1090:
1246:
1111:
1162:
98:
1188:
1221:
154:
1145:
1128:
1275:
1065:
1205:
710:
to the
Preaxostyla, incorporating a single alphaproteobacterium as mitochondria by endosymbiosis. Thus the Fornicata are more closely related to e.g. animals than to Parabasalia. The rest of the Eukaryotes emerged within the Excavata as sister of the Discoba; as they are within the same clade but are
75:
222:
On the basis of phylogenomic analyses, the group was shown to contain three widely separated eukaryote groups, the discobids, metamonads, and malawimonads. A current view of the composition of the excavates is given below, indicating that the group is paraphyletic. Except for some
689:, accounting for the otherwise unexplained presence of anaerobic bacterial enzymes in Metamonada. The sister of the Preaxostyla within Metamonada represents the rest of the Eukaryotes which acquired an Alphaproteobacterium. In their scenario, the
275:—the "excavated" appearance of this groove giving the organisms their name. However, various groups that lack these traits are considered to be derived excavates based on genetic evidence (primarily phylogenetic trees of molecular sequences).
635:, etc). Ancyromonads instead capture prokaryotes attached to surfaces. The phylogenetic placement of ancyromonads is poorly understood (in 2020), however some phylogenetic analyses place them as close relatives of malawimonads.
610:
have been proposed to be members of
Excavata owing to their typical excavate morphology, and phylogenetic affinity to other excavate groups in some molecular phylogenies. However, their position among eukaryotes remains elusive.
705:
In 2023, using molecular phylogenetic analysis of 186 taxa, Al Jewari and
Baldauf proposed a phylogenetic tree with the metamonad Parabasalia as basal Eukaryotes. Discoba and the rest of the Eukaryota appear to have emerged as
622:
are small free-living cells with a narrow longitudinal groove down one side of the cell. The ancyromonad groove is not used for "suspension feeding", unlike in "typical excavates" (e.g. malawimonads, jakobids,
1416:
Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Patterson, David J. (December 1999). "The ultrastructure of
Carpediemonas membranifera (Eukaryota) with reference to the 'excavate hypothesis'".
556:
Euglenozoa and
Heterolobosea (Percolozoa) or Eozoa (as named by Cavalier-Smith) appear to be particularly close relatives, and are united by the presence of discoid
1245:
697:, both conventionally considered "mitochondrion-derived organelles", would predate the mitochondrion, and instead be derived from the earlier symbiotic bacterium.
3927:
3917:
3974:
3964:
3861:
3120:
2812:
2802:
3969:
3939:
3663:
3621:
3435:
3408:
2716:
208:
kingdom. They were distinguished from other lineages based on electron-microscopic information about how the cells are arranged (they have a distinctive
1089:
3866:
3658:
3440:
3324:
3105:
3069:
2896:
2807:
243:
are photosynthetic. In some (particularly anaerobic intestinal parasites), the mitochondria have been greatly reduced. Some excavates lack "classical"
5513:
3944:
3876:
3871:
3563:
3238:
3228:
3187:
3182:
3050:
3045:
3016:
5518:
3959:
3907:
3894:
3856:
3851:
3775:
3653:
3648:
3568:
3259:
3218:
3902:
3365:
3115:
3095:
3074:
3021:
2748:
2604:
5376:
3719:
3643:
3213:
3208:
3100:
2956:
2854:
2849:
1714:"Combined morphological and phylogenomic re-examination of malawimonads, a critical taxon for inferring the evolutionary history of eukaryotes"
165:, 1-nucleus, 2-flagellar pocket/reservoir, 3-dorsal/anterior flagellum, 4-ventral/posterior flagellum, 5-cytostome/feeding apparatus. Bottom:
3780:
3770:
3339:
2886:
2609:
5755:
3804:
3787:
3765:
3334:
4029:
3445:
2874:
2891:
2305:"Anaeramoebae are a divergent lineage of eukaryotes that shed light on the transition from anaerobic mitochondria to hydrogenosomes"
1161:
1220:
1110:
192:
in 2002. It contains a variety of free-living and symbiotic protists, and includes some important parasites of humans such as
1043:
are associated with
Parabasalia, but could turn out to be more basal as the root of a tree is often difficult to pinpoint.
4324:
4206:
1187:
681:
Caesar al Jewari and Sandra
Baldauf argue instead that the Eukaryotes possibly started with an endosymbiosis event of a
2417:
1506:
1274:
1374:"Comprehensive multigene phylogenies of excavate protists reveal the evolutionary positions of "primitive" eukaryotes"
1527:
Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2002). "The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of
Protozoa".
247:, and are called "amitochondriate", although most retain a mitochondrial organelle in greatly modified form (e.g. a
5717:
4358:
2450:
1450:"Cytoskeletal organization, phylogenetic affinities and systematics in the contentious taxon Excavata (Eukaryota)"
1312:"Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic "supergroups""
4353:
4022:
2445:
1830:
188:. The group was first suggested by Simpson and Patterson in 1999 and the name latinized and assigned a rank by
5668:
4437:
4427:
4410:
2529:
2519:
2502:
1144:
5760:
4155:
572:, the latter having tubular cristae like most other protists, and hence were united under the taxon name
2370:
1127:
4015:
2192:
Tria, F.D.K.; Brueckner, J.; Skejo, J.; Xavier, J.C.; Kapust, N.; Knopp, M.; et al. (7 May 2021).
1064:
310:
group. Phylogenetic analyses often do not place malawimonads on the same branch as the other
Excavata.
5722:
97:
2375:
1564:"Alternative cytoskeletal landscapes: cytoskeletal novelty and evolution in basal excavate protists"
169:, 1-anterior flagella, 2-parabasal body, 3-undulating membrane, 4-posterior flagellum, 5-nucleus, 6-
161:, 1-nucleus, 2-anterior flagellum, 3-ventral/posterior flagellum, 4-ventral feeding groove. Middle:
209:
286:, they live most of their life as single cells, but will sometimes assemble into larger clusters.
