663:"Particularly, we are forbidden such a degree of associating ourselves with (excommunicants), as there is in making them our guests at our tables, or in being their guests at their tables; as is manifest in the text, where we are commanded to have no company with them, no not to eat That this respects not eating with them at the Lord's supper, but a common eating, is evident by the words, that the eating here forbidden, is one of the lowest degrees of keeping company, which are forbidden. Keep no company with such a one, saith the apostle, no not to eat – as much as to say, no not in so low a degree as to eat with him. But eating with him at the Lord's supper, is the very highest degree of visible Christian communion. Who can suppose that the apostle meant this: Take heed and have no company with a man, no not so much as in the highest degree of communion that you can have? Besides, the apostle mentions this eating as a way of keeping company which, however, they might hold with the heathen. He tells them, not to keep company with fornicators. Then he informs them, he means not with fornicators of this world, that is, the heathens; but, saith he, 'if any man that is called a brother be a fornicator, etc. with such a one keep no company, no not to eat.' This makes it most apparent, that the apostle doth not mean eating at the Lord's table; for so, they might not keep company with the heathens, any more than with an excommunicated person".
231:
306:
44:
352:(August 28, 1794) condemned the notion which maintained that the effect of excommunication is only exterior because of its own nature it excludes only from exterior communion with the Church, as if, said the pope, excommunication were not a spiritual penalty binding in heaven and affecting souls. The excommunicated person, being excluded from the society of the Church, still bears the indelible mark of Baptism and is subject to the jurisdiction of the Church. They are excluded from engaging in certain activities. These activities are listed in Canon 1331 §1, and prohibit the individual from any ministerial participation in celebrating the sacrifice of the Eucharist or any other ceremonies of worship; celebrating or receiving the sacraments; or exercising any ecclesiastical offices, ministries, or functions.
1045:", a group of intellectuals and professors, five of whom were excommunicated and the sixth disfellowshipped. However, church policy dictates that local leaders are responsible for membership withdrawal, without influence from church headquarters. The church thus argues that this policy is evidence against any systematic persecution of scholars or dissenters. Data shows per-capita excommunication rates among the LDS Church have varied dramatically over the years, from a low of about 1 in 6,400 members in the early 1900s to one in 640 by the 1970s, an increase which has been speculatively attributed to "informal guidance from above" in enforcing the growing list of possible transgressions added to
271:
2116:"Canonists usually treat of excommunication in their commentaries on the Corpus Juris Canonici, at the title De sententia excommunicationis (lib. V, tit. xxxix). Moralists deal with it apropos of the treatise on censures (De Censuris). One of the best works is that of D'Annibale Summula Theologiæ moralis (5th ed., Rome, 1908). For details consult the numerous commentaries on the Constitution Apostolicæ Sedis. Special works by ancient writers: Avila, De censuris (Lyons, 1608); Suarez, De censuris (Coimbra, 1603). Altieri, De censuris ecclesiasticis (Rome, 1618). – Cf. Kober, Der Kirchenbann (Tübingen, 1857)."
1106:
talk to elders at any time but must apply in writing to be considered for reinstatement into the congregation. Elders consider each case individually, and are instructed to ensure "that sufficient time has passed for the disfellowshipped person to prove that his profession of repentance is genuine". A judicial committee meets with the individual to determine their repentance, and if this is established, the person is reinstated into the congregation and may participate with the congregation in their formal ministry (such as house-to-house preaching).
735:, states that "Any member of our church who is accused of neglect of the means of grace or other duties required by the Word of God, the indulgence of sinful tempers, words or actions, the sowing of dissension, or any other violation of the order and discipline of the church, may, after proper labor and admonition, be censured, placed on probation, or expelled by the official board of the circuit of which he is a member. If he request a trial, however, within thirty dates of the final action of the official board, it shall be granted."
356:
1086:
typical family contact may continue, but without spiritual fellowship such as family Bible study and religious discussions. Parents of disfellowshipped minors living in the family home may continue to attempt to convince the child about the group's teachings. Jehovah's
Witnesses believe that this form of discipline encourages the disfellowshipped individual to conform to biblical standards and prevents the person from influencing other members of the congregation.
2095:
4805:
475:. It is not expulsion from the churches. This can happen for such reasons as not having confessed within that year; excommunication can also be imposed as part of a penitential period. It is generally done with the goal of restoring the member to full communion. Before an excommunication of significant duration is imposed, the bishop is usually consulted. The Eastern Orthodox do have a means of expulsion, by pronouncing
1241:). Offenses that may be grounds for expulsion include marrying a non-member, having a romantic relationship with a non-member, becoming pregnant out of wedlock (unless the couple marries before the child is born) and most especially disagreeing with the church administration. An expelled member can be re-admitted by pledging obedience to the church administration and its rules, values and teachings.
1090:
in the
Witnesses literature have been the subject of investigation in the UK to determine if they violate religious hatred laws. Sociologist Andrew Holden claims many Witnesses who would otherwise defect because of disillusionment with the organization and its teachings, remain affiliated out of fear of being shunned and losing contact with friends and family members. Shunning employs what is known
459:
to be removed from participation in the Divine
Liturgy and any public celebrations of divine worship. They are forbidden to make use of any privileges granted to them and cannot be given any dignity, office, ministry, or function in the church, they cannot receive any pension or emoluments associated with these dignities etc., and they are deprived of the right to vote or to be elected.
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have not "mended their ways" may cause an interecclesial breach. The original ecclesia may notify the
Christadelphian Magazine that the third party ecclesia is interfering in their own discipline of their own member, and news of refellowship will be blocked from News From the Ecclesias, and consequently the community as a whole will not recognise the refellowship. See Booker, G.
1415:, this group, known as the Guptis, were excommunicated from the caste completely as they appeared to be breaking caste solidarity. This was also significant for the Gupti community as, for the first time, they could be identified as a distinct group based on their religious persuasion. Some of the more daring Guptis also abandoned their former practice of
511:, as well as their impious writings, as also all other heretics already condemned and anathematized by the Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church, and by the aforesaid four Holy Synods and all those who have held and hold or who in their impiety persist in holding to the end the same opinion as those heretics just mentioned: let him be anathema."
1159:
assessment of whether the individual has "turned away" from (ceased) the course of action considered immoral by the church. This can be complex when dealing with cases of divorce and subsequent remarriage, with different positions adopted by different ecclesias, but generally within the main "Central" grouping, such cases can be accommodated.
821:, the purposes of withdrawing membership or imposing membership restrictions are, (1) to help protect others; (2) to help a person access the redeeming power of Jesus Christ through repentance; and (3) to protect the integrity of the Church. The origins of LDS disciplinary procedures and excommunications are traced to a revelation
63:. Since few details were provided to the artist, Vasari chose to paint an excommunication scene generically. In the traditional excommunication procedure, the pope and his priests would hurl burning candles on the ground and stamp them out. The painter however here chose to show the pope personally stepping on the emperor.
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some members, they may seek to find a third party ecclesia which is willing to "refellowship" the member instead. According to the
Ecclesial Guide a third party ecclesia may also take the initiative to "refellowship" another meeting's member. However this cannot be done unilaterally, as this would constitute
1264:
By the late 1990s, several churches were using the West Shore UU Church's policy as a model. If someone is threatening, disruptive, or distracting from the appeal of the church to its membership, a church using this model has three recommended levels of response to the offending individual. While the
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Along with breaches of the
Witnesses' moral code, openly disagreeing with the teachings of Jehovah's Witnesses is considered grounds for shunning. These persons are labeled as "apostates" and are described in Watch Tower Society literature as "mentally diseased". Descriptions of "apostates" appearing
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monastic community monks can be expelled from monasteries for heresy or other acts. In addition, monks have four vows, called the four defeats, which are abstaining from sexual intercourse, stealing, murder, and lying about spiritual gains (e.g., having special power or ability to perform miracles).
