graeme (August 1993).
12544:Hall, Brian K. (August 2003).
12131:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
11494:10.1128/MMBR.68.4.686-691.2004
10132:Petrov, Dmitri A. (May 2002).
9816:Journal of Theoretical Biology
9122:Journal of Molecular Evolution
9004:Journal of Molecular Evolution
8774:(8): 678–683, discussion 683.
8537:Futuyma & Kirkpatrick 2017
6653:; Tanese, Reiko (1 May 1990).
5584:Futuyma & Kirkpatrick 2017
5134:Pearson, Helen (25 May 2006).
4563:Futuyma & Kirkpatrick 2017
4472:
4448:
4356:
4341:
3943:Darwin's concepts of evolution
3765:
3423:last universal common ancestor
2876:
1858:
1820:has evolved resistance to the
1801:
1729:vestigial structures in humans
1317:constructive neutral evolution
1226:, in their local environment.
1074:Dollo's law of irreversibility
974:
468:) throughout the evolutionary
435:last universal common ancestor
13:
1:
26107:Renaissance and Enlightenment
24503:; Dugatkin, Lee Alan (2012).
23338:
22810:Philosophie zoologique (1809)
22717:; Schofield, Malcolm (1983).
22380:. Sunderland, Massachusetts:
21843:10.1144/gsl.sp.2001.190.01.14
20302:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
19954:Darwin Correspondence Project
19893:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
19738:Waggoner, Ben (7 July 2000).
18855:10.1016/S1369-5266(99)00025-4
18285:10.1016/S0168-9525(02)02744-0
18163:10.1126/science.284.5423.2114
17669:Naturalis Biodiversity Center
17477:The Christian Science Monitor
17352:Mindspark Interactive Network
13900:10.1016/S0098-2997(00)00007-8
13887:Molecular Aspects of Medicine
12523:10.1016/S0959-437X(99)00020-9
12242:; Bergman, Aviv (July 2003).
12144:10.1016/S0968-0004(00)01562-0
10798:Evolutionary Ecology Research
10095:10.1126/science.287.5455.1060
9837:10.1016/S0022-5193(62)80005-8
7012:10.1016/S0959-437X(05)80203-5
6754:10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60012-7
6086:Annual Review of Biochemistry
5737:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00109-2
5015:
4846:Mindspark Interactive Network
4334:
4174:Social and cultural responses
4162:, ecological inheritance and
3596:evolution of multicellularity
2272:Evolutionary theory has many
2141:
1995:. Such hybrids are generally
1960:The four geographic modes of
1935:
1560:
1241:Natural selection can act at
862:This diagram illustrates the
414:the basis for heredity is in
26318:Missing heritability problem
25945:Gamete differentiation/sexes
25050:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
24831:National Academy of Sciences
24370:The Rough Guide to Evolution
24330:Maynard Smith, John (1993).
24297:McGraw-Hill Higher Education
24026:Resources in other libraries
23525:10.1007/978-3-0348-7330-7_24
23340:National Academy of Sciences
22799:. Paris: Dentu et L'Auteur.
22671:Kampourakis, Kostas (2014).
22638:University of Michigan Press
22594:University of Illinois Press
22374:Futuyma, Douglas J. (2005).
20886:Malaspina University-College
20638:The American Biology Teacher
19786:"Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802)"
18578:10.1016/j.resmic.2003.08.006
17593:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127
17304:10.1016/0012-821X(80)90024-2
17046:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000058
16987:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002783
16840:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030205
16739:10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.06.001
16625:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000326
13314:Love, Alan C. (March 2003).
13199:10.1016/0968-0004(93)90041-K
11802:, pp. 4–6, 79–82, 84–87
11721:Oxford Dictionary of Science
10378:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000265
10259:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001115
5922:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020206
5724:Journal of Molecular Biology
5274:10.1016/1357-4310(96)81798-9
4598:"Uprooting the Tree of Life"
4455:Hall & HallgrĂmsson 2008
4348:Hall & HallgrĂmsson 2008
4184:1860 Oxford evolution debate
4067:In the 1920s and 1930s, the
3728:Greek philosophers, such as
3517:Evolutionary history of life
3356:Evolutionary history of life
2324:Evolutionary history of life
1655:that degrades the synthetic
1631:evolving the ability to use
1465:, sexually selected traits.
1165:, in which a single extreme
901:
429:All life on Earth—including
396:competing ideas of evolution
171:Evolutionary history of life
7:
24869:National Science Foundation
24164:Gould, Stephen Jay (1989).
23803:Stearns, Beverly Peterson;
23627:University of Chicago Press
23176:. Science Masters. London:
22925:. Edited and translated by
22450:Gould, Stephen Jay (2002).
22336:Assembling the Tree of Life
22093:10.1007/978-1-4684-8094-8_1
21939:The book is available from
21729:Chapman, Arthur D. (2009).
20837:Pigliucci & MĂĽller 2010
20328:Journal of Applied Genetics
19740:"Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778)"
19504:, pp. 100–142, 280–321
19240:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.018
17702:PeretĂł, Juli (March 2005).
16434:Annual Review of Biophysics
16174:National Science Foundation
15396:; et al. (June 2006).
13046:Nature Reviews Microbiology
12410:Evolution & Development
12315:10.1534/genetics.109.110213
11877:Microbiology and Immunology
11085:Evolution & Development
10649:– via Google Scholar.
10295:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
10199:. Annual Reviews: 285–311.
9709:Evolution & Development
9586:Nei, Masatoshi (May 2006).
8967:10.1534/genetics.111.128876
7773:10.1534/genetics.107.084418
5614:10.1534/genetics.111.134668
5136:"Genetics: What is a gene?"
4467:Voet, Voet & Pratt 2016
4388:Scott-Phillips, Thomas C.;
4316:
4088:from genes to populations.
3709:penned his first sketch of
3391:4.54 billion years old
3331:
3091:Earliest multicellular life
2561:
1989:most recent common ancestor
938:and the adzuki bean weevil
807:One example of mutation is
709:
517:
460:), changes within species (
394:In the early 20th century,
10:
26440:
25950:Life cycles/nuclear phases
25502:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
25083:. New Haven, Connecticut:
24949:. East Lansing, Michigan:
24706:Princeton University Press
24253:(1st ed.). New York:
23993:
23859:Routledge & Kegan Paul
23815:. New Haven, Connecticut:
23055:10.1002/9780470515488.ch15
22962:Mason, Stephen F. (1962).
22865:. Hackensack, New Jersey:
22504:(5th ed.). New York:
22083:(1st ed.). New York:
21735:(2nd ed.). Canberra:
21654:Cambridge University Press
21480:. Vol. 33. New York:
21002:10.5408/1089-9995-53.3.319
20929:10.1016/j.gene.2006.03.025
20387:(1): 1–25, discussion 26.
19943:Burkhardt & Smith 1991
19844:(September–October 1994).
19653:Cambridge University Press
18915:10.1080/106351501750435040
17711:International Microbiology
17633:Miller & Spoolman 2012
16939:10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.02.004
16393:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.006
16111:Stearns & Stearns 1999
15231:10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.08.041
14918:10.1093/genetics/94.4.1011
14898:"The Theory of Speciation
14607:10.1016/j.tree.2003.12.008
13484:10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.030
10691:10.1016/j.tree.2006.03.015
10481:10.1016/j.tree.2019.01.015
10359:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
9995:10.1093/genetics/129.3.897
9860:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
9327:10.1093/genetics/146.2.723
9142:10.1007/s00239-021-09996-y
8336:"The objects of selection"
8064:10.1016/j.tree.2008.06.013
7550:International Microbiology
4212:of Charles Darwin with an
4177:
4060:
3664:
3658:
3514:
3451:Evidence of common descent
3444:
3370:
3359:
3353:
2215:
2165:dinosaurs died out in the
2145:
1945:
1939:
1862:
1805:
1564:
1440:
1396:
1260:
1071:
1065:
1001:and the three-dimensional
978:
905:
828:
713:
637:
631:
521:
40:
36:Evolution (disambiguation)
29:
26368:
26268:
26193:
26097:
26024:
25980:
25835:
25739:
25556:
25515:
25448:Parent–offspring conflict
25384:
25253:Earliest known life forms
25174:
25141:
24951:Michigan State University
24666:. New York: Basic Books.
24291:Mader, Sylvia S. (2007).
24081:Carroll, Sean B. (2005).
24021:Resources in your library
23178:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
22966:A History of the Sciences
22127:Columbia University Press
21370:10.1017/S0007087418000808
20090:(Suppl. 1): 10048–10055.
20006:10.1007/s12038-009-0020-8
19906:10.1017/S0140525X07002221
19829:Nardon & Grenier 1991
19665:10.1017/S0007087400002892
18950:Annual Review of Genetics
18797:Annual Review of Genetics
18773:10.1016/j.tim.2005.08.005
17966:10.1016/j.tim.2005.03.012
17844:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
17480:. Boston, Massachusetts:
16560:10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.023
16236:10.1007/s00114-004-0515-y
15727:(Suppl. 1): 11453–11457.
15587:Eldredge & Gould 1972
15566:10.1016/j.gde.2007.09.007
15531:10.1016/j.gde.2007.09.006
15354:10.1016/j.cub.2008.03.043
15035:10.1007/s10709-006-0013-6
14502:10.1016/j.cub.2006.03.005
14425:Annual Review of Genetics
13855:10.1007/s00425-004-1436-x
13802:10.1016/j.pbi.2006.05.008
13433:10.1016/j.cub.2005.12.047
12709:10.1016/j.gde.2004.06.003
12562:10.1017/S1464793102006097
12190:10.1007/s10532-006-9090-6
11719:The sixth edition of the
9669:10.1017/S0305004100015644
9285:10.1007/s10539-018-9614-6
9239:10.1186/s13062-017-0201-6
8998:Stoltzfus, Arlin (1999).
8579:10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.007
8214:10.1093/genetics/93.3.773
7368:10.1007/s10682-010-9372-7
6898:10.1016/j.mib.2006.08.009
6840:Annual Review of Genetics
6720:Birdsell & Wills 2003
6419:10.1016/j.cub.2006.07.063
6343:Annual Review of Genetics
6216:10.1016/j.str.2008.11.008
5102:10.1016/j.tig.2004.06.010
3935:Linnean Society of London
3913:descent with modification
3843:biological classification
3377:Earliest known life forms
2269:vision and pigmentation.
2218:Applications of evolution
2192:Holocene extinction event
1772:protein sorting machinery
1651:evolving an entirely new
1267:Effective population size
724:Duplication of part of a
234:Evolutionary anthropology
43:Introduction to evolution
26301:Cultural group selection
26165:The eclipse of Darwinism
26137:On the Origin of Species
26112:Transmutation of species
24947:"Experimental Evolution"
24848:. Berkeley, California:
24367:Pallen, Mark J. (2009).
24048:Cornell University Press
22586:Phylogenetic Systematics
22546:Strickberger's Evolution
22458:Cambridge, Massachusetts
22256:Springer-Verlag New York
22202:Eldredge, Niles (1985).
21917:(1st ed.). London:
21652:: 1858–1859. Cambridge:
21431:10.1007/3-540-59046-3_11
21174:Spergel, David Nathaniel
19344:(Supplement s1): 1–140.
18565:Research in Microbiology
17325:Raven & Johnson 2002
15682:10.1126/science.11542058
12785:Dromaius novaehollandiae
11816:Drosophila pseudoobscura
11592:"The Beagle in a bottle"
9273:Biology & Philosophy
8497:10.1073/pnas.96.21.11904
6599:"A New Evolutionary Law"
6299:Andersson, Leif (2020).
6193:Caetano-Anollés, Gustavo
5261:Molecular Medicine Today
4498:"The Units of Selection"
4222:On the Origin of Species
4142:One extension, known as
3939:On the Origin of Species
3712:On the Origin of Species
3621:. Here, the majority of
3579:. Another engulfment of
2517:−1000 —
2497:−1500 —
2477:−2000 —
2457:−2500 —
2437:−3000 —
2417:−3500 —
2397:−4000 —
2377:−4500 —
2374:
2274:applications in medicine
2226:Evolutionary computation
1984:Barriers to reproduction
1885:that suppress the plant
1865:Co-operation (evolution)
1420:, which is called their
1019:developmental plasticity
941:Callosobruchus chinensis
935:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
926:horizontal gene transfer
853:homologous recombination
524:Introduction to genetics
464:), and loss of species (
364:On the Origin of Species
239:Evolutionary development
82:Mechanisms and processes
26306:Dual inheritance theory
26145:History of paleontology
25002:10.1073/pnas.1406556111
24967:Papadimitriou, Christos
24920:. Retrieved 2021-08-24.
24893:Smithsonian Institution
24333:The Theory of Evolution
24245:—— (2000).
23996:Bibliography of biology
23397:Fundamentals of Ecology
22955:Perseus Digital Library
22917:"Book V, lines 855–877"
22859:Levinson, Gene (2019).
22826:Mercer University Press
22820:Lane, David H. (1996).
22816:. Retrieved 2014-11-29.
22675:Understanding Evolution
22636:. Ann Arbor, Michigan:
22340:Oxford University Press
22085:Appleton-Century-Crofts
21963:. London: John Murray.
21950:. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
21946:27 January 2015 at the
21904:. Retrieved 2019-10-09.
21606:. Vol. 2. London:
21136:10.1126/science.1126746
21067:10.1126/science.1163672
20787:Nature Reviews Genetics
20725:10.1073/pnas.1003214107
20718:(Suppl. 2): 8897–8901.
20393:10.1002/ajmg.1320400103
20175:The American Naturalist
20105:10.1073/pnas.0901109106
19959:University of Cambridge
18730:10.1126/science.1094884
18629:10.1073/pnas.91.15.6735
18409:10.1126/science.1123061
18037:10.1073/pnas.0610699104
17667:. Leiden, Netherlands:
17415:10.1073/pnas.1517557112
17296:1980E&PSL..47..370M
16014:10.1126/science.1101476
15939:10.1073/pnas.0604181103
15806:10.1073/pnas.91.15.6758
15742:10.1073/pnas.0802504105
15628:10.1126/science.7701342
15287:10.1073/pnas.0811575106
14739:10.1073/pnas.0711998105
14305:10.1126/science.1159388
14224:"Eliminative pluralism"
14184:10.1073/pnas.0502030102
14169:(Suppl. 1): 6600–6607.
14074:10.1073/pnas.0505858102
14026:10.1126/science.7466396
13960:10.1073/pnas.0703466104
13747:10.1126/science.1133755
13582:10.1126/science.1074310
13519:Nature Reviews Genetics
13369:10.1002/jmor.1051470404
13332:10.1023/A:1023940220348
13238:10.1023/A:1013371201773
13169:Piatigorsky et al. 1994
13137:10.1073/pnas.0908264106
11959:10.1073/pnas.0803151105
11739:Nature Reviews Genetics
11659:Nature Reviews Genetics
11553:10.1023/A:1006515817767
11427:10.1073/pnas.95.12.6578
11186:10.1073/pnas.91.15.6764
11043:10.1023/A:1013368628607
11001:10.1073/pnas.0701505104
10986:(Suppl. 1): 8669–8676.
10923:10.1126/science.aag0822
10154:10.1023/A:1016076215168
9940:10.1073/pnas.1016719108
9481:Nature Reviews Genetics
9426:Caenorhabditis briggsae
9381:Nature Reviews Genetics
8617:Lande, Russell (1989).
7818:Nature Reviews Genetics
7692:Nature Reviews Genetics
7073:10.1126/science.1156407
6737:10.1126/science.3898363
6318:10.3389/fevo.2020.00116
6142:Nature Reviews Genetics
5655:Nature Reviews Genetics
5379:Nature Reviews Genetics
5323:Nature Reviews Genetics
5209:Nature Reviews Genetics
4250:objections to evolution
4196:Objections to evolution
3973:Pangenesis and heredity
3858:Pierre Louis Maupertuis
3757:On the Nature of Things
3397:Era after a geological
2537:−500 —
2294:evolutionary algorithms
814:melanocortin 1 receptor
678:peppered moth evolution
492:Evolutionary biologists
454:multicellular organisms
344:biological organisation
244:Evolutionary psychology
25994:Punctuated equilibrium
25315:Non-adaptive radiation
25263:Evolutionary arms race
24767:
24747:Listen to this article
24426:; et al. (2007).
23471:Panno, Joseph (2005).
23436:Okasha, Samir (2006).
22927:William Ellery Leonard
22796:Philosophie Zoologique
22791:Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste
22169:Models in Paleobiology
22119:Dobzhansky, Theodosius
22077:Dobzhansky, Theodosius
20627:Dobzhansky, Theodosius
20074:"Did Darwin write the
19993:Journal of Biosciences
18761:Trends in Microbiology
18534:10.1098/rstb.2006.1834
18477:10.1098/rstb.2006.1842
18457:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas
17953:Trends in Microbiology
17201:10.1098/rsta.2003.1225
16300:10.1073/pnas.101092598
16069:10.1098/rstb.2005.1712
15865:10.1073/pnas.091093698
14980:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800835
14902:the Founder Principle"
13320:Biology and Philosophy
13232:. 112–113 (1): 45–58.
12088:10.1073/pnas.81.8.2421
11871:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
10750:10.1098/rspb.2002.2020
10590:10.1098/rstb.2000.0716
10428:10.1098/rstb.2018.0238
9881:10.1073/pnas.58.5.1895
9084:10.1186/1745-6150-7-35
8780:10.1002/bies.950180812
8361:10.1073/pnas.94.6.2091
8292:10.1098/rstb.1998.0211
8161:10.1073/pnas.161281098
7041:Gladyshev, Eugene A.;
6958:10.1073/pnas.222228199
6680:10.1073/pnas.87.9.3566
6503:Godfray, H. Charles J.
6262:10.1002/cbic.200700751
6079:Orengo, Christine A.;
5596:Keightley, PD (2012).
5545:10.1098/rstb.1998.0200
5498:10.1098/rstb.2000.2000
5446:10.1098/rstb.1998.0201
4692:10.1186/1745-6150-3-29
4217:
4057:The 'modern synthesis'
3987:independent assortment
3874:spontaneous generation
3716:
3698:
3688:
3678:
3567:
3479:
2304:in the 1960s. He used
2249:) in a process called
2174:
2131:punctuated equilibrium
2104:homologous chromosomes
2079:
2068:Geographical isolation
2058:character displacement
1964:
1853:evolutionary arms race
1828:
1827:in its amphibian prey.
1766:such as the bacterial
1694:
1587:
1578:bones in the limbs of
1555:experimental evolution
1499:
1457:
1422:linkage disequilibrium
1280:
1188:
1050:
878:
728:
552:
482:recent common ancestor
452:fossils to fossilised
76:
34:. For other uses, see
26286:Evolutionary medicine
26160:Mendelian inheritance
25868:Biological complexity
25856:Programmed cell death
25548:Phenotypic plasticity
25268:Evolutionary pressure
25258:Evidence of evolution
25156:Timeline of evolution
24909:Adobe Flash required.
24766:
24617:Maynard Smith, John;
24123:Charlesworth, Deborah
23994:Further information:
23913:John Wiley & Sons
23817:Yale University Press
23788:. Oxford: Blackwell.
23784:Ridley, Mark (2004).
23344:Institute of Medicine
23253:Environmental Science
23172:Mayr, Ernst (2002) .
23047:John Wiley & Sons
21900:18 March 2022 at the
21784:Why Evolution is True
20782:Champagne, Frances A.
20300:. Chicago, Illinois:
20292:"Thomas Henry Huxley"
19118:(Suppl. 1): S23–S27.
19069:10.1242/dev.126.5.851
16672:Nature Reviews Cancer
15419:10.1093/molbev/msk006
14383:10.1093/jhered/esi026
14229:Philosophy of Science
13357:Journal of Morphology
13037:The Origin of Species
13023:, pp. 1235–1236.
12790:Journal of Morphology
12762:10.1093/jhered/esi028
11820:Drosophila persimilis
11470:Schloss, Patrick D.;
10574:"Genetic hitchhiking"
10324:10.1093/molbev/msx180
9778:10.1073/pnas.48.4.582
9604:10.1093/molbev/msk009
9553:10.1093/molbev/msi242
9444:10.1101/gr.104331.109
8105:10.1353/pbm.2011.0034
7536:Chapman, Michael J.;
6501:Goddard, Matthew R.;
6040:10.1101/gr.098376.109
4953:10.1089/ast.2013.1030
4844:. Yonkers, New York:
4364:"Evolution Resources"
4207:
4178:Further information:
4129:Theodosius Dobzhansky
4103:with contribution of
4053:was thus reconciled.
4051:Mendelian inheritance
3927:Alfred Russel Wallace
3923:Thomas Robert Malthus
3870:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
3813:, who wrote the book
3770:In contrast to these
3704:
3696:Thomas Robert Malthus
3694:
3686:Alfred Russel Wallace
3684:
3674:
3667:History of speciation
3665:Further information:
3550:
3498:. The development of
3474:are descendants of a
3469:
3445:Further information:
3407:metasedimentary rocks
3371:Further information:
2155:
2146:Further information:
2066:
2049:Anthoxanthum odoratum
2044:parapatric speciation
2029:peripatric speciation
2021:habitat fragmentation
2017:allopatric speciation
1959:
1946:Further information:
1863:Further information:
1815:
1806:Further information:
1796:middle ear in mammals
1791:embryonic development
1780:xenobiotic metabolism
1668:
1574:
1565:Further information:
1489:antibiotic resistance
1486:
1450:
1441:Further information:
1403:Hill–Robertson effect
1397:Further information:
1325:microbial communities
1309:nearly neutral theory
1274:
1261:Further information:
1205:stabilising selection
1193:directional selection
1176:stabilizing selection
1163:directional selection
1151:
1045:
979:Further information:
930:antibiotic resistance
906:Further information:
861:
835:Genetic recombination
829:Further information:
825:Sex and recombination
748:genetic recombination
723:
638:Further information:
539:
522:Further information:
404:Mendelian inheritance
359:Alfred Russel Wallace
323:is the change in the
75:
26424:Evolutionary biology
26414:Biological evolution
26260:Teleology in biology
26155:Blending inheritance
25533:Genetic assimilation
25396:Artificial selection
25135:Evolutionary biology
24798:More spoken articles
24658:Mayr, Ernst (2001).
24210:. London; New York:
24046:. Ithaca, New York:
24036:Introductory reading
23127:Mayr, Ernst (1982).
23049:. pp. 203–221.
23002:The Evolution of Sex
22338:. Oxford; New York:
22210:Simon & Schuster
22081:Evolutionary Biology
22043:Simon & Schuster
21696:Blackwell Publishing
21642:Burkhardt, Frederick
21478:Evolutionary Biology
21415:. pp. 205–259.
21100:on 10 November 2014.
19842:Ghiselin, Michael T.