4442:
4317:
4149:
4141:
4086:
2534:
663:
5699:
4007:
5750:
5598:
4175:
2410:
1496:
5709:
5694:
5686:
4405:
4265:
4130:
2497:
2008:"Toward Resolving the Eukaryotic Tree: The Phylogenetic Positions of Jakobids and Cercozoans"
1818:
1227:
598:
is reported to have completely lost homologous organelles. There are competing explanations.
213:
189:
129:
1817:
715:
considered part of the
Excavata yet, the Excavata are in this analysis highly paraphyletic.
282:
slime molds are the only excavates to exhibit limited multicellularity. Like other cellular
5655:
4279:
2316:
2257:
2140:
2068:
2019:
1782:
1725:
1323:
686:
682:
8:
5220:
5004:
4168:
4164:
4126:
4045:
3809:
659:
2320:
2280:
2245:
2169:
2144:
2128:
2072:
2023:
1786:
1729:
1327:
5636:
5230:
4422:
4400:
4388:
4363:
4310:
4134:
4080:
2514:
2492:
2480:
2455:
2350:
2218:
2193:
1983:
1950:
1926:
1899:
1867:
1822:
1746:
1713:
1689:
1664:
1642:
1588:
1563:
1346:
1311:
1204:
1096:
423:
Free-living, sometimes loricate flagellates, with very gene-rich mitochondrial genomes
299:
92:
1429:
5745:
5681:
5564:
5490:
5471:
5181:
4764:
4432:
4395:
4383:
4373:
4200:
4094:
4038:
2901:
2524:
2487:
2475:
2465:
2403:
2354:
2342:
2334:
2303:
Stairs, Courtney W.; Táborský, Petr; Salomaki, Eric D.; et al. (December 2021).
2285:
2223:
2174:
2156:
2104:
2099:
2086:
2056:
2037:
2006:
Rodríguez-Ezpeleta, Naiara; Brinkmann, Henner; Burger, Gertraud; et al. (2007).
1988:
1970:
1931:
1872:
1854:
1800:
1751:
1694:
1646:
1634:
1593:
1544:
1502:
1471:
1395:
1351:
675:
594:
260:
5536:
5482:
5236:
4682:
4347:
4122:
3792:
3737:
3144:
2656:
2439:
2324:
2275:
2267:
2213:
2205:
2164:
2148:
2094:
2076:
2027:
1978:
1962:
1921:
1911:
1880:
1862:
1844:
1790:
1741:
1733:
1684:
1676:
1624:
1583:
1575:
1536:
1461:
1425:
1385:
1341:
1331:
732:
655:
5168:
1665:"Phylogenomics Places Orphan Protistan Lineages in a Novel Eukaryotic Super-Group"
5409:
4584:
4285:
4240:
4071:
4062:
3949:
3799:
3729:
3523:
3139:
2648:
1916:
1849:
1492:
1265:
450:
83:
5673:
1712:
Heiss, Aaron A.; Kolisko, Martin; Ekelund, Fleming; et al. (4 April 2018).
1611:
Burki, Fabien; Roger, Andrew J.; Brown, Matthew W.; et al. (January 2020).
5505:
5495:
5459:
5434:
5123:
4914:
4815:
4737:
4546:
4378:
4271:
4256:
4191:
4100:
3934:
3845:
3555:
3510:
3387:
3375:
3344:
2864:
2844:
2769:
2470:
2271:
2055:
Bui, Elisabeth T.; Bradley, Peter J.; Johnson, Patricia J. (3 September 1996).
1663:
Brown, Matthew W.; Heiss, Aaron A.; Kamikawa, Ryoma; et al. (2018-01-19).
1629:
1612:
1101:
952:
937:
649:
619:
295:
268:
228:
2329:
2304:
2262:
2246:"Inference and reconstruction of the heimdallarchaeial ancestry of eukaryotes"
2032:
2007:
1795:
1770:
1579:
1540:
584:
Metamonads are unusual in not having classical mitochondria—instead they have
5739:
5621:
5541:
5340:
5332:
5162:
5083:
5023:
4934:
4908:
4637:
4112:
4053:
3742:
3610:
3501:
3418:
3033:
2973:
2824:
2797:
2679:
2338:
2160:
2090:
1974:
1858:
1835:
1826:
1286:
1194:
1178:
1151:
712:
690:
667:
585:
565:
561:
523:
480:
377:
306:
Excavate relationships were always uncertain, suggesting that they are not a
248:
2081:
1951:"Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree"
1900:"PhyloFisher: A phylogenomic package for resolving eukaryotic relationships"
1390:
1373:
1336:
5574:
5401:
5381:
5321:
5225:
5198:
5145:
5103:
5070:
4845:
4623:
4562:
4302:
3814:
3601:
3314:
3011:
2968:
2963:
2614:
2589:
2346:
2289:
2227:
2194:"Gene Duplications Trace Mitochondria to the Onset of Eukaryote Complexity"
2178:
2152:
2041:
1992:
1966:
1935:
1876:
1831:"Evaluating support for the current classification of eukaryotic diversity"
1804:
1755:
1698:
1638:
1597:
1548:
1475:
1399:
1355:
1252:
1134:
1117:
707:
504:
417:
307:
244:
181:
5647:
2209:
2108:
1884:
1466:
1449:
5630:
5465:
5391:
5243:
5207:
5187:
5135:
5109:
4999:
4947:
4920:
4902:
4875:
4642:
4511:
4500:
3830:
3697:
3492:
3430:
3309:
3006:
2989:
2945:
2936:
2594:
1680:
1236:
1051:
1040:
901:
801:
757:
607:
540:
512:
497:
491:
434:
366:
283:
272:
200:
46:
39:
2244:
Eme, Laura; Tamarit, Daniel; Caceres, Eva F.; et al. (2023-03-09).
1821:; Erika Barbero; Elyse Lasser; Micah Dunthorn; Debashish Bhattacharya;
1737:
654:
The conventional explanation for the origin of the Eukaryotes is that a
204:. Excavates were formerly considered to be included in the now obsolete
153:
5546:
5370:
5361:
5346:
5214:
5151:
5010:
4971:
4966:
4852:
4769:
4664:
4576:
4245:
4231:
3760:
3425:
2998:
2926:
2881:
2690:
1257:
1232:
1174:
1076:
870:
855:
428:
372:
Many important parasites, one large group with plastids (chloroplasts)
354:
267:. Many have a conspicuous ventral feeding groove with a characteristic
240:
224:
216:
166:
162:
2005:
5445:
5386:
5094:
5059:
5017:
4994:
4976:
4863:
4799:
4674:
4551:
4494:
4481:
4333:
4222:
3707:
3684:
3631:
3591:
3398:
3285:
3278:
3164:
3132:
2837:
2599:
2390:
1898:
Tice, Alexander K.; Žihala, David; Pánek, Tomáš; et al. (2021).