1141:
In such cases, the person involved is usually required to discuss the issues. If they do not conform, the church ('meeting' or 'ecclesia') is recommended by the management committee ("Arranging
Brethren") to vote on disfellowshipping the person. These procedures were formulated 1863 onwards by early
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Each year, congregation elders are instructed to consider meeting with disfellowshipped individuals to determine changed circumstances and encourage them to pursue reinstatement. Reinstatement is not automatic after a certain time period, nor is there a minimum duration; disfellowshipped persons may
1085:
Disfellowshipping is a severing of friendly relationships between all
Jehovah's Witnesses and the disfellowshipped person. Interaction with extended family is typically restricted to a minimum, such as presence at the reading of wills and providing essential care for the elderly. Within a household,
458:
Those under major excommunication are in addition forbidden to receive not only the
Eucharist but also the other sacraments, to administer sacraments or sacramentals, to exercise any ecclesiastical offices, ministries, or functions whatsoever, and any such exercise by them is null and void. They are
3569:
An exception noted in
Roberts' Ecclesial Guide is where the original meeting is known for having a position out of step with other ecclesias. In practice however such cases are extremely unusual and the attempt to refellowship another ecclesia's member when the original ecclesia considers that they
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expelled one, suspended three, and caused one to resign without eligibility for reinstatement. While the CCAR and RCA were relatively shy about their reasons for expelling rabbis, the RA was more open about its reasons for kicking rabbis out. Reasons for expulsion from the three conferences include
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After excommunication, it would depend upon the caste-council whether they would accept any form of repentance (ritual or otherwise) or not. Such current examples of excommunication in Hinduism are often more political or social rather than religious, for example the excommunication of lower castes
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Behavioural cases. Many cases regarding moral issues tend to involve relational matters such as marriage outside the faith, divorce and remarriage (which is considered adultery in some circumstances by some ecclesias), or homosexuality. Reinstatement for moral issues is determined by the ecclesia's
1101:
Disassociation is a form of shunning where a member expresses verbally or in writing that they do not wish to be associated with Jehovah's Witnesses, rather than for having committed any specific 'sin'. Elders may also decide that an individual has disassociated, without any formal statement by the
539:
Many Lutheran denominations operate under the premise that the entire congregation (as opposed to the pastor alone) must take appropriate steps for excommunication, and there are not always precise rules, to the point where individual congregations often set out rules for excommunicating laymen (as
3503:
The term "withdraw from" is frequently found as a synonym for "disfellowship" in older Christadelphian ecclesial news entries, but this usage is less common today since it is now more widely realised that the term "withdraw from" in 2Th.3:6, 1Tim.6:5 is not describing the full "turn over to Satan"
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that have emerged throughout history, papal excommunication has no exact equivalent in Islam, at least insofar as the attitudes of any conflicting religious authorities with regard to an individual or another sect are judged to be coordinate, not subordinate to one another. Nonetheless, condemning
385:
and from taking an active part in the liturgy (reading, bringing the offerings, etc.). "Excommunicates lose rights, such as the right to the sacraments, but they are still bound to the obligations of the law; their rights are restored when they are reconciled through the remission of the penalty."
195:
has the sole authority to declare a person a Covenant-breaker, and once identified, all Bahá'ís are expected to shun them, even if they are family members. According to 'Abdu'l Baha Covenant-breaking is a contagious disease. The Bahá'í writings forbid association with Covenant-breakers and Bahá'ís
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The mechanics of "refellowship" follow the reverse of the original process; the individual makes an application to the "ecclesia", and the "Arranging Brethren" give a recommendation to the members who vote. If the "Arranging Brethren" judge that a vote may divide the ecclesia, or personally upset
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Evenson wrote: "I had a strong defense for my position , but as I met with administrators, including President Rex Lee and Provost (now General Authority) Bruce Hafen, it became clear that they weren't interested in hearing why I was writing; they were interested in getting me to stop writing."
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for behaviour inconsistent with the sense of the meeting. In Britain a meeting may record a minute of disunity. However it is the responsibility of each meeting, quarterly meeting, and yearly meeting, to act with respect to their own members. For example, during the Vietnam War many Friends were
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has often been practiced through the courts. More recently, cases have taken place where individuals have been considered nonbelievers. These decisions followed lawsuits against individuals, mainly in response to their writings that some have viewed as anti-Islamic. The most famous cases are of
395:
excommunication. For instance, a priest may not refuse Communion publicly to those who are under an automatic excommunication, as long as it has not been officially declared to have been incurred by them, even if the priest knows that they have incurred it—although if the person's offence was a
1212:
In 17th- and 18th-Century North America, before the founding of abolitionist societies, Friends who too forcefully tried to convince their coreligionists of the evils of slavery were read out of meeting. Benjamin Lay was read out of the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting for this. During the American
762:
communities use the "ban", separation and correction on baptized members that fall into sin. Separated members must be avoided or "shunned" until they repent and reform. Shunning must be done in the spirit of moderation and christian charity; the aim is not to destroy but to reform the person.
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A distinction can be detected between these three reasons in that which of the three applies is usually made clear in the notice which the ecclesia will post in the Ecclesial News section of The Christadelphian. This is since one purpose is to make other ecclesias aware lest the member try to
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denomination, has a wide diversity of opinions and sentiments. Nonetheless, Unitarian Universalists have had to deal with disruptive individuals. Congregations which had no policies on disruptive individuals have sometimes found themselves having to create such policies, up to (and including)
1162:
Doctrinal cases. Changes of belief on what Christadelphians call "first principle" doctrines are difficult to accommodate unless the individual agrees to not teach or spread them, since the body has a documented Statement of Faith which informally serves as a basis of ecclesial membership and
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that church censures do not "consign those who are excommunicated to perpetual ruin and damnation", but are designed to induce repentance, reconciliation and restoration to communion. Calvin notes, "though ecclesiastical discipline does not allow us to be on familiar and intimate terms with
840:
Formal membership restrictions are used for serious sins that do not rise to the level of membership withdrawal. Formal membership restriction denies some privileges but does not include a loss of church membership. Once formal membership restrictions are in place, persons may not take the
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The Church of England does not have any specific canons regarding how or why a member can be excommunicated, although it has a canon according to which ecclesiastical burial may be refused to someone "declared excommunicate for some grievous and notorious crime and no man to testify to his
1153:
Christadelphians typically avoid the term "excommunication" which many associate with the Catholic Church; and may feel the word carries implications they do not agree with, such as undue condemnation and punishment, as well as failing to recognise the remedial intention of the measure.
551:, excommunicated individuals are turned out from their parish in front of their congregation. They are not forbidden, however, to attend church and participate in other acts of devotion, although they are to sit in a place appointed by the priest (which was at a distance from others).
929:
determines whether withdrawal of membership or a lesser sanction is warranted. He does this in consultation with his two counselors, with the bishop making the final determination after prayer. The decision of a ward membership council can be appealed to the stake president.
836:
The LDS Church also practices the lesser sanctions of private counsel and caution and informal and formal membership restrictions. (Informal membership restrictions was formerly known as "probation"; formal membership restrictions was formerly known as "disfellowshipment".)
527:
and "other fellowship in the church". While the "great" excommunication excluded a person from both the church and political communities which he considered to be outside the authority of the church and only for civil leaders. A modern Lutheran practice is laid out in the
400:. On the other hand, if the priest knows that excommunication has been imposed on someone or that an automatic excommunication has been declared (and is no longer merely an undeclared automatic excommunication), he is forbidden to administer Holy Communion to that person.
997:
Notices of withdrawal of membership may be made public, especially in cases of apostasy, where members could be misled. However, the specific reasons for individual withdrawal of membership are typically kept confidential and are seldom made public by church leadership.
419:) by a priest or bishop empowered to do this. "The absolution can be in the internal (private) forum only, or also in the external (public) forum, depending on whether scandal would be given if a person were privately absolved and yet publicly considered unrepentant."
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interecclesial fellowship. Those who are disfellowshipped for reasons of differing belief rarely return, because they are expected to conform to an understanding with which they do not agree. Holding differing beliefs on fundamental matters is considered as error and
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is formed. This committee investigates the case and determines the magnitude of the sin committed. If the person is deemed guilty of a disfellowshipping offense, the committee then decides, on the basis of the person's attitude and "works befitting repentance".
1350:
for a very wide variety of infringements of caste prohibitions. This may or may not be recoverable. However, some of the modern organised sects within Hinduism may practice something equivalent to excommunication today, by ousting a person from their own sect.
1228:
practices expulsion of members it deems to have gravely sinned or gone against the teachings and doctrines of the church. The Sanggunian, the church's council, has jurisdiction to expel members from the church. People expelled by the church are referred to as
651:
18:17). Adams writes, "Nowhere in the Bible is excommunication (removal from the fellowship of the Lord's Table, according to Adams) equated with what happens in step 5; rather, step 5 is called 'removing from the midst, handing over to Satan,' and the like."
815:, actions that significantly impair the name or moral influence of the church or pose a threat to other people. In 2020, the church ceased using the term "excommunication" and instead refers to "withdrawal of membership". According to the church leadership
177:
is rare and generally not used for transgressions of community standards, intellectual dissent, or conversion to other religions. Instead, it is the most severe punishment, reserved for suppressing organized dissent that threatens the unity of believers.
