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re-experiencing inner conflict connected to resolution. The four main types are expression, imagination, active participation, and mind-body connection. Assisting in those with depression, breast cancer, and asthma, art therapy can be done at any age and does not require and skill set. Art
Therapy has undergone extensive research which revealed that it decreases anxiety, increases self-concept and quality of life, and reduces negative thoughts. With two main goals in mind, Art Therapy strives to enhance personal and relational goals for those in need. Self-esteem, social skills, and cognitive functions are also said to be an area of importance. A certified art therapist is essential in order for the therapy to ensure improvement, however common art therapy using even a friend to discuss trauma can be enough to help someone.
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experience shows that there can be many therapeutic possibilities with songwriting. By using eulogies in her songs, Noriah is able to communicate her bond with her lost ones through lyrics. As demonstrated with the composition of "Air I Breathe", while the memories of Noriah and her departed would eventually fade, "Air I Breathe" serves as a permanent reminder for Noriah to keep in mind the memories. During a speech in the university classroom, Noriah expressed her purpose in writing the song. “I wrote a song about the loss of my little sister and biological mother, back to back, and so much love I had for them, and what I couldn’t get out. It was a way to get out the rest of the feeling that I had—telling that story to you directly, but I could sing it instantly. It was like a form of therapy” (Deroo).
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Manning advocated the need for opportunities for creative expression in classroom spaces. Not only would this practice encourage youth to express themselves authentically using their own words in an environment where their voice is constrained by school literacy, but it would also contribute to positive changes to the current school environment by honoring students' voices and life experiences.
249:(ADTA). Movement is the primary tool of intervention in a therapy session, but dance/movement therapy also uses the art of play in therapy. Like other creative art therapies it uses primarily nonverbal communication. Dance and movement therapy has shown to be the most beneficial in those who enjoy exercises that involve less talking an expression through movements.
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has shown that people who have used Music
Therapy in the past have improved in several aspects of life that do not concern just those suffering from mental illness. In music therapy, people may improve their singing which may then impact their ability to speak. Therefore, it can change several aspects of life, not just those of helping mental illness.
274:. Drama Therapy, as a hybrid of both disciplines, uses theater techniques to treat individuals with mental health, cognitive, and developmental disorders. Through the art of play and pretend, patients gain perspective in therapy to their life experiences, which in the field is referred to as "aesthetic distance".
75:). The expressive therapies are based on the assumption that people can heal through the various forms of creative expression. Expressive therapists share the belief that through creative expression and the tapping of the imagination, people can examine their body, feelings, emotions, and thought process.
307:
Songwriting allows individual to process the trauma they experience in their life in three ways: By telling stories that have been passed down to them; by connecting their songs to cultural traditions; and by sharing their feelings with each other and their community. Songwriting is a way to organize
120:
Margaret
Namburg, Edith Kramer, Hanna Kwiatkowska and Elinor Ulman have been credited with being the pioneers of the field of sensory art therapy. While all of these scientists made significant contributions, Margaret Namburg has been hailed the "Mother of Art Therapy". Her work focused on the use of
83:
Expressive arts therapy is the practice of using imagery, storytelling, dance, music, drama, poetry, movement, horticulture, dreamwork, and visual arts together, in an integrated way, to foster human growth, development, and healing. Expressive arts therapy is its own distinct therapeutic discipline,
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This study worked with 60 adults who had cancer. These adults attended weekly individual art therapy, in addition to watercolor painting classes. After just four sessions, the experimental group saw marked and significant improvement in depression and fatigue, as measured by the
Hospital Anxiety and
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In this study
Bulfone et al. utilized music therapy as their treatment. 60 women who had been diagnosed with stage 1 or 2 breast cancer were randomly assigned to a control or experimental group. The control group received standard assistance before chemotherapy, while the experimental group had the
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In this study, the researcher worked with 29 incarcerated men. The men attended eight sessions of group art therapy, and were tested before and after the treatment using the Beck
Depression Inventory Short Form. After the eight sessions, all of the men showed significant improvement in the symptoms
503:
In this study, 41 girls or young women who had been sexually abused were given structured group art therapy for eight weeks, and were measured before treatment using the Briere's Trauma
Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC). They were given the test again after the treatment, and for 9 out of 10 of
376:
In
Manning's research about high school poetry classes, he found that through poetry classes, students are able to reimagine their struggles as a source of strength, develop a sense of possibility, and build bonds that empower them to speak through the silence that surrounded their life struggles.