1261:
1169:
1080:
779:
744:
671:
468:
455:
444:
439:
384:
279:
264:
239:
Most excavates are unicellular, heterotrophic flagellates. Only some
185:
113:
20:
16:
Supergroup of unicellular organisms belonging to the domain Eukaryota
5592:
1310:
Hampl, Vladimir; Hug, Laura; Leigh, Jessica W.; et al. (2009).
263:, or in some cases, laminar. Most excavates have two, four, or more
5615:
5452:
5414:
5315:
4839:
4834:
4826:
4756:
4631:
4506:
4489:
4467:
4417:
3638:
3518:
3478:
3127:
2832:
2639:
2581:
2509:
2385:
1211:
914:
694:
589:
569:
531:
397:
344:
338:
252:
205:
170:
158:
2057:"A common evolutionary origin for mitochondria and hydrogenosomes"
74:
5568:
5303:
5140:
4986:
4893:
4882:
4746:
4652:
4608:
4516:
4037:
2572:
2551:
2380:
1529:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
1454:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
1372:
Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Inagaki, Yuji; Roger, Andrew J. (2006).
1281:
1071:
820:
568:). A close relationship has been shown between Discicristata and
474:
405:
390:
360:
194:
53:
5660:
5161:
4958:
4688:
4590:
4532:
833:
557:
411:
256:
60:
5528:
2302:
576:, which was proposed for this supposedly monophyletic group.
486:
Amitochondriate, mostly symbiotes and parasites of animals.
4785:
2395:
2122:
2120:
2118:
1662:
2191:
1711:
2243:
2115:
1610:
1769:
Keeling, Patrick J.; Burki, Fabien (19 August 2019).
2127:
Al Jewari, Caesar; Baldauf, Sandra L. (2023-04-28).
1897:
313:Excavates were thought to include multiple groups:
255:). Among those with mitochondria, the mitochondrial
1942:
1371:
1309:
503:Amitochondriate flagellates, generally intestinal
2129:"An excavate root for the eukaryote tree of life"
2054:
5737:
2706:
2126:
1562:Dawson, Scott C.; Paredez, Alexander R. (2013).
1415:
5481:
2061:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4061:
2647:
1948:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1305:
1303:
19:For an explanation of very similar terms, see
4318:
4023:
3554:
3509:
2411:
1561:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1411:
1409:
4332:
3609:
3500:
1768:
1658:
1656:
592:or uncharacterised organelles. The oxymonad
5197:
3600:
3547:
2239:
2237:
1949:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (23 December 2009).
1604:
1515:
1491:
1300:
1016:+ δ/γ‑proteobacterium
643:
4325:
4311:
4030:
4016:
2944:
2418:
2404:
1487:
1485:
1436:
1406:
73:
4575:
2328:
2279:
2261:
2217:
2168:
2098:
2080:
2031:
1982:
1925:
1915:
1866:
1848:
1794:
1771:"Progress towards the Tree of Eukaryotes"
1745:
1688:
1653:
1628:
1587:
1465:
1448:Simpson, Alastair G. B. (November 2003).
1389:
1367:
1365:
1345:
1335:
4480:
3682:
2234:
152:
4465:
2638:
2580:
1482:
1447:
551:
463:) or living in the hindguts of insects
5738:
5583:denotes groups with over 1,000 species
2571:
1362:
396:Most alternate between flagellate and
5597:
5596:
4306:
4011:
2399:
157:Three types of excavate cells. Top:
5756:Taxa named by Thomas Cavalier-Smith
4207:Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
13:
507:of insects. Some human pathogens.
234:
14:
5772:
2364:
1961:(3). The Royal Society: 342–345.
1617:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
453:flagellates, either free-living (
334:Discoba or JEH or Eozoa
289:
1418:European Journal of Protistology
1273:
1244:
1219:
1203:
1186:
1160:
1143:
1126:
1121:sp. (Euglenozoa: Kinetoplastida)
1109:
1088:
1063:
325:Representative genera (examples)
180:is an extensive and diverse but
96:
37:
2296:
2185:
2048:
1999:
1891:
1811:
1762:
1705:
1568:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
1378:Molecular Biology and Evolution
988:+ α‑proteobacterium
658:or another Archaea acquired an
614:
601:
212:). They are considered to be a
5062:
5058:
4818:
4814:
1555:
1:
1501:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
1430:10.1016/S0932-4739(99)80044-3
1294:
579:
2425:
2198:Genome Biology and Evolution
1917:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001365
1850:10.1371/JOURNAL.PGEN.0020220
1669:Genome Biology and Evolution
1613:"The New Tree of Eukaryotes"
1285:sp. (Metamonada: Fornicata:
700:
638:
7:
4156:Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
1198:(Percolozoa: Heterolobosea)
1046:
666:, and that this became the
10:
5777:
2272:10.1038/s41586-023-06186-2
1718:Royal Society Open Science
1630:10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.008
1056:
647:
296:Eukaryote § Phylogeny
293:
104:(obsolete as paraphyletic)
18:
5605:
5559:
5527:
5504:
5431:
5400:
5360:
5331:
5311:
5302:
5290:
5286:
5131:
5122:
5093:
5078:
5069:
5056:
5052:
4985:
4957:
4942:
4933:
4892:
4871:
4862:
4825:
4812:
4808:
4795:
4782:
4778:
4755:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4673:
4660:
4651:
4618:
4605:
4571:
4560:
4542:
4529:
4476:
4461:
4457:
4341:
4255:
4230:
4221:
4190:
4111:
4070:
4052:
3887:
3838:
3829:
3753:
3728:
3715:
3706:
3693:
3678:
3589:
3540:
3491:
3487:
3476:
3386:
3355:
3302:
3295:
3270:
3249:
3198:
3172:
3163:
3085:
3059:
3041:
3032:
2997:
2988:
2935:
2924:
2823:
2787:
2780:
2759:
2738:
2731:
2699:
2688:
2677:
2631:
2564:
2560:
2549:
2433:
2330:10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.010
2263:10.1101/2023.03.07.531504
2033:10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.036
1796:10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.031
1580:10.1016/j.ceb.2012.11.005
1541:10.1099/00207713-52-2-297
1023:
950:
935:
928:
912:
905:
868:
853:
846:
831:
824:
814:
799:
792:
777:
770:
755:
748:
730:
723:
526:instead of mitochondria.