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the person no longer wants to have anything to do with Jehovah's people and is determined to remain in a false religion? They would then simply announce to the congregation that such one has disassociated himself and thus is no longer one of Jehovah's
1171:
In the case of adultery and divorce, the passage of time usually means a member can be restored if he or she wants to be. In the case of ongoing behaviour, cohabitation, homosexual activity, then the terms of the suspension have not been met.
2392:
676:, individuals were able to be excommunicated following "trial before a jury of his peers, and after having had the privilege of an appeal to a higher court". Nevertheless, an excommunication could be lifted after sufficient
3288:
The second situation involves a person who renounces his standing in the congregation by joining a secular organization whose purpose is contrary to counsel such as that found at Isaiah 2:4, ... neither will they learn war
1024:
Some critics have charged that LDS Church leaders have used the threat of membership withdrawal to silence or punish church members and researchers who disagree with established policy and doctrine, who study or discuss
724:, includes "homosexuality, lesbianism, bi-sexuality, bestiality, incest, fornication, adultery, and any attempt to alter one's gender by surgery", as well as remarriage after divorce among its excommunicable offences.
853:, pay tithes and offerings, and participate in church classes if their conduct is orderly. Formal membership restrictions typically lasts for one year, after which one may be reinstated as a member in good standing.
1701:
sexual misconduct, failure to comply with ethics investigations, setting up conversion groups without the conference's approval, stealing money from congregations, other financial misconduct, and getting arrested.
1102:
individual, by actions such as accepting a blood transfusion, or for joining another religious or military organization. Individuals who are deemed by the elders to have disassociated are given no right of appeal.
250:, that God inflicts "maledictions and excommunications" on all who abandon a child of theirs whom they have the means to rear, and that they cannot be absolved unless they first refund all expenses incurred.
1133:
call their form of excommunication "disfellowshipping", though they do not practice "shunning". Disfellowshipping can occur for moral reasons, changing beliefs, or (in some ecclesias) for not attending
1708:, and so decisions to exclude from a community of worship often depend on the congregation. Congregational bylaws sometimes enable the board of a synagogue to ask individuals to leave or not to enter.
1150:(colloquially "The Ecclesial Guide"). However Christadelphians justify and apply their practice not only from this document but also from passages such as the exclusion in 1Co.5 and recovery in 2Co.2.
933:
The following list of variables serves as a general set of guidelines for when membership withdrawal or lesser action may be warranted, beginning with those more likely to result in severe sanction:
155:
3547:, in The Christadelphian, in a typical year (Jan.–Dec. 2006) contained only two suspensions for doctrinal reasons in the UK, both indicating that the member had already left of his/her own choice.
1580:) means a definitive declaration that denounces a person as a kāfir ("infidel"). However, because such a charge would entail serious consequences for the accused, who would then be deemed to be a
589:
Historian Christopher Hill found that, in pre-revolutionary England, excommunication was common but fell into disrepute because it was applied unevenly and could be avoided on payment of fines.
3234:
It would be best if he did this in a brief letter to the elders, but even if he unequivocally states orally that he is renouncing his standing as a Witness, the elders can deal with the matter.
1026:
321:
that "excommunicated persons are not members of the Church, because they have been cut off by her sentence from the number of her children and belong not to her communion until they repent".
1066:
practice a form of excommunication, using the term "disfellowshipping", in cases where a member is believed to have unrepentantly committed one or more of several documented "serious sins".
1265:
first level involves dialogue between a committee or clergy member and the offender, the second and third levels involve expulsion, either from the church itself or a church activity.
2396:
3755:
3556:
Christadelphians interpret the "epitimia of the majority" 2Co.2:6 in different ways; some consider it the majority of all members, some the majority of elders. See Whittaker H.A.,
4195:
659:, addresses the notion of excommunication as "removal from the fellowship of the Lord's Table" in his treatise entitled "The Nature and End of Excommunication". Edwards argues:
892:
states that formally joining another church constitutes apostasy and is worthy of membership withdrawal; however, merely attending another church does not constitute apostasy.
856:
In the more grievous or recalcitrant cases, withdrawal of membership becomes a disciplinary option. Such an action is generally reserved for what are seen as the most serious
230:
993:
Evidence of repentance: Sorrow for sin, and demonstrated commitment to repentance, as well as faith in Jesus Christ all play a role in determining the severity of discipline.
899:. Formerly called a "disciplinary council" or a "church court", the councils were renamed to avoid focusing on guilt and instead to emphasize the availability of repentance.
1679:
Rabbinical conferences of movements do expel members from time to time, but sometimes choose the lesser penalty of censuring the offending rabbi. Between 2010 and 2015, the
1058:
3251:
transfusions have been relegated to 'non-disfellowshipping events' ... If a member has a transfusion, they will, by their actions disassociate themselves from the religion.
340:'s twenty-third proposition according to which "excommunications are merely external punishments, nor do they deprive a man of the common spiritual prayers of the Church".
136:, depending on the group, the offense that caused excommunication, or the rules or norms of the religious community. The grave act is often revoked in response to manifest
411:, profession of the Creed (if the offense involved heresy) and an Act of Faith, or renewal of obedience (if that was a relevant part of the offending act, i.e., an act of
751:
communities practice variations of excommunication known as "shunning". This practice may include isolation from community events or the cessation of all communication.
4502:
1291:
Most Japanese Buddhist sects hold ecclesiastical authority over their followers and have their own rules for expelling members of the sangha, lay or bishopric. The lay
945:
in the LDS Church. Violated covenants that might result in excommunication are usually those surrounding marriage covenants, temple covenants, and priesthood covenants.
1576:("the (e)migration")) or someone (used in the Qur'an in the case of disciplining a dissonant or disobedient wife or avoiding a harmful person). The latter (تَكْفِير,
948:
Position of trust or authority: The person's position in the church hierarchy factors into the decision. It is considered more serious when a sin is committed by an
443:
excommunication. A distinction is made between minor and major excommunication. Those on whom minor excommunication has been imposed are excluded from receiving the
1041:
professor and writer whose fiction came under criticism from BYU officials and LDS Leadership. Another notable case of excommunication from the LDS Church was the "
640:
excommunicated persons, still we ought to strive by all possible means to bring them to a better mind, and recover them to the fellowship and unity of the Church."
381:
Under current Catholic canon law, excommunicates remain bound by ecclesiastical obligations such as attending Mass, even though they are barred from receiving the
4313:
2984:
2967:
2932:
2915:
2898:
2297:
2272:
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1411:), but never found it objectionable or Islamic. However, in the early 1930s, after some conflict with caste members due to their profession of allegiance to the
1094:
in psychological literature. When used by church members and member-spouse parents against excommunicant parents it contains elements of what psychologists call
1078:
212:
The purpose of excommunication is to exclude from the church those members who have behaviors or teachings contrary to the beliefs of a Christian community (
4265:
1737:
109:
have also been known to excommunicate members that were either seen or known for breaking rules, or questioning the church, a practice known as shunning.
1005:. Such persons are permitted to attend church meetings but participation is limited: they cannot offer public prayers, preach sermons, and cannot enter
2152:
987:
Time between transgression and confession: If the sin was committed in the distant past, and there has not been repetition, leniency may be considered.
786:, excommunication is used as a last resort by denominations and churches for members who do not want to repent of beliefs or behavior at odds with the
305:
4529:
4477:
4359:
1205:'s position on war which seemed at odds with their beliefs; however, it was the responsibility of Nixon's own meeting, the East Whittier Meeting of
1727:
4226:
3008:
2105:
804:
686:, the founder of the Methodist Churches, excommunicated sixty-four members from the Newcastle Methodist society alone for the following reasons:
74:
used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it, in particular those of being in
4788:
2617:
Cyclopaedia of Methodism: Embracing Sketches of Its Rise, Progress, and Present Condition, with Biographical Notices and Numerous Illustrations
1979:
647:
argues that in excommunication, the offender is still seen as a brother, but in the final step they become "as the heathen and tax collector" (
3411:
For the protection of our children, a man known to have been a child molester does not qualify for a responsible position in the congregation.
2807:
1342:, hence Hinduism has no concept of excommunication and hence no Hindu may be ousted from the Hindu religion, though a person may easily lose
4177:
3422:
In fact, the earliest use of the term in their literature refers to the disfellowship of their founder, John Thomas, by Alexander Campbell:
523:
Luther differentiates between the "great" and "small" excommunication. The "small" excommunication is simply barring an individual from the
3460:
43:
3762:
4295:
1662:, when local Jewish communities lost their political autonomy, and Jews were integrated into the gentile nations in which they lived. A
4053:
2951:
1376:) and was often with serious consequences, such as abasement of the person's caste status and even throwing him into the sphere of the
1113:
for at least one year. Serious sins involving child sex abuse permanently disqualify the sinner from appointment to any congregational
903:
1098:. Extreme shunning may cause trauma to the shunned (and to their dependents) similar to what is studied in the psychology of torture.