19045:; Jablonski, David;
18706:Johnson, Patricia J.
18267:(1 September 2002).
17385:(24 November 2015).
16374:(29 December 2006).
15980:Barnosky, Anthony D.
11653:Elena, Santiago F.;
11345:(22 February 2001).
11037:. 112–113 (1): 1–8.
10572:(29 November 2000).
10238:(9 September 2010).
8466:Gould, Stephen Jay;
8274:(28 February 1998).
7348:Evolutionary Ecology
7339:Arabidopsis thaliana
7185:(9 September 2004).
6929:"Genome fragment of
5785:10.1038/eye.1998.143
5199:Visscher, Peter M.;
5025:30 June 2015 at the
4921:(16 November 2013).
4741:Precambrian Research
4494:Lewontin, Richard C.
4323:Devolution (biology)
4293:Epperson v. Arkansas
4200:Evolution in fiction
4164:cultural inheritance
4086:biological hierarchy
3947:alternative theories
3899:Darwinian revolution
3415:Stephen Blair Hedges
3385:RNA world hypothesis
2306:evolution strategies
2278:pharmaceutical drugs
2113:Arabidopsis thaliana
2084:sympatric speciation
1201:two different values
1197:disruptive selection
1185:disruptive selection
1118:evolutionary fitness
891:Red Queen hypothesis
875:Asexual reproduction
794:polyketide synthases
628:Sources of variation
282:Evolution portal
214:Evolutionary biology
153:Research and history
32:Outline of evolution
26323:Molecular evolution
26281:Ecological genetics
26150:Transitional fossil
25940:Sexual reproduction
25780:endomembrane system
25709:pollinator-mediated
25665:dolphins and whales
25443:Parental investment
25072:Stearns, Stephen C.
25058:on 18 December 2017
24993:2014PNAS..11110620C
24987:(29): 10620–10623.
24805:General information
24698:Minelli, Alessandro
24576:Kauffman, Stuart A.
24416:Barton, Nicholas H.
24119:Charlesworth, Brian
23909:Hoboken, New Jersey
23901:Pratt, Charlotte W.
23805:Stearns, Stephen C.
23615:Provine, William B.
23519:. pp. 241–50.
22996:Maynard Smith, John
22332:Futuyma, Douglas J.
22298:The Clarendon Press
21835:2001GSLSP.190..205D
21823:Dalrymple, G. Brent
21472:Birdsell, John A.;
21249:2001Natur.409..175W
21202:2003ApJS..148..175S
21061:(5908): 1637–1638.
20984:2005JGeEd..53..319R
20701:Ayala, Francisco J.
20685:on 23 October 2015.
20551:1953Natur.171..737W
20499:, pp. 307–318.
20096:2009PNAS..10610048S
19864:on 12 February 2008
19850:The Textbook Letter
19721:, pp. 256–257
19437:Witmer, Lawrence M.
19399:10.1038/nature05854
19391:2007Natur.447.1003W
19385:(7147): 1003–1006.
19232:2003MolPE..29..456W
19124:1997JMolE..44S..23O
19043:Valentine, James W.
18847:1999COPB....2..513M
18722:2004Sci...304..253D
18620:1994PNAS...91.6735S
18391:2006Sci...311.1283C
18385:(5765): 1283–1287.
18218:1984Natur.311...19M
18157:(5423): 2114–2116.
18028:2007PNAS..104.2043D
17913:10.1038/nature09014
17905:2010Natur.465..219T
17801:2002Natur.418..214J
17406:2015PNAS..11214518B
17400:(47): 14518–14521.
17193:2003RSPTA.361.1781J
17187:(1809): 1781–1808.
17099:1958Natur.181..208F
17081:(18 January 1958).
16894:2007WeedR..47..365N
16551:2008CBio...18..R23B
16291:2001PNAS...98.5393J
16228:2004NW.....91..255K
16215:Naturwissenschaften
15996:2004Sci...306...70B
15930:2006PNAS..10310941P
15924:(29): 10941–10946.
15856:2001PNAS...98.5466N
15797:1994PNAS...91.6758R
15733:2008PNAS..10511453A
15713:Hubbell, Stephen P.
15674:1986Sci...231.1528R
15668:(4745): 1528–1533.
15620:1995Sci...268...52B
15457:Arabidopsis suecica
15400:Arabidopsis suecica
15345:2008CBio...18.R435H
15278:2009PNAS..10613875W
15272:(33): 13875–13879.
15223:2006JThBi.239..172G
15158:10.1038/nature04325
15150:2006Natur.439..719B
15101:10.1038/nature04566
15093:2006Natur.441..210S
15073:Savolainen, Vincent
14864:10.1038/nature04004
14856:2005Natur.437.1353H
14850:(7063): 1353–1356.
14801:1997Natur.387...70L
14730:2008PNAS..105.4792H
14636:TalkOrigins Archive
14493:2006CBio...16.R245V
14371:Journal of Heredity
14297:2009Sci...323..741F
14175:2005PNAS..102.6600D
14065:2005PNAS..10213367W
14018:1981Sci...211.1390A
14012:(4489): 1390–1396.
13951:2007PNAS..104.9736R
13847:2005Plant.221..184H
13794:2006COPB....9..364P
13739:2006Sci...314.1560N
13733:(5805): 1560–1563.
13721:(8 December 2006).
13574:2002Sci...297.1336G
13568:(5585): 1336–1339.
13424:2006CBio...16..371H
13128:2009PNAS..10615791C
13122:(37): 15791–15795.
13091:on 26 December 2014
13058:10.1038/nrmicro1493
12972:, pp. 101, 103
12740:Journal of Heredity
12632:10.1038/nature07891
12624:2009Natur.457..818S
12079:1984PNAS...81.2421O
12013:1983Natur.306..203O
11950:2008PNAS..105.7899B
11616:10.1038/nature07892
11608:2009Natur.457..824B
11545:1999OLEB...29...73N
11418:1998PNAS...95.6578W
11363:2001Natur.409.1102C
11357:(6823): 1102–1109.
11304:TalkOrigins Archive
11264:Scientific American
11177:1994PNAS...91.6764G
11146:, pp. 657–658.
10992:2007PNAS..104.8669S
10972:Matzke, Nicholas J.
10915:2016Sci...353.1147B
10909:(6304): 1147–1151.
10860:10.1038/nature03084
10852:2004Natur.432.1024H
10846:(7020): 1024–1027.
10744:(1498): 1331–1340.
10584:(1403): 1553–1562.
10570:Barton, Nicholas H.
10473:2019TEcoE..34..422S
10087:2000Sci...287.1060P
10081:(5455): 1060–1062.
9931:2011PNAS..10810231S
9925:(25): 10231–10236.
9872:1967PNAS...58.1895C
9854:(1 November 1967).
9829:1962JThBi...3...82F
9769:1962PNAS...48..582S
9661:1927PCPS...23..838H
9477:Goldstein, David B.
9377:Charlesworth, Brian
9134:2021JMolE..89..172M
9016:1999JMolE..49..169S
8959:2011arXiv1108.1635N
8570:2011CBio...21.R837M
8488:1999PNAS...9611904G
8482:(21): 11904–11909.
8470:(12 October 1999).
8468:Lloyd, Elisabeth A.
8352:1997PNAS...94.2091M
8194:Felsenstein, Joseph
8152:2001PNAS...98.9157H
8056:2008TEcoE..23..602C
7890:1959Natur.183..710H
7600:Wilson, David Sloan
7428:2002NYASA.981...82J
7360:2010EvEco..24..541B
7211:10.1038/nature02848
7203:2004Natur.431..152R
7129:Journal of Virology
7065:2008Sci...320.1210G
7059:(5880): 1210–1213.
6949:2002PNAS...9914280K
6943:(22): 14280–14285.
6790:2004MolEc..13.1341M
6768:Rieseberg, Loren H.
6766:Morjan, Carrie L.;
6671:1990PNAS...87.3566H
6627:on 22 December 2014
6606:Evolutionary Theory
6531:10.1038/nature03405
6523:2005Natur.434..636G
6401:2006CBio...16.R696A
6195:(14 January 2009).
5980:10.1038/cr.2008.278
5717:Harrison, Paul M.;
5152:2006Natur.441..398P
5039:Futuyma, Douglas J.
4945:2013AsBio..13.1103N
4885:The Daily Telegraph
4802:2014NatGe...7...25O
4754:2007PreR..158..141S
4652:on 7 September 2006
4619:2000SciAm.282b..90D
4606:Scientific American
4035:population genetics
3959:comparative anatomy
3951:Thomas Henry Huxley
3720:Classical antiquity
3389:The Earth is about
3071:Sexual reproduction
3050:Huronian glaciation
2260:. For example, the
2239:genetic engineering
2124:Arabidopsis suecica
2119:Arabidopsis arenosa
2089:genetic differences
1849:common garter snake
1822:defensive substance
1818:common garter snake
1635:as a nutrient in a
1399:Genetic hitchhiking
1393:Genetic hitchhiking
1111:genetic hitchhiking
1038:Evolutionary forces
864:twofold cost of sex
831:Sexual reproduction
688:sexual reproduction
644:Population genetics
408:population genetics
259:Population genetics
249:Molecular evolution
229:Ecological genetics
140:Population genetics
26296:Cultural evolution
25411:Fisher's principle
25340:Handicap principle
25330:Parallel evolution
25194:Adaptive radiation
25052:Harvard University
24829:. Washington, DC:
24768:
24501:Bergstrom, Carl T.
24424:Eisen, Jonathan A.
24420:Briggs, Derek E.G.
23907:(Fifth ed.).
23715:Historia Plantarum
23665:Johnson, George B.
23567:Pigliucci, Massimo
23217:Chapman & Hall
22382:Sinauer Associates
22165:Gould, Stephen Jay
21474:Wills, Christopher
20911:Zuckerkandl, Emile
20850:, pp. 376–379
20340:10.1007/BF03195671
20288:Desmond, Adrian J.
20232:(20 August 1858).
20159:, pp. 145–146
19988:Sulloway, Frank J.
19328:Carroll, Robert L.
19278:Biological Reviews
19132:10.1007/PL00000055
19009:The New York Times
19003:(7 January 2016).
18892:Systematic Biology
18675:10.1002/bies.20516
18471:(1470): 969–1006.
18341:10.1101/gr.3737405
18273:Trends in Genetics
18095:10.1101/gr.3666505
17740:on 24 August 2015.
17525:The New York Times
17362:on 23 October 2015
17274:Allègre, Claude J.
17262:, pp. 205–221
17231:"Age of the Earth"
16606:Astyanax mexicanus
16600:"A novel role for
16135:The New York Times
15600:Benton, Michael J.
15513:(December 2007). "
14894:Templeton, Alan R.
14059:(38): 13367–1371.
13654:The New York Times
13171:, pp. 241–250
12947:on 23 August 2014.
12849:Biological Reviews
12803:10.1002/jmor.10527
12604:Tabin, Clifford J.
12550:Biological Reviews
12229:, pp. 205–259
11655:Lenski, Richard E.
10635:Journal of Zoology
10422:(1777): 20180238.
10030:(September 2000).
10028:Zuckerkandl, Emile
10026:Fryxell, Karl J.;
9973:Bulmer, Michael G.
9024:10.1007/PL00006540
8872:Gillespie, John H.
8690:10.1266/jjg.66.367
8429:10.1007/BF00133725
8401:Maynard Smith 1998
8272:Gould, Stephen Jay
7753:Servedio, Maria R.
7688:Hurst, Laurence D.
7477:(September 2006).
7473:Laland, Kevin N.;
7333:Pigliucci, Massimo
7181:Rivera, Maria C.;
6722:, pp. 113–117
6568:Maynard Smith 1978
6472:10.1002/bies.10291
6081:Thornton, Janet M.
5851:10.1101/gr.9.4.317
5828:Hebert, Paul D. N.
5089:Trends in Genetics
5067:on 31 January 2012
4736:Schopf, J. William
4594:Doolittle, W. Ford
4366:. Washington, DC:
4302:intelligent design
4238:theistic evolution
4218:
4125:evolutionary trees
4076:in palaeontology.
4074:fossil transitions
3997:that give rise to
3945:at the expense of
3717:
3699:
3689:
3679:
3619:Cambrian explosion
3568:
3500:molecular genetics
3480:
3318:Quaternary ice age
3253:Earliest tetrapods
3212:Cambrian explosion
3171:Cryogenian ice age
3030:Atmospheric oxygen
3009:Pongola glaciation
2637:Multicellular life
2589:Single-celled life
2314:John Henry Holland
2310:Genetic algorithms
2251:directed evolution
2243:selectable markers
2222:Selective breeding
2175:
2169:at the end of the
2080:
2042:The third mode is
1965:
1948:Assortative mating
1845:rough-skinned newt
1829:
1764:molecular machines
1760:Holaspis guentheri
1749:primitive reflexes
1741:vermiform appendix
1695:
1673:skeleton. Letters
1588:
1586:for specific uses.
1500:
1458:
1357:Noboru Sueoka and
1352:developmental bias
1285:allele frequencies
1281:
1189:
1051:
1027:niche construction
950:biological domains
883:John Maynard Smith
879:
729:
553:
486:phylogenetic trees
342:at every level of
77:
26396:
26395:
26012:Uniformitarianism
25965:Sex-determination
25470:Sexual dimorphism
25465:Natural selection
25369:Unit of selection
25335:Signalling theory
25080:Open Yale Courses
24943:Lenski, Richard E
24899:. 28 January 2010
24764:
24715:978-0-691-13568-7
24673:978-0-465-04426-9
24662:What Evolution Is
24634:978-0-7167-4525-9
24593:978-0-19-507951-7
24551:978-0-674-00904-2
24514:978-0-393-91341-5
24476:978-0-87893-089-0
24461:Coyne, Jerry A.;
24437:978-0-87969-684-9
24384:978-1-85828-946-5
24343:978-0-521-45128-4
24306:978-0-07-246463-4
24285:American version.
24264:978-0-375-50103-6
24221:978-0-385-40985-8
24177:978-0-393-02705-1
24140:978-0-19-280251-4
24094:978-0-393-06016-4
24057:978-0-8014-1319-3
24002:Library resources
23964:978-0-226-91038-3
23922:978-1-118-91840-1
23868:978-0-7100-0980-7
23826:978-0-300-08469-6
23795:978-1-4051-0345-9
23760:978-3-7728-0373-4
23719:History of Plants
23686:978-0-07-112261-0
23636:978-0-226-68464-2
23586:978-0-262-51367-8
23534:978-3-7643-2940-2
23517:Birkhäuser Verlag
23486:978-0-8160-4946-2
23447:978-0-19-926797-2
23412:978-0-7216-6941-0
23359:978-0-309-10586-6
23314:978-0-262-13269-5
23267:978-1-111-98893-7
23226:978-0-412-63380-5
23187:978-0-297-60741-0
23174:What Evolution Is
23148:978-0-674-36445-5
23133:. Translation of
23064:978-0-471-97770-4
23013:978-0-521-29302-0
22876:978-1-78634-726-8
22835:978-0-86554-498-7
22766:978-0-262-11170-6
22728:978-0-521-27455-5
22686:978-1-107-03491-4
22647:978-0-472-08460-9
22603:978-0-252-06814-0
22557:978-0-7637-0066-9
22515:978-0-7167-0617-5
22471:978-0-674-00613-3
22426:978-1-60535-605-1
22391:978-0-87893-187-3
22349:978-0-19-517234-8
22307:978-0-19-850440-5
22290:Fisher, Ronald A.
22265:978-0-387-20191-7
22219:978-0-671-49555-8
22178:978-0-87735-325-6
22136:978-0-231-02837-0
22102:978-1-4684-8096-2
22087:. pp. 1–34.
22052:978-0-684-80290-9
21852:978-1-86239-093-5
21798:978-0-670-02053-9
21750:978-0-642-56860-1
21705:978-1-4051-1950-4
21663:978-0-521-38564-0
21617:978-0-7126-6837-8
21575:978-0-520-23693-6
21529:978-0-8018-3888-0
21491:978-1-4419-3385-0
21440:978-3-540-59046-0
21354:Origin of Species
21243:(6817): 175–178.
21130:(5788): 765–766.
20545:(4356): 737–738.
20528:(25 April 1953).
19558:on 23 August 2014
19447:(7357): 458–459.
19047:Erwin, Douglas H.
18885:(1 August 2001).
18879:DeLong, Edward F.
18716:(5668): 253–257.
18614:(15): 6735–6742.
18528:(1470): 869–885.
18325:(12): 1746–1758.
18265:Koonin, Eugene V.
17899:(7295): 219–222.
17795:(6894): 214–221.
17272:Manhesa, GĂ©rard;
17093:(4603): 208–209.
16733:(10): 1526–1534.
16488:(7239): 695–698.
16285:(10): 5393–5398.
16206:Kutschera, Ulrich
16063:(1465): 163–171.
15850:(10): 5466–5470.
15791:(15): 6758–6763.
15589:, pp. 82–115
15507:Bomblies, Kirsten
15339:(10): R435–R444.
15087:(7090): 210–213.
14962:Antonovics, Janis
14724:(12): 4792–4795.
14291:(5915): 741–746.
14222:(December 1992).
14117:(10): 2197–2215.
13945:(23): 9736–9740.
13617:(10): 2067–2082.
12861:10.1111/brv.12078
12618:(7231): 818–823.
12463:(12): 2691–2704.
12356:Wagner, GĂĽnter P.
12007:(5939): 203–206.
11944:(23): 7899–7906.
11602:(7231): 824–829.
11474:(December 2004).
11412:(12): 6578–6583.
11171:(15): 6764–6771.
10968:Scott, Eugenie C.
10236:Petrov, Dmitri A.
10234:Hershberg, Ruth;
9975:(November 1991).
9852:Yanofsky, Charles
9547:(12): 2318–2342.
9533:(December 2005).
8886:(11): 2161–2169.
8874:(November 2001).
8564:(20): R837–R838.
8334:(18 March 1997).
8286:(1366): 307–314.
8196:(November 1979).
8146:(16): 9157–9160.
7997:(11): 2727–2741.
7884:(4663): 710–713.
7872:(14 March 1959).
7870:Haldane, J. B. S.
7606:(December 2007).
7604:Wilson, Edward O.
7580:on 23 August 2014
7540:(December 1998).
7197:(7005): 152–155.
7043:Meselson, Matthew
6777:Molecular Ecology
6517:(7033): 636–640.
6395:(17): R696–R704.
6034:(10): 1693–1695.
5645:Hastings, P. J.;
5539:(1366): 177–186.
5440:(1366): 187–198.
5146:(7092): 398–401.
4939:(12): 1103–1124.
4789:Nature Geoscience
4596:(February 2000).
4496:(November 1970).
4412:10.1111/evo.12332
4109:Molecular biology
4105:Rosalind Franklin
4080:Further syntheses
4031:a mutation theory
3877:was later called
3790:understanding of
3606:, cyanobacteria,
3552:Evolutionary tree
3511:Evolution of life
3351:
3350:
3335:million years ago
3326:
3325:
3305:
3304:
3281:
3280:
3260:
3259:
3240:
3239:
3232:Andean glaciation
3219:
3218:
3199:
3198:
3179:
3178:
3158:
3157:
3138:
3137:
3118:
3117:
3098:
3097:
3078:
3077:
3058:
3057:
3037:
3036:
3017:
3016:
2996:
2995:
2976:
2975:
2956:
2955:
2936:
2935:
2916:
2915:
2896:
2895:
2285:molecular level.
2258:genetic disorders
2180:extinction events
2158:Tyrannosaurus rex
2076:Galápagos Islands
1660:pentachlorophenol
1653:metabolic pathway
1526:species selection
1484:
1304:neutral mutations
1298:According to the
1068:Natural selection
1062:Natural selection
946:bdelloid rotifers
733:product of a gene
640:Genetic diversity
634:Genetic variation
412:In this synthesis
351:scientific theory
332:natural selection
318:
317:
130:Natural selection
16:(Redirected from
26431:
26419:Biology theories
26386:
26376:
26375:
26175:Modern synthesis
25935:Multicellularity
25930:Mosaic evolution
25815:auditory ossicle
25497:Social selection
25480:Flowering plants
25475:Sexual selection
25128:
25121:
25114:
25105:
25104:
25100:
25098:
25096:
25067:
25065:
25063:
25054:. Archived from
25032:
25022:
25004:
24973:(22 July 2014).
24961:
24959:
24957:
24926:
24908:
24906:
24904:
24884:
24882:
24880:
24871:. Archived from
24860:
24858:
24856:
24841:
24839:
24837:
24788:
24786:
24775:
24774:
24765:
24755:
24753:
24748:
24735:
24693:
24665:
24654:
24613:
24585:
24571:
24534:
24496:
24457:
24409:Advanced reading
24404:
24363:
24326:
24284:
24252:
24241:
24197:
24160:
24132:
24114:
24077:
23984:
23956:
23942:
23888:
23851:Stevens, Anthony
23846:
23814:
23799:
23780:
23743:Rechenberg, Ingo
23738:
23706:
23674:
23656:
23624:
23610:
23562:
23506:
23467:
23432:
23400:
23386:
23384:
23382:
23334:
23299:
23297:
23295:
23246:
23207:
23168:
23123:
23092:
23033:
23005:
22991:
22969:
22958:
22952:
22950:
22931:Tufts University
22908:
22906:
22904:
22867:World Scientific
22855:
22814:Internet Archive
22808:
22786:
22748:
22706:
22678:
22667:
22628:Holland, John H.
22623:
22577:
22549:
22535:
22506:Worth Publishers
22491:
22446:
22411:
22369:
22327:
22285:
22244:Ewens, Warren J.
22239:
22198:
22156:
22114:
22072:
22028:
22026:
22024:
22018:
21995:
21980:
21938:
21892:
21880:
21818:
21774:
21772:
21770:
21725:
21688:Carroll, Sean B.
21683:
21637:
21595:
21563:
21554:Bowler, Peter J.
21549:
21516:Bowler, Peter J.
21511:
21468:
21424:
21390:
21389:
21349:
21343:
21342:
21324:
21291:
21285:
21284:
21257:10.1038/35051550
21228:
21222:
21221:
21195:
21193:astro-ph/0302209
21170:
21164:
21163:
21119:
21113:
21108:
21102:
21101:
21099:
21093:. Archived from
21052:
21043:
21037:
21036:
21034:
21032:
21026:
20995:
20969:
20957:
20951:
20948:
20901:
20899:
20897:
20872:Johnston, Ian C.
20857:
20851:
20845:
20839:
20834:
20828:
20827:
20777:
20771:
20770:
20768:
20766:
20760:
20745:
20727:
20709:
20693:
20687:
20686:
20684:
20678:. Archived from
20653:
20635:
20623:
20617:
20611:
20605:
20604:
20599:
20597:
20591:
20559:10.1038/171737a0
20534:
20518:
20512:
20506:
20500:
20494:
20485:
20484:
20434:
20428:
20423:
20417:
20411:
20405:
20404:
20374:
20368:
20367:
20323:
20317:
20316:
20314:
20312:
20290:(17 July 2014).