427:
332:
142:
137:
93:Scientific classification
91:
87:, a parasitic diplomonad
81:
72:
28:
4788:
4784:
678:to the eukaryotic cell.
644:Origin of the Eukaryotes
522:Anaerobic protists with
210:ultrastructural identity
4142:Cutaneous leishmaniasis
4087:African trypanosomiasis
2391:Tree of Life: Fornicata
2381:Tree of Life Eukaryotes
2082:10.1073/pnas.93.18.9651
1337:10.1073/pnas.0807880106
4176:Visceral leishmaniasis
2386:Tree of Life: Jakobida
2153:10.1126/sciadv.ade4973
1967:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948
917:(inc. animals, fungi)
174:
35:Neoproterozoic–present
5695:Paleobiology Database
4266:Trichomonas vaginalis
1819:Laura Wegener Parfrey
1467:10.1099/ijs.0.02578-0
1391:10.1093/molbev/msj068
1228:Trichomonas vaginalis
676:oxidative respiration
648:Further information:
190:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
184:group of unicellular
156:
4280:Dientamoeba fragilis
3928:Spirotrichonymphidae
3924:Spirotrichonymphida
2315:(24): 5605–5612.e5.
1495:; Wong, Yan (2016).
687:Gammaproteobacterium
683:Deltaproteobacterium
660:alphaproteobacterium
552:Discoba or JEH clade
300:wikispecies:Excavata
5460:Gunflint microbiota
5221:Klebsormidiophyceae
5005:Hyphochytriomycetes
3918:Hypotrichomonadidae
3914:Hypotrichomonadida
2321:2021CBio...31E5605S
2210:10.1093/gbe/evab055
2145:2023SciA....9E4973A
2073:1996PNAS...93.9651B
2024:2007CBio...17.1420R
1787:2019CBio...29.R808K
1738:10.1098/rsos.171707
1730:2018RSOS....571707H
1498:The Ancestor's Tale
1328:2009PNAS..106.3859H
319:Kingdom/Superphylum
5761:2002 introductions
5231:Coleochaetophyceae
4611:
4607:
4535:
4531:
3975:Tritrichomonadidae
3965:Monocercomonadidae
3956:Tritrichomonadida
3862:Spirotrichosomidae
3121:Trypanoplasmatidae
3086:Metakinetoplastina
3066:Prokinetoplastida
2813:Psalteriomonadidae
2803:Paravahlkampfiidae
1681:10.1093/gbe/evy014
1097:Trypanosoma brucei
518:Anaeramoeba ignava
380: (Percolozoa)
175:
138:Phyla and classes
5733:
5732:
5682:Open Tree of Life
5599:Taxon identifiers
5590:
5589:
5555:
5554:
5491:Spironematellidae
5472:Meteora sporadica
5427:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5356:
5355:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5182:Prasinodermophyta
5118:
5117:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5031:
4929:
4928:
4765:Centroplasthelida
4723:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4601:
4600:
4525:
4524:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4217:
4216:
4201:Naegleria fowleri
4186:
4185:
4039:Parasitic disease
4005:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3970:Simplicimonadidae
3940:Honigbergiellidae
3825:
3824:
3743:Carpediemonadidae
3674:
3673:
3664:Streblomastigidae
3622:Paratrimastigidae
3618:Paratrimastigida
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3436:Euglenamorphaceae
3409:Euglenomonadaceae
3405:Euglenomonadales
3159:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3060:Prokinetoplastina
2984:
2983:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2902:Stephanopogonidae
2770:Neovahlkampfiidae
2766:Neovahlkampfiida
2727:
2726:
2717:Pharyngomonadidae
2713:Pharyngomonadida
2707:Pharyngomonadidea
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2371:Open Tree of Life
2256:(7967): 992–999.
2067:(18): 9651–9656.
2018:(16): 1420–1425.
1829:(December 2006).
1823:David J Patterson
1781:(16): R808–R817.
1322:(10): 3859–3864.
1036:
1035:
1020:
1019:
1010:
1009:
1001:
1000:
992:
991:
982:
981:
973:
972:
964:
963:
891:
890:
882:
881:
656:heimdallarchaeian
595:Monocercomonoides
549:
548:
431: or POD
151:
150:
133:
5768:
5726:
5725:
5713:
5712:
5703:
5702:
5690:
5689:
5677:
5676:
5674:NHMSYS0021060416
5664:
5663:
5651:
5650:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5594:
5593:
5537:Collodictyonidae
5483:Hemimastigophora
5479:
5478:
5438:
5309:
5308:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5288:
5287:
5237:Zygnematophyceae
5195:
5194:
5175:
5159:
5158:
5129:
5128:
5076:
5075:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5054:
5053:
4940:
4939:
4869:
4868:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4810:
4809:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4780:
4779:
4753:
4752:
4740:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4683:Choanoflagellata
4658:
4657:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4370:
4350:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4304:
4303:
4228:
4227:
4172:
4138:
4123:Leishmania major
4068:
4067:
4059:
4058:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4009:
4008:
3867:Staurojoeninidae
3836:
3835:
3815:Retortamonadidae
3738:Carpediemonadida
3713:
3712:
3691:
3690:
3680:
3679:
3659:Saccinobaculidae
3607:
3606:
3598:
3597:
3552:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3507:
3506:
3498:
3497:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3441:Euglenocapsaceae
3325:Heteronemataceae
3321:Heteronematales
3300:
3299:
3170:
3169:
3145:Trypanosomatidae
3106:Rhynchomonadidae
3070:Ichthyobodonidae
3039:
3038:
2995:
2994:
2942:
2941:
2933:
2932:
2897:Percolomonadidae
2808:Plaesiobystridae
2785:
2784:
2736:
2735:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2686:
2685:
2657:Tsukubamonadidae
2645:
2644:
2636:
2635:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2462:
2442:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2359:
2358:
2332:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2265:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2139:(17): eade4973.