2854:
4356:
Esau, Alvin J., "The Courts and the Colonies: The Litigation of Hutterite Church Disputes", Univ of British Columbia Press, 2004.
1625:. The repercussions of such cases have included divorce, since under traditional interpretations of Islamic law, Muslim women are
1572:) signifies the act of abandoning somewhere (such as migration, as in the Islamic prophet's journey out of Mecca, which is called
849:, nor may they offer public prayers or sermons. Such persons may continue to attend most church functions and are allowed to wear
2664:
2246:
717:
4159:
3521:
Generally Christadelphians do not consider remarriage as adultery, but adultery is often at the root of a marriage breakup. See
3057:
4203:
981:
Age, maturity, and experience: Those who are young in age, or immature in their understanding, are typically afforded leniency.
566:
4363:
3620:
2723:
2126:
4522:
3662:
2840:
2029:
1955:
1909:
1882:
1797:
1683:
4493:
519:
Although Lutheranism technically has an excommunication process, some denominations and congregations do not use it. In the
188:': actively promoting schism in the religion or otherwise opposing the legitimacy of the chain of succession of leadership.
4840:
2467:
1758:
The power and the glorification : papal pretensions and the art of propaganda in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
635:
1423:
as Hindus, claiming that since they had been excommunicated, the caste no longer had any jurisdiction over their actions.
1399:
from the Hindu Kachhiya caste. Interestingly, Hindu members of this caste began prayers with the inclusion of the mantra “
1017:. A person whose membership has been withdrawn may be re-baptized after a waiting period of at least one year and sincere
4712:
2835:
629:
sees it as the third step after "admonition" and "suspension from the sacrament of the Lord's Supper for a season." Yet,
622:
586:
The punishment of imprisonment for being excommunicated from the Church of England was removed from English law in 1963.
124:
means putting a specific individual or group out of communion. In some denominations, excommunication includes spiritual
3896:
1600:, " innovation; heresy") followed by shunning and excommunication have historically preponderated over apostasy trials.
2181:
1765:
1550:
Islamic theologians commonly employ two terms when describing measurements to be taken against schismatics and heresy:
1517:
1288:
If any one is broken, the monk is automatically a layman again and can never become a monk in his or her current life.
643:
At least one modern Reformed theologian argues that excommunication is not the final step in the disciplinary process.
529:
185:
184:
is a term used by Bahá'ís to refer to a person who has been excommunicated from the Bahá'í community for breaking the '
3436:
circumvent the suspension by simply going to another ecclesia. See "Christadelphians, fellowship" in Bryan R. Wilson,
3098:
4679:
4344:
4030:
3996:
3969:
2376:
225:
101:, but it is also used more generally to refer to similar types of institutional religious exclusionary practices and
2197:
216:). It aims to protect members of the church from abuses and allow the offender to recognize their error and repent.
4845:
4835:
4707:
4515:
4247:
3198:
2171:
1143:
480:
382:
60:
3855:
3787:
3708:
4273:
2532:
626:
3034:
1167:, which can limit a person's salvation. However, in practice disfellowship for doctrinal reasons is now unusual.
4766:
978:
Magnitude: How often, how many individuals were impacted, and who is aware of the sin factor into the decision.
492:
2634:
1388:, since it was presumed he/she would be forced to break caste restrictions and, as a result, become polluted.
774:
communities use a form of excommunication called "the ban" on baptized members that fall into sin repeatedly.
302:(incurred only when imposed by a legitimate superior or declared as the sentence of an ecclesiastical court).
4669:
1690:
1626:
965:
942:
915:
842:
656:
554:
The Lutheran process, though rarely used, has created unusual situations in recent years due to its somewhat
158:
17:
235:
4657:
4652:
4592:
1535:
938:
455:
of excommunication must indicate the precise effect of the excommunication and, if required, its duration.
4365:
Ostracism: A Social and Biological Phenomenon, (Amish) Ostracism on Trial: The Limits of Individual Rights
3449:
The expected practice is to discuss first with 2 or 3 witnesses, as per Matt.18:15–20. See Wilson, op.cit.
296:(automatic, incurred at the moment of committing the offense for which canon law imposes that penalty) or
4597:
2682:
1722:
1412:
910:. In such a disciplinary council, the stake presidency and, sometimes in more difficult cases, the stake
728:
605:, and shares many canons with the Church of England which would determine its policy on excommunication.
569:) by individuals who tried to "lobby" Rader's fellow church members into voting for his excommunication.
533:
444:
4850:
4552:
3805:
961:
926:
673:
428:
192:
31:
3185:
Well, apostates are "mentally diseased", and they seek to infect others with their disloyal teachings.
1354:
In medieval and early-modern times (and sometimes even now) in South Asia, excommunication from one's
790:
of the community. The vote of community members, however, can restore a person who has been excluded.
451:. They can even be excluded from entering a church when divine worship is being celebrated there. The
3000:
896:
799:
434:
259:
4372:
1814:
984:
Interests of the innocent: How the discipline will impact innocent family members may be considered.
4830:
4572:
2481:
1705:
1257:
911:
479:, but this is reserved only for acts of serious and unrepentant heresy. As an example of this, the
281:
270:
201:
3137:
1213:
Revolution over 400 Friends were read out of meeting for their military participation or support.
4642:
4538:
2021:
Baha'is in Exile: An Account of Followers of Baha' U' llah Outside the Mainstream Baha'I Religion
1717:
1534:
Since there has been no universally and univocally recognized religious authority among the many
1471:
is a Sikh term which is sometimes translated into English as apostate. It refers to a person who
496:
468:
98:
35:
3830:
3464:
4441:
2948:
2947:
The procedure followed by a church membership council is described in church handbooks and the
1559:
1435:
1427:
1395:
Another example of caste-related violence and discrimination occurred in the case of the Gupti
1249:
1063:
826:
412:
162:
110:
4123:
3654:
3588:
2428:
2273:"Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum orientalium, die XVIII Octobris anno MCMXC – Ioannes Paulus PP. II"
4727:
4612:
3880:
3039:
2657:
The Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (Original Allegheny Conference)
2110:
2098: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1343:
1331:
1327:
1002:
2508:
1508:
Using an intoxicant (such as smoking, drinking alcohol, using recreational drugs or tobacco)
1314:
is too diverse to be seen as a homogenous and monolithic religion. It is often described an
196:
are urged to avoid their literature, thus providing an exception to the Bahá'í principle of
166:
4722:
4562:
4455:, (The Mennonite Experience in America #3), Scottdale, PA, Herald Press, p. 393, 1989.
2545:
1694:
1206:
1126:
359:
310:
174:
48:
2298:"Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum orientalium, die XVIII Octobris anno MCMXC – Ioannes Paulus PP"
1483:(Code of Conduct), Section Six states the transgressions which cause a person to become a
914:
attend. It is possible to appeal a decision of a stake membership council to the church's
544:
must be taken at Sunday services; some congregations require that this vote be unanimous.
8:
4684:
3066:
2546:"John Calvin: Institutes of the Christian Religion – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"
1697:
1030:
1006:
846:
787:
488:
254:
Within the Catholic Church, there are differences between the discipline of the majority
4436:
Land, Piety, Peoplehood: The Establishment of Mennonite Communities in America 1683–1790
4314:"Vilnius, Lithuania – Chabad Rabbi in Vilna Banned from Main Shul by the Jewish Kehilla"
1593:
1581:
4809:
4630:
4602:
4587:
3943:
3081:
3030:
2587:
2322:
1973:
1842:
1480:
1451:
990:
Voluntary confession: If a person voluntarily confesses the sin, leniency is suggested.