20284:
20278:
20277:
20275:
20273:
20255:
20222:
20216:
20215:
20182:(936): 127–153.
20170:Sokal, Robert R.
20166:
20160:
20154:
20148:
20142:
20136:
20135:
20125:
20107:
20072:(16 June 2009).
20066:
20060:
20059:
20057:
20055:
20040:
20034:
20033:
19984:
19978:
19974:
19972:
19970:
19940:
19934:
19933:
19880:
19874:
19873:
19871:
19869:
19860:. Archived from
19838:
19832:
19826:
19817:
19812:
19806:
19805:
19803:
19801:
19782:
19776:
19775:, pp. 73–75
19770:
19764:
19763:
19761:
19759:
19735:
19729:
19716:
19710:
19705:Kiros, Teodros.
19703:
19697:
19696:, pp. 43–44
19691:
19685:
19684:
19631:
19625:
19624:
19574:
19568:
19567:
19565:
19563:
19557:
19551:. Archived from
19534:
19522:
19516:
19511:
19505:
19499:
19493:
19487:
19481:
19480:
19433:
19427:
19426:
19370:
19364:
19363:
19353:
19324:
19318:
19317:
19270:Mayhew, Peter J.
19266:
19260:
19259:
19213:
19207:
19204:
19202:
19200:
19175:(7–8): 517–522.
19159:
19107:
19101:
19100:
19098:
19096:
19049:(1 March 1999).
19039:
19033:
19032:
19030:
19028:
18997:
18991:
18990:
18941:
18935:
18934:
18908:
18875:
18869:
18866:
18829:
18791:
18785:
18784:
18756:
18750:
18749:
18701:
18695:
18694:
18658:
18652:
18651:
18641:
18631:
18599:
18593:
18590:
18580:
18555:
18545:
18513:
18507:
18506:
18496:
18459:(29 June 2006).
18453:
18444:
18443:
18441:
18402:
18376:
18367:
18361:
18360:
18334:
18311:
18305:
18304:
18260:
18254:
18253:
18226:10.1038/311019a0
18197:
18191:
18190:
18146:
18140:
18131:
18125:
18124:
18114:
18074:
18068:
18067:
18057:
18039:
18022:(7): 2043–2049.
18007:
18001:
17992:
17986:
17985:
17947:
17941:
17940:
17884:
17878:
17877:
17859:
17835:
17829:
17828:
17785:Joyce, Gerald F.
17781:
17775:
17774:
17772:
17770:
17748:
17742:
17741:
17739:
17733:. Archived from
17708:
17699:
17693:
17692:
17690:
17688:
17656:
17650:
17645:
17639:
17630:
17624:
17623:
17613:
17595:
17571:
17565:
17556:
17550:
17549:
17547:
17545:
17518:(25 July 2016).
17512:
17506:
17505:
17503:
17501:
17467:
17461:
17460:
17458:
17456:
17450:
17435:
17417:
17391:
17378:
17372:
17371:
17369:
17367:
17358:. Archived from
17356:Associated Press
17337:
17328:
17322:
17316:
17315:
17269:
17263:
17257:
17251:
17250:
17248:
17246:
17227:
17221:
17220:
17174:
17168:
17163:
17157:
17152:
17146:
17141:
17135:
17134:
17107:10.1038/181208a0
17075:
17069:
17068:
17058:
17048:
17024:
17018:
17017:
17007:
16989:
16965:
16959:
16958:
16933:(6–7): 293–297.
16920:
16914:
16913:
16877:
16871:
16870:
16860:
16842:
16814:
16808:
16807:
16789:
16765:
16759:
16758:
16719:
16713:
16712:
16662:
16656:
16655:
16645:
16627:
16595:
16589:
16588:
16562:
16530:
16524:
16523:
16497:
16473:
16467:
16466:
16428:
16422:
16421:
16395:
16386:(7): 1309–1321.
16367:
16361:
16360:
16329:
16323:
16322:
16312:
16302:
16270:
16264:
16263:
16202:
16191:
16190:
16188:
16186:
16165:
16159:
16158:
16156:
16154:
16126:
16117:
16108:
16099:
16098:
16088:
16048:
16042:
16041:
16007:
15976:
15970:
15969:
15959:
15941:
15902:
15896:
15895:
15885:
15867:
15835:
15829:
15828:
15818:
15808:
15776:
15765:
15764:
15754:
15744:
15711:Avise, John C.;
15708:
15702:
15701:
15654:
15648:
15647:
15602:(7 April 1995).
15596:
15590:
15584:
15578:
15577:
15549:
15543:
15542:
15503:
15497:
15496:
15478:
15469:(5): 1019–1029.
15450:
15444:
15443:
15441:
15439:
15421:
15412:(6): 1217–1231.
15389:
15383:
15382:
15356:
15324:
15318:
15317:
15307:
15289:
15257:
15251:
15250:
15206:
15200:
15197:
15195:
15193:
15144:(7077): 719–23.
15128:
15069:
15063:
15062:
15014:
15008:
15007:
14958:
14952:
14951:
14949:
14947:
14929:
14912:(4): 1011–1038.
14890:
14884:
14883:
14835:
14829:
14828:
14809:10.1038/387070a0
14776:
14770:
14769:
14759:
14741:
14709:
14703:
14700:
14667:(4): 1214–1220.
14651:
14649:
14647:
14626:
14589:
14548:(6): 1637–1653.
14537:
14531:
14530:
14504:
14487:(7): R245–R247.
14472:
14466:
14465:
14419:
14413:
14412:
14402:
14362:
14356:
14355:
14331:
14325:
14324:
14280:
14274:
14268:
14262:
14261:
14220:Ereshefsky, Marc
14216:
14207:
14206:
14196:
14186:
14154:
14143:
14142:
14106:
14097:
14096:
14086:
14076:
14044:
14038:
14037:
13997:
13991:
13990:
13980:
13962:
13931:Hölldobler, Bert
13929:Reeve, H. Kern;
13926:
13920:
13919:
13881:
13875:
13874:
13828:
13822:
13821:
13777:
13771:
13768:
13758:
13719:Nowak, Martin A.
13714:
13678:
13672:
13669:
13667:
13665:
13651:
13642:
13601:
13557:
13551:
13550:
13515:Wade, Michael J.
13511:
13505:
13504:
13486:
13460:
13454:
13453:
13435:
13403:
13397:
13396:
13352:
13346:
13343:
13310:
13289:(7–8): 705–713.
13272:
13266:
13265:
13225:
13219:
13218:
13178:
13172:
13166:
13160:
13159:
13149:
13139:
13107:
13101:
13100:
13098:
13096:
13090:
13084:. Archived from
13043:
13030:
13024:
13018:
13009:
13003:
12997:
12996:, pp. 85–86
12991:
12985:
12979:
12973:
12967:
12961:
12955:
12949:
12948:
12943:. Archived from
12910:
12904:
12903:
12901:
12899:
12893:
12846:
12837:
12831:
12830:
12780:
12774:
12773:
12755:
12735:
12729:
12728:
12692:
12686:
12685:
12663:
12652:
12651:
12596:
12590:
12589:
12541:
12535:
12534:
12506:
12497:
12496:
12469:10.1554/05-233.1
12448:
12442:
12441:
12401:
12392:
12391:
12354:Draghi, Jeremy;
12351:
12345:
12344:
12334:
12286:
12280:
12279:
12254:(7): 1498–1512.
12236:
12230:
12224:
12218:
12217:
12170:
12164:
12163:
12125:
12119:
12118:
12108:
12090:
12073:(8): 2421–2425.
12055:
12049:
12048:
12021:10.1038/306203a0
11996:
11990:
11989:
11979:
11961:
11932:Escherichia coli
11925:
11919:
11918:
11892:
11864:
11858:
11857:
11809:
11803:
11797:
11791:
11785:
11779:
11778:
11734:
11728:
11717:
11711:
11705:
11699:
11698:
11650:
11644:
11643:
11587:
11581:
11580:
11522:
11516:
11515:
11505:
11467:
11458:
11457:
11447:
11429:
11397:
11391:
11390:
11371:10.1038/35059227
11343:Carroll, Sean B.
11339:
11333:
11327:
11321:
11320:
11318:
11316:
11294:
11288:
11287:
11285:
11283:
11255:
11249:
11248:
11219:Jablonski, David
11215:
11209:
11208:
11198:
11188:
11156:
11147:
11141:
11135:
11134:
11100:
11081:Leroi, Armand M.
11077:
11071:
11070:
11030:
11024:
11023:
11013:
11003:
10964:
10953:
10952:
10942:
10894:
10888:
10887:
10835:
10829:
10828:
10826:
10824:
10818:
10795:
10786:
10780:
10779:
10769:
10724:
10718:
10717:
10715:
10684:
10666:
10657:
10651:
10650:
10626:
10620:
10619:
10609:
10566:
10560:
10559:
10549:
10507:
10501:
10500:
10456:
10450:
10449:
10439:
10407:
10401:
10400:
10390:
10380:
10352:
10346:
10345:
10335:
10318:(9): 2163–2172.
10303:
10297:
10296:
10288:
10282:
10281:
10271:
10261:
10231:
10225:
10224:
10188:
10182:
10181:
10129:
10123:
10122:
10068:
10062:
10061:
10051:
10042:(9): 1371–1383.
10023:
10017:
10016:
10006:
9969:
9963:
9962:
9952:
9942:
9910:
9904:
9903:
9893:
9883:
9866:(5): 1895–1902.
9850:Cox, Edward C.;
9847:
9841:
9840:
9807:
9801:
9800:
9790:
9780:
9748:
9742:
9741:
9703:
9692:
9687:
9681:
9680:
9642:
9636:
9633:
9623:
9582:
9572:
9527:
9521:
9520:
9472:
9466:
9465:
9455:
9438:(8): 1103–1111.
9419:
9413:
9412:
9373:
9364:
9363:
9361:
9359:
9353:
9338:
9312:
9303:
9297:
9296:
9268:
9262:
9261:
9251:
9241:
9217:
9211:
9210:
9170:
9164:
9163:
9153:
9113:
9107:
9106:
9096:
9086:
9062:
9056:
9055:
9053:
9051:
8995:
8989:
8988:
8978:
8952:
8928:
8922:
8921:
8895:
8868:
8859:
8858:
8832:
8823:(6): 2075–2091.
8806:
8800:
8799:
8760:Kreitman, Martin
8756:
8750:
8749:
8713:
8707:
8706:
8692:
8663:
8657:
8656:
8614:
8608:
8607:
8581:
8549:
8540:
8534:
8528:
8527:
8517:
8499:
8463:
8457:
8456:
8423:(1–3): 269–274.
8410:
8404:
8398:
8392:
8391:
8381:
8363:
8346:(6): 2091–2094.
8328:
8322:
8321:
8311:
8268:
8259:
8254:
8248:
8242:
8236:
8235:
8225:
8190:
8184:
8183:
8173:
8163:
8131:
8125:
8124:
8082:
8076:
8075:
8037:
8031:
8030:
7986:
7980:
7979:
7938:(6): 1210–1226.
7924:
7918:
7917:
7898:10.1038/183710a0
7866:
7860:
7859:
7849:
7806:
7795:
7794:
7784:
7767:(4): 2091–2112.
7745:
7739:
7730:
7724:
7723:
7684:
7673:
7668:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7653:. Archived from
7612:
7596:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7579:
7573:. Archived from
7546:
7533:
7527:
7526:
7500:
7491:(9): 1751–1762.
7470:
7464:
7463:
7409:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7392:
7345:
7328:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7317:
7311:
7272:
7254:
7245:
7239:
7238:
7178:
7172:
7171:
7161:
7136:(9): 7710–7721.
7119:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7038:
7032:
7031:
6995:
6989:
6988:
6978:
6960:
6924:
6918:
6917:
6879:
6873:
6872:
6834:
6828:
6827:
6817:
6784:(6): 1341–1356.
6763:
6757:
6746:
6740:
6729:
6723:
6717:
6711:
6710:
6700:
6682:
6665:(9): 3566–3573.
6643:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6632:
6626:
6620:. Archived from
6603:
6595:Van Valen, Leigh
6591:
6585:
6579:
6570:
6565:
6559:
6558:
6498:
6492:
6491:
6453:
6447:
6446:
6412:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6320:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6218:
6188:
6182:
6181:
6137:
6131:
6130:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6059:
6022:(October 2009).
6016:
6010:
6009:
5999:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5942:
5924:
5898:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5853:
5824:Gregory, T. Ryan
5820:
5814:
5813:
5787:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5731:(5): 1155–1174.
5714:
5708:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5686:
5647:Lupski, James R.
5642:
5636:
5635:
5625:
5593:
5587:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5564:
5522:
5516:
5513:
5500:
5475:
5465:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5374:
5365:
5364:
5354:
5314:
5308:
5303:
5294:
5293:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5201:Hill, William G.
5196:
5190:
5189:
5163:
5131:
5122:
5121:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5066:
5060:. Archived from
5047:
5035:
5029:
5013:
5007:
5006:, pp. xv-16
5001:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4972:
4919:Hazen, Robert M.
4911:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4875:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4850:Associated Press
4831:
4822:
4821:
4810:10.1038/ngeo2025
4783:
4774:
4773:
4748:(3–4): 141–155.
4732:
4723:
4722:
4712:
4694:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4651:
4645:. Archived from
4602:
4590:
4581:
4575:Kampourakis 2014
4572:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4502:
4490:
4481:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4431:
4406:(5): 1231–1243.
4390:Laland, Kevin N.
4385:
4376:
4375:
4360:
4354:
4345:
4298:pseudoscientific
4269:public education
4160:parental effects
4069:modern synthesis
4047:J. B. S. Haldane
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3527:
3461:vestigial traits
3312:
3307:
3288:
3283:
3267:
3262:
3247:
3242:
3226:
3221:
3206:
3201:
3186:
3181:
3165:
3160:
3151:Earliest animals
3145:
3140:
3125:
3120:
3105:
3100:
3085:
3080:
3065:
3060:
3044:
3039:
3024:
3019:
3003:
2998:
2983:
2978:
2963:
2958:
2949:Earliest fossils
2943:
2938:
2923:
2918:
2903:
2898:
2883:
2878:
2857:
2826:
2788:
2786:
2760:
2758:
2665:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2346:
2336:
2329:
2290:computer science
1628:Escherichia coli
1485:
1469:Natural outcomes
1443:Sexual selection
1437:Sexual selection
1337:current research
1174:Graph 2 depicts
1154:phenotypic trait
1107:nonrandom mating
1099:seemingly fitted
1015:genetic networks
999:RNA interference
957:eukaryotic cells
673:
656:
512:computer science
310:
303:
296:
280:
279:
186:Modern synthesis
181:Level of support
120:Modern synthesis
50:
49:
21:
26439:
26438:
26434:
26433:
26432:
26430:
26429:
26428:
26399:
26398:
26397:
26392:
26364:
26291:Group selection
26264:
26189:
26093:
26020:
25982:Tempo and modes
25976:
25831:
25735:
25552:
25511:
25387:
25380:
25357:Species complex
25170:
25161:History of life
25137:
25132:
25094:
25092:
25085:Yale University
25070:
25061:
25059:
25042:
25037:Online lectures
24971:Vazirani, Umesh
24964:
24955:
24953:
24941:
24924:
24902:
24900:
24887:
24878:
24876:
24863:
24854:
24852:
24844:
24835:
24833:
24825:
24802:
24801:
24790:
24784:
24782:
24779:This audio file
24776:
24769:
24760:
24757:
24751:
24750:
24746:
24743:
24738:
24716:
24696:
24674:
24657:
24635:
24619:Szathmáry, Eörs
24616:
24594:
24574:
24552:
24537:
24515:
24499:
24477:
24460:
24438:
24414:
24385:
24366:
24344:
24329:
24307:
24290:
24265:
24244:
24222:
24200:
24178:
24163:
24141:
24117:
24095:
24080:
24058:
24041:
24032:
24031:
24030:
24010:
24009:
24005:
23998:
23992:
23990:Further reading
23987:
23965:
23923:
23897:Voet, Judith G.
23869:
23827:
23796:
23761:
23687:
23661:Raven, Peter H.
23637:
23587:
23573:, eds. (2010).
23571:MĂĽller, Gerd B.
23535:
23487:
23448:
23413:
23391:Odum, Eugene P.
23380:
23378:
23360:
23315:
23293:
23291:
23268:
23227:
23188:
23149:
23065:
23014:
22948:
22946:
22922:De Rerum Natura
22902:
22900:
22877:
22836:
22767:
22729:
22687:
22648:
22604:
22590:Colin Patterson
22558:
22516:
22472:
22427:
22392:
22350:
22308:
22266:
22220:
22201:
22179:
22161:Eldredge, Niles
22137:
22103:
22053:
22033:Dennett, Daniel
22022:
22020:
22016:
21993:
21985:Darwin, Francis
21955:Darwin, Charles
21948:Wayback Machine
21909:Darwin, Charles
21902:Wayback Machine
21885:Darwin, Charles
21853:
21799:
21779:Coyne, Jerry A.
21768:
21766:
21751:
21706:
21664:
21618:
21576:
21530:
21492:
21441:
21422:10.1.1.493.6534
21399:
21394:
21393:
21350:
21346:
21322:10.1641/B570313
21292:
21288:
21229:
21225:
21171:
21167:
21120:
21116:
21109:
21105:
21097:
21050:
21044:
21040:
21030:
21028:
21024:
20993:10.1.1.404.1340
20967:
20961:Ross, Marcus R.
20958:
20954:
20909:
20895:
20893:
20870:
20858:
20854:
20846:
20842:
20835:
20831:
20800:10.1038/nrg3028
20778:
20774:
20764:
20762:
20758:
20707:
20703:(11 May 2010).
20694:
20690:
20682:
20660:10.2307/4444260
20651:10.1.1.324.2891
20633:
20624:
20620:
20612:
20608:
20595:
20593:
20589:
20532:
20526:Crick, F. H. C.
20519:
20515:
20507:
20503:
20495:
20488:
20435:
20431:
20424:
20420:
20412:
20408:
20375:
20371:
20324:
20320:
20310:
20308:
20285:
20281:
20271:
20269:
20230:Wallace, Alfred
20226:Darwin, Charles
20223:
20219:
20167:
20163:
20155:
20151:
20143:
20139:
20067:
20063:
20053:
20051:
20042:
20041:
20037:
19985:
19981:
19968:
19966:
19947:
19941:
19937:
19888:Lamb, Marion J.
19881:
19877:
19867:
19865:
19839:
19835:
19827:
19820:
19813:
19809:
19799:
19797:
19784:
19783:
19779:
19771:
19767:
19757:
19755:
19736:
19732:
19717:
19713:
19709:. 2001, page 55
19704:
19700:
19692:
19688:
19632:
19628:
19575:
19571:
19561:
19559:
19555:
19532:
19523:
19519:
19512:
19508:
19500:
19496:
19488:
19484:
19453:10.1038/475458a
19434:
19430:
19371:
19367:
19325:
19321:
19272:(August 2007).
19267:
19263:
19214:
19210:
19198:
19196:
19162:
19108:
19104:
19094:
19092:
19040:
19036:
19026:
19024:
18998:
18994:
18942:
18938:
18906:10.1.1.321.8828
18883:Pace, Norman R.
18876:
18872:
18832:
18792:
18788:
18767:(10): 457–459.
18757:
18753:
18702:
18698:
18659:
18655:
18600:
18596:
18558:
18514:
18510:
18454:
18447:
18439:
18400:10.1.1.381.9514
18374:
18368:
18364:
18332:10.1.1.673.9212
18319:Genome Research
18312:
18308:
18261:
18257:
18212:(5981): 19–23.
18198:
18194:
18147:
18143:
18132:
18128:
18083:Genome Research
18075:
18071:
18008:
18004:
17993:
17989:
17948:
17944:
17885:
17881:
17836:
17832:
17809:10.1038/418214a
17782:
17778:
17768:
17766:
17749:
17745:
17737:
17706:
17700:
17696:
17686:
17684:
17657:
17653:
17646:
17642:
17631:
17627:
17586:(8): e1001127.
17572:
17568:
17557:
17553:
17543:
17541:
17513:
17509:
17499:
17497:
17468:
17464:
17454:
17452:
17448:
17389:
17379:
17375:
17365:
17363:
17350:. Yonkers, NY:
17338:
17331:
17323:
17319:
17270:
17266:
17258:
17254:
17244:
17242:
17237:. 9 July 2007.
17229:
17228:
17224:
17175:
17171:
17164:
17160:
17153:
17149:
17144:Rechenberg 1973
17142:
17138:
17079:Fraser, Alex S.
17076:
17072:
17039:(4): e1000058.
17025:
17021:
16980:(6): e1002783.
16966:
16962:
16921:
16917:
16878:
16874:
16815:
16811:
16766:
16762:
16720:
16716:
16685:10.1038/nrc2013
16679:(12): 924–935.
16667:Maley, Carlo C.
16663:
16659:
16618:(1): e1000326.
16596:
16592:
16539:Current Biology
16531:
16527:
16495:10.1038/458695a
16474:
16470:
16429:
16425:
16372:Smith, Bruce D.
16368:
16364:
16330:
16326:
16271:
16267:
16210:Niklas, Karl J.
16203:
16194:
16184:
16182:
16167:
16166:
16162:
16152:
16150:
16127:
16120:
16109:
16102:
16049:
16045:
15990:(5693): 70–75.
15977:
15973:
15903:
15899:
15836:
15832:
15777:
15768:
15709:
15705:
15655:
15651:
15614:(5207): 52–58.
15597:
15593:
15585:
15581:
15550:
15546:
15504:
15500:
15451:
15447:
15437:
15435:
15390:
15386:
15333:Current Biology
15325:
15321:
15258:
15254:
15207:
15203:
15191:
15189:
15131:
15070:
15066:
15015:
15011:
14959:
14955:
14945:
14943:
14891:
14887:
14836:
14832:
14795:(6628): 70–73.
14777:
14773:
14710:
14706:
14673:10.2307/2409766
14654:
14645:
14643:
14629:
14592:
14538:
14534:
14481:Current Biology
14473:
14469:
14420:
14416:
14363:
14359:
14338:(23): 359–364.
14332:
14328:
14281:
14277:
14269:
14265:
14217:
14210:
14155:
14146:
14107:
14100:
14045:
14041:
13998:
13994:
13933:(5 June 2007).