2133:Science Advances
2124:
2113:
2112:
2102:
2084:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2035:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1870:
1852:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1632:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1524:
1513:
1512:
1493:Dawkins, Richard
1489:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1460:(6): 1759–1777.
1445:
1434:
1433:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1393:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1349:
1339:
1307:
1277:
1248:
1223:
1207:
1190:
1164:
1155:sp. (Percolozoa)
1147:
1138:sp. (Percolozoa)
1130:
1113:
1092:
1067:
931:
930:
908:
907:
849:
848:
827:
826:
817:
816:
795:
794:
773:
772:
751:
750:
726:
725:
719:
718:
316:
315:
259:may be tubular,
127:
105:
101:
100:
77:
67:
63:
56:
49:
42:
36:
32:Temporal range:
26:
25:
5776:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5765:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5721:
5716:
5708:
5706:
5698:
5693:
5685:
5680:
5672:
5667:
5659:
5654:
5646:
5644:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5620:
5619:
5614:
5601:
5591:
5586:
5551:
5523:
5514:Ancyromonadidae
5500:
5477:
5432:
5419:
5410:Malawimonadidae
5396:
5352:
5327:
5291:
5250:
5193:
5166:
5165:
5157:
5114:
5089:
5057:
5028:
4981:
4953:
4925:
4888:
4858:
4813:
4804:
4783:
4774:
4751:
4736:
4695:
4669:
4647:
4606:
4597:
4561:
4556:
4530:
4521:
4466:
4453:
4452:
4368:
4346:
4337:
4331:
4301:
4292:
4286:Dientamoebiasis
4251:
4241:Giardia lamblia
4213:
4182:
4162:
4150:L. braziliensis
4120:
4107:
4072:Trypanosomiasis
4063:Trypanosomatida
4048:
4036:
4006:
3981:
3950:Trichomonadidae
3945:Tricercomitidae
3899:Cristamonadida
3883:
3877:Trichonymphidae
3872:Teratonymphidae
3821:
3810:Chilomastigidae
3800:Retortamonadida
3749:
3730:Carpediemonadea
3724:
3702:
3687:
3670:
3594:
3573:
3564:Ancyromonadidae
3528:
3524:Malawimonadidae
3481:
3452:
3382:
3351:
3291:
3266:
3245:
3239:Sphenomonadidae
3229:Sphenomonadidae
3194:
3188:Sphenomonadidae
3183:Petalomonadidae
3179:Petalomonadida
3151:
3140:Trypanosomatida
3081:
3055:
3051:Trypanophididae
3046:Bordnamonadidae
3028:
3017:Eupelagonemidae
2980:
2929:
2908:
2882:Percolomonadida
2819:
2776:
2760:Neovahlkampfiea
2755:
2723:
2693:
2682:
2661:
2649:Tsukubamonadida
2619:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2460:
2438:
2429:
2424:
2367:
2362:
2309:Current Biology
2301:
2297:
2242:
2235:
2190:
2186:
2125:
2116:
2053:
2049:
2012:Current Biology
2004:
2000:
1955:Biology Letters
1947:
1943:
1910:(8): e3001365.
1896:
1892:
1816:
1812:
1775:Current Biology
1767:
1763:
1710:
1706:
1661:
1654:
1609:
1605:
1560:
1556:
1525:
1516:
1509:
1490:
1483:
1446:
1437:
1414:
1407:
1370:
1363:
1308:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1278:
1269:
1266:Retortamonadida
1249:
1240:
1224:
1215:
1208:
1199:
1191:
1182:
1165:
1156:
1148:
1139:
1131:
1122:
1114:
1105:
1093:
1084:
1068:
1059:
1049:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1011:
1002:
993:
983:
974:
965:
892:
883:
703:
652:
646:
641:
617:
604:
582:
554:
451:Amitochondriate
302:
292:
271:, supported by
237:
235:Characteristics
227:, all are non-
126:
103:
102:
95:
84:Giardia lamblia
68:
66:
65:
61:
58:
54:
51:
47:
44:
40:
34:
33:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5774:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5714:
5704:
5691:
5678:
5665:
5652:
5642:
5627:
5611:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5578:
5571:
5567:excluded from
5560:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5533:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5519:Planomonadidae
5516:
5510:
5508:
5506:Ancyromonadida
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5496:Paramastigidae
5493:
5487:
5485:
5476:
5475:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5448:
5441:
5439:
5435:Incertae sedis
5429:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5406:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5366:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5343:
5337:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5297:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5240:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5211:
5203:
5201:
5192:
5191:
5184:
5178:
5176:
5156:
5155:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5124:Archaeplastida
5120:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5099:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5079:
5073:
5064:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5014:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4991:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4963:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4943:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4915:Dinoflagellata
4911:
4909:Chrompodellida
4906:
4898:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4837:
4831:
4829:
4820:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4796:
4790:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4761:
4759:
4750:
4749:
4743:
4741:
4738:Diaphoretickes
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4685:
4679:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4661:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4627:
4619:
4613:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4566:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4497:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4471:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4443:Mesomycetozoea
4440:
4435:
4425:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4379:Diaphoretickes
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:classification
4330:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4307:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4272:Trichomoniasis
4261:
4259:
4257:Trichomonadida
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4236:
4234:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4196:
4194:
4192:Schizopyrenida
4188:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4117:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4101:Chagas disease
4091:
4090:
4089:
4076:
4074:
4065:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4035:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4012:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3960:Dientamoebidae
3954:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3935:Trichomonadida
3932:
3931:
3930:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3908:Devescovinidae
3905:
3897:
3895:Hexamastigidae
3891:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3857:Hoplonymphidae
3854:
3852:Burmanymphidae
3846:Trichonymphida
3842:
3840:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3805:Caviomonadidae
3797:
3796:
3795:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3776:Spironucleidae
3773:
3768:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3734:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3698:Anaeramoebidae
3694:
3688:
3683:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3654:Pyrsonymphidae
3651:
3649:Polymastigidae
3646:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3615:
3613:
3604:
3595:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3569:Planomonadidae
3566:
3560:
3558:
3556:Ancyromonadida
3549:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3511:Malawimonadida
3504:
3495:
3482:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3392:
3390:
3388:Euglenophyceae
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3376:Peranemataceae
3370:
3369:
3368:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3345:Neometanemidae
3342:
3337:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3306:
3304:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3260:Entosiphonidae
3256:Entosiphonida
3253:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3225:Heterostavida
3223:
3222:
3221:
3219:Lentomonadidae
3216:
3211:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
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3190:
3185:
3176:
3174:
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2899:
2894:
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2869:
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2865:Vahlkampfiidae
2859:
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2852:
2842:
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2700:Pharyngomonada
2694:
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2535:Mesomycetozoea
2532:
2527:
2517:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2471:Diaphoretickes
2468:
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2365:External links
2363:
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2184:
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2047:
1998:
1941:
1890:
1810:
1761:
1704:
1675:(2): 427–433.