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Music
Therapy is the use of music, music-making, or other music-related interventions within a therapeutic relationship. Music therapy is a broad field with many areas and populations to specialize in. A holistic practice, music therapy can address emotional/psychological, cognitive, communication,
151:
There are 37 universities for music therapy, 34 universities for art therapy, seven universities for dance/movement therapy, and five universities for drama therapy, as well as 5 universities for expressive arts therapy, that have approved master's degree programs in the United States. In addition,
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Today's art therapy is broken down into three different approaches: psychodynamic, humanistic, learning and developmental. The psychodynamic approach uses terms such as "transference" and defense mechanism to describe why individuals express the art in the way they do, and why this is an expression
327:
Music
Therapy also benefits a variety of disorders, like cardiac and mental disorders. It aids those who suffer from depression, anxiety, autism, substance abuse, and Alzheimer's. In cases where a person is suffering from mental disorders, music relieves stress, improves self-esteem, etc. Evidence
311:
Deroo's research focuses on the Black teenage girl, Noriah, who wrote the song named "Air I Breathe" in remembrance of her passing mother and sister. Through Noriah's story, Deroo tries to find the answer to how can youths tackle the nuanced implications of loss using creative expression. Noriah's
315:
In addition, writing and sharing about lost can benefit the community who then can learn from the experiences that were previously private. As Ryden argues, audiences embrace the story as if they are their own, making meaning of the experience in their own ways. This idea was further demonstrated
106:
The National Coalition of Creative Arts Therapies Association (NCCATA) connects all six modalities of the creative arts therapies. However, each modality of the creative arts therapies has its own national association that regulates professional credentials, establishes educational standards and
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Ball conducted long-term research on five children who were considered to be severely emotionally disturbed. These children participated in 50 art therapy sessions, and the results suggested that the art therapy was successful, and the children showed marked progress in their treatment over the
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is that expressive arts therapy interventions are designed to include more than one of the "expressive" art forms (art, dance, drama, music, poetry), whereas creative arts therapists, such as art, dance/movement, drama, music, poetry and psychodrama therapists, are often intensively trained and
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approach, and is defined by an optimistic view of humans, and how expression through their art allows them to take control over these emotions. The learning and developmental approach focuses on the art therapy as a method to assist children who have emotional and developmental disabilities.
218:
consists of the combination of psychotherapy and art. The creative process as well as the created art piece serves as a foundation for self-exploration, understanding, acceptance and eventually healing and personal growth. The creative act in therapy therefore can be seen as a means of
147:
Each national association of the different modalities of expressive therapies sets its own educational standards. In the United States, there are a fair number of colleges that offer approved programs in compliance with the national associations' credentialing requirements.
359:) stands out from other creative arts therapies, which are all based on the assumption of the existence of a language that functions without words. Poetry therapy, however, is the use of the written word to bring healing and personal growth. For instance,
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chance to listen to music before the chemotherapy began. The results showed that the anxiety levels of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group, and also showed a significantly lower level of depression.
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the American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) has 75 undergraduate music therapy programs approved. Once finished with an academic degree, potential therapists have to apply for credentialing at the responsible national association.
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educated to use only one modality in their practice. But NOAH also acknowledged that the terms "are often used interchangeably in the field", and that in any case all such professionals should collaborate closely.