602:
555:
452:
90:
2250:
4759:
4739:
4717:
4557:
4424:
4340:
4119:
4026:
3992:
3965:
3947:
3935:
3658:
3054:
2422:
2372:
2177:
2025:
1961:
1951:
1905:
1878:
1834:
1793:
1761:
1669:
1659:
1513:
1385:
1292:
1223:
969:
953:
922:
907:
648:
618:
548:
520:
371:
94:
4465:
4096:
1846:
1274:
4674:
4663:
4577:
4337:
4111:
3927:
3678:
3624:
2836:
Excommunication and Church Courts: A Note from the General Handbook of Instructions
2442:
2223:
2130:
2058:
2000:
1926:
1870:
1830:
1826:
1687:
1673:
1618:
1377:
1367:
1253:
1234:
1130:
957:
817:
363:
318:
291:
180:
149:
3737:
1109:
A Witness who has been formally reproved or reinstated cannot be appointed to any
921:
For females and for male members not initiated into the Melchizedek priesthood, a
154:
4691:
4607:
4582:
4497:
4490:
4376:
4020:
3986:
3105:
3061:
2019:
1994:
1787:
1638:
1551:
1373:
1300:
807:(LDS Church) practices excommunication as a penalty for those who commit serious
614:
404:
243:
86:
56:
4453:
Vision, Doctrine, War: Mennonite Identity and Organization in America, 1890–1930
4733:
4636:
2323:"NPNF2-14. The Seven Ecumenical Councils - Christian Classics Ethereal Library"
2201:
1680:
1610:
1492:
1010:
850:
448:
347:
327:
52:
4115:
3931:
2989:. Salt Lake City, Utah: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 2020.
2972:. Salt Lake City, Utah: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 2020.
2937:. Salt Lake City, Utah: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 2020.
2920:. Salt Lake City, Utah: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 2020.
2903:. Salt Lake City, Utah: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 2020.
2886:. Salt Lake City, Utah: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 2020.
2080:
1899:
1296:
396:"manifest grave sin", then the priest is obliged to refuse their communion by
246:
once stood. The inscription declares, citing a 12 November 1548 papal bull of
27:
Censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community
4824:
4482:
4137:
3939:
2099:
1965:
1838:
1614:
1472:
1396:
1315:
1202:
1042:
1034:
877:
559:
483:
in 553, in its eleventh capitula, declared: "If anyone does not anathematize
437:, excommunication is imposed only by decree, never incurred automatically by
367:
337:
274:
247:
3682:
2986:
General Handbook: Serving in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
2969:
General Handbook: Serving in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
2934:
General Handbook: Serving in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
2917:
General Handbook: Serving in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
2900:
General Handbook: Serving in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
2883:
General Handbook: Serving in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1438:
by the then Vadtal acharya in 1906. He went on to form his own institution,
355:
4754:
3602:
3491:, Birmingham, 2006; previously serialised in The Christadelphian 2002–2003"
2570:
1455:
1001:
Those who have their membership withdrawn lose the right to partake of the
949:
822:
644:
562:
341:
255:
4507:
2696:
1945:
1874:
1760:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 140−141.
4744:
4296:"Convicted of soliciting a minor, rabbi is banned from DC-area synagogue"
2660:
1589:
1431:
865:
683:
630:
4503:
Jehovah's Witnesses press release regarding expulsion of child molesters
3246:
1499:
1319:
1284:
1177:
1117:, regardless of whether the sinner was convicted of any secular crime.
1018:
975:
Repetition: Repetition of a sin is more serious than a single instance.
771:
540:
opposed to clergy). For example, churches may sometimes require that a
536:, defined beginning at Questions No. 277–284, in "The Office of Keys".
416:
408:
333:
278:
4396:
D'anna, Lynnette, "Post-Mennonite Women Congregate to Address Abuse",
2752:
2004:
1866:
Theory of Religious Cycles: Tradition, Modernity, and the Bahá'í Faith
4567:
4389:
Stammer, Larry B., "Mormon Author Says He's Facing Excommunication",
2371:. St. Louis, MO: Concordia Publishing House. 1986. pp. 223–226.
1864:
1732:
1622:
1592:; an apostate), less extreme denunciations, such as an accusation of
1544:
1135:
888:; teaching false doctrine; or openly criticizing church leaders. The
759:
524:
500:
472:
397:
125:
79:
3915:
3486:
1604:
1564:
4804:
3461:"A Guide to the Formation and Conduct of Christadelphian Ecclesias"
1540:
1347:
1323:
1311:
1280:
1181:
1164:
885:
881:
873:
869:
783:
592:
504:
476:
374:
102:
75:
1547:
is comparable with the practice in non-Catholic Christian faiths.
1029:, or who may be involved in disputes with local, stake leaders or
1009:. Such individuals are also prohibited from wearing or purchasing
793:
4403:
Anonymous, "Atlanta Mennonite congregation penalized over gays",
4227:"Rabbi is Censured, Not Expelled, by Her Conservative Colleagues"
3964:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. 2004. p. 172.
3301:"Display Christian Loyalty When a Relative Is Disfellowshipped".
3199:"Jehovah's Witness Magazine Brands Defectors 'Mentally Diseased'"
3152:"Display Christian Loyalty When a Relative Is Disfellowshipped".
1904:(3rd ed.). New York: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 138.
1651:
1643:
1568:, "making or declaring to be a nonbeliever"). The former (هَجْر,
1476:
1404:
1193:
1148:
A Guide to the Formation and Conduct of Christadelphian Ecclesias
677:
137:
133:
71:
1362:
1209:, to act if indeed that meeting felt the leading. They did not.
617:, excommunication has generally been seen as the culmination of
4771:
4160:"When Reform Leaders Downplay Charges of Rabbis Behaving Badly"
2697:"Amish tradition of shunning is key to Ohio hair-cutting trial"
2046:
Nelson's Illustrated Bible Dictionary: New and Enhanced Edition
1573:
1529:
1416:
1381:
1335:
508:
415:) by the excommunicated person and the lifting of the censure (
239:
213:
4446:
An Introduction to Old Order and Conservative Mennonite Groups
4384:
Leaving the Saints: How I Lost the Mormons and Found My Faith
3621:"Holy Obedience: Corporate Discipline and Individual Leading"
3099:
Report: Academic Freedom and Tenure: Brigham Young University
1664:
1467:
1426:
An earlier example of excommunication in Hinduism is that of
1356:
1339:
1014:
861:
748:
598:
484:
129:
106:
78:
with other members of the congregation, and of receiving the
4412:
True Stories of the X-Amish: Banned, Excommunicated, Shunned
3591:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Independence Hall Association.
85:
It is practiced by all of the ancient churches (such as the
4749:
4478:
Ostracism on Trial: The Limits of Individual Rights (Amish)
4178:"Hamptons rabbi blames expulsion on mail snafu, not affair"
4097:"The Radical Application of the Islamist Concept of Takfir"
2170:
Beal, John P.; Coriden, James A.; Green, Thomas J. (2000).
1512:
These four kurahit causes of apostasy were first listed by
1447:
1138:(referred to as "the emblems" or "the breaking of bread").
1125:
Similarly to many groups having their origins in the 1830s
1021:, as judged by a series of interviews with church leaders.
541:
407:, excommunication is normally resolved by a declaration of
4196:"Expelled rabbi's role in High Holy Day service condemned"
4081:
2855:"LDS Church releases new handbook for leaders and members"
2443:"Operation Rescue Calls for Excommunication of BTK Killer"
2393:"Risen Savior Lutheran Church, Orlando, FL – Constitution"
1947:
The Bahá'ís of America: the growth of a religious movement
558:
excommunication process. One example was an effort to get
4467:
Excommunication, the Ban, Church Discipline and Avoidance
4067:
2482:"Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1963, section 82(4)"
1647:
1038:
895:
A withdrawal of membership can occur only after a formal
857:
808:
389:
These are the only effects for those who have incurred a
4369:
4095:
Badar, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki; Tueni, Tiphanie (2017).
3962:
The camphor flame: popular Hinduism and society in India
3218:
Pratt, International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, 1:192.
906:
holder is generally the province of the leadership of a
471:, excommunication is the exclusion of a member from the
1430:, who voluntarily left and was later expelled from the
1400:
3984:
3873:
3806:"Bhikkhu Pāṭimokkha: The Bhikkhus' Code of Discipline"
3082:
When Religion Encourages Abuse: Writing Father of Lies
2247:"Modern Catholic Dictionary "Absolution from censure""
309:
Threat of excommunication for stealing books from the
3648:
3618:
3534:
Carter, J. Marriage and Divorce, CMPA Birmingham 1955
1405:
in the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful
3709:"Iglesia ni Cristo can re-admit expelled Manalo kin"
2496:
Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England.
1738:
List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church
1704:
Judaism, like Unitarian Universalism, tends towards
1279:
There is no direct equivalent to excommunication in
128:
of the member or group. Excommunication may involve
447:and can also be excluded from participating in the
3954:
3088:, 8 October 1998, p. 5., accessed 15 November 2012
1815:"Marginality and apostasy in the Baha'i community"
1392:for refusing to work as scavengers in Tamil Nadu.
1334:) within Hinduism that teach slight variations of
1322:religion with a conspicuous absence of any listed
4431:, The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore.