1652:
1603:
1574:(1): 134–141.
1554:
1535:(2): 297–354.
1514:
1508:978-0544859937
1507:
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1424:(4): 353–370.
1405:
1384:(3): 615–625.
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955:(inc. plants)
953:Archaeplastida
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586:hydrogenosomes
581:
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536:Malawimonadida
534:
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524:hydrogenosomes
520:
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130:Cavalier-Smith
121:
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5751:Infrakingdoms
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5604:
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5579:
5576:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5563:¹traditional
5562:
5561:
5558:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5542:Mantamonadida
5540:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5520:
5517:
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5373:
5372:
5368:
5367:
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5359:
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5341:Heterolobosea
5339:
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5336:
5334:
5333:Discicristata
5330:
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5323:
5319:
5317:
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5163:Viridiplantae
5160:
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5149:
5147:
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5101:
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5086:
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5084:Microheliella
5081:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5051:
5025:
5024:Actinophryida
5022:
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5012:
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5006:
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5001:
4998:
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4938:
4936:
4935:Stramenopiles
4932:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4900:
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4641:
4639:
4638:Ichthyosporea
4636:
4634:
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4628:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4585:Rotosphaerida
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4559:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4547:Apusomonadida
4545:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
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4430:
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4409:
4407:
4406:Stramenopiles
4404:
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4399:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4386:
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4382:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4369:(major groups
4367:
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4360:
4357:
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4262:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4232:Diplomonadida
4229:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
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4177:
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4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4131:L. aethiopica
4128:
4124:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4113:Leishmaniasis
4110:
4102:
4099:
4098:
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4073:
4069:
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4057:
4055:
4054:Discicristata
4051:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4021:
4019:
4014:
4013:
4010:
3976:
3973:
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3968:
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3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3903:Calonymphidae
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:Trichomonadea
3886:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:Trichonymphea
3837:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3761:Diplomonadida
3759:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3632:Trimastigidae
3630:
3629:
3628:Trimastigida
3627:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3611:Anaeromonadea
3608:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3588:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:Malawimonadea
3499:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3475:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3419:Eutreptiaceae
3417:
3416:
3415:Eutreptiales
3414:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:Peranematida
3371:
3367:
3366:Teloproctidae
3364:
3363:
3362:Acroglissida
3361:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:Natomonadida
3330:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:Petalomonadea
3171:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:Parabodonidae
3114:
3113:
3112:Parabodonida
3111:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3096:Allobodonidae
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3075:Perkinselidae
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:Kinetoplastea
3031:
3023:
3022:Hemistasiidae
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2975:
2974:Postgaardidae
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2923:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2825:Heterolobosea
2822:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2798:Gruberellidae
2796:
2795:
2794:Lyromonadida
2793:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2749:Selenaionidae
2747:
2746:
2745:Selenaionida
2744:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2680:Discicristata
2676:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2632:Tsukubamonada
2630:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:Moramonadidae
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:Stramenopiles
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2461:(major groups
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1836:PLOS Genetics
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1724:(4): 171707.
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1410:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1288:
1287:Diplomonadida
1284:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1195:Acrasis rosea
1189:
1184:
1180:
1179:Heterolobosea
1176:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1152:Stephanopogon
1146:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1100:(Euglenozoa:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1032:
1031:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1005:
997:
996:
987:
986:
978:
977:
969:
968:
960:
959:
956:
954:
948:
947:
944:
943:
940:
939:
933:
932:
926:
925:
922:
921:
918:
916:
910:
909:
903:
900:
899:
896:
895:
887:
886:
878:
877:
874:
872:
866:
865:
862:
861:
858:
857:
856:Heterolobosea
851:
850:
844:
843:
840:
839:
836:
835:
829:
828:
822:
819:
818:
812:
811:
808:
807:
804:
803:
797:
796:
790:
789:
786:
785:
782:
781:
775:
774:
768:
767:
764:
763:
760:
759:
753:
752:
746:
743:
742:
739:
738:
735:
734:
733:Hodarchaeales
728:
727:
721:
720:
716:
714:
713:cladistically
709:
698:
696:
692:
691:hydrogenosome
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
668:mitochondrion
665:
661:
657:
651:
636:
634:
630:
629:Carpediemonas
626:
621:
612:
609:
599:
597:
596:
591:
587:
577:
575:
571:
567:
566:Discicristata
564:(Superphylum
563:
559:
545:
543:
542:
538:
535:
533:
530:
529:
525:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
506:
502:
500:
499:
495:
493:
490:
489:
485:
483:
482:
481:Carpediemonas
477:
476:
472:
470:
467:
466:
462:
461:Paratrimastix
458:
457:
452:
449:
447:
446:
441:
438:
436:
433:
430:
426:
422:
420:
419:
414:
413:
409:
407:
404:
403:
399:
395:
393:
392:
387:
386:
382:
379:
378:Heterolobosea
376:
375:
371:
369:
368:
363:
362:
358:
356:
353:
352:
349:
347:
346:
342:
340:
337:
335:
331:
327:
324:
322:Included taxa
321:
318:
317:
314:
311:
309:
304:
301:
297:
287:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:hydrogenosome
246:
242:
232:
230:
226:
220:
218:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:
197:
196:
191:
187:
183:
179:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
147:
146:
141:
136:
131:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
99:
94:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
71:
64:
57:
50:
43:
27:
22:
5606:
5580:
5575:paraphyletic
5470:
5451:
5433:
5402:Malawimonada
5382:Anaeromonada
5377:Anaeramoebae
5369:
5345:
5322:Tsukubamonas
5320:
5292:
5242:
5235:
5226:Charophyceae
5213:
5206:
5199:Streptophyta
5186:
5170:
5150:
5146:Rhodelphidia
5104:Palpitomonas
5102:
5082:
5071:Pancryptista
5016:
5009:
4946:
4913:
4901:
4881:
4851:
4846:Foraminifera
4844:
4687:
4630:
4624:Tunicaraptor
4622:
4589:
4563:Opisthokonta
4499:
4428:Opisthokonta
4278:
4264:
4239:
4199:
4163:
4148:
4121:
4093:
4079:
4042:
3720:Kipferliidae
3644:Oxymonadidae
3602:Anaeromonada
3548:Planomonadea
3315:Anisonemidae
3284:
3277:
3250:Entosiphonea
3214:Keelungiidae
3209:Decastavidae
3205:Decastavida
3101:Neobodonidae
3092:Neobodonida
3012:Diplonemidae
2969:Calkinsiidae
2964:Postgaardida
2957:Bihospitidae
2953:Bihospitida
2861:Tetramitida
2855:Naegleriidae
2850:Tulamoebidae
2781:Eutetramitia
2615:Stygiellidae
2590:Andaluciidae
2520:Opisthokonta
2426:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2253:
2249:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2136:
2132:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1907:
1904:PLOS Biology
1903:
1893:
1843:(12): e220.