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Expressive therapy has been shown to help decrease pain in patients who are recovering from illness and injury. It has also been used in patients who are chronically or terminally ill, to provide relief and pain
413:
Although related, psychodrama and drama therapy describe different modalities within the field of creative arts therapies. Whereas psychodrama uses real-life experience of the patients in therapy to
125:
diagnostic tool. It followed closely other psychoanalytic practices of the time, and was viewed as the communication of unconscious ideas and emotions that were being expressed by the patient.
293:(Jenni Rook, MT-BC, LCPC, 2016). When used as psychotherapy, at its core, music therapy may use music as a symbolic representation and expression of the psychological world of the individual.
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motor, sensory, pain, social, behavioral, end of life, and even spiritual needs. This is due in part to music being processed in many areas of the brain. Music therapy helps patients
866:
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410:. He developed a clear three phase structure (warm up, action, sharing) to his therapy as well as multiple intervention-methods that are still used by psychodrama therapists today.
296:
Townsend's study in the "Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines" has shown that 1 in 5 children who lost their parent are most likely to develop a
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Bar-Sela, G., Atid, L., Danos, S., Gabay, N., & Epelbaum, R. (2007). Art therapy improved depression and influenced fatigue levels in cancer patients on chemotherapy.
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Expressive therapy gives individuals the ability to articulate their fears and stresses in a non-conventional way, and often leads to sense of control over these emotions.
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Depression Scale and a brief fatigue inventory. While they showed a decrease in depression, there was no significant difference in the levels of anxiety of the patients.
652:
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100:
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Bulfone, Teresa; Quattrin, Rosanna (2009). "Effectiveness of Music Therapy for Anxiety Reduction in Women with Breast Cancer Chemother Treatment".
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through the interaction between Noriah and Wendy. Being inspired by Noriah's song, Wendy entered the room with her own experience of loss.
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in the early 20th century. Moreno, a trained psychiatrist himself, had the goal of creating a more effective, action-based form of
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624:"What is the difference between art therapy, music therapy, dance/movement therapy, poetry therapy, and expressive arts therapy?"
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746:
Mirabella, Giovanni (2015). "Is Art Therapy a Reliable Tool for Rehabilitating People Suffering from Brain/Mental Diseases?".
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Effective for stress relief by itself, but can provide even better results if paired with other relaxation devices such as
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417:(ASGPP), drama therapy lets the patients explore more fictional stories, such as improvised scenes, myths or fairy tales.
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84:
an inter-modal discipline where the therapist and client move freely between drawing, dancing, music, drama, and poetry.
300:. This finding underscored the significance of instructors to initiate writing on the subjects of "death" and "loss" in
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1700:"Rewriting Struggles as Strength: Young Adults' Reflections on the Significance of Their High School Poetry Community"
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a narrative. Through forming a coherent story, an unpleasant or chaotic situation can be made more approachable.
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Illustrating Art Therapy by painting a ceramic heart. This is one way of what Art Therapy could look like.
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Expressive therapy provides individuals with a foundation on which they can recognize and confront pain.
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This discovery often leads to a relief of emotional tension caused by past events, and can be used as a
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Pifalo, T. (2006). Art therapy with sexually abused children and adolescents: Extended research study.
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1615:"From Purgation to Recognition: Catharsis and the Dialectic of Public and Private in Healing Writing"
1349:. Pedersen, Inge Nygaard., Bonde, Lars Ole. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 11, 35–36.
1767:
Kedem-Tahar, Efrat; Felix-Kellermann, Peter (1996). "Psychodrama and drama therapy: A comparison".
103:(IEATA) is the responsible organization handling the credentialing of expressive arts therapists.
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1982:
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A comprehensive guide to music therapy : theory, clinical practice, research, and training
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may only be used by those who are properly licensed, as is the case in the State of New York.
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of depression and their score on the Beck Depression Inventory reflected these improvements.
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According to the National Organization for Arts in Health (NOAH), what distinguishes the six
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A psychotherapist using Expressive Therapy with a client, to communicate through characters
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304:. One of the few ways to bring this into practice is through music-making or songwriting.