4419:Crossing Over: One Woman's Escape from Amish Life
3916:"Taqiyya and Identity in a South Asian Community"
3889:
3735:
3605:. London: Religious Society of Friends (Quakers).
2679:The Discipline of the Evangelical Wesleyan Church
2198:"Edward McNamara, "Denying Communion to Someone""
1646:. It is the total exclusion of a person from the
1505:Cohabiting with a person other than one's spouse;
1479:, but violated the religious rules of Sikhi. The
1059:Jehovah's Witnesses and congregational discipline
242:, the church of the orphanage. This is where the
4822:
4248:"Who's Investigating Rabbis Who Cross the Line?"
4094:
4018:
3377:Pay Attention to Yourselves and to All the Flock
2169:
1728:Excommunication of actors by the Catholic Church
1069:When a member confesses to, or is accused of, a
825:dictated on 9 February 1831, later canonized as
794:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
593:Episcopal Church of the United States of America
4242:
4240:
3978:
3009:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
2808:"32. Repentance and Church Membership Councils"
1992:
1187:
1142:Christadelphians, and then in 1883 codified by
805:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
712:Nine-and-twenty for lightness and carelessness.
4789:Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma
3653:. University of Massachusetts Press. pp.
2610:
2608:
4523:
4393:, Los Angeles, CA.: 9 December 2004. p. A.34.
3856:"BBC Religions – Buddhism: Nichiren Buddhism"
3316:"Discipline That Can Yield Peaceable Fruit".
3147:
3145:
3122:"Discipline That Can Yield Peaceable Fruit".
2416:
2414:
1498:Eating the meat of an animal slaughtered the
1221:
925:membership council is held. In such cases, a
902:The decision to withdraw the membership of a
4405:The Atlanta Journal the Atlanta Constitution
4237:
4138:"My secret life as a gay ultra-Orthodox Jew"
3047:
2961:
2959:
2724:"A History of the Reformed Mennonite Church"
2628:
2626:
2103:
422:
4537:
4438:, Herald Press: Kitchener & Scottdale.
3179:"Will You Heed Jehovah's Clear Warnings?".
2830:
2828:
2605:
2352:
2024:. Dorrance Publishing. pp. xxxi–xxxv.
1792:. Cambridge University Press. p. 115.
1409:om farmānjī bi’smi’l-lāh al-raḥmān al-raḥīm
655:Former Princeton president and theologian,
438:
390:
345:
325:
297:
289:
117:to refer to their form of excommunication.
4530:
4516:
3991:. Cambridge University Press. p. 54.
3731:
3729:
3247:"Jehovah's Witnesses drop transfusion ban"
3142:
2411:
2200:. Zenit.org. 27 March 2012. Archived from
1978:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1539:heterodoxy and punishing heretics through
565:excommunicated from his denomination (the
462:
258:regarding excommunication and that of the
4448:, Good Books: Intercourse, Pennsylvania.
3738:"Policies for Handling Disruptive People"
3706:
3623:. New York Yearly Meeting. Archived from
3126:. Watch Tower Society: 26. 15 April 1988.
3055:BYU Professor Under Fire for Violent Book
2956:
2623:
2369:Luther's Small Catechism with Explanation
1642:is the highest ecclesiastical censure in
1244:
4471:Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia
4414:, Horse Cave KY: Nue Leben, Inc., 1998.
3644:
3642:
3614:
3612:
3214:
3212:
2825:
2721:
2649:
2087:
2081:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Excommunication"
1996:Baha'ism: History, transfiguration, doxa
1943:
1676:may also limit religious participation.
1454:was the rightful spiritual successor to
354:
304:
269:
229:
200:. Most Bahá'ís are unaware of the small
153:
42:
4407:, Atlanta, GA: 2 January 1999. p. F.01.
4266:"Getting kicked out of shul – Articles"
4012:
3831:"The Buddhist Monastic Code: Chapter 4"
3726:
3487:"See discussion of 1Co.5 in Ashton, M.
3458:
2671:
2665:Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection
2635:"What Would John Wesley Expel You For?"
2614:
2588:"The Nature and End of Excommunication"
2353:Kolb, Robert; Wengert, Timothy (2000).
2249:. Catholicreference.net. Archived from
2244:
2173:New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law
1924:
1862:
738:
718:Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection
14:
4823:
4224:
3913:
3756:"Policy regarding disruptive behavior"
3346:"Always Accept Jehovah's Discipline".
3160:
3029:
2420:
1863:Sergeev, Mikhail (17 September 2015).
1192:Among many of the Society of Friends (
1052:
941:are made in conjunction with specific
567:Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
4511:
3988:Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism
3639:
3609:
3394:. Watch Tower Society. December 1974.
3209:
2841:Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2778:Historical Dictionary of the Baptists
2632:
2395:. Lutheransonline.com. Archived from
1897:
1812:
1785:
1684:Central Conference of American Rabbis
1384:. In the 19th century, a Hindu faced
572:
70:is an institutional act of religious
3707:Francisco, Katerina (23 July 2015).
3677:
3197:Hart, Benjamin (28 September 2011).
3196:
2577:(Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1986), 74.
2114:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2017:
1858:
1856:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1755:
1216:
1184:of the original ecclesia's members.
698:Two for retailing spiritous liquors.
636:Institutes of the Christian Religion
608:
577:
514:
47:Fanciful 16th-century fresco in the
4713:Church and state in medieval Europe
4025:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 99.
3736:Donald E. Skinner (15 April 1998).
3523:Reflections on Marriage and Divorce
3379:. Watch Tower Society. p. 129.
2780:, Scarecrow Press, US, 2009, p. 183
2224:"1983 Code of Canon Law, canon 915"
2018:Ph.D, Vernon Elvin Johnson (2020).
1789:An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith
1650:community. Except for cases in the
1120:
708:One for idleness and laziness. And,
706:Four for railing and evil-speaking.
700:Three for quarrelling and brawling.
317:The Catholic Church teaches in the
30:For non-religious equivalents, see
24:
4334:Encyclopedia of American Religions
4225:Berger, Joseph (27 January 2005).
3525:, The Christadelphian, Birmingham.
2783:
2153:"Catechism of the Catholic Church"
2127:"Code of Canon Law, canon 1331 §1"
2048:, Thomas Nelson Inc., 2014, p. 378
1869:. Brill | Rodopi. pp. 94–95.
694:Two for habitual Sabbath-breaking.
219:
198:independent investigation of truth
105:among other religious groups. The
25:
4862:
4680:Norman conquest of southern Italy
4459:
3440:, University of California, 1961
2468:"Canons of the Church of England"
2357:. Augsburg Fortress. p. 323.
2108:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1853:
1774:
1440:Bochasanwasi Swaminarayan Sanstha
829:, section 42 and codified in the
704:Three for habitual, wilful lying.
226:Excommunication (Catholic Church)
4803:
4491:The two sides of excommunication
4306:
4288:
4258:
4218:
4188:
4170:
4152:
4130:
4088:
4074:
4060:
4046:
3907:
3903:, Chennai, India, 9 January 2011
3848:
3823:
3504:1Co5:5,1Tim.1:20. See Booker G.
2424:Religious Ceremonies and Customs
2093:
1813:Momen, Moojan (September 2007).
1386:excommunication for going abroad
872:; involvement in or teaching of
547:In the Church of Sweden and the
481:Second Council of Constantinople
4410:Garrett, Ottie, Garrett Irene,
3985:Raymond Brady Williams (2001).
3798:
3780:
3748:
3700:
3671:
3595:
3581:
3563:
3550:
3537:
3528:
3515:
3497:
3479:
3452:
3443:
3429:
3416:
3405:"Let Us Abhor What Is Wicked".
3398:
3383:
3369:
3354:
3339:
3324:
3309:
3294:
3275:
3256:
3239:
3221:
3190:
3172:
3130:
3115:
3091:
3073:
3023:
2993:
2976:
2941:
2924:
2907:
2890:
2873:
2847:
2770:
2745:
2715:
2689:
2633:Watts, Joel L. (26 June 2014).
2580:
2564:
2538:
2533:Westminster Confession of Faith
2526:
2501:
2488:
2474:
2460:
2435:
2385:
2361:
2346:
2337:
2315:
2290:
2265:
2238:
2216:
2190:
2163:
2145:
2119:
2073:
2059:"Code of Canon Law, canon 1314"
2051:
2038:
1993:Hejazi Martinez, Hutan (2010).
1372:) used to be practiced (by the
860:, including committing serious
627:Westminster Confession of Faith
265:
207:
143:
4767:Separation of church and state
4434:MacMaster, Richard K. (1985),
4421:, Harper San Francisco, 2003.