13927:
13923:
13882:
13878:
13829:
13825:
13778:
13774:
13717:
13679:
13675:
13663:
13661:
13645:
13604:
13558:
13554:
13531:10.1038/nrg2031
13512:
13508:
13461:
13457:
13412:Current Biology
13404:
13400:
13353:
13349:
13313:
13273:
13269:
13226:
13222:
13179:
13175:
13167:
13163:
13108:
13104:
13094:
13092:
13088:
13052:(10): 784–790.
13041:
13031:
13027:
13019:
13012:
13004:
13000:
12992:
12988:
12980:
12976:
12968:
12964:
12956:
12952:
12911:
12907:
12897:
12895:
12891:
12844:
12838:
12834:
12781:
12777:
12753:10.1.1.572.6605
12736:
12732:
12693:
12689:
12664:
12655:
12597:
12593:
12542:
12538:
12507:
12500:
12449:
12445:
12402:
12395:
12352:
12348:
12287:
12283:
12237:
12233:
12225:
12221:
12171:
12167:
12126:
12122:
12056:
12052:
11997:
11993:
11926:
11922:
11865:
11861:
11838:10.2307/2406099
11810:
11806:
11800:Dobzhansky 1970
11798:
11794:
11790:, pp. 1–34
11788:Dobzhansky 1968
11786:
11782:
11751:10.1038/nrg1523
11735:
11731:
11723:(2010) defines
11718:
11714:
11706:
11702:
11671:10.1038/nrg1088
11651:
11647:
11588:
11584:
11523:
11519:
11468:
11461:
11398:
11394:
11340:
11336:
11328:
11324:
11314:
11312:
11295:
11291:
11281:
11279:
11256:
11252:
11216:
11212:
11157:
11150:
11142:
11138:
11098:10.1.1.120.1020
11078:
11074:
11031:
11027:
10974:(15 May 2007).
10965:
10956:
10895:
10891:
10836:
10832:
10822:
10820:
10816:
10793:
10787:
10783:
10725:
10721:
10713:
10682:10.1.1.595.4050
10664:
10658:
10654:
10627:
10623:
10567:
10563:
10508:
10504:
10457:
10453:
10408:
10404:
10371:(5): e3000265.
10353:
10349:
10304:
10300:
10289:
10285:
10252:(9): e1001115.
10232:
10228:
10189:
10185:
10130:
10126:
10069:
10065:
10024:
10020:
9970:
9966:
9911:
9907:
9848:
9844:
9808:
9804:
9749:
9745:
9704:
9695:
9688:
9684:
9643:
9639:
9585:
9528:
9524:
9493:10.1038/nrg2207
9487:(11): 845–856.
9473:
9469:
9432:Genome Research
9420:
9416:
9393:10.1038/nrg2526
9374:
9367:
9357:
9355:
9351:
9310:
9304:
9300:
9269:
9265:
9218:
9214:
9191:10.1002/iub.489
9171:
9167:
9114:
9110:
9063:
9059:
9049:
9047:
8996:
8992:
8929:
8925:
8869:
8862:
8807:
8803:
8762:(August 1996).
8757:
8753:
8730:10.1139/g89-009
8714:
8710:
8664:
8660:
8637:10.1139/g89-037
8615:
8611:
8558:Current Biology
8554:"Genetic drift"
8550:
8543:
8535:
8531:
8464:
8460:
8411:
8407:
8399:
8395:
8329:
8325:
8269:
8262:
8255:
8251:
8243:
8239:
8191:
8187:
8132:
8128:
8083:
8079:
8050:(11): 602–609.
8038:
8034:
7987:
7983:
7925:
7921:
7867:
7863:
7830:10.1038/nrg2603
7812:(August 2009).
7807:
7798:
7746:
7742:
7731:
7727:
7704:10.1038/nrg2506
7685:
7676:
7669:
7665:
7660:on 11 May 2011.
7657:
7610:
7597:
7593:
7583:
7581:
7577:
7544:
7534:
7530:
7471:
7467:
7410:
7406:
7396:
7394:
7390:
7343:
7329:
7325:
7315:
7313:
7309:
7270:10.1.1.617.6333
7252:
7246:
7242:
7179:
7175:
7120:
7116:
7106:
7104:
7039:
7035:
6996:
6992:
6925:
6921:
6880:
6876:
6835:
6831:
6764:
6760:
6747:
6743:
6730:
6726:
6718:
6714:
6651:Axelrod, Robert
6647:Hamilton, W. D.
6644:
6640:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6601:
6592:
6588:
6580:
6573:
6566:
6562:
6499:
6495:
6454:
6450:
6410:10.1.1.475.9645
6388:Current Biology
6383:
6379:
6338:
6334:
6297:
6293:
6244:
6240:
6191:Wang, Minglei;
6189:
6185:
6154:10.1038/nrg1204
6148:(11): 865–875.
6138:
6134:
6077:
6073:
6028:Genome Research
6017:
6013:
5974:(10): 985–996.
5960:
5956:
5899:
5895:
5885:
5883:
5837:Genome Research
5821:
5817:
5778:(3b): 541–547.
5764:
5760:
5715:
5711:
5704:
5700:
5667:10.1038/nrg2593
5643:
5639:
5594:
5590:
5582:
5578:
5523:
5519:
5478:
5426:
5422:
5391:10.1038/nrg1804
5375:
5368:
5335:10.1038/nrg2452
5329:(11): 855–867.
5315:
5311:
5304:
5297:
5256:
5252:
5221:10.1038/nrg2322
5197:
5193:
5161:10.1038/441398a
5132:
5125:
5084:
5080:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5045:
5036:
5032:
5027:Wayback Machine
5014:
5010:
5002:
4998:
4990:
4986:
4912:
4905:
4895:
4893:
4876:
4869:
4859:
4857:
4832:
4825:
4784:
4777:
4733:
4726:
4669:
4665:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4600:
4591:
4584:
4573:
4569:
4561:
4557:
4549:
4500:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4453:
4449:
4386:
4379:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4346:
4342:
4337:
4319:
4313:
4281:religious texts
4264:moral faculties
4260:human evolution
4202:
4176:
4082:
4065:
4059:
3991:August Weismann
3975:
3931:separate papers
3901:
3825:
3776:Aristotelianism
3768:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3743:De rerum natura
3722:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3549:
3525:
3523:
3515:Main articles:
3513:
3504:molecular clock
3476:common ancestor
3453:
3443:
3387:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3347:
3346:
3338:
3322:
3321:
3310:
3301:
3300:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3245:
3236:
3235:
3224:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3195:
3194:
3192:Ediacaran biota
3184:
3175:
3174:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3131:Earliest plants
3123:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3094:
3093:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3042:
3033:
3032:
3022:
3013:
3012:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2989:Earliest oxygen
2981:
2972:
2971:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2932:
2931:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2881:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2370:
2344:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2302:Ingo Rechenberg
2298:artificial life
2228:
2216:Main articles:
2214:
2150:
2144:
2135:rapid evolution
1978:species problem
1954:
1944:
1938:
1867:
1861:
1810:
1804:
1569:
1563:
1551:more noticeable
1537:complex species
1473:
1471:
1445:
1439:
1430:selective sweep
1409:
1407:Selective sweep
1395:
1345:
1269:
1259:
1251:group selection
1179:
1170:
1157:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1040:
991:DNA methylation
983:
977:
910:
904:
841:
827:
718:
712:
684:
683:
682:
681:
680:
676:Black morph in
674:
665:
664:
663:
657:
646:
636:
630:
534:
520:
470:history of life
328:characteristics
314:
274:
205:Theory and fact
110:History of life
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
26437:
26427:
26426:
26421:
26416:
26411:
26394:
26393:
26391:
26390:
26380:
26369:
26366:
26365:
26363:
26362:
26357:
26352:
26347:
26342:
26341:
26340:
26330:
26325:
26320:
26315:
26310:
26309:
26308:
26303:
26298:
26288:
26283:
26278:
26272:
26270:
26266:
26265:
26263:
26262:
26257:
26256:
26255:
26250:
26245:
26244:
26243:
26233:
26228:
26223:
26218:
26213:
26203:
26197:
26195:
26191:
26190:
26188:
26187:
26182:
26177:
26172:
26167:
26162:
26157:
26152:
26147:
26142:
26141:
26140:
26131:Charles Darwin
26128:
26127:
26126:
26114:
26109:
26103:
26101:
26095:
26094:
26092:
26091:
26086:
26081:
26076:
26071:
26069:Non-ecological
26066:
26061:
26056:
26051:
26046:
26041:
26036:
26030:
26028:
26022:
26021:
26019:
26018:
26009:
26000:
25986:
25984:
25978:
25977:
25975:
25974:
25969:
25968:
25967:
25962:
25957:
25952:
25947:
25937:
25932:
25927:
25922:
25917:
25912:
25907:
25902:
25897:
25892:
25887:
25886:
25885:
25875:
25870:
25865:
25860:
25859:
25858:
25853:
25842:
25840:
25833:
25832:
25830:
25829:
25828:
25827:
25822:
25820:nervous system
25817:
25812:
25807:
25799:
25798:
25797:
25792:
25787:
25782:
25777:
25772:
25762:
25757:
25752:
25746:
25744:
25737:
25736:
25734:
25733:
25728:
25723:
25718:
25713:
25712:
25711:
25701:
25700:
25699:
25694:
25693:
25692:
25687:
25677:
25672:
25667:
25662:
25657:
25656:
25655:
25650:
25640:
25630:
25625:
25624:
25623:
25613:
25608:
25603:
25598:
25597:
25596:
25586:
25581:
25580:
25579:
25569:
25563:
25561:
25554:
25553:
25551:
25550:
25545:
25540:
25535:
25530:
25525:
25519:
25517:
25513:
25512:
25510:
25509:
25504:
25499:
25494:
25493:
25492:
25487:
25482:
25472:
25467:
25462:
25457:
25452:
25451:
25450:
25445:
25435:
25430:
25425:
25424:
25423:
25413:
25408:
25403:
25398:
25392:
25390:
25382:
25381:
25379:
25378:
25377:
25376:
25366:
25361:
25360:
25359:
25354:
25344:
25343:
25342:
25332:
25327:
25322:
25320:Origin of life
25317:
25312:
25307:
25305:Microevolution
25302:
25300:Macroevolution
25297:
25292:
25287:
25286:
25285:
25275:
25270:
25265:
25260:
25255:
25250:
25245:
25240:
25238:Common descent
25235:
25234:
25233:
25223:
25218:
25216:Baldwin effect
25213:
25212:
25211:
25206:
25196:
25191:
25186:
25180:
25178:
25172:
25171:
25169:
25168:
25163:
25158:
25153:
25148:
25142:
25139:
25138:
25131:
25130:
25123:
25116:
25108:
25102:
25101:
25068:
25039:
25038:
25034:
25033:
24962:
24938:
24937:
24933:
24932:
24921:
24910:
24885:
24875:on 19 May 2011
24861:
24842:
24823:
24807:
24806:
24791:
24777:
24770:
24758:
24745:
24744:
24742:
24741:External links
24739:
24737:
24736:
24714:
24694:
24672:
24655:
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24592:
24572:
24550:
24535:
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24023:
24018:
24012:
24011:
24000:
23999:
23991:
23988:
23986:
23985:
23963:
23947:Wright, Sewall
23943:
23921:
23889:
23867:
23847:
23825:
23800:
23794:
23781:
23759:
23739:
23707:
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22992:
22959:
22909:
22875:
22856:
22834:
22817:
22787:
22765:
22749:
22727:
22711:Kirk, Geoffrey
22707:
22685:
22668:
22646:
22624:
22602:
22578:
22556:
22540:Hall, Brian K.
22536:
22514:
22492:
22470:
22447:
22425:
22412:
22390:
22371:
22348:
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22240:
22218:
22199:
22177:
22157:
22135:
22115:
22101:
22073:
22051:
22029:
21987:, ed. (1909).
21981:
21951:
21905:
21881:
21851:
21819:
21797:
21775:
21749:
21726:
21704:
21684:
21662:
21638:
21616:
21596:
21574:
21550:
21528:
21512:
21490:
21469:
21439:
21405:Altenberg, Lee
21400:
21398:
21395:
21392:
21391:
21344:
21315:(3): 278–284.
21297:(March 2007).
21286:
21223:
21210:10.1086/377226
21186:(1): 175–194.
21165:
21114:
21103:
21038:
20978:(3): 319–323.
20952:
20950:
20949:
20907:
20902:
20866:
20865:
20852:
20840:
20829:
20794:(7): 475–486.
20772:
20697:Avise, John C.
20688:
20644:(3): 125–129.
20629:(March 1973).
20618:
20606:
20513:
20501:
20486:
20457:10.1086/384323
20451:(2): 238–267.
20429:
20418:
20406:
20369:
20334:(3): 177–184.
20318:
20279:
20217:
20188:10.1086/282646
20161:
20149:
20137:
20070:Sober, Elliott
20061:
20035:
20000:(2): 173–183.
19979:
19977:
19976:
19935:
19900:(4): 353–365.
19875:
19833:
19818:
19807:
19777:
19765:
19730:
19728:
19727:
19711:
19698:
19686:
19635:Hull, David L.
19626:
19597:10.1086/394520
19569:
19517:
19506:
19494:
19482:
19428:
19365:
19319:
19284:(3): 425–454.
19261:
19226:(3): 456–463.
19208:
19206:
19205:
19102:
19063:(5): 851–859.
19034:
18992:
18936:
18899:(4): 470–478.
18870:
18868:
18867:
18841:(6): 513–519.
18786:
18751:
18696:
18653:
18594:
18592:
18591:
18571:(9): 611–617.
18508:
18445:
18362:
18306:
18279:(9): 472–479.
18255:
18192:
18141:
18126:
18089:(7): 954–959.
18069:
18002:
17987:
17960:(6): 256–261.
17942:
17879:
17850:(5): 573–582.
17830:
17776:
17743:
17694:
17651:
17640:
17625:
17566:
17551:
17516:Wade, Nicholas
17507:
17462:
17373:
17329:
17317:
17290:(3): 370–382.
17264:
17260:Dalrymple 2001
17252:
17222:
17169:
17158:
17147:
17136:
17070:
17019:
16960:
16915:
16888:(5): 365–369.
16872:
16809:
16760:
16714:
16657:
16590:
16545:(1): R23–R24.
16525:
16468:
16423:
16362:
16333:Bull, James J.
16324:
16265:
16222:(6): 255–276.
16192:
16160:
16118:
16100:
16043:
16005:10.1.1.574.332
15971:
15897:
15830:
15766:
15703:
15658:Raup, David M.
15649:
15591:
15579:
15560:(6): 505–512.
15544:
15525:(6): 500–504.
15511:Weigel, Detlef
15498:
15445:
15384:
15319:
15252:
15217:(2): 172–182.
15201:
15199:
15198:
15064:
15029:(3): 309–327.
15009:
14953:
14896:(April 1980).
14885:
14830:
14771:
14704:
14702:
14701:
14652:
14627:
14601:(3): 111–114.
14532:
14467:
14414:
14377:(3): 241–252.
14357:
14326:
14275:
14263:
14242:10.1086/289701
14236:(4): 671–690.
14208:
14144:
14123:10.1554/02-727
14098:
14039:
13992:
13921:
13894:(6): 167–223.
13876:
13841:(2): 184–196.
13823:
13788:(4): 364–370.
13772:
13770:
13769:
13673:
13671:
13670:
13643:
13552:
13525:(3): 185–195.
13506:
13455:
13418:(4): 371–377.
13398:
13363:(4): 403–437.
13347:
13345:
13344:
13326:(2): 309–345.
13267:
13220:
13193:(8): 301–306.
13173:
13161:
13102:
13025:
13010:
12998:
12986:
12974:
12962:
12950:
12927:(4): 450–455.
12905:
12855:(4): 805–819.
12832:
12797:(5): 423–441.
12775:
12746:(3): 185–196.
12730:
12703:(4): 328–335.
12687:
12653:
12591:
12556:(3): 409–433.
12536:
12517:(6): 672–677.
12498:
12443:
12416:(6): 445–458.
12406:Hall, Brian K.
12404:Bejder, Lars;
12393:
12366:(2): 301–315.
12346:
12309:(2): 393–400.
12299:+] System"
12281:
12231:
12227:Altenberg 1995
12219:
12184:(5): 525–539.
12177:Biodegradation
12165:
12138:(6): 261–265.
12120:
12061:(April 1984).
12050:
11991:
11920:
11883:(6): 391–395.
11859:
11804:
11792:
11780:
11745:(2): 119–127.
11729:
11712:
11700:
11665:(6): 457–469.
11645:
11582:
11517:
11488:(4): 686–691.
11472:Handelsman, Jo
11459:
11392:
11334:
11322:
11289:
11250:
11231:(sp4): 15–52.
11210:
11148:
11136:
11072:
11025:
10954:
10889:
10830:
10781:
10719:
10675:(6): 296–302.
10652:
10641:(3): 229–236.
10621:
10561:
10530:10.1086/302754
10524:(2): 557–566.
10502:
10467:(5): 422–434.
10451:
10402:
10347:
10298:
10283:
10226:
10183:
10124:
10063:
10018:
9989:(3): 897–907.
9964:
9905:
9842:
9802:
9763:(4): 582–592.
9743:
9693:
9682:
9655:(7): 838–844.
9637:
9635:
9634:
9598:(5): 2318–42.
9531:Nei, Masatoshi
9522:
9467:
9414:
9387:(3): 195–205.
9365:
9321:(2): 723–733.
9298:
9263:
9226:Biology Direct
9212:
9185:(7): 528–537.
9165:
9128:(3): 172–182.
9108:
9071:Biology Direct
9057:
9010:(2): 169–181.
8990:
8943:(4): 975–996.
8923:
8860:
8801:
8751:
8708:
8683:(4): 367–386.
8658:
8631:(1): 221–227.
8609:
8541:
8529:
8458:
8405:
8393:
8323:
8260:
8249:
8237:
8208:(3): 773–795.
8185:
8126:
8099:(3): 332–353.
8077:
8032:
7981:
7928:Lande, Russell
7919:
7861:
7824:(8): 531–539.
7796:
7749:Otto, Sarah P.
7740:
7725:
7674:
7663:
7627:10.1086/522809
7621:(4): 327–348.
7591:
7557:(4): 319–326.
7538:Margulis, Lynn
7528:
7465:
7404:
7354:(3): 541–553.
7323:
7279:10.1086/598822
7263:(2): 131–176.
7240:
7183:Lake, James A.
7173:
7114:
7033:
7006:(4): 530–533.
6990:
6919:
6892:(5): 476–482.
6874:
6829:
6758:
6756:. PMID 3324702
6741:
6739:. PMID 3898363
6724:
6712:
6638:
6586:
6571:
6560:
6493:
6466:(6): 533–537.
6448:
6377:
6332:
6291:
6256:(6): 826–848.
6238:
6183:
6132:
6095:Annual Reviews
6071:
6011:
5954:
5893:
5844:(4): 317–324.
5830:(April 1999).
5815:
5758:
5719:Gerstein, Mark
5709:
5698:
5661:(8): 551–564.
5637:
5608:(2): 295–304.
5588:
5576:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5491:(1404): 1865.
5420:
5385:(3): 229–237.
5366:
5309:
5295:
5268:(8): 330–335.
5250:
5215:(4): 255–266.
5205:Wray, Naomi R.
5191:
5123:
5096:(8): 327–332.
5078:
5041:, ed. (1999).