8:
1044:"The effectiveness of expressive arts therapies: A review of the literature » PACJA"
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135:
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291:"communicate, process difficult experiences, and improve motor or cognitive functioning"
1241:
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1156:
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1069:
1157:"Effectiveness of Art Therapy With Adult Clients in 2018—What Progress Has Been Made?"
1070:"Effectiveness of Art Therapy With Adult Clients in 2018—What Progress Has Been Made?"
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the girls, a statistically significant reduction in scores on the test were observed.
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There are six creative arts therapy modalities, recognized by the NCCATA, including
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Gussak, D. (2006). Effects of art therapy with prison inmates: A follow-up study.
91:—art, dance/movement, drama, music and poetry therapy as well as psychodrama—from
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hosts annual conferences for the purpose of exchanging new ideas and research.
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British psychotherapist Paul Newham using Expressive Therapy with a client.
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10.4324/9780203104682-13/artifactual-literacies-kate-pahl-jennifer-rowsell
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1742:. American Society of Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama. Archived from
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Landy, Robert J. (1983-09-01). "The use of distancing in drama therapy".
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1447:"Stress and the Cognitive-Conversational Benefits of Social Interaction"
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Mental Health Practitioners: Creative Arts Therapy License Requirements
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659:. National Organization of Arts in Health (NOAH). 2017. Archived from
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is one of the classic illustrations of how to use poetry to overcome
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1584:"Healing Classrooms: Therapeutic Possibilities in Academic Writing"
1489:""Air I Breathe": Songwriting as Literacy Practices of Remembrance"
1408:""Air I Breathe": Songwriting as Literacy Practices of Remembrance"
809:"Art Therapy Master's Education – American Art Therapy Association"
346:"Poetry is Thoughts that Breathe, and Words that Burn." Thomas Gray
366:
267:
36:
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Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 23
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New York State Education Department, Office of the Professions.
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Ball, B. (2002). Moments of change in the art therapy process.
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Given the ability to claim your own story, which helps with
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National Coalition of Creative Arts Therapies Associations
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247:"mind, body and spirit are inseparable and interconnected"
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of the subconscious. The humanistic approach is more of a
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Expressive Arts Therapy: Creative Process in Art and Life
1942:
American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama
1941:
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588:. Boone, North Carolina: Parkway Publishers. p. 3.
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Deroo, Matthew R.; Watson, Vaughn W. M. (2020-06-13).
1406:
Deroo, Matthew R.; Watson, Vaughn W. M. (2020-06-13).
1262:"MA in Drama Therapy – Drama Therapy – NYU Steinhardt"
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402:. Later it was modified by other authors according to
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1218:. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 1–4.
984:. Hove, East Sussex : Brunner-Routledge. p. 24.
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The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
415:"practice new and more effective roles and behaviors"
155:
1914:
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The arts therapies : a revolution in healthcare
1006:
597:
1645:"Music Therapy: What Is It, Types & Treatment"
957:"Music Therapy: What Is It, Types & Treatment"
508:Bar-Sela, Atid, Danos, Gabay & Epelbaum (2007)
1898:International Expressive Arts Therapy Association
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394:is a distinct form of psychotherapy developed by
266:refers to the combination of the two disciplines
101:International Expressive Arts Therapy Association
1954:
1947:Expressive Arts Therapy Association of Hong Kong
1021:Integrative Psychotherapy & Trauma Treatment
1017:"What are Expressive Arts Therapy? — Modalities"
323:Music Therapy for Woman with Alzheimer's Disease
1155:Regev, Dafna; Cohen-Yatziv, Liat (2018-08-29).
1068:Regev, Dafna; Cohen-Yatziv, Liat (2018-08-29).
1038:
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715:. National Coalition of Creative Arts Therapies
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1216:Essays in drama therapy : the double life
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584:Appalachian Expressive Arts Collective, 2003,
241:Like other creative arts therapy modalities,
1567:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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927:"Creative Arts Therapy License Requirements"
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1380:"How the Death of a Parent Affects a Child"
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682:"REAT Registered Expressive Arts Therapist"
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896:"Master Degree in Expressive Arts Therapy"
1451:Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
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736:. New York: The Guilford Press. pp. 8–10.