4353:, Macmillan Publishing, 1992.
3649:Mayer, Milton Sanford (1975).
3619:Blood-Paterson, Peter (1998).
2011:
1986:
1937:
1918:
1891:
1831:10.1016/j.religion.2007.06.008
1806:
1749:
530:Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod
288:Excommunication can be either
13:
1:
4327:
3361:"Imitate God's Mercy Today".
2667:. 2014. pp. 21, 45, 125.
2575:Handbook of Church Discipline
1901:World Religions: Baha'i Faith
1691:Rabbinical Council of America
766:
754:
690:Two for cursing and swearing.
4658:First Council of the Lateran
4593:Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
4417:Garret, Ruth, Farrant Rick,
3920:The Journal of Asian Studies
3914:Virani, Shafique N. (2011).
3510:Letters to Timothy and Titus
3489:The challenge of Corinthians
3463:. Birmingham. Archived from
3169:, 15 January 2006, pp. 21–25
2722:Eshleman, Wilmer J. (1969).
2129:. Vatican.va. Archived from
1188:Society of Friends (Quakers)
1111:special privilege of service
667:
621:, which is one of the three
7:
4841:Disengagement from religion
4653:First Battle of Langensalza
4598:Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor
3603:"Quaker Faith and Practice"
3589:"Free Quaker Meeting House"
2812:www.churchofjesuschrist.org
2683:Evangelical Wesleyan Church
2619:. L.H. Everts. p. 351.
2226:. Intratext.com. 4 May 2007
1711:
1306:
1268:
777:
729:Evangelical Wesleyan Church
532:'s 1986 explanation to the
10:
4867:
4553:Atto (archbishop of Milan)
3788:"Safe Congregation Policy"
3426:10:103 (January 1873). 32.
3350:: 27–28. 15 November 2006.
3331:"A Step on the Way Back".
3282:"Questions From Readers".
3263:"Questions From Readers".
3228:"Questions From Readers".
2844:, Vol 14 no 2, Summer 1981
2637:. United Methodist Insight
1944:McMullen, Michael (2015).
1927:"Glossary of Bahá'í terms"
1632:
1623:Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
1527:
1461:
1272:
1056:
797:
696:Seventeen for drunkenness.
674:Methodist Episcopal Church
429:Eastern Catholic canon law
426:
234:Plaque on exterior of the
223:
193:Universal House of Justice
147:
91:Oriental Orthodox churches
34:. For the 2016 album, see
32:Expulsion (disambiguation)
29:
4798:
4780:
4700:
4670:Saxon revolt of 1077–1088
4621:
4545:
4375:28 September 2007 at the
4351:Encyclopedia of Mormonism
4182:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
4116:10.1163/15730255-31020044
4082:"Surah Al-Muzzammil – 10"
4019:Jhutti-Johal, J. (2011).
3932:10.1017/S0021911810002974
3885:, Encyclopædia Britannica
3687:Philippine Daily Inquirer
3183:. July 2011. p. 16.
3104:21 September 2012 at the
2615:Simpson, Matthew (1883).
2498:Secker & Warburg 1964
1686:expelled six rabbis, the
1330:(equivalent to Christian
1222:
897:church membership council
868:, and incest; committing
800:Church membership council
702:One for beating his wife.
435:Eastern Catholic Churches
423:Eastern Catholic Churches
260:Eastern Catholic Churches
95:Eastern Orthodox churches
4573:Gotofredo da Castiglione
4496:15 February 2008 at the
3459:Roberts, Robert (1883).
3112:, September–October 1997
2592:www.jonathan-edwards.org
2421:Burder, William (1841).
2343:Smalcald Articles III, 9
1950:. New York. p. 21.
1756:Jong, Jan L. de (2012).
1743:
1693:expelled three, and the
1523:
1092:as relational aggression
937:Violation of covenants:
743:
366:, was excommunicated by
4846:Punishments in religion
4836:Investiture Controversy
4643:Donation of Constantine
4539:Investiture Controversy
3810:www.accesstoinsight.org
3651:The Nature of the Beast
3545:News from the Ecclesias
3506:1 & 2 Thessalonians
3286:: 31. 15 January 1982.
3267:: 31. 15 October 1986.
3232:: 31. 15 January 1982.
2325:. Ccel.org. 1 June 2005
1925:Winters, Jonah (2010).
1718:Banishment in the Bible
1668:order, equivalent to a
1658:stopped existing after
1201:concerned about Friend
469:Eastern Orthodox Church
463:Eastern Orthodox Church
99:Christian denominations
36:Excommunication (album)
4810:Catholicism portal
4484:Catholic Encyclopaedia
4349:Ludlow, Daniel H. ed,
3409:: 29. 1 January 1997.
3084:." First published in
3035:"To Forgive is Divine"
2949:Doctrine and Covenants
2104:A. Boudinhon (1913). "
2044:Ronald F. Youngblood,
1627:not permitted to marry
1436:Swaminarayan Sampraday
1428:Shastri Yagnapurushdas
1417:pious circumspection (
1328:religious institutions
1299:was expelled from the
1250:Unitarian Universalism
1245:Unitarian Universalism
1238:
1027:controversial subjects
904:Melchizedek priesthood
884:; participation in an
827:Doctrine and Covenants
714:
665:
439:
391:
378:
346:
326:
314:
298:
290:
285:
277:was excommunicated by
251:
173:Excommunication among
170:
165:was excommunicated by
97:) as well as by other
64:
4728:Divine right of kings
4613:Rudolf of Rheinfelden
4362:, and Masters Roger,
3897:"Imprisoned for life"
3335:: 31. 15 August 1992.
2776:William H. Brackney,
2111:Catholic Encyclopedia
1931:Baha'i Library Online
1898:Hartz, Paula (2009).
1875:10.1163/9789004301078
1786:Smith, Peter (2008).
1536:Islamic denominations
1326:. There are multiple
688:
661:
358:
308:
273:
233:
157:
46:
4723:College of Cardinals
4563:Antipope Clement III
4068:"Surah An-Nisa – 34"
3392:Our Kingdom Ministry
3365:: 21. 15 April 1991.
3320:: 27. 15 April 1988.
3303:Our Kingdom Ministry
3154:Our Kingdom Ministry
2859:FOX13 Salt Lake City
2685:. 2015. p. 152.
2513:The Episcopal Church
1558:, "abandoning") and
1207:Whittier, California
1127:Restoration Movement
1115:privilege of service
1049:editions over time.
970:full-time missionary
739:Anabaptist tradition
360:Isabelo de los Reyes
311:Salamanca University
4320:. 24 February 2009.
4300:The Times of Israel
4276:on 22 November 2015
4206:on 21 November 2015
3768:on 24 December 2015
3572:Biblical Fellowship
3424:The Christadelphian
3156:: 3–4. August 2002.
3060:5 June 2013 at the
3031:Burton, Theodore M.
3001:"Church Discipline"
2703:. 16 September 2012
2447:www.dakotavoice.com
1698:Rabbinical Assembly
1695:Conservative Jewish
1198:read out of meeting
1096:parental alienation
1064:Jehovah's Witnesses
1053:Jehovah's Witnesses
1031:general authorities
788:confession of faith
623:marks of the Church
299:ferendae sententiae
159:Mírzá Muhammad ʻAlí
111:Jehovah's Witnesses
4631:Concordat of Worms
4603:Matilda of Tuscany
4588:Henry I of England
4486:on excommunication
4425:Hostetler, John A.
4231:The New York Times
4166:. 2 November 2015.
4104:Arab Law Quarterly
4056:. 21 October 2021.
3627:on 1 December 2012
3576:Fellowship Matters
3574:Biblia, Perry, A.
3558:Second Corinthians
2861:. 19 February 2020
2204:on 13 January 2013
1481:Sikh Rehat Maryada
1452:Gunatitanand Swami
1403:, by the command,
1283:. However, in the
1077:of at least three
1075:judicial committee
603:Anglican Communion
573:Anglican Communion
379:
324:In the papal bull
315:
286:
252:
236:Chiesa della Pietà
171:
65:
4851:Church discipline
4818:
4817:
4760:Donation of Pepin
4740:Holy Roman Empire
4718:Clerical celibacy
4558:Pope Callixtus II
4391:Los Angeles Times
4382:Beck, Martha N.,
3681:(6 August 2015).
3664:978-0-87023-176-6
3467:on 6 October 2006
3438:Sects and Society
3305:: 3. August 2002.
3080:Evenson, Brian. "
2509:"Excommunication"
2494:Christopher Hill
2176:. Paulist Press.