5030:
5008:
4996:
4984:
4903:
4867:
4823:
4775:
4724:
4678:Biology Direct
4663:
4582:
4567:
4555:
4482:
4471:
4459:
4457:, pp. 3–5
4447:
4377:
4355:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4318:
4315:
4246:creation myths
4175:
4172:
4081:
4078:
4061:Main article:
4058:
4055:
4025:to change the
3974:
3971:
3909:Alfred Wallace
3905:Charles Darwin
3900:
3897:
3883:Georges Cuvier
3866:Erasmus Darwin
3845:introduced by
3824:
3821:
3780:actualisations
3767:
3764:
3721:
3718:
3707:Charles Darwin
3659:Main article:
3656:
3653:
3581:cyanobacterial
3577:hydrogenosomes
3512:
3509:
3447:Common descent
3442:
3441:Common descent
3439:
3368:
3367:Origin of life
3365:
3354:Main article:
3349:
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3339:
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3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3116:
3115:
3111:Earliest fungi
3109:
3108:
3106:
3096:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3076:
3075:
3069:
3068:
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3015:
3014:
3007:
3006:
3004:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2974:
2973:
2969:LHB meteorites
2967:
2966:
2964:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2914:
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2909:Earliest water
2907:
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2635:
2634:
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2628:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2605:Photosynthesis
2603:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2571:
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2569:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2557:0 —
2555:
2550:
2545:
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2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
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2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
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2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2213:
2210:
2197:global warming
2143:
2140:
2033:founder effect
2005:gray tree frog
1940:Main article:
1937:
1934:
1879:photosynthesis
1860:
1857:
1803:
1800:
1642:Flavobacterium
1622:
1621:
1618:adaptive trait
1614:
1608:
1597:adaptive trait
1562:
1559:
1517:macroevolution
1470:
1467:
1438:
1435:
1394:
1391:
1367:neutral theory
1344:
1341:
1293:sampling error
1258:
1255:
1183:Graph 3 shows
1161:Graph 1 shows
1090:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1066:Main article:
1063:
1060:
1039:
1036:
976:
973:
924:organisms and
903:
900:
826:
823:
786:exon shuffling
714:Main article:
711:
708:
675:
668:
667:
666:
658:
651:
650:
649:
648:
647:
632:Main article:
629:
626:
519:
516:
355:Charles Darwin
316:
315:
313:
312:
305:
298:
290:
287:
286:
285:
284:
269:
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261:
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236:
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218:
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210:
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202:
197:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
155:
154:
150:
149:
148:
147:
142:
137:
135:Neutral theory
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
84:
83:
79:
78:
68:
67:
59:
58:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
26436:
26425:
26422:
26420:
26417:
26415:
26412:
26410:
26407:
26406:
26404:
26389:
26385:
26381:
26379:
26371:
26370:
26367:
26361:
26358:
26356:
26353:
26351:
26348:
26346:
26343:
26339:
26336:
26335:
26334:
26333:Phylogenetics
26331:
26329:
26326:
26324:
26321:
26319:
26316:
26314:
26311:
26307:
26304:
26302:
26299:
26297:
26294:
26293:
26292:
26289:
26287:
26284:
26282:
26279:
26277:
26274:
26273:
26271:
26267:
26261:
26258:
26254:
26251:
26249:
26246:
26242:
26239:
26238:
26237:
26236:Structuralism
26234:
26232:
26229:
26227:
26224:
26222:
26219:
26217:
26214:
26212:
26211:Catastrophism
26209:
26208:
26207:
26204:
26202:
26199:
26198:
26196:
26192:
26186:
26183:
26181:
26178:
26176:
26173:
26171:
26170:Neo-Darwinism
26168:
26166:
26163:
26161:
26158:
26156:
26153:
26151:
26148:
26146:
26143:
26139:
26138:
26134:
26133:
26132:
26129:
26125:
26124:
26120:
26119:
26118:
26115:
26113:
26110:
26108:
26105:
26104:
26102:
26100:
26096:
26090:
26087:
26085:
26084:Reinforcement
26082:
26080:
26077:
26075:
26072:
26070:
26067:
26065:
26062:
26060:
26057:
26055:
26052:
26050:
26047:
26045:
26042:
26040:
26037:
26035:
26032:
26031:
26029:
26027:
26023:
26017:
26016:Catastrophism
26013:
26010:
26008:
26007:Macromutation
26004:
26003:Micromutation
26001:
25999:
25995:
25991:
25988:
25987:
25985:
25983:
25979:
25973:
25970:
25966:
25963:
25961:
25958:
25956:
25953:
25951:
25948:
25946:
25943:
25942:
25941:
25938:
25936:
25933:
25931:
25928:
25926:
25923:
25921:
25918:
25916:
25913:
25911:
25910:Immune system
25908:
25906:
25903:
25901:
25898:
25896:
25893:
25891:
25888:
25884:
25881:
25880:
25879:
25876:
25874:
25871:
25869:
25866:
25864:
25861:
25857:
25854:
25852:
25849:
25848:
25847:
25844:
25843:
25841:
25839:
25834:
25826:
25823:
25821:
25818:
25816:
25813:
25811:
25808:
25806:
25803:
25802:
25800:
25796:
25793:
25791:
25788:
25786:
25783:
25781:
25778:
25776:
25773:
25771:
25770:symbiogenesis
25768:
25767:
25766:
25763:
25761:
25758:
25756:
25753:
25751:
25748:
25747:
25745:
25743:
25738:
25732:
25729:
25727:
25724:
25722:
25719:
25717:
25714:
25710:
25707:
25706:
25705:
25702:
25698:
25695:
25691:
25688:
25686:
25683:
25682:
25681:
25678:
25676:
25673:
25671:
25668:
25666:
25663:
25661:
25658:
25654:
25651:
25649:
25646:
25645:
25644:
25641:
25639:
25636:
25635:
25634:
25631:
25629:
25626:
25622:
25619:
25618:
25617:
25614:
25612:
25609:
25607:
25604:
25602:
25599:
25595:
25592:
25591:
25590:
25587:
25585:
25582:
25578:
25575:
25574:
25573:
25570:
25568:
25565:
25564:
25562:
25560:
25555:
25549:
25546:
25544:
25541:
25539:
25536:
25534:
25531:
25529:
25526:
25524:
25521:
25520:
25518:
25514:
25508:
25505:
25503:
25500:
25498:
25495:
25491:
25488:
25486:
25483:
25481:
25478:
25477:
25476:
25473:
25471:
25468:
25466:
25463:
25461:
25458:
25456:
25453:
25449:
25446:
25444:
25441:
25440:
25439:
25438:Kin selection
25436:
25434:
25433:Genetic drift
25431:
25429:
25426:
25422:
25419:
25418:
25417:
25414:
25412:
25409:
25407:
25404:
25402:
25399:
25397:
25394:
25393:
25391:
25389:
25383:
25375:
25372:
25371:
25370:
25367:
25365:
25362:
25358:
25355:
25353:
25350:
25349:
25348:
25345:
25341:
25338:
25337:
25336:
25333:
25331:
25328:
25326:
25323:
25321:
25318:
25316:
25313:
25311:
25308:
25306:
25303:
25301:
25298:
25296:
25293:
25291:
25288:
25284:
25281:
25280:
25279:
25276:
25274:
25271:
25269:
25266:
25264:
25261:
25259:
25256:
25254:
25251:
25249:
25246:
25244:
25241:
25239:
25236:
25232:
25229:
25228:
25227:
25224:
25222:
25219:
25217:
25214:
25210:
25207:
25205:
25202:
25201:
25200:
25197:
25195:
25192:
25190:
25187:
25185:
25182:
25181:
25179:
25177:
25173:
25167:
25164:
25162:
25159:
25157:
25154:
25152:
25149:
25147:
25144:
25143:
25140:
25136:
25129:
25124:
25122:
25117:
25115:
25110:
25109:
25106:
25090:
25086:
25082:
25081:
25076:
25073:
25069:
25057:
25053:
25049:
25045:
25041:
25040:
25036:
25035:
25030:
25026:
25021:
25016:
25012:
25008:
25003:
24998:
24994:
24990:
24986:
24982:
24981:
24976:
24972:
24968:
24963:
24952:
24948:
24944:
24940:
24939:
24935:
24934:
24931:
24927:
24922:
24919:
24915:
24911:
24898:
24894:
24890:
24886:
24874:
24870:
24866:
24862:
24851:
24847:
24843:
24832:
24828:
24824:
24822:
24818:
24817:
24812:
24809:
24808:
24804:
24803:
24799:
24795:
24780:
24733:
24729:
24725:
24721:
24717:
24711:
24707:
24703:
24699:
24695:
24691:
24687:
24683:
24679:
24675:
24669:
24664:
24663:
24656:
24652:
24648:
24644:
24640:
24636:
24630:
24626:
24625:
24620:
24615:
24611:
24607:
24603:
24599:
24595:
24589:
24584:
24583:
24577:
24573:
24569:
24565:
24561:
24557:
24553:
24547:
24543:
24542:
24536:
24532:
24528:
24524:
24520:
24516:
24510:
24506:
24502:
24498:
24494:
24490:
24486:
24482:
24478:
24472:
24468:
24464:
24463:Orr, H. Allen
24459:
24455:
24451:
24447:
24443:
24439:
24433:
24429:
24425:
24421:
24417:
24413:
24412:
24408:
24407:
24402:
24398:
24394:
24390:
24386:
24380:
24376:
24372:
24371:
24365:
24361:
24357:
24353:
24349:
24345:
24339:
24335:
24334:
24328:
24324:
24320:
24316:
24312:
24308:
24302:
24298:
24294:
24289:
24282:
24278:
24274:
24270:
24266:
24260:
24256:
24251:
24250:
24243:
24242:
24239:
24235:
24231:
24227:
24223:
24217:
24213:
24209:
24208:
24203:
24199:
24195:
24191:
24187:
24183:
24179:
24173:
24169:
24168:
24162:
24158:
24154:
24150:
24146:
24142:
24136:
24131:
24130:
24124:
24120:
24116:
24112:
24108:
24104:
24100:
24096:
24090:
24086:
24085:
24079:
24075:
24071:
24067:
24063:
24059:
24053:
24049:
24045:
24040:
24039:
24035:
24034:
24027:
24024:
24022:
24019:
24017:
24014:
24013:
24008:
24003:
23997:
23982:
23978:
23974:
23970:
23966:
23960:
23955:
23954:
23948:
23944:
23940:
23936:
23932:
23928:
23924:
23918:
23914:
23910:
23906:
23902:
23898:
23894:
23890:
23886:
23882:
23878:
23874:
23870:
23864:
23860:
23856:
23852:
23848:
23844:
23840:
23836:
23832:
23828:
23822:
23818:
23813:
23812:
23806:
23801:
23797:
23791:
23787:
23782:
23778:
23774:
23770:
23766:
23762:
23756:
23752:
23751:Manfred Eigen
23748:
23744:
23740:
23736:
23732:
23728:
23724:
23720:
23716:
23712:
23708:
23704:
23700:
23696:
23692:
23688:
23682:
23678:
23673:
23672:
23666:
23662:
23658:
23654:
23650:
23646:
23642:
23638:
23632:
23628:
23623:
23622:
23616:
23612:
23608:
23604:
23600:
23596:
23592:
23588:
23582:
23578:
23577:
23572:
23568:
23564:
23560:
23556:
23552:
23548:
23544:
23540:
23536:
23530:
23526:
23522:
23518:
23514:
23508:
23504:
23500:
23496:
23492:
23488:
23482:
23478:
23477:Facts on File
23474:
23469:
23465:
23461:
23457:
23453:
23449:
23443:
23439:
23434:
23430:
23426:
23422:
23418:
23414:
23408:
23404:
23399:
23398:
23392:
23388:
23377:
23373:
23369:
23365:
23361:
23355:
23351:
23350:
23345:
23341:
23337:
23332:
23328:
23324:
23320:
23316:
23310:
23306:
23301:
23289:
23285:
23281:
23277:
23273:
23269:
23263:
23259:
23255:
23254:
23248:
23244:
23240:
23236:
23232:
23228:
23222:
23218:
23214:
23209:
23205:
23201:
23197:
23193:
23189:
23183:
23179:
23175:
23170:
23166:
23162:
23158:
23154:
23150:
23144:
23140:
23139:Belknap Press
23136:
23132:
23131:
23125:
23121:
23117:
23113:
23109:
23105:
23104:
23099:
23095:
23090:
23086:
23082:
23078:
23074:
23070:
23066:
23060:
23056:
23052:
23048:
23044:
23040:
23035:
23031:
23027:
23023:
23019:
23015:
23009:
23004:
23003:
22997:
22993:
22989:
22985:
22981:
22977:
22973:
22972:Collier Books
22968:
22967:
22960:
22956:
22944:
22940:
22936:
22932:
22928:
22924:
22923:
22918:
22914:
22910:
22898:
22894:
22890:
22886:
22882:
22878:
22872:
22868:
22864:
22863:
22857:
22853:
22849:
22845:
22841:
22837:
22831:
22827:
22823:
22818:
22815:
22812: at the
22811:
22806:
22802:
22798:
22797:
22792:
22788:
22784:
22780:
22776:
22772:
22768:
22762:
22758:
22754:
22753:Koza, John R.
22750:
22746:
22742:
22738:
22734:
22730:
22724:
22720:
22716:
22712:
22708:
22704:
22700:
22696:
22692:
22688:
22682:
22677:
22676:
22669:
22665:
22661:
22657:
22653:
22649:
22643:
22639:
22635:
22634:
22629:
22625:
22621:
22617:
22613:
22609:
22605:
22599:
22595:
22591:
22587:
22583:
22582:Hennig, Willi
22579:
22575:
22571:
22567:
22563:
22559:
22553:
22548:
22547:
22541:
22537:
22533:
22529:
22525:
22521:
22517:
22511:
22507:
22503:
22502:
22497:
22493:
22489:
22485:
22481:
22477:
22473:
22467:
22463:
22459:
22455:
22454:
22448:
22444:
22440:
22436:
22432:
22428:
22422:
22418:
22413:
22409:
22405:
22401:
22397:
22393:
22387:
22383:
22379:
22378:
22372:
22367:
22363:
22359:
22355:
22351:
22345:
22341:
22337:
22333:
22329:
22325:
22321:
22317:
22313:
22309:
22303:
22299:
22295:
22291:
22287:
22283:
22279:
22275:
22271:
22267:
22261:
22257:
22253:
22249:
22245:
22241:
22237:
22233:
22229:
22225:
22221:
22215:
22211:
22207:
22206:
22200:
22196:
22192:
22188:
22184:
22180:
22174:
22170:
22166:
22162:
22158:
22154:
22150:
22146:
22142:
22138:
22132:
22128:
22124:
22120:
22116:
22112:
22108:
22104:
22098:
22094:
22090:
22086:
22082:
22078:
22074:
22070:
22066:
22062:
22058:
22054:
22048:
22044:
22040:
22039:
22034:
22030:
22015:
22011:
22007:
22003:
21999:
21992:
21991:
21986:
21982:
21978:
21974:
21970:
21966:
21962:
21961:
21956:
21952:
21949:
21945:
21942:
21936:
21932:
21928:
21924:
21920:
21916:
21915:
21910:
21906:
21903:
21899:
21896:
21890:
21886:
21882:
21878:
21874:
21870:
21866:
21862:
21858:
21854:
21848:
21844:
21840:
21836:
21832:
21828:
21824:
21820:
21816:
21812:
21808:
21804:
21800:
21794:
21790:
21786:
21785:
21780:
21776:
21764:
21760:
21756:
21752:
21746:
21742:
21738:
21734:
21733:
21727:
21723:
21719:
21715:
21711:
21707:
21701:
21697:
21693:
21689:
21685:
21681:
21677:
21673:
21669:
21665:
21659:
21655:
21651:
21647:
21643:
21639:
21635:
21631:
21627:
21623:
21619:
21613:
21609:
21605:
21601:
21600:Browne, Janet
21597:
21593:
21589:
21585:
21581:
21577:
21571:
21567:
21562:
21561:
21555:
21551:
21547:
21543:
21539:
21535:
21531:
21525:
21521:
21517:
21513:
21509:
21505:
21501:
21497:
21493:
21487:
21483:
21479:
21475:
21470:
21466:
21462:
21458:
21454:
21450:
21446:
21442:
21436:
21432:
21428:
21423:
21418:
21414:
21410:
21406:
21402:
21401:
21387:
21383:
21379:
21375:
21371:
21367:
21363:
21359:
21355:
21348:
21340:
21336:
21332:
21328:
21323:
21318:
21314:
21310:
21309:
21304:
21302:
21296:
21295:Branch, Glenn
21290:
21282:
21278:
21274:
21270:
21266:
21262:
21258:
21254:
21250:
21246:
21242:
21238:
21234:
21227:
21219:
21215:
21211:
21207:
21203:
21199:
21194:
21189:
21185:
21181:
21180:
21175:
21169:
21161:
21157:
21153:
21149:
21145:
21141:
21137:
21133:
21129:
21125:
21118:
21112:
21107:
21096:
21092:
21088:
21084:
21080:
21076:
21072:
21068:
21064:
21060:
21056:
21049:
21042:
21023:
21019:
21015:
21011:
21007:
21003:
20999:
20994:
20989:
20985:
20981:
20977:
20973:
20966:
20962:
20956:
20946:
20942:
20938:
20934:
20930:
20926:
20922:
20918:
20917:
20912:
20908:
20906:
20903:
20891:
20887:
20883:
20882:
20877:
20873:
20869:
20868:
20864:
20861:
20860:
20856:
20849:
20844:
20838:
20833:
20825:
20821:
20817:
20813:
20809:
20805:
20801:
20797:
20793:
20789:
20788:
20783:
20776:
20757:
20753:
20749:
20744:
20739:
20735:
20731:
20726:
20721:
20717:
20713:
20706:
20702:
20698:
20692:
20681:
20677:
20673:
20669:
20665:
20661:
20657:
20652:
20647:
20643:
20639:
20632:
20628:
20622:
20616:, p. 280
20615:
20610:
20603:
20588:
20584:
20580:
20576:
20572:
20568:
20564:
20560:
20556:
20552:
20548:
20544:
20540:
20539:
20531:
20527:
20523:
20522:Watson, J. D.
20517:
20510:
20509:Levinson 2019
20505:
20498:
20493:
20491:
20482:
20478:
20474:
20470:
20466:
20462:
20458:
20454:
20450:
20446:
20445:
20440:
20433:
20427:
20422:
20416:, p. 480
20415:
20410:
20402:
20398:
20394:
20390:
20386:
20382:
20381:
20373:
20365:
20361:
20357:
20353:
20349:
20345:
20341:
20337:
20333:
20329:
20322:
20306:
20303:
20299:
20298:
20293:
20289:
20283:
20267:
20263:
20259:
20254:
20249:
20245:
20241:
20240:
20235:
20231:
20227:
20221:
20213:
20209:
20205:
20201:
20197:
20193:
20189:
20185:
20181:
20177:
20176:
20171:
20165:
20158:
20153:
20147:, p. 165
20146:
20141:
20133:
20129:
20124:
20119:
20115:
20111:
20106:
20101:
20097:
20093:
20089:
20085:
20084:
20079:
20077:
20071:
20065:
20049:
20045:
20039:
20031:
20027:
20023:
20019:
20015:
20011:
20007:
20003:
19999:
19995:
19994:
19989:
19983:
19964:
19960:
19957:. Cambridge:
19956:
19955:
19950:
19946:
19945:
19944:
19939:
19931:
19927:
19923:
19919:
19915:
19911:
19907:
19903:
19899:
19895:
19894:
19889:
19885:
19884:Jablonka, Eva
19879:
19863:
19859:
19855:
19851:
19847:
19843:
19837:
19831:, p. 162
19830:
19825:
19823:
19816:
19811:
19795:
19791:
19787:
19781:
19774:
19769:
19753:
19749:
19745:
19741:
19734:
19726:
19723:
19722:
19720:
19715:
19708:
19702:
19695:
19690:
19682:
19678:
19674:
19670:
19666:
19662:
19658:
19655:on behalf of
19654:
19650:
19646:
19642:
19641:
19636:
19630:
19622:
19618:
19614:
19610:
19606:
19602:
19598:
19594:
19590:
19586:
19585:
19580:
19573:
19554:
19550:
19546:
19542:
19538:
19531:
19527:
19526:Sedley, David
19521:
19515:
19510:
19503:
19498:
19491:
19486:
19478:
19474:
19470:
19466:
19462:
19458:
19454:
19450:
19446:
19442:
19438:
19432:
19424:
19420:
19416:
19412:
19408:
19404:
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17559:McKinney 1997
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17383:Mao, Wendy L.
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16974:PLOS Genetics
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16882:Weed Research
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16827:PLOS Genetics
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16612:PLOS Genetics
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15407:
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15395:
15394:Tavaré, Simon
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14273:, p. 120
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12240:Masel, Joanna
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11768:
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11760:
11756:
11752:
11748:
11744:
11740:
11733:
11726:
11722:
11716:
11709:
11704:
11696:
11692:
11688:
11684:
11680:
11676:
11672:
11668:
11664:
11660:
11656:
11649:
11641:
11637:
11633:
11629:
11625:
11621:
11617:
11613:
11609:
11605:
11601:
11597:
11593:
11586:
11578:
11574:
11570:
11566:
11562:
11558:
11554:
11550:
11546:
11542:
11538:
11534:
11533:
11528:
11521:
11513:
11509:
11504:
11499:
11495:
11491:
11487:
11483:
11482:
11477:
11473:
11466:
11464:
11455:
11451:
11446:
11441:
11437:
11433:
11428:
11423:
11419:
11415:
11411:
11407:
11403:
11396:
11388:
11384:
11380:
11376:
11372:
11368:
11364:
11360:
11356:
11352:
11348:
11344:
11338:
11331:
11326:
11310:
11306:
11305:
11300:
11293:
11277:
11273:
11269:
11265:
11261:
11254:
11246:
11242:
11238:
11234:
11230:
11226:
11225:
11220:
11214:
11206:
11202:
11197:
11192:
11187:
11182:
11178:
11174:
11170:
11166:
11162:
11155:
11153:
11145:
11140:
11132:
11128:
11124:
11120:
11116:
11112:
11108:
11104:
11099:
11094:
11090:
11086:
11082:
11076:
11068:
11064:
11060:
11056:
11052:
11048:
11044:
11040:
11036:
11029:
11021:
11017:
11012:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10993:
10989:
10985:
10981:
10977:
10973:
10969:
10963:
10961:
10959:
10950:
10946:
10941:
10936:
10932:
10928:
10924:
10920:
10916:
10912:
10908:
10904:
10900:
10893:
10885:
10881:
10877:
10873:
10869:
10865:
10861:
10857:
10853:
10849:
10845:
10841:
10834:
10815:
10811:
10807:
10803:
10799:
10792:
10785:
10777:
10773:
10768:
10763:
10759:
10755:
10751:
10747:
10743:
10739:
10738:
10733:
10729:
10723:
10712:
10708:
10704:
10700:
10696:
10692:
10688:
10683:
10678:
10674:
10670:
10663:
10656:
10648:
10644:
10640:
10636:
10632:
10625:
10617:
10613:
10608:
10603:
10599:
10595:
10591:
10587:
10583:
10579:
10575:
10571:
10565:
10557:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10539:
10535:
10531:
10527:
10523:
10519:
10518:
10513:
10506:
10498:
10494:
10490:
10486:
10482:
10478:
10474:
10470:
10466:
10462:
10455:
10447:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10429:
10425:
10421:
10417:
10413:
10406:
10398:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10370:
10366:
10362:
10360:
10351:
10343:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10325:
10321:
10317:
10313:
10309:
10302:
10294:
10287:
10279:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10251:
10247:
10246:
10245:PLOS Genetics
10241:
10237:
10230:
10222:
10218:
10214:
10210:
10206:
10202:
10198:
10194:
10187:
10179:
10175:
10171:
10167:
10163:
10159:
10155:
10151:
10147:
10143:
10139:
10137:
10128:
10120:
10116:
10112:
10108:
10104:
10100:
10096:
10092:
10088:
10084:
10080:
10076:
10075:
10067:
10059:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10041:
10037:
10033:
10029:
10022:
10014:
10010:
10005:
10000:
9996:
9992:
9988:
9984:
9983:
9978:
9974:
9968:
9960:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9941:
9936:
9932:
9928:
9924:
9920:
9916:
9909:
9901:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9873:
9869:
9865:
9861:
9857:
9853:
9846:
9838:
9834:
9830:
9826:
9823:(1): 82–101.
9822:
9818:
9817:
9812:
9811:Freese, Ernst
9806:
9798:
9794:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9770:
9766:
9762:
9758:
9754:
9747:
9739:
9735:
9731:
9727:
9723:
9719:
9715:
9711:
9710:
9702:
9700:
9698:
9691:
9686:
9678:
9674:
9670:
9666:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9649:
9641:
9631:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9613:
9609:
9605:
9601:
9597:
9593:
9589:
9584:
9583:
9580:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9562:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9546:
9542:
9541:
9536:
9532:
9526:
9518:
9514:
9510:
9506:
9502:
9498:
9494:
9490:
9486:
9482:
9478:
9471:
9463:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9445:
9441:
9437:
9433:
9429:
9427:
9418:
9410:
9406:
9402:
9398:
9394:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9372:
9370:
9350:
9346:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9328:
9324:
9320:
9316:
9309:
9302:
9294:
9290:
9286:
9282:
9278:
9274:
9267:
9259:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9231:
9227:
9223:
9216:
9208:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9192:
9188:
9184:
9180:
9176:
9169:
9161:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9143:
9139:
9135:
9131:
9127:
9123:
9119:
9112:
9104:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9076:
9072:
9068:
9061:
9045:
9041:
9037:
9033:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9009:
9005:
9001:
8994:
8986:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8968:
8964:
8960:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8942:
8938:
8934:
8927:
8919:
8915:
8911:
8907:
8903:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8885:
8881:
8877:
8873:
8867:
8865:
8856:
8852:
8848:
8844:
8840:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8817:
8812:
8805:
8797:
8793:
8789:
8785:
8781:
8777:
8773:
8769:
8765:
8761:
8755:
8747:
8743:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8719:
8712:
8704:
8700:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8682:
8678:
8677:
8672:
8668:
8667:Kimura, Motoo
8662:
8654:
8650:
8646:
8642:
8638:
8634:
8630:
8626:
8625:
8620:
8613:
8605:
8601:
8597:
8593:
8589:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8563:
8559:
8555:
8548:
8546:
8538:
8533:
8525:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8507:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8481:
8477:
8473:
8469:
8462:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8417:
8409:
8402:
8397:
8389:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8371:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8337:
8333:
8327:
8319:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8267:
8265:
8258:
8253:
8246:
8241:
8233:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8189:
8181:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8130:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8106:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8093:
8088:
8081:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8044:
8036:
8028:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7992:
7985:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7929:
7923:
7915:
7911:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7865:
7857:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7810:Orr, H. Allen
7805:
7803:
7801:
7792:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7744:
7738:
7734:
7729:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7683:
7681:
7679:
7672:
7667:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7595:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7551:
7543:
7539:
7532:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7485:
7480:
7476:
7475:Sterelny, Kim
7469:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7416:
7408:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7342:
7340:
7334:
7327:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7251:
7244:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7177:
7169:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7130:
7125:
7118:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7053:
7048:
7044:
7037:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6994:
6986:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6932:
6923:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6886:
6878:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6841:
6833:
6825:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6778:
6773:
6770:(June 2004).