1840:
1834:
1827:Laura A Katz
1813:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1672:
1668:
1623:(1): 43–55.
1620:
1616:
1606:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1532:
1528:
1497:
1457:
1453:
1421:
1417:
1381:
1377:
1319:
1315:
1280:
1253:Retortamonas
1251:
1226:
1193:
1168:
1150:
1135:Percolomonas
1133:
1116:
1095:
1070:
1050:
1038:
951:
936:
913:
869:
854:
832:
800:
778:
756:
731:
708:sister taxon
704:
680:
664:endosymbiont
653:
632:
628:
624:
620:Ancyromonads
618:
615:Ancyromonads
608:malawimonads
605:
602:Malawimonads
593:
583:
573:
562:mitochondria
555:
539:
517:
496:
479:
473:
460:
454:
443:
418:Reclinomonas
416:
410:
389:
383:
365:
359:
345:Tsukubamonas
343:
333:
328:Description
312:
308:monophyletic
305:
303:
277:
273:microtubules
245:mitochondria
238:
221:
199:
193:
182:paraphyletic
177:
176:
144:
143:
123:
120:(unranked):
82:
5631:Wikispecies
5466:Chitinozoan
5392:Parabasalia
5244:Embryophyta
5208:Chlorokybus
5188:Chlorophyta
5136:Glaucophyta
5110:Cryptophyta
5000:Pirsoniales
4967:Bicosoecida
4948:Platysulcus
4921:Perkinsozoa
4903:Apicomplexa
4876:Colponemida
4643:Pluriformea
4512:Archamoebea
4501:Eumycetozoa
4165:L. donovani
4127:L. mexicana
3831:Parabasalia
3793:Dysnectidae
3781:Hexamitidae
3771:Octomitidae
3754:Eopharyngia
3639:Oxymonadida
3541:Planomonada
3431:Euglenaceae
3340:Distigmidae
3310:Anisonemida
3235:Ploeotiida
3007:Diplonemida
2990:Glycomonada
2946:Postgaardea
2937:Postgaardia
2887:Barbeliidae
2845:Naegleriida
2788:Lyromonadea
2610:Ophirinidae
2595:Histionidae
2376:Taxonomicon
1256:sp., left (
1237:Parabasalia
1052:Metakaryota
1041:Anaeramoeba
902:Neokaryotes
873:and allies
802:Preaxostyla
758:Parabasalia
633:Kiperferlia
560:within the
541:Malawimonas
513:Anaeramoeba
498:Trichomonas
492:Parabasalia
435:Preaxostyla
367:Trypanosoma
284:slime molds
201:Trichomonas
48:Proterozoic
5740:Categories
5547:Rigifilida
5446:Acritarchs
5371:Barthelona
5362:Metamonada
5347:Euglenozoa
5215:Mesostigma
5171:sensu lato
5152:Rhodophyta
5011:Ochrophyta
4972:Placidozoa
4883:Ciliophora
4853:Radiolaria
4770:Haptophyta
4665:Filasterea
4577:Holomycota
4246:Giardiasis
4135:L. tropica
4041:caused by
3788:Dysnectida
3766:Giardiidae
3592:Metamonada
3426:Euglenales
3335:Astasiidae
3303:Anisonemea
2999:Diplonemea
2927:Euglenozoa
2732:Tetramitia
2691:Percolozoa
1295:References
1258:Metamonada
1233:Metamonada
1210:Jakobids (
1175:Percolozoa
1167:Stages of
1081:Euglenoida
1077:Euglenozoa
1026:"Excavata"
871:Euglenozoa
674:providing
580:Metamonads
505:commensals
429:Metamonada
355:Euglenozoa
294:See also:
241:Euglenozoa
225:Euglenozoa
219:lineage.