2031:978-1-64530-574-3
1999:(Thesis thesis).
1957:978-1-4798-0971-4
1911:978-1-60413-104-8
1884:978-90-04-30107-8
1799:978-0-521-86251-6
1706:congregationalism
1670:contempt of court
1660:The Enlightenment
1514:Guru Gobind Singh
1491:Dishonouring the
1293:Japanese Buddhist
1254:liberal religious
1224:Iglesia ni Cristo
1217:Iglesia ni Cristo
1196:) groups one is
876:; involvement in
619:church discipline
615:Reformed Churches
609:Reformed churches
578:Church of England
549:Church of Denmark
521:Smalcald Articles
515:Lutheran churches
362:, founder of the
16:(Redirected from
4858:
4808:
4807:
4675:Gregorian Reform
4664:In nomine Domini
4578:Pope Gregory VII
4532:
4525:
4518:
4509:
4508:
4370:Gruter Institute
4360:Gruter, Margaret
4338:J. Gordon Melton
4322:
4321:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4272:. Archived from
4262:
4256:
4255:
4244:
4235:
4234:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4202:. Archived from
4192:
4186:
4185:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
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4134:
4128:
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3820:
3818:
3816:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3767:
3761:. Archived from
3760:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3733:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
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3396:
3395:
3390:"Question Box".
3387:
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2904:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2851:
2845:
2834:Lester E. Bush.
2832:
2823:
2822:
2820:
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2804:
2781:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2731:Internet Archive
2728:
2719:
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2710:
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2258:
2253:on 23 March 2012
2242:
2236:
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2220:
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2209:
2194:
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2133:on 29 March 2008
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1984:
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1969:
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1810:
1804:
1803:
1783:
1772:
1771:
1753:
1674:Rabbinical court
1629:non-Muslim men.
1619:Nawal El-Saadawi
1520:(commandments).
1227:
1226:
1131:Christadelphians
1121:Christadelphians
1047:General Handbook
1013:and from paying
958:temple president
916:First Presidency
890:General Handbook
864:such as murder,
845:or enter church
831:General Handbook
818:General Handbook
657:Jonathan Edwards
442:
440:latae sententiae
394:
392:latae sententiae
364:Aglipayan Church
351:
332:(May 16, 1520),
331:
319:Council of Trent
301:
295:
292:latae sententiae
202:Bahá'í divisions
181:Covenant-breaker
150:Covenant-breaker
132:, shunning, and
59:excommunicating
21:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4831:Excommunication
4821:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4802:
4794:
4776:
4696:
4692:Walk to Canossa
4648:Excommunication
4623:
4617:
4608:Pope Paschal II
4583:Guido da Velate
4541:
4536:
4498:Wayback Machine
4462:
4451:Juhnke, James,
4386:, Crown, 2005.
4377:Wayback Machine
4330:
4325:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4279:
4277:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4254:. 11 June 2015.
4246:
4245:
4238:
4223:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4200:buffaloNews.com
4194:
4193:
4189:
4184:. 12 June 2015.
4176:
4175:
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4153:
4143:
4141:
4140:. 11 April 2016
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3508:, Nicholls A.H.
3502:
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3150:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3106:Wayback Machine
3096:
3092:
3078:
3074:
3062:Wayback Machine
3052:
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2419:
2412:
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2400:
2391:
2390:
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2379:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2355:Book of Concord
2351:
2347:
2342:
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2296:
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2146:
2136:
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2125:
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2120:
2106:Excommunication
2094:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2016:
2012:
1991:
1987:
1971:
1970:
1958:
1942:
1938:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1861:
1854:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1784:
1775:
1768:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1714:
1688:Orthodox Jewish
1635:
1532:
1526:
1464:
1346:status through
1309:
1301:Nichiren Shoshu
1277:
1271:
1247:
1219:
1190:
1123:
1061:
1055:
1011:temple garments
851:temple garments
802:
796:
780:
769:
757:
746:
741:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
691:
670:
611:
595:
580:
575:
534:Small Catechism
517:
465:
431:
425:
405:Catholic Church
268:
244:foundling wheel
228:
222:
220:Catholic Church
210:
191:Currently, the
152:
146:
122:excommunication
87:Catholic Church
68:Excommunication
57:Pope Gregory IX
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
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4752:
4747:
4742:
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4734:Dominium mundi
4730:
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4704:
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4698:
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4689:
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4637:Dictatus papae
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4460:External links
4458:
4457:
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4442:Scott, Stephen
4439:
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4394:
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4357:
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4329:
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4318:vosizneias.com
4305:
4287:
4270:Jewish Journal
4257:
4236:
4217:
4187:
4169:
4151:
4129:
4110:(2): 134–162.
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3407:The Watchtower
3397:
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3363:The Watchtower
3353:
3348:The Watchtower
3338:
3333:The Watchtower
3323:
3318:The Watchtower
3308:
3293:
3284:The Watchtower
3274:
3265:The Watchtower
3255:
3238:
3230:The Watchtower
3220:
3208:
3189:
3181:The Watchtower
3171:
3167:The Watchtower
3159:
3141:
3129:
3124:The Watchtower
3114:
3090:
3072:
3070:, August 1995.
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2459:
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2410:
2399:on 11 May 2012
2384:
2377:
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2345:
2336:
2314:
2302:www.vatican.va
2289:
2277:www.vatican.va
2264:
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2189:
2183:978-0809140664
2182:
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2037:
2030:
2010:
1985:
1956:
1936:
1917:
1910:
1890:
1883:
1852:
1825:(3): 187–209.
1805:
1798:
1773:
1767:978-0271062372
1766:
1747:
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1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
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1710:
1672:, issued by a
1634:
1631:
1611:Salman Rushdie
1528:Main article:
1525:
1522:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1496:
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1460:
1374:caste-councils
1308:
1305:
1303:sect in 1991.
1273:Main article:
1270:
1267:
1258:congregational
1246:
1243:
1218:
1215:
1189:
1186:
1169:
1168:
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1144:Robert Roberts
1122:
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1057:Main article:
1054:
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995:
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798:Main article:
795:
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731:, in its 2015
720:, in its 2014
669:
666:
633:argues in his
610:
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579:
576:
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571:
516:
513:
464:
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449:Divine Liturgy
424:
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348:Auctorem Fidei
328:Exsurge Domine
267:
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224:Main article:
221:
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209:
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148:Main article:
145:
142:
53:Giorgio Vasari
26:
9:
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4429:Amish Society
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4032:9781847062727
4028:
4024:
4023:
4022:Sikhism Today
4015:
4000:
3998:0-521-65422-X
3994:
3990:
3989:
3981:
3973:
3971:0-691-12048-X
3967:
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3949:
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3937:
3933:
3929:
3926:(1): 99–139.
3925:
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3883:
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3861:
3860:www.bbc.co.uk
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3792:uufdekalb.org
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3598:
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3578:Willow Books.
3577:
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2758:
2754:
2753:"Our Beliefs"
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2378:0-570-01535-9
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2245:John Hardon.
2241:
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2199:
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2185:
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2174:
2166:
2158:
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2100:public domain
2090:
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2014:
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1723:Disconnection
1721:
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1716:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1681:Reform Jewish
1677:
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1649:
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1620:
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1615:Nasr Abu Zayd
1612:
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1477:Sikh religion
1474:
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1203:Richard Nixon
1199:
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1048:
1044:
1043:September Six
1040:
1036:
1035:Brian Evenson
1033:; see, e.g.,
1032:
1028:
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1016:
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620:
616:
606:
604:
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590:
587:
584:
583:repentance".
570:
568:
564:
561:
560:serial killer
557:
552:
550:
545:
543:
537:
535:
531:
526:
525:Lord's Supper
522:
512:
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506:
502:
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486:
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456:
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418:
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406:
401:
399:
393:
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384:
376:
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370:in 1903 as a
369:
368:Pope Leo XIII
365:
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275:Martin Luther
272:
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115:disfellowship
113:use the term
112:
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88:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Excommunicate
4787:
4755:Papal States
4732:
4685:Sack of Rome
4662:
4647:
4635:
4483:
4470:
4466:
4452:
4445:
4435:
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4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4364:
4350:
4333:
4317:
4308:
4299:
4290:
4278:. Retrieved
4274:the original
4269:
4260:
4251:
4230:
4220:
4208:. Retrieved
4204:the original
4199:
4190:
4181:
4172:
4163:
4154:
4142:. Retrieved
4132:
4107:
4103:
4090:
4076:
4062:
4048:
4036:. Retrieved
4021:
4014:
4002:. Retrieved
3987:
3980:
3961:
3956:
3923:
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