353:(also referred to using the broader term
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16:Use of creative arts as a form of therapy
1927:North American Drama Therapy Association
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653:"Arts, health and well-being in America"
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1937:National Association for Poetry Therapy
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785:"Organization Directory Search Results"
474:Physical pain relief and rehabilitation
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1670:"Poetry Therapy: Using Words to Heal"
1668:Blank, Barbara Trainin (2013-12-12).
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1526:Rowsell, Kate Pahl, Jennifer (2013),
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39:, including the distinct disciplines
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838:"Approved Graduate Programs | ADTA"
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1932:American Music Therapy Association
1915:American Dance Therapy Association
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1133:. ADTA. 2014-11-08. Archived from
156:Creative arts therapies modalities
14:
1999:
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1131:"What is Dance/Movement Therapy?"
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373:, and other sorts of insecurity.
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1910:American Art Therapy Association
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813:American Art Therapy Association
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1949:(Hong Kong and Mainland China)
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1826:The Arts in Psychotherapy, 29
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362:To, The Bravest Person I Know
1781:10.1016/0197-4556(95)00059-3
1493:Journal of Literacy Research
1412:Journal of Literacy Research
1321:"6 Ways Music Eases Anxiety"
1299:10.1016/0197-4556(83)90006-0
602:. New York: Guilford Press.
598:Malchiodi, Cathy A. (2003).
184:. In some areas, the terms
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79:Definition and credentialing
7:
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495:course of the 50 sessions.
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2004:
1214:J., Landy, Robert (1996).
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1769:The Arts in Psychotherapy
1582:Batzer, Benjamin (2016).
1463:10.1521/jscp.1993.12.1.25
1445:Clark, Leslie F. (2011).
1287:The Arts in Psychotherapy
732:Malchiodi, Cathy (2003).
1528:"Artifactual Literacies"
1505:10.1177/1086296X20915518
1424:10.1177/1086296X20915518
1174:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01531
1087:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01531
1968:Creative arts therapies
1815:. Retrieved 2017-05-10.
1809:"Sensory art therapies"
1698:Manning, Logan (2016).
1161:Frontiers in Psychology
1074:Frontiers in Psychology
734:Handbook of Art Therapy
190:Creative Arts Therapist
93:expressive arts therapy
89:creative arts therapies
45:creative arts therapies
41:expressive arts therapy
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243:dance/movement therapy
231:Dance/movement therapy
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214:Created in the 1940s,
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53:dance/movement therapy
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1852:Psycho- oncology, 16,
1813:TheFreeDictionary.com
1733:"What is Psychodrama"
1613:Ryden, Wendy (2010).
1345:Tony, Wigram (2002).
760:10.1089/acm.2014.0374
551:Counseling psychology
526:Bulfone et al. (2009)
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186:Creative Arts Therapy
22:
980:Jones, Phil (2005).
867:"Accredited Schools"
789:Netforum.avectra.com
600:Expressive Therapies
440:personal affirmation
298:psychiatric disorder
29:expressive therapies
937:on 8 September 2022
546:Clinical psychology
136:positive psychology
31:are the use of the
1920:2020-02-10 at the
1266:Steinhardt.nyu.edu
485:Empirical evidence
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1878:Holist Nuts Pract
1588:Composition Forum
1549:978-0-203-10468-2
561:Freedom of speech
371:depression (mood)
129:Modern approaches
121:art, mainly as a
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910:15 November
657:Thenoah.net
490:Ball (2002)
447:Empowerment
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216:Art therapy
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1957:Categories
1884:: 238–242.
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572:References
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634:24 August
628:Ieata.org
408:C.G. Jung
143:Education
1918:Archived
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1854:980–984.
1563:citation
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