217:flagellate
167:Metamonada
163:Euglenozoa
5387:Fornicata
5293:Excavates
5095:Cryptista
5018:Oomycetes
4995:Developea
4977:Sagenista
4864:Alveolata
4800:Telonemia
4675:Choanozoa
4552:Breviatea
4495:Tubulinea
4482:Amoebozoa
4423:Amoebozoa
4401:Alveolata
4389:Cryptista
4364:Eukaryota
4334:Eukaryote
4223:Trichozoa
4081:T. brucei
3708:Fornicata
3685:Trichozoa
3446:Phacaceae
3399:Rapazidae
3395:Rapazida
3356:Peranemea
3296:Spirocuta
3165:Euglenida
3133:Bodonidae
2875:Creneidae
2871:Creneida
2838:Acrasidae
2600:Jakobidae
2515:Amoebozoa
2493:Alveolata
2481:Cryptista
2456:Eukaryota
2355:240054026
2339:0960-9822
2161:2375-2548
2091:0027-8424
1975:1744-9561
1885:Q21090155
1859:1553-7390
1647:204545629
1262:Fornicata
1170:Naegleria
780:Fornicata
745:Eukaryota
701:Phylogeny
672:organelle
639:Evolution
625:Trimastix
590:mitosomes
469:Fornicata
456:Trimastix
445:Trimastix
440:Oxymonads
385:Naegleria
280:Acrasidae
261:discoidal
186:Eukaryota
114:Eukaryota
21:Eukaryota
5746:Excavata
5645:BioLib:
5637:Excavata
5616:Wikidata
5607:Excavata
5569:protists
5565:kingdoms
5453:Grypania
5415:Imasidae
5316:Jakobida
4840:Endomyxa
4835:Cercozoa
4827:Rhizaria
4757:Haptista
4689:Animalia
4632:Bicellum
4507:Variosea
4490:Discosea
4468:Amorphea
4418:Amorphea
4396:Rhizaria
4384:Hacrobia
4374:Excavata
4359:Bacteria
4169:infantum
4095:T. cruzi
4046:protozoa
4043:Excavata
3519:Imasidae
3493:Neolouka
3479:Loukozoa
3279:Hemiolia
3199:Alistosa
3128:Bodonida
2833:Acrasida
2640:Tsukubea
2582:Jakobida
2565:Jakobida
2510:Amorphea
2488:Rhizaria
2476:Hacrobia
2466:Excavata
2451:Bacteria
2427:Excavata
2347:34710348
2290:37316666
2281:10307638
2228:33739376
2179:37115919
2170:10146883
2042:17689961
1993:20031978
1936:34358228
1881:Wikidata
1877:17194223
1805:31430481
1756:29765641
1699:29360967
1639:31606140
1598:23312067
1549:11931142
1476:14657103
1400:16308337
1356:19237557
1212:Jakobida
1047:See also
915:Amorphea
834:Jakobida
695:mitosome
570:Jakobida
532:Neolouka
398:amoeboid
339:Tsukubea
265:flagella
253:mitosome
206:Protista
178:Excavata
171:axostyle
159:Jakobida
145:see text
124:Excavata
110:Domain:
29:Excavata
5710:4170102
5687:2927065
5661:9096336
5622:Q691551
5304:Discoba
5169:Plants
5141:Picozoa
4987:Gyrista
4894:Myzozoa
4747:Provora
4653:Filozoa
4609:Holozoa
4517:Cutosea
4433:Animals
4354:Archaea
3286:Liburna
3271:Karavia
2892:Lulidae
2739:Lunosea
2573:Jakobea
2552:Discoba
2525:Animals
2446:Archaea
2317:Bibcode
2258:bioRxiv
2219:8175051
2141:Bibcode
2109:8790385
2069:Bibcode
2020:Bibcode
1984:2880060
1927:8345874
1868:1713255
1783:Bibcode
1747:5936906
1726:Bibcode
1690:5793813
1589:4927265
1347:2656170
1324:Bibcode
1282:Giardia
1072:Euglena
1057:Gallery
821:Discoba
574:Discoba
558:cristae
475:Giardia
406:Jakobea
391:Acrasis
364:,
361:Euglena
257:cristae
195:Giardia
132:), 2002
55:Archean
5723:536210
5707:uBio:
5700:212581
5648:305410
5577:groups
4959:Bigyra
4533:Obazoa
4411:Plants
4348:Domain
2503:Plants
2440:Domain
2353:
2345:
2337:
2288:
2278:
2260:
2250:Nature
2226:
2216:
2177:
2167:
2159:
2107:
2097:
2089:
2040:
1991:
1981:
1973:
1934:
1924:
1883:
1875:
1865:
1857:
1803:
1754:
1744:
1697:
1687:
1645:
1637:
1596:
1586:
1547:
1505:
1474:
1398:
1354:
1344:
670:, the
662:as an
412:Jakoba
400:forms
298:, and
5718:WoRMS
5529:CRuMs
4591:Fungi
4438:Fungi
2530:Fungi
2351:S2CID
2204:(5).
2100:38483
1643:S2CID
1173:sp. (
214:basal
5581:bold
4786:TSAR
2343:PMID
2335:ISSN
2286:PMID
2224:PMID
2175:PMID
2157:ISSN
2105:PMID
2087:ISSN
2038:PMID
1989:PMID
1971:ISSN
1932:PMID
1873:PMID
1855:ISSN
1801:PMID
1752:PMID
1695:PMID
1635:PMID
1594:PMID
1545:PMID
1503:ISBN
1472:PMID
1396:PMID
1352:PMID
1316:PNAS
1118:Bodo
1039:The
711:not
693:and
606:The
278:The
198:and
62:Had.
41:Pha.
5669:NBN
5656:EoL
5060:CAM
4816:SAR
2325:doi
2276:PMC
2268:doi
2254:618
2214:PMC
2206:doi
2165:PMC
2149:doi
2095:PMC
2077:doi
2028:doi
1979:PMC
1963:doi
1922:PMC
1912:doi
1863:PMC
1845:doi
1791:doi
1742:PMC
1734:doi
1685:PMC
1677:doi
1625:doi
1584:PMC
1576:doi
1537:doi
1462:doi
1426:doi
1386:doi
1342:PMC
1332:doi
1320:106
938:SAR
685:or
251:or
5742::
5720::
5697::
5684::
5671::
5658::
5633::
5618::
4167:/
4133:/
4129:/
4125:/
2349:.
2341:.
2333:.
2323:.
2313:31
2311:.
2307:.
2284:.
2274:.
2266:.
2252:.
2248:.
2236:^
2222:.
2212:.
2202:13
2200:.
2196:.
2173:.
2163:.
2155:.
2147:.
2135:.
2131:.
2117:^
2103:.
2093:.
2085:.
2075:.
2065:93
2063:.
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