6769:
6762:
6755:
6751:
6745:
6738:
6734:
6728:
6721:
6716:
6708:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6642:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6600:
6596:
6590:
6584:, p. 314
6583:
6578:
6576:
6569:
6564:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6497:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6460:
6452:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6389:
6381:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6344:
6336:
6328:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6295:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6250:
6242:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6194:
6187:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6136:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6075:
6067:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6015:
6007:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5968:Cell Research
5965:
5958:
5950:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5897:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5819:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5762:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5713:
5707:
5702:
5694:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5641:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5592:
5585:
5580:
5572:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5528:
5521:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5424:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5373:
5371:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5313:
5307:
5302:
5300:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5254:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5195:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5130:
5128:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5082:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5005:
5000:
4993:
4988:
4980:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4926:
4920:
4916:
4910:
4908:
4891:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4874:
4872:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4830:
4828:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4790:
4782:
4780:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4731:
4729:
4720:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4667:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4599:
4595:
4589:
4587:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4564:
4559:
4548:
4544:
4540:
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4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4480:
4475:
4468:
4463:
4456:
4451:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4382:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4330:
4329:Chronospecies
4327:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4277:Earth science
4274:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4228:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4131:penned that "
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4101:Francis Crick
4098:
4094:
4089:
4087:
4077:
4075:
4070:
4064:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4043:Sewall Wright
4040:
4039:Ronald Fisher
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4015:Hugo de Vries
4012:
4011:somatic cells
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3983:Gregor Mendel
3980:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3887:William Paley
3884:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3848:
3847:Carl Linnaeus
3844:
3839:
3834:
3833:physical laws
3830:
3829:"New Science"
3823:Pre-Darwinian
3820:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3772:materialistic
3763:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3662:
3652:
3649:
3648:modern humans
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3573:endosymbiosis
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3522:
3518:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3485:Coral of life
3477:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3436:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3363:
3357:
3345:
3344:
3336:
3329:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3299:
3295:
3294:Earliest apes
3290:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3273:Karoo ice age
3269:
3264:
3263:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2990:
2985:
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2979:
2970:
2965:
2960:
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2910:
2905:
2900:
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2890:
2885:
2880:
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2825:
2787:
2759:
2737:
2728:
2719:
2703:
2694:
2685:
2682:
2666:
2638:
2622:
2606:
2590:
2574:
2373:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2335:Life timeline
2330:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2262:Mexican tetra
2259:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2235:domestication
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2096:crossbreeding
2092:
2090:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2054:reinforcement
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:kin selection
1918:
1916:
1915:causes cancer
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1887:immune system
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1717:deep homology
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1661:
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1654:
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1634:
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1609:
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1603:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1491:evolution by
1490:
1466:
1464:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1348:Mutation bias
1343:Mutation bias
1340:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1263:Genetic drift
1257:Genetic drift
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1059:
1056:
1055:neo-Darwinian
1048:
1044:
1035:
1033:
1032:symbiogenesis
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
982:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
942:
937:
936:
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
909:
899:
896:
892:
888:
887:invertebrates
884:
876:
873:
869:
865:
860:
856:
854:
850:
846:
840:
836:
832:
822:
820:
816:
815:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
778:
772:
767:
765:
761:
760:colour vision
757:
753:
752:gene families
749:
745:
740:
736:
734:
727:
722:
717:
707:
705:
699:
697:
693:
689:
679:
672:
662:
661:peppered moth
655:
645:
641:
635:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
582:
578:
577:
571:
569:
568:
563:
558:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
529:
525:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:Morphological
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
450:microbial mat
447:
444:
440:
439:fossil record
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
336:genetic drift
333:
329:
326:
322:
311:
306:
304:
299:
297:
292:
291:
289:
288:
283:
278:
273:
272:
271:
270:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
254:Phylogenetics
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
221:
220:
219:
215:
212:
211:
206:
203:
201:
200:Social effect
198:
196:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
157:
156:
152:
151:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
115:Maladaptation
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
100:Genetic drift
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
86:
85:
81:
80:
74:
70:
69:
66:
65:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
26345:Polymorphism
26328:Astrobiology
26276:Biogeography
26231:Saltationism
26221:Orthogenesis
26206:Alternatives
26135:
26121:
26054:Cospeciation
26049:Cladogenesis
25998:Saltationism
25955:Mating types
25878:Color vision
25863:Avian flight
25785:mitochondria
25523:Canalisation
25401:Biodiversity
25175:
25146:Introduction
25093:. Retrieved
25078:
25060:. Retrieved
25056:the original
25047:
24984:
24978:
24954:. Retrieved
24901:. Retrieved
24877:. Retrieved
24873:the original
24853:. Retrieved
24834:. Retrieved
24815:
24701:
24661:
24623:
24581:
24540:
24504:
24466:
24427:
24375:Rough Guides
24369:
24332:
24292:
24255:Random House
24248:
24206:
24202:Jones, Steve
24166:
24128:
24083:
24043:
24016:Online books
24006:
23952:
23904:
23893:Voet, Donald
23854:
23810:
23785:
23746:
23718:
23714:
23670:
23620:
23575:
23512:
23472:
23437:
23396:
23379:. Retrieved
23348:
23304:
23292:. Retrieved
23252:
23212:
23173:
23129:
23102:
23045:; New York:
23038:
23001:
22965:
22953:– via
22947:. Retrieved
22921:
22901:. Retrieved
22861:
22821:
22795:
22756:
22718:
22674:
22632:
22585:
22545:
22500:
22452:
22416:
22376:
22335:
22293:
22251:
22247:
22208:. New York:
22204:
22168:
22125:. New York:
22122:
22080:
22041:. New York:
22037:
22021:. Retrieved
21989:
21959:
21913:
21889:"B" Notebook
21888:
21826:
21787:. New York:
21783:
21767:. Retrieved
21731:
21691:
21649:
21648:. Vol.
21645:
21603:
21559:
21519:
21477:
21408:
21397:Bibliography
21361:
21357:
21353:
21347:
21312:
21306:
21300:
21289:
21240:
21236:
21226:
21183:
21177:
21168:
21127:
21123:
21117:
21106:
21095:the original
21058:
21054:
21041:
21029:. Retrieved
20975:
20971:
20963:(May 2005).
20955:
20920:
20914:
20894:. Retrieved
20880:
20863:Dennett 1995
20855:
20843:
20832:
20791:
20785:
20775:
20763:. Retrieved
20715:
20711:
20691:
20680:the original
20641:
20637:
20621:
20609:
20601:
20594:. Retrieved
20542:
20536:
20516:
20504:
20448:
20442:
20432:
20426:Provine 1971
20421:
20409:
20384:
20378:
20372:
20331:
20327:
20321:
20309:. Retrieved
20295:
20282:
20270:. Retrieved
20246:(9): 45–62.
20243:
20237:
20220:
20179:
20173:
20164:
20152:
20140:
20087:
20081:
20075:
20064:
20052:. Retrieved
20038:
19997:
19991:
19982:
19967:. Retrieved
19952:
19938:
19897:
19891:
19878:
19866:. Retrieved
19862:the original
19849:
19836:
19815:Lamarck 1809
19810:
19798:. Retrieved
19789:
19780:
19768:
19756:. Retrieved
19743:
19733:
19714:
19706:
19701:
19689:
19644:
19638:
19629:
19588:
19582:
19572:
19560:. Retrieved
19553:the original
19540:
19536:
19520:
19509:
19497:
19492:, p. 53
19485:
19444:
19440:
19431:
19382:
19378:
19368:
19341:
19335:
19330:(May 2007).
19322:
19281:
19277:
19264:
19223:
19217:
19211:
19197:. Retrieved
19172:
19168:
19115:
19111:
19105:
19093:. Retrieved
19060:
19054:
19037:
19025:. Retrieved
19011:. New York.
19008:
19001:Zimmer, Carl
18995:
18954:
18948:
18945:Kaiser, Dale
18939:
18896:
18890:
18873:
18838:
18834:
18801:
18795:
18789:
18764:
18760:
18754:
18713:
18709:
18699:
18669:(1): 74–84.
18666:
18662:
18656:
18611:
18607:
18597:
18568:
18564:
18525:
18521:
18511:
18468:
18464:
18382:
18378:
18365:
18322:
18318:
18309:
18276:
18272:
18258:
18209:
18205:
18195:
18154:
18150:
18144:
18129:
18086:
18082:
18072:
18019:
18015:
18005:
17990:
17957:
17951:
17945:
17896:
17892:
17882:
17847:
17843:
17833:
17792:
17788:
17779:
17767:. Retrieved
17756:
17746:
17735:the original
17717:(1): 23–31.
17714:
17710:
17697:
17685:. Retrieved
17665:Species 2000
17664:
17654:
17648:Chapman 2009
17643:
17628:
17583:
17580:PLOS Biology
17579:
17569:
17554:
17542:. Retrieved
17528:. New York.
17523:
17510:
17498:. Retrieved
17475:
17465:
17453:. Retrieved
17397:
17393:
17376:
17364:. Retrieved
17360:the original
17345:
17327:, p. 68
17320:
17287:
17281:
17267:
17255:
17243:. Retrieved
17225:
17184:
17178:
17172:
17161:
17155:Holland 1975
17150:
17139:
17090:
17086:
17073:
17036:
17033:PLOS Biology
17032:
17022:
16977:
16973:
16963:
16930:
16924:
16918:
16885:
16881:
16875:
16833:(11): e205.
16830:
16826:
16820:
16812:
16777:
16773:
16763:
16730:
16724:
16717:
16676:
16670:
16660:
16615:
16611:
16605:
16601:
16593:
16542:
16538:
16528:
16485:
16481:
16471:
16438:
16432:
16426:
16383:
16379:
16365:
16340:
16336:
16327:
16282:
16278:
16268:
16219:
16213:
16183:. Retrieved
16172:
16163:
16151:. Retrieved
16137:. New York.
16134:
16060:
16056:
16046:
15987:
15983:
15974:
15921:
15917:
15910:Raven, Peter
15906:Pimm, Stuart
15900:
15847:
15843:
15833:
15788:
15784:
15724:
15720:
15706:
15665:
15661:
15652:
15611:
15607:
15594:
15582:
15557:
15553:
15547:
15522:
15518:
15514:
15501:
15466:
15462:
15456:
15448:
15436:. Retrieved
15409:
15405:
15399:
15387:
15336:
15332:
15322:
15269:
15265:
15255:
15214:
15210:
15204:
15190:. Retrieved
15141:
15137:
15084:
15080:
15067:
15026:
15022:
15012:
14974:(1): 33–37.
14971:
14965:
14956:
14944:. Retrieved
14909:
14905:
14899:
14888:
14847:
14843:
14833:
14792:
14788:
14782:
14774:
14721:
14717:
14707:
14664:
14660:
14644:. Retrieved
14635:
14598:
14594:
14545:
14541:
14535:
14484:
14480:
14470:
14429:
14423:
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14374:
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14005:
13995:
13942:
13938:
13924:
13891:
13885:
13879:
13838:
13832:
13826:
13785:
13781:
13775:
13730:
13726:
13686:
13682:
13676:
13662:. Retrieved
13656:. New York.
13653:
13614:
13610:
13565:
13561:
13555:
13522:
13518:
13509:
13477:(1): 25–36.
13474:
13468:
13458:
13415:
13411:
13401:
13360:
13356:
13350:
13323:
13319:
13286:
13280:
13270:
13229:
13223:
13190:
13186:
13176:
13164:
13119:
13115:
13105:
13093:. Retrieved
13086:the original
13049:
13045:
13036:
13028:
13008:, p. 87
13006:Stevens 1982
13001:
12989:
12984:, p. 66
12977:
12965:
12960:, p. 62
12953:
12945:the original
12924:
12918:
12908:
12896:. Retrieved
12852:
12848:
12835:
12794:
12788:
12784:
12778:
12743:
12739:
12733:
12700:
12696:
12690:
12673:
12667:
12615:
12611:
12600:Shubin, Neil
12594:
12553:
12549:
12539:
12514:
12510:
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12456:
12446:
12413:
12409:
12363:
12359:
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12251:
12247:
12234:
12222:
12181:
12175:
12168:
12135:
12129:
12123:
12070:
12066:
12059:Ohno, Susumu
12053:
12004:
12000:
11994:
11941:
11937:
11931:
11923:
11880:
11876:
11870:
11862:
11832:(1): 82–92.
11829:
11825:
11819:
11815:
11807:
11795:
11783:
11742:
11738:
11732:
11724:
11720:
11715:
11703:
11662:
11658:
11648:
11599:
11595:
11585:
11539:(1): 73–93.
11536:
11530:
11520:
11485:
11479:
11409:
11405:
11395:
11354:
11350:
11337:
11332:, p. 61
11325:
11313:. Retrieved
11302:
11292:
11282:11 September
11280:. Retrieved
11263:
11253:
11228:
11224:Paleobiology
11222:
11213:
11168:
11164:
11139:
11091:(2): 67–77.
11088:
11084:
11075:
11034:
11028:
10983:
10979:
10906:
10902:
10892:
10843:
10839:
10833:
10821:. Retrieved
10801:
10797:
10784:
10741:
10735:
10728:Kokko, Hanna
10722:
10672:
10668:
10655:
10638:
10634:
10624:
10581:
10577:
10564:
10521:
10515:
10505:
10464:
10460:
10454:
10419:
10415:
10405:
10368:
10365:PLOS Biology
10364:
10358:
10350:
10315:
10311:
10301:
10292:
10286:
10249:
10243:
10229:
10196:
10192:
10186:
10148:(1): 81–91.
10145:
10141:
10135:
10127:
10078:
10072:
10066:
10039:
10035:
10021:
9986:
9980:
9967:
9922:
9918:
9908:
9863:
9859:
9845:
9820:
9814:
9805:
9760:
9756:
9746:
9716:(2): 73–83.
9713:
9707:
9685:
9652:
9646:
9640:
9595:
9591:
9544:
9538:
9525:
9484:
9480:
9470:
9435:
9431:
9425:
9417:
9384:
9380:
9356:. Retrieved
9318:
9314:
9301:
9276:
9272:
9266:
9229:
9225:
9215:
9182:
9178:
9168:
9125:
9121:
9111:
9074:
9070:
9060:
9048:. Retrieved
9007:
9003:
8993:
8940:
8936:
8926:
8883:
8879:
8820:
8814:
8804:
8771:
8767:
8754:
8724:(1): 24–31.
8721:
8717:
8711:
8680:
8674:
8661:
8628:
8622:
8612:
8561:
8557:
8532:
8479:
8475:
8461:
8420:
8414:
8408:
8396:
8343:
8339:
8326:
8283:
8279:
8252:
8240:
8205:
8201:
8188:
8143:
8139:
8129:
8096:
8090:
8080:
8047:
8041:
8035:
7994:
7990:
7984:
7935:
7931:
7922:
7881:
7877:
7864:
7821:
7817:
7764:
7760:
7743:
7728:
7698:(2): 83–93.
7695:
7691:
7666:
7655:the original
7618:
7614:
7594:
7582:. Retrieved
7575:the original
7554:
7548:
7531:
7488:
7482:
7468:
7422:(1): 82–96.
7419:
7413:
7407:
7395:. Retrieved
7351:
7347:
7338:
7335:(May 2010).
7326:
7314:. Retrieved
7260:
7256:
7243:
7194:
7190:
7176:
7133:
7127:
7117:
7105:. Retrieved
7056:
7050:
7036:
7003:
6999:
6993:
6940:
6936:
6930:
6922:
6889:
6883:
6877:
6844:
6838:
6832:
6781:
6775:
6761:
6744:
6727:
6715:
6662:
6658:
6641:
6629:. Retrieved
6622:the original
6609:
6605:
6589:
6563:
6514:
6510:
6496:
6463:
6457:
6451:
6392:
6386:
6380:
6347:
6341:
6335:
6308:
6304:
6294:
6253:
6247:
6241:
6209:(1): 66–78.
6206:
6200:
6186:
6145:
6141:
6135:
6090:
6084:
6074:
6031:
6027:
6020:Siepel, Adam
6014:
5971:
5967:
5957:
5912:
5908:PLOS Biology
5906:
5896:
5884:. Retrieved
5841:
5835:
5818:
5775:
5771:
5761:
5728:
5722:
5712:
5701:
5658:
5654:
5640:
5605:
5601:
5591:
5579:
5536:
5530:
5520:
5510:
5488:
5484:
5437:
5433:
5423:
5382:
5378:
5326:
5322:
5312:
5306:Futuyma 2005
5265:
5259:
5253:
5212:
5208:
5194:
5143:
5139:
5093:
5087:
5081:
5069:. Retrieved
5062:the original
5033:
5011:
4999:
4994:, p. 33
4992:Futuyma 2004
4987:
4936:
4932:Astrobiology
4930:
4924:
4915:Noffke, Nora
4894:. Retrieved
4883:
4858:. Retrieved
4839:
4796:(1): 25–28.
4793:
4787:
4745:
4739:
4682:
4676:
4666:
4654:. Retrieved
4647:the original
4613:(2): 90–95.
4610:
4604:
4570:
4558:
4510:
4504:
4474:
4462:
4450:
4441:
4403:
4397:
4358:
4343:
4312:
4305:
4291:
4288:Scopes Trial
4285:
4253:
4242:creationists
4240:, there are
4231:
4221:
4219:
4168:evolvability
4141:
4097:James Watson
4090:
4083:
4066:
4019:cell nucleus
3976:
3955:paleontology
3938:
3916:
3912:
3902:
3890:
3851:
3826:
3814:
3808:
3788:teleological
3769:
3741:
3726:pre-Socratic
3723:
3710:
3628:
3616:
3612:myxobacteria
3608:slime moulds
3594:period. The
3585:
3569:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3454:
3431:
3427:
3388:
3341:
2889:Earth formed
2287:
2271:
2255:
2232:
2229:
2212:Applications
2202:
2176:
2156:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2093:
2082:Finally, in
2081:
2047:
2041:
2026:
2009:
1982:
1969:
1966:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1891:
1868:
1841:tetrodotoxin
1830:
1825:tetrodotoxin
1788:
1759:
1753:
1733:wisdom teeth
1721:
1696:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1671:baleen whale
1646:
1640:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1610:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1533:orthogenesis
1530:
1501:
1497:trimethoprim
1492:
1463:hard-to-fake
1459:
1418:expectations
1410:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1362:
1359:Ernst Freese
1356:
1346:
1333:
1329:
1297:
1288:
1282:
1240:
1213:
1190:
1180:
1171:
1169:is favoured.
1158:
1139:
1134:
1126:
1123:
1115:
1091:
1077:
1052:
1023:canalisation
1003:conformation
984:
965:mitochondria
961:chloroplasts
954:
939:
933:
919:
911:
898:beneficial.
880:
871:
867:
863:
848:
842:
818:
812:
806:
783:
776:
768:
764:night vision
762:and one for
746:(usually by
741:
737:
730:
700:
685:
618:quantitative
594:
574:
572:
565:
554:
549:double helix
490:
428:
393:
385:heritability
362:
348:
340:biodiversity
320:
319:
161:Introduction
94:
63:
62:
53:Part of the
47:
26355:Systematics
26226:Mutationism
26044:Catagenesis
25972:Snake venom
25905:Eusociality
25883:in primates
25873:Cooperation
25801:In animals
25621:butterflies
25594:Cephalopods
25584:Brachiopods
25516:Development
25490:Mate choice
25243:Convergence
25226:Coevolution
25184:Abiogenesis
24936:Experiments
24816:In Our Time
24811:"Evolution"
23727:agr11000774
23677:McGraw-Hill
23381:22 November
23294:27 December
23258:Brooks/Cole
23098:Mayr, Ernst
22949:25 November
22715:Raven, John
22496:Gray, Peter
22023:27 November
21919:John Murray
21356:in China".
21111:Bowler 2003
20905:Bowler 2003
20848:Browne 2003
20765:29 December
20614:Hennig 1999
20497:Bowler 1989
20414:Wright 1984
20157:Bowler 2003
20078:backwards?"
19800:11 February
19773:Bowler 2003
19758:11 February
19659:: 309–337.
19591:(1): 1–18.
19562:25 November
19490:Darwin 1909
19199:30 December
19095:30 December
19056:Development
18957:: 103–123.
18804:: 351–397.
18315:Varki, Ajit
18134:Darwin 1837
17995:Darwin 1859
17769:11 November
17455:30 December
16780:(1): 5–18.
16441:: 153–173.
16343:: 183–217.
16153:25 December
15515:Arabidopsis
14946:29 December
14646:26 December
13664:26 December
13095:25 December
12970:Darwin 1872
12676:: 249–268.
11315:19 December
10823:15 December
10804:: 917–937.
9690:Fisher 1930
9594:(Erratum).
9358:18 December
8332:Mayr, Ernst
8257:Okasha 2006
8247:, p. 8
7737:Chapter XIV
7733:Darwin 1859
6847:: 283–328.
6631:24 December
6582:Ridley 2004
6350:: 405–437.
6249:ChemBioChem
6097:: 867–900.
5915:(7): e206.
5886:11 December
5071:24 November
4896:15 December
4577:, pp.
4479:Darwin 1859
4350:, pp.
4210:caricatures
4156:epigenetics
4148:development
4137:explanatory
4121:systematics
3981:. In 1865,
3854:naturalists
3811:Ibn Khaldun
3803:Middle Ages
3766:Middle Ages
3730:Anaximander
3604:brown algae
3588:unicellular
3496:amino acids
3411:biotic life
3373:Abiogenesis
2345:This box:
2001:new species
1894:eusociality
1871:mycorrhizal
1859:Cooperation
1808:Coevolution
1802:Coevolution
1784:crystallins
1756:exaptations
1745:goose bumps
1725:pseudogenes
1648:Sphingobium
1633:citric acid
1611:Adaptedness
1542:prokaryotes
1509:cooperating
1321:spliceosome
1247:transposons
1228:Eugene Odum
1222:as well as
987:nucleotides
981:Epigenetics
975:Epigenetics
895:coevolution
802:antibiotics
543:structure.
478:biochemical
369:traits vary
264:Systematics
195:Controversy
26403:Categories
26216:Lamarckism
26194:Philosophy
26117:David Hume
26079:Peripatric
26074:Parapatric
26059:Ecological
26039:Anagenesis
26034:Allopatric
26026:Speciation
25990:Gradualism
25915:Metabolism
25775:chromosome
25765:Eukaryotes
25543:Modularity
25460:Population
25386:Population
25347:Speciation
25325:Panspermia
25278:Extinction
25273:Exaptation
25248:Divergence
25221:Cladistics
25209:Reciprocal
25189:Adaptation
24794:Audio help
24785:2005-04-18
24724:2008028825
24682:2001036562
24560:2002192201
24523:2011036572
24485:2004009505
24467:Speciation
24446:2007010767
24393:2009288090
24315:2005027781
24230:2002391059
24149:2003272247
24103:2004029388
23931:2016002847
23857:. London:
23695:2001030052
23645:2001027561
23595:2009024587
23495:2003025841
23456:2006039679
23368:2007015904
23276:2011934330
23196:2001036562
23043:Chichester
22893:1138095098
22885:2019013762
22695:2013034917
22566:2007008981
22524:2006921149
22501:Psychology
22480:2001043556
22435:2017000562
22400:2004029808
22358:2003058012
22296:. Oxford:
22274:2003065728
21861:2003464816
21807:2008033973
21769:6 November
21714:2003027991
21584:2002007569
21308:BioScience
21301:Kitzmiller
20596:4 December
20311:2 December
19969:1 December
19868:23 January
19694:Mason 1962
18136:, p.
17997:, p.
17687:6 November
17635:, p.
17561:, p.
16113:, p.
13021:Gould 2002
12994:Coyne 2009
12958:Coyne 2009
11725:adaptation
11144:Gould 2002
10136:Drosophila
9179:IUBMB Life
7671:Ewens 2004
7584:9 December
5004:Panno 2005
4888:. London.
4335:References
4037:, such as
4009:) and the
3995:germ cells
3979:pangenesis
3921:(1798) by
3879:Lamarckism
3816:Muqaddimah
3734:Empedocles
3632:Amphibians
3564:eukaryotes
3562:green and
3381:Panspermia
3360:See also:
2681:Arthropods
2621:Eukaryotes
2247:antibodies
2171:Cretaceous
2148:Extinction
2142:Extinction
2108:polyploids
2037:inbreeding
1973:Ernst Mayr
1962:speciation
1942:Speciation
1936:Speciation
1875:reciprocal
1776:glycolysis
1713:vertebrate
1689:indicates
1605:Adaptation
1593:adaptation
1576:Homologous
1567:Adaptation
1561:Adaptation
1453:moor frogs
1313:stochastic
1236:food chain
1224:biological
1103:functional
1072:See also:
800:that make
796:are large
779:gene birth
771:redundancy
744:duplicated
726:chromosome
610:chromosome
605:biopolymer
557:eye colour
496:hypotheses
472:on Earth.
466:extinction
462:anagenesis
458:speciation
433:—shares a
377:physiology
373:morphology
224:Cladistics
191:Objections
145:Speciation
90:Adaptation
26409:Evolution
26350:Protocell
26201:Darwinism
26089:Sympatric
25838:processes
25726:Tetrapods
25675:Kangaroos
25601:Dinosaurs
25538:Inversion
25507:Variation
25428:Gene flow
25421:Inclusive
25231:Mutualism
25176:Evolution
25011:0027-8424
24732:233030259
24610:895048122
24531:729341924
24505:Evolution
24428:Evolution
24401:233547316
24212:Doubleday
24074:610057960
24007:Evolution
23981:246124737
23939:939245154
23843:803522914
23786:Evolution
23711:Ray, John
23603:804875316
23376:123539346
23284:741539226
23204:248107061
22988:568032626
22913:Lucretius
22703:855585457
22620:722701473
22584:(1999) .
22443:969439375
22417:Evolution
22377:Evolution
21935:741260650
21877:130092094
21815:233549529
21759:780539206
21680:185662993
21508:751583918
21500:0071-3260
21449:0302-9743
21417:CiteSeerX
21331:0006-3568
21265:0028-0836
21160:152990938
21144:0036-8075
21091:206515329
21075:0036-8075
21010:1089-9995
20988:CiteSeerX
20937:0378-1119
20896:1 January
20808:1471-0056
20734:0027-8424
20676:207358177
20646:CiteSeerX
20567:0028-0836
20348:1234-1983
20262:1096-3642
20196:0003-0147
20145:Mayr 2002
20114:0027-8424
20014:0250-5991
19914:0140-525X
19790:Evolution
19744:Evolution
19719:Mayr 1982
19681:170328394
19649:Cambridge
19621:170831302
19605:0033-5770
19549:1477-3643
19514:Lucretius
19477:205066360
19461:0028-0836
19407:0028-0836
19360:1096-3642
19298:1464-7931
19248:1055-7903
19181:0214-6282
19140:0022-2844
19077:0950-1991
19027:7 January
19017:0362-4331
18971:0066-4197
18923:1063-5157
18901:CiteSeerX
18818:0066-4197
18683:0265-9247
18663:BioEssays
18485:0962-8436
18417:0036-8075
18395:CiteSeerX
18349:1088-9051
18327:CiteSeerX
18293:0168-9525
18234:0028-0836
18171:0036-8075
18103:1088-9051
18046:0027-8424
17974:0966-842X
17921:0028-0836
17866:1574-6976
17723:1139-6709
17677:2405-884X
17602:1545-7885
17534:0362-4331
17490:0882-7729
17424:0027-8424
17366:8 October
17312:0012-821X
17166:Koza 1992
17115:0028-0836
16996:1553-7390
16947:1438-4221
16910:0043-1737
16849:1553-7390
16796:1198-743X
16747:0304-4165
16693:1474-175X
16634:1553-7390
16569:0960-9822
16504:0028-0836
16455:1936-122X
16402:0092-8674
16357:1545-2069
16244:1432-1904
16143:0362-4331
16077:0962-8436
16022:0036-8075
16000:CiteSeerX
15948:0027-8424
15874:0027-8424
15636:0036-8075
15363:0960-9822
15296:0027-8424
15239:0022-5193
15166:0028-0836
15109:0028-0836
15043:0016-6707
14988:0018-067X
14817:0028-0836
14748:0027-8424
14681:0014-3820
14661:Evolution
14615:0169-5347
14562:0014-3820
14542:Evolution
14511:0960-9822
14446:0066-4197
14432:: 31–52.
14391:0022-1503
14271:Mayr 1942
14258:224829314
14139:198158082
14111:Evolution
13969:0027-8424
13810:1369-5266
13611:Evolution
13377:0362-2525
13295:0214-6282
13246:0016-6707
13207:0968-0004
13066:1740-1526
12982:Gray 2007
12869:1464-7931
12811:0362-2525
12748:CiteSeerX
12717:0959-437X
12648:205216390
12570:1464-7931
12493:198156135
12477:0014-3820
12457:Evolution
12360:Evolution
12323:0016-6731
12248:Evolution
12198:0923-9820
12152:0968-0004
12097:0027-8424
12029:0028-0836
11968:0027-8424
11899:1348-0421
11846:0014-3820
11826:Evolution
11759:1471-0056
11708:Mayr 1982
11679:1471-0056
11640:205216404
11624:0028-0836
11561:0169-6149
11436:0027-8424
11330:Lane 1996
11272:0036-8733
11115:1520-541X
11093:CiteSeerX
11051:0016-6707
10931:0036-8075
10868:0028-0836
10810:1522-0613
10758:0962-8452
10699:0169-5347
10677:CiteSeerX
10598:0962-8436
10538:0002-9297
10497:125066709
10162:0016-6707
10103:0036-8075
9612:0737-4038
9561:0737-4038
9501:1471-0056
9409:205484393
9232:(1): 30.
9077:(1): 35.
8950:1108.1635
8918:221735887
8902:0014-3820
8880:Evolution
8839:1010-061X
8788:0265-9247
8768:BioEssays
8738:0831-2796
8645:0831-2796
8588:0960-9822
8506:0027-8424
8437:0016-6707
8370:0027-8424
8300:0962-8436
8245:Odum 1971
8011:0014-3820
7991:Evolution
7952:0014-3820
7932:Evolution
7838:1471-0056
7635:0033-5770
7563:1139-6709
7507:0014-3820
7484:Evolution
7444:0077-8923
7376:0269-7653
7287:0033-5770
7265:CiteSeerX
7219:0028-0836
7150:0022-538X
7081:0036-8075
7020:0959-437X
6967:0027-8424
6931:Wolbachia
6906:1369-5274
6861:0066-4197
6806:0962-1083
6689:0027-8424
6618:0093-4755
6539:0028-0836
6480:0265-9247
6459:BioEssays
6427:0960-9822
6405:CiteSeerX
6364:0066-4197
6327:2296-701X
6286:205552778
6270:1439-4227
6225:1357-4310
6202:Structure
6162:1471-0056
6111:0066-4154
6048:1088-9051
5988:1001-0602
5931:1545-7885
5860:1088-9051
5794:0950-222X
5745:0022-2836
5675:1471-0056
5553:0962-8436
5507:0962-8436
5454:0962-8436
5399:1471-0056
5343:1471-0056
5282:1357-4310
5229:1471-0056
5170:0028-0836
5110:0168-9525
4961:1531-1074
4818:1752-0894
4770:0301-9268
4701:1745-6150
4635:0036-8733
4527:0066-4162
4420:0014-3820
4399:Evolution
4273:cosmology
4117:phenotype
4023:cytoplasm
4007:egg cells
4001:(such as
3889:into the
3738:Lucretius
3705:In 1842,
3676:Lucretius
3644:Homininae
3592:Ediacaran
3472:hominoids
3457:gene pool
3421:from the
3395:Eoarchean
2702:Dinosaurs
2282:herbicide
1997:infertile
1705:arthropod
1691:vestigial
1657:pesticide
1580:tetrapods
1513:symbiosis
1505:predators
1426:haplotype
1216:ecosystem
1167:phenotype
1131:fecundity
1095:teleonomy
1009:(such as
995:chromatin
908:Gene flow
902:Gene flow
809:wild boar
756:human eye
692:gene flow
622:epistatic
581:suntanned
576:phenotype
424:gene flow
389:offspring
325:heritable
321:Evolution
105:Gene flow
95:Evolution
64:Evolution
57:series on
26378:Category
26253:Vitalism
26248:Theistic
26241:Spandrel
25925:Morality
25920:Monogamy
25795:plastids
25760:Flagella
25716:Reptiles
25697:sea cows
25680:primates
25589:Molluscs
25567:Bacteria
25455:Mutation
25388:genetics
25364:Taxonomy
25310:Mismatch
25290:Homology
25204:Cheating
25199:Altruism
25089:Archived
25029:24979793
24796: ·
24700:(2009).
24690:47443814
24651:30894392
24643:94026965
24621:(1995).
24602:91011148
24578:(1993).
24568:50761342
24493:55078441
24465:(2004).
24454:86090399
24360:27676642
24352:93020358
24323:61748307
24281:42690131
24273:99053246
24238:41420544
24204:(1999).
24194:18983518
24186:88037469
24157:51668497
24125:(2003).
24111:57316841
24066:80066893
23973:67025533
23949:(1984).
23903:(2016).
23885:10458367
23877:84672250
23853:(1982).
23835:98034087
23807:(1999).
23769:74320689
23745:(1973).
23713:(1686).
23703:45806501
23667:(2002).
23653:46660910
23617:(1971).
23607:Archived
23551:30030941
23543:94010167
23503:53901436
23464:70985413
23421:76081826
23403:Saunders
23393:(1971).
23346:(2008).
23331:22597587
23323:90020439
23288:Archived
23243:36442106
23235:96071014
23157:81013204
23135:John Ray
23112:43001098
23100:(1942).
23081:38311600
23073:98002779
23022:77085689
22998:(1978).
22980:62003378
22943:Archived
22939:33233743
22897:Archived
22852:34710780
22844:96008777
22793:(1809).
22783:26263956
22775:92025785
22755:(1992).
22737:82023505
22656:74078988
22630:(1975).
22612:78031969
22574:85814089
22532:76872504
22498:(2007).
22488:47869352
22408:57311264
22366:61342697
22324:18500548
22316:30029177
22292:(1930).
22282:53231891
22246:(2004).
22236:11443805
22228:84023632
22187:72078387
22145:72127363
22121:(1970).
22111:24875357
22069:31867409
22061:94049158
22035:(1995).
22014:Archived
22002:61057537
21969:04002793
21957:(1872).
21944:Archived
21927:06017473
21911:(1859).
21898:Archived
21887:(1837).
21869:48570033
21781:(2009).
21763:Archived
21722:53972564
21672:84045347
21634:52327000
21626:94006598
21602:(2003).
21592:49824702
21556:(2003).
21546:19322402
21538:89030914
21518:(1989).
21465:32049812
21457:95005970
21386:58605626
21378:30587253
21339:86665329
21273:11196637
21218:10794058
21152:16902112
21083:19074331
21031:28 April
21022:Archived
21018:14208021
20945:17011142
20923:: 2–18.
20890:Archived
20874:(1999).
20816:21681209
20756:Archived
20752:20460311
20587:Archived
20575:13054692
20481:20200394
20473:10439561
20364:19919317
20356:19638672
20305:Archived
20266:Archived
20212:83528114
20132:19528655
20048:Archived
20030:12289290
20022:19550032
19963:Archived
19930:15879804
19922:18081952
19858:23228649
19794:Archived
19752:Archived
19725:Ray 1686
19528:(2003).
19469:21796198
19415:17581585
19306:17624962
19256:14615186
19193:Archived
19189:14756327
19156:21879320
19089:Archived
19021:Archived
18987:18276422
18979:11700279
18931:12116647
18863:10607659
18826:10690412
18781:16109488
18746:19424594
18738:15073369
18691:17187354
18587:14596897
18552:16754604
18503:16754610
18437:Archived
18425:16513982
18357:16339373
18301:12175808
18187:43388925
18179:10381868
18121:15965028
18064:17261804
17982:15936656
17929:20463738
17874:11742692
17817:12110897
17763:Archived
17758:BBC News
17731:15906258
17681:Archived
17620:21886479
17538:Archived
17494:Archived
17446:Archived
17442:26483481
17239:Archived
17217:34259612
17209:12952685
17123:13504138
17065:19355786
17014:22761587
16955:23517688
16867:18020711
16804:17184282
16755:22698669
16701:17109012
16652:19119422
16585:16967690
16577:18177707
16520:41648315
16512:19360058
16463:18573077
16410:17190597
16319:11344284
16260:10731711
16252:15241603
16179:Archived
16147:Archived
16095:16553315
16038:36156087
16030:15459379
15966:16829570
15892:11344295
15761:18695213
15698:23012011
15690:11542058
15574:18006297
15539:18006296
15493:29281998
15485:14635917
15432:Archived
15428:16549398
15371:18492478
15314:19667210
15247:16242727
15186:Archived
15174:16467837
15117:16467788
15059:10808041
15051:16900317
15023:Genetica
15004:12291411
14996:16639420
14967:Heredity
14940:Archived
14906:Genetics
14872:16251964
14785:lizards"
14766:18344323
14697:28564398
14640:Archived
14623:16701238
14586:42100751
14578:28568007
14527:11657663
14519:16581499
14462:26683922
14454:11700276
14409:15618301
14321:15763831
14313:19197054
14203:15851674
14131:14628909
14093:16157878
13987:17517608
13916:24155688
13908:11173079
13871:20082902
13863:15871030
13818:16713732
13765:17158317
13703:16910971
13658:Archived
13631:12449493
13590:12193784
13547:36705246
13539:17279094
13493:18614008
13450:15733491
13442:16488870
13393:25886311
13340:82307503
13307:Archived
13303:14756346
13254:11838782
13230:Genetica
13156:19717453
13082:24057949
13074:16953248
12941:12733778
12898:5 August
12889:Archived
12885:33644494
12877:24443922
12827:12494187
12819:17390336
12770:15653557
12725:15261647
12640:19212399
12586:22142786
12578:14558591
12531:10607605
12485:16526515
12430:12492145
12388:11560256
12380:18031304
12341:19917766
12303:Genetics
12276:30954684
12268:12940355
12206:17123025
12160:10838562
11986:18524956
11915:22593331
11907:12153116
11775:17772950
11767:15716908
11687:12776215
11632:19212400
11577:12289639
11569:11536899
11512:15590780
11379:11234024
11309:Archived
11276:Archived
11245:53451360
11131:17289010
11123:11258392
11067:24485535
11059:11838760
11035:Genetica
11020:17494747
10949:27609891
10876:15616562
10814:Archived
10776:12079655
10711:Archived
10707:16769428
10616:11127900
10556:10677316
10489:31003616
10446:31154983
10397:31083647
10342:28645195
10278:20838599
10213:19630562
10170:12188050
10142:Genetica
10119:12021662
10111:10669421
10058:10958853
9982:Genetics
9959:21646514
9797:13918161
9738:26956345
9730:11341676
9677:86716613
9630:16120807
9579:16120807
9517:14914998
9509:17943192
9462:20508143
9401:19204717
9349:Archived
9315:Genetics
9293:90290787
9279:(1): 2.
9258:29191215
9199:21698757
9160:33604782
9103:23062217
9044:Archived
9032:10441669
8985:21625002
8937:Genetics
8910:11794777
8847:17956380
8703:Archived
8669:(1991).
8604:17619958
8596:22032182
8524:10518549
8416:Genetica
8232:17248980
8202:Genetics
8180:11470913
8121:40851098
8113:21857125
8072:18814933
8027:30703407
8019:18764918
7976:36544045
7968:28556011
7906:13644170
7856:19546856
7791:18660541
7761:Genetics
7712:19119264
7651:37774648
7643:18217526
7571:10943381
7523:22997236
7515:17089961
7460:12561900
7452:12547675
7388:Archived
7384:15763479
7307:Archived
7295:19606595
7227:15356622
7168:10438861
7101:Archived
7097:11862013
7089:18511688
6985:12386340
6914:16942901
6869:14616063
6824:15140081
6612:: 1–30.
6597:(1973).
6547:15800622
6488:12766942
6443:14739487
6435:16950096
6278:18357594
6233:19141283
6178:33999892
6170:14634634
6119:15954844
6066:19797681
6006:18711447
5949:15252449
5880:Archived
5876:16791399
5868:10207154
5810:12851209
5753:12083509
5693:19597530
5632:22345605
5602:Genetics
5415:24301815
5407:16485021
5361:18852697
5237:18319743
5178:16724031
5118:15262401
5058:43422991
5023:Archived
5016:NAS 2008
4979:24205812
4890:Archived
4854:Archived
4719:18613974
4643:10710791
4547:Archived
4543:84684420
4513:: 1–18.
4438:24325256
4372:Archived
4370:. 2016.
4317:See also
4300:form as
4113:genotype
3967:universe
3838:John Ray
3636:amniotes
3343:Ice Ages
2736:Primates
2684:Molluscs
1952:Panmixia
1902:termites
1833:pathogen
1768:flagella
1731:include
1522:habitats
1456:fitness.
1277:fixation
1220:physical
1209:variance
1143:atavisms
1101:for the
1047:Mutation
1007:proteins
993:marking
716:Mutation
710:Mutation
704:fixation
624:manner.
601:molecule
586:albinism
567:genotype
532:Heredity
528:Genetics
518:Heredity
500:evidence
446:graphite
443:biogenic
431:humanity
420:mutation
166:Evidence
125:Mutation
18:Evolving
26269:Related
26099:History
25960:Meiosis
25895:Empathy
25890:Emotion
25790:nucleus
25731:Viruses
25721:Spiders
25633:Mammals
25616:Insects
25416:Fitness
25352:Species
25151:Outline
25095:14 July
25062:15 July
25020:4115542
24989:Bibcode
24956:31 July
24930:YouTube
24903:14 July
24819:at the
24783: (
24754:minutes
24293:Biology
23777:9020616
23735:2126030
23671:Biology
23559:8032155
23165:7875904
23089:9653725
23030:3413793
22903:30 July
22805:2210044
22745:9081712
22664:1531617
22010:1184581
21977:1102785
21831:Bibcode
21608:Pimlico
21281:4319774
21245:Bibcode
21198:Bibcode
21124:Science
21055:Science
20980:Bibcode
20824:8837202
20743:3024015
20668:4444260
20583:4253007
20547:Bibcode
20401:1887835
20204:2459191
20123:2702806
20092:Bibcode
20054:30 July
19673:4024958
19613:2808399
19423:4334424
19387:Bibcode
19314:9356614
19228:Bibcode
19148:9071008
19120:Bibcode
19085:9927587
18843:Bibcode
18718:Bibcode
18710:Science
18648:8041691
18616:Bibcode
18543:1578735
18494:1578732
18433:1615592
18387:Bibcode
18379:Science
18242:6472461
18214:Bibcode
18151:Science
18112:1172039
18055:1892968
18024:Bibcode
17937:4422345
17901:Bibcode
17825:4331004
17797:Bibcode
17611:3160336
17544:25 July
17500:11 July
17433:4664351
17402:Bibcode
17292:Bibcode
17189:Bibcode
17131:4211563
17095:Bibcode
17056:3279047
17005:3386231
16890:Bibcode
16858:2077897
16709:8040576
16643:2603666
16547:Bibcode
16287:Bibcode
16224:Bibcode
16086:1831839
15992:Bibcode
15984:Science
15957:1544153
15926:Bibcode
15852:Bibcode
15825:8041694
15793:Bibcode
15752:2556414
15729:Bibcode
15670:Bibcode
15662:Science
15644:7701342
15616:Bibcode
15608:Science
15438:30 July
15379:1584282
15341:Bibcode
15305:2728988
15274:Bibcode
15219:Bibcode
15192:30 July
15182:3165729
15146:Bibcode
15089:Bibcode
14936:6777243
14927:1214177
14880:4417281
14852:Bibcode
14825:4242248
14797:Bibcode
14757:2290806
14726:Bibcode
14689:2409766
14570:2410209
14489:Bibcode
14400:2517139
14352:1107543
14344:1639439
14293:Bibcode
14285:Science
14194:1131873
14171:Bibcode
14084:1224642
14061:Bibcode
14034:7466396
14014:Bibcode
14006:Science
13978:1887545
13947:Bibcode
13843:Bibcode
13790:Bibcode
13756:3279745
13735:Bibcode
13727:Science
13711:4828678
13639:8251443
13598:8816337
13570:Bibcode
13562:Science
13501:2513041
13420:Bibcode
13385:1202224
13262:1651351
13215:8236445
13147:2747197
13124:Bibcode
13048:(PDF).
12620:Bibcode
12438:8448387
12332:2828720
12214:8174462
12115:6585807
12075:Bibcode
12045:4364682
12037:6646204
12009:Bibcode
11977:2430337
11946:Bibcode
11854:2406099
11604:Bibcode
11541:Bibcode
11454:9618454
11414:Bibcode
11387:4319886
11359:Bibcode
11205:8041695
11173:Bibcode
11011:1876445
10988:Bibcode
10940:5534434
10911:Bibcode
10903:Science
10884:4417867
10848:Bibcode
10767:1691039
10607:1692896
10547:1288109
10469:Bibcode
10437:6560279
10388:6532934
10333:5850294
10269:2936535
10221:9126286
10178:5314242
10083:Bibcode
10074:Science
10013:1752426
10004:1204756
9950:3121864
9927:Bibcode
9900:4866980
9868:Bibcode
9825:Bibcode
9765:Bibcode
9657:Bibcode
9621:1513187
9570:1513187
9453:2909573
9345:9178020
9336:1208011
9249:5709842
9207:7306575
9151:7982386
9130:Bibcode
9094:3534586
9050:30 July
9040:1743092
9012:Bibcode
8976:3176096
8955:Bibcode
8855:2081042
8796:8760341
8746:2687096
8699:1954033
8653:2687093
8566:Bibcode
8484:Bibcode
8453:6583945
8445:1334911
8388:9122151
8348:Bibcode
8318:9533127
8309:1692213
8223:1214112
8148:Bibcode
8052:Bibcode
7960:2408842
7914:4185793
7886:Bibcode
7847:2753274
7782:2516082
7720:1670587
7424:Bibcode
7397:30 July
7356:Bibcode
7316:30 July
7303:7233550
7235:4349149
7199:Bibcode
7107:30 July
7061:Bibcode
7052:Science
7028:1822285
6945:Bibcode
6815:2600545
6786:Bibcode
6707:2185476
6667:Bibcode
6555:4397491
6519:Bibcode
6397:Bibcode
6372:6297377
6127:7483470
6057:2765273
5997:2712117
5802:9775215
5684:2864001
5623:3276617
5571:9533122
5562:1692205
5472:9533123
5463:1692210
5352:2689140
5290:8796918
5186:4420674
5148:Bibcode
4970:3870916
4941:Bibcode
4798:Bibcode
4750:Bibcode
4710:2478661
4656:5 April
4615:Bibcode
4579:127–129
4535:2096764
4429:4261998
4227:theists
3999:gametes
3774:views,
3751:
3640:mammals
3600:sponges
3560:archaea
3556:domains
3311:←
3287:←
3266:←
3246:←
3225:←
3205:←
3185:←
3164:←
3144:←
3124:←
3104:←
3084:←
3064:←
3043:←
3023:←
3002:←
2982:←
2962:←
2942:←
2922:←
2902:←
2882:←
2718:Mammals
2693:Flowers
2552:–
2547:—
2542:–
2532:–
2527:—
2522:–
2512:–
2507:—
2502:–
2492:–
2487:—
2482:–
2472:–
2467:—
2462:–
2452:–
2447:—
2442:–
2432:–
2427:—
2422:–
2412:–
2407:—
2402:–
2392:–
2387:—
2382:–
2241:, with
2173:period.
2100:meiosis
2074:on the
2072:finches
1926:helping
1883:signals
1843:in the
1700:primate
1683:flipper
1584:adapted
1546:biomass
1493:E. coli
1414:linkage
1363:E. coli
1135:against
1053:From a
969:archaea
845:asexual
798:enzymes
790:domains
777:de novo
590:sunburn
508:biology
400:refuted
381:fitness
176:History
55:Biology
26388:Portal
26064:Hybrid
25900:Ethics
25742:organs
25704:Plants
25690:lemurs
25685:humans
25670:horses
25660:hyenas
25648:wolves
25643:canids
25577:origin
25027:
25017:
25009:
24879:30 May
24855:30 May
24836:30 May
24730:
24722:
24712:
24688:
24680:
24670:
24649:
24641:
24631:
24608:
24600:
24590:
24566:
24558:
24548:
24529:
24521:
24511:
24491:
24483:
24473:
24452:
24444:
24434:
24399:
24391:
24381:
24358:
24350:
24340:
24321:
24313:
24303:
24279:
24271:
24261:
24236:
24228:
24218:
24192:
24184:
24174:
24155:
24147:
24137:
24109:
24101:
24091:
24072:
24064:
24054:
24004:about
23979:
23971:
23961:
23937:
23929:
23919:
23883:
23875:
23865:
23841:
23833:
23823:
23792:
23775:
23767:
23757:
23733:
23725:
23701:
23693:
23683:
23651:
23643:
23633:
23601:
23593:
23583:
23557:
23549:
23541:
23531:
23501:
23493:
23483:
23462:
23454:
23444:
23429:154846
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23145:
23120:766053
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23061:
23028:
23020:
23010:
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22937:
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22468:
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22423:
22406:
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22346:
22322:
22314:
22304:
22280:
22272:
22262:
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22226:
22216:
22195:572084
22193:
22185:
22175:
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22143:
22133:
22109:
22099:
22067:
22059:
22049:
22008:
22000:
21975:
21967:
21933:
21925:
21875:
21867:
21859:
21849:
21813:
21805:
21795:
21789:Viking
21757:
21747:
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21660:
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21590:
21582:
21572:
21544:
21536:
21526:
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21488:
21463:
21455:
21447:
21437:
21419:
21384:
21376:
21337:
21329:
21279:
21271:
21263:
21237:Nature
21216:
21158:
21150:
21142:
21089:
21081:
21073:
21016:
21008:
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20822:
20814:
20806:
20750:
20740:
20732:
20674:
20666:
20648:
20581:
20573:
20565:
20538:Nature
20479:
20471:
20465:237050
20463:
20399:
20362:
20354:
20346:
20272:13 May
20260:
20210:
20202:
20194:
20130:
20120:
20112:
20076:Origin
20028:
20020:
20012:
19928:
19920:
19912:
19856:
19679:
19671:
19619:
19611:
19603:
19547:
19475:
19467:
19459:
19441:Nature
19421:
19413:
19405:
19379:Nature
19358:
19312:
19304:
19296:
19254:
19246:
19187:
19179:
19154:
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19083:
19075:
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18977:
18969:
18929:
18921:
18903:
18861:
18824:
18816:
18779:
18744:
18736:
18689:
18681:
18646:
18636:
18585:
18550:
18540:
18501:
18491:
18483:
18431:
18423:
18415:
18397:
18355:
18347:
18329:
18299:
18291:
18250:103653
18248:
18240:
18232:
18206:Nature
18185:
18177:
18169:
18119:
18109:
18101:
18062:
18052:
18044:
17980:
17972:
17935:
17927:
17919:
17893:Nature
17872:
17864:
17823:
17815:
17789:Nature
17729:
17721:
17675:
17618:
17608:
17600:
17532:
17488:
17440:
17430:
17422:
17347:Excite
17310:
17245:31 May
17215:
17207:
17129:
17121:
17113:
17087:Nature
17063:
17053:
17012:
17002:
16994:
16953:
16945:
16908:
16865:
16855:
16847:
16802:
16794:
16753:
16745:
16707:
16699:
16691:
16650:
16640:
16632:
16583:
16575:
16567:
16518:
16510:
16502:
16482:Nature
16461:
16453:
16418:278993
16416:
16408:
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16355:
16317:
16307:
16258:
16250:
16242:
16141:
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16083:
16075:
16036:
16028:
16020:
16002:
15964:
15954:
15946:
15890:
15880:
15872:
15823:
15813:
15759:
15749:
15696:
15688:
15642:
15634:
15572:
15537:
15491:
15483:
15426:
15377:
15369:
15361:
15312:
15302:
15294:
15245:
15237:
15180:
15172:
15164:
15138:Nature
15125:867216
15123:
15115:
15107:
15081:Nature
15057:
15049:
15041:
15002:
14994:
14986:
14934:
14924:
14878:
14870:
14844:Nature
14823:
14815:
14789:Nature
14783:Anolis
14764:
14754:
14746:
14695:
14687:
14679:
14621:
14613:
14584:
14576:
14568:
14560:
14525:
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14509:
14460:
14452:
14444:
14407:
14397:
14389:
14350:
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14319:
14311:
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14250:188136
14248:
14201:
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14137:
14129:
14091:
14081:
14032:
13985:
13975:
13967:
13914:
13906:
13869:
13861:
13834:Planta
13816:
13808:
13763:
13753:
13709:
13701:
13637:
13629:
13596:
13588:
13545:
13537:
13499:
13491:
13448:
13440:
13391:
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13375:
13338:
13301:
13293:
13260:
13252:
13244:
13213:
13205:
13154:
13144:
13080:
13072:
13064:
13035:"From
12939:
12883:
12875:
12867:
12825:
12817:
12809:
12768:
12750:
12723:
12715:
12646:
12638:
12612:Nature
12584:
12576:
12568:
12529:
12491:
12483:
12475:
12436:
12428:
12386:
12378:
12339:
12329:
12321:
12274:
12266:
12212:
12204:
12196:
12158:
12150:
12113:
12106:345072
12103:
12095:
12043:
12035:
12027:
12001:Nature
11984:
11974:
11966:
11913:
11905:
11897:
11852:
11844:
11773:
11765:
11757:
11695:209727
11693:
11685:
11677:
11638:
11630:
11622:
11596:Nature
11575:
11567:
11559:
11510:
11503:539005
11500:
11452:
11442:
11434:
11385:
11377:
11351:Nature
11270:
11243:
11203:
11193:
11129:
11121:
11113:
11095:
11065:
11057:
11049:
11018:
11008:
10947:
10937:
10929:
10882:
10874:
10866:
10840:Nature
10808:
10774:
10764:
10756:
10705:
10697:
10679:
10614:
10604:
10596:
10554:
10544:
10536:
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10487:
10444:
10434:
10395:
10385:
10340:
10330:
10276:
10266:
10219:
10211:
10176:
10168:
10160:
10117:
10109:
10101:
10056:
10011:
10001:
9957:
9947:
9898:
9891:223881
9888:
9795:
9788:220819
9785:
9736:
9728:
9675:
9628:
9618:
9610:
9577:
9567:
9559:
9515:
9507:
9499:
9460:
9450:
9407:
9399:
9343:
9333:
9291:
9256:
9246:
9205:
9197:
9158:
9148:
9101:
9091:
9038:
9030:
8983:
8973:
8916:
8908:
8900:
8853:
8845:
8837:
8794:
8786:
8744:
8736:
8718:Genome
8697:
8651:
8643:
8624:Genome
8602:
8594:
8586:
8522:
8512:
8504:
8451:
8443:
8435:
8386:
8376:
8368:
8316:
8306:
8298:
8230:
8220:
8178:
8168:
8119:
8111:
8070:
8025:
8017:
8009:
7974:
7966:
7958:
7950:
7912:
7904:
7878:Nature
7854:
7844:
7836:
7789:
7779:
7718:
7710:
7649:
7641:
7633:
7569:
7561:
7521:
7513:
7505:
7458:
7450:
7442:
7382:
7374:
7301:
7293:
7285:
7267:
7233:
7225:
7217:
7191:Nature
7166:
7159:104298
7156:
7148:
7095:
7087:
7079:
7026:
7018:
6983:
6976:137875
6973:
6965:
6912:
6904:
6867:
6859:
6822:
6812:
6804:
6705:
6695:
6687:
6616:
6553:
6545:
6537:
6511:Nature
6486:
6478:
6441:
6433:
6425:
6407:
6370:
6362:
6325:
6284:
6276:
6268:
6231:
6223:
6176:
6168:
6160:
6125:
6117:
6109:
6064:
6054:
6046:
6004:
5994:
5986:
5947:
5940:449868
5937:
5929:
5874:
5866:
5858:
5808:
5800:
5792:
5751:
5743:
5691:
5681:
5673:
5630:
5620:
5569:
5559:
5551:
5505:
5470:
5460:
5452:
5413:
5405:
5397:
5359:
5349:
5341:
5288:
5280:
5245:690431
5243:
5235:
5227:
5184:
5176:
5168:
5140:Nature
5116:
5108:
5056:
4977:
4967:
4959:
4860:31 May
4841:Excite
4816:
4768:
4717:
4707:
4699:
4685:: 29.
4641:
4633:
4541:
4533:
4525:
4436:
4426:
4418:
4232:While
4198:, and
4166:, and
3852:Other
3799:cosmic
3796:divine
3792:nature
3403:Hadean
3383:, and
3298:humans
2871:
2864:
2710:
2673:
2645:
2629:
2613:
2597:
2581:
2565:
2266:albino
2264:is an
2224:, and
2182:. The
2161:. Non-
1910:colony
1835:and a
1739:, the
1737:coccyx
1735:, the
1681:label
1405:, and
1011:prions
922:hybrid
915:pollen
849:linked
837:, and
659:White
562:genome
530:, and
422:, and
216:fields
25851:Death
25846:Aging
25825:brain
25611:Fungi
25572:Birds
25485:Fungi
25283:Event
25166:Index
24918:Salon
23717:[
22153:97663
22017:(PDF)
21994:(PDF)
21873:S2CID
21382:S2CID
21335:S2CID
21277:S2CID
21214:S2CID
21188:arXiv
21156:S2CID
21098:(PDF)
21087:S2CID
21051:(PDF)
21025:(PDF)
21014:S2CID
20968:(PDF)
20820:S2CID
20759:(PDF)
20708:(PDF)
20683:(PDF)
20672:S2CID
20664:JSTOR
20634:(PDF)
20590:(PDF)
20579:S2CID
20533:(PDF)
20477:S2CID
20461:JSTOR
20360:S2CID
20208:S2CID
20200:JSTOR
20026:S2CID
19926:S2CID
19677:S2CID
19669:JSTOR
19647:(4).
19617:S2CID
19609:JSTOR
19556:(PDF)
19543:(4).
19533:(PDF)
19473:S2CID
19419:S2CID
19310:S2CID
19152:S2CID
18983:S2CID
18742:S2CID
18639:44277
18440:(PDF)
18429:S2CID
18375:(PDF)
18246:S2CID
18183:S2CID
17933:S2CID
17821:S2CID
17738:(PDF)
17707:(PDF)
17449:(PDF)
17390:(PDF)
17213:S2CID
17127:S2CID
16705:S2CID
16581:S2CID
16516:S2CID
16414:S2CID
16310:33224
16256:S2CID
16185:6 May
16034:S2CID
15883:33235
15816:44280
15694:S2CID
15489:S2CID
15375:S2CID
15178:S2CID
15121:S2CID
15055:S2CID
15000:S2CID
14876:S2CID
14821:S2CID
14685:JSTOR
14582:S2CID
14566:JSTOR
14523:S2CID
14458:S2CID
14317:S2CID
14254:S2CID
14246:JSTOR
14135:S2CID
13912:S2CID
13867:S2CID
13707:S2CID
13635:S2CID
13594:S2CID
13543:S2CID
13497:S2CID
13446:S2CID
13389:S2CID
13336:S2CID
13258:S2CID
13089:(PDF)
13078:S2CID
13042:(PDF)
12892:(PDF)
12881:S2CID
12845:(PDF)
12823:S2CID
12644:S2CID
12582:S2CID
12489:S2CID
12434:S2CID
12384:S2CID
12272:S2CID
12210:S2CID
12041:S2CID
11911:S2CID
11850:JSTOR
11771:S2CID
11691:S2CID
11636:S2CID
11573:S2CID
11445:33863
11383:S2CID
11241:S2CID
11196:44281
11127:S2CID
11063:S2CID
10880:S2CID
10817:(PDF)
10794:(PDF)
10714:(PDF)
10665:(PDF)
10493:S2CID
10217:S2CID
10174:S2CID
10115:S2CID
9734:S2CID
9673:S2CID
9513:S2CID
9405:S2CID
9352:(PDF)
9311:(PDF)
9289:S2CID
9203:S2CID
9036:S2CID
8945:arXiv
8914:S2CID
8851:S2CID
8600:S2CID
8515:18385
8449:S2CID
8379:33654
8171:55389
8117:S2CID
8023:S2CID
7972:S2CID
7956:JSTOR
7910:S2CID
7716:S2CID
7658:(PDF)
7647:S2CID
7611:(PDF)
7578:(PDF)
7545:(PDF)
7519:S2CID
7456:S2CID
7391:(PDF)
7380:S2CID
7344:(PDF)
7310:(PDF)
7299:S2CID
7253:(PDF)
7231:S2CID
7093:S2CID
6698:53943
6625:(PDF)
6602:(PDF)
6551:S2CID
6439:S2CID
6282:S2CID
6174:S2CID
6123:S2CID
5872:S2CID
5806:S2CID
5411:S2CID
5241:S2CID
5182:S2CID
5065:(PDF)
5046:(PDF)
5020:p. 17
4650:(PDF)
4601:(PDF)
4550:(PDF)
4539:S2CID
4531:JSTOR
4501:(PDF)
4225:some
4003:sperm
3784:forms
3623:types
3419:genes
3399:crust
2727:Birds
2573:Water
2163:avian
1993:mules
1709:squid
1451:Male
1289:drift
1232:niche
614:locus
545:Bases
398:were
26338:Tree
25810:hair
25750:Cell
25653:dogs
25638:cats
25628:Life
25606:Fish
25559:taxa
25097:2018
25064:2018
25025:PMID
25007:ISSN
24980:PNAS
24958:2013
24905:2018
24881:2011
24857:2011
24838:2011
24728:OCLC
24720:LCCN
24710:ISBN
24686:OCLC
24678:LCCN
24668:ISBN
24647:OCLC
24639:LCCN
24629:ISBN
24606:OCLC
24598:LCCN
24588:ISBN
24564:OCLC
24556:LCCN
24546:ISBN
24527:OCLC
24519:LCCN
24509:ISBN
24489:OCLC
24481:LCCN
24471:ISBN
24450:OCLC
24442:LCCN
24432:ISBN
24397:OCLC
24389:LCCN
24379:ISBN
24356:OCLC
24348:LCCN
24338:ISBN
24319:OCLC
24311:LCCN
24301:ISBN
24277:OCLC
24269:LCCN
24259:ISBN
24234:OCLC
24226:LCCN
24216:ISBN
24190:OCLC
24182:LCCN
24172:ISBN
24153:OCLC
24145:LCCN
24135:ISBN
24107:OCLC
24099:LCCN
24089:ISBN
24070:OCLC
24062:LCCN
24052:ISBN
23977:OCLC
23969:LCCN
23959:ISBN
23935:OCLC
23927:LCCN
23917:ISBN
23881:OCLC
23873:LCCN
23863:ISBN
23839:OCLC
23831:LCCN
23821:ISBN
23790:ISBN
23773:OCLC
23765:LCCN
23755:ISBN
23731:OCLC
23723:LCCN
23699:OCLC
23691:LCCN
23681:ISBN
23649:OCLC
23641:LCCN
23631:ISBN
23599:OCLC
23591:LCCN
23581:ISBN
23555:PMID
23547:OCLC
23539:LCCN
23529:ISBN
23499:OCLC
23491:LCCN
23481:ISBN
23460:OCLC
23452:LCCN
23442:ISBN
23425:OCLC
23417:LCCN
23407:ISBN
23383:2014
23372:OCLC
23364:LCCN
23354:ISBN
23327:OCLC
23319:LCCN
23309:ISBN
23296:2014
23280:OCLC
23272:LCCN
23262:ISBN
23239:OCLC
23231:LCCN
23221:ISBN
23200:OCLC
23192:LCCN
23182:ISBN
23161:OCLC
23153:LCCN
23143:ISBN
23116:OCLC
23108:LCCN
23085:PMID
23077:OCLC
23069:LCCN
23059:ISBN
23026:OCLC
23018:LCCN
23008:ISBN
22984:OCLC
22976:LCCN
22951:2014
22935:OCLC
22905:2022
22889:OCLC
22881:LCCN
22871:ISBN
22848:OCLC
22840:LCCN
22830:ISBN
22801:OCLC
22779:OCLC
22771:LCCN
22761:ISBN
22741:OCLC
22733:LCCN
22723:ISBN
22699:OCLC
22691:LCCN
22681:ISBN
22660:OCLC
22652:LCCN
22642:ISBN
22616:OCLC
22608:LCCN
22598:ISBN
22570:OCLC
22562:LCCN
22552:ISBN
22528:OCLC
22520:LCCN
22510:ISBN
22484:OCLC
22476:LCCN
22466:ISBN
22439:OCLC
22431:LCCN
22421:ISBN
22404:OCLC
22396:LCCN
22386:ISBN
22362:OCLC
22354:LCCN
22344:ISBN
22320:OCLC
22312:LCCN
22302:ISBN
22278:OCLC
22270:LCCN
22260:ISBN
22232:OCLC
22224:LCCN
22214:ISBN
22191:OCLC
22183:LCCN
22173:ISBN
22149:OCLC
22141:LCCN
22131:ISBN
22107:OCLC
22097:ISBN
22065:OCLC
22057:LCCN
22047:ISBN
22025:2014
22006:OCLC
21998:LCCN
21973:OCLC
21965:LCCN
21931:OCLC
21923:LCCN
21865:OCLC
21857:LCCN
21847:ISBN
21811:OCLC
21803:LCCN
21793:ISBN
21771:2016
21755:OCLC
21745:ISBN
21718:OCLC
21710:LCCN
21700:ISBN
21676:OCLC
21668:LCCN
21658:ISBN
21630:OCLC
21622:LCCN
21612:ISBN
21588:OCLC
21580:LCCN
21570:ISBN
21542:OCLC
21534:LCCN
21524:ISBN
21504:OCLC
21496:ISSN
21486:ISBN
21461:OCLC
21453:LCCN
21445:ISSN
21435:ISBN
21374:PMID
21327:ISSN
21269:PMID
21261:ISSN
21148:PMID
21140:ISSN
21079:PMID
21071:ISSN
21033:2008
21006:ISSN
20941:PMID
20933:ISSN
20916:Gene
20898:2015
20812:PMID
20804:ISSN
20767:2014
20748:PMID
20730:ISSN
20712:PNAS
20598:2014
20571:PMID
20563:ISSN
20469:PMID
20444:Isis
20397:PMID
20352:PMID
20344:ISSN
20313:2014
20274:2007
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