2959:
20:
309:
108:
212:, and some computing. Early teleprinters were electromechanical, having no microprocessor and just enough electromechanical memory to function. They fully processed one character at a time, returning to an idle state immediately afterward; this meant that any control sequences had to be only one character long, and thus a large number of codes needed to be reserved for such controls. They were typewriter-derived
283:
fields, or packing 8 characters into 7 bytes.) This would allow ASCII to be used unchanged and provide 128 more characters. Many manufacturers devised 8-bit character sets consisting of ASCII plus up to 128 of the unused codes: encodings which covered all the more used
Western European (and Latin American) languages, such as Danish, Dutch, French, German, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish and more could be made.
295:(semi-readable resulting text, often users learned how to manually decode it). There were eventually attempts at cooperation or coordination by national and international standards bodies in the late 1990s, but manufacturer-proprietary sets remained the most popular by far, primarily because the international standards excluded characters popular in or peculiar to specific cultures.
271:"??<" and "??>" to represent "{" and "}". Languages with dissimilar basic alphabets could use transliteration, such as replacing all the Latin letters with the closest match Cyrillic letters (resulting in odd but somewhat readable text when English was printed in Cyrillic or vice versa). Schemes were also devised so that two letters could be overprinted (often with the
637:(complete nonsense). Because many Internet standards use ISO 8859-1, and because Microsoft Windows (using the code page 1252 superset of ISO 8859-1) is the dominant operating system for personal computers today, unannounced use of ISO 8859-1 is quite commonplace, and may generally be assumed unless there are indications otherwise.
263:. Modified variants of 7-bit ASCII appeared promptly, trading some lesser-used symbols for highly desired symbols or letters, such as replacing "#" with "£" on UK Teletypes, "\" with "¥" in Japan or "₩" in Korea, etc. At least 29 variant sets resulted. 12 code points were modified by at least one modified set, leaving only
243:, and far too small for universal use. Many more letters and symbols are desirable, useful, or required to directly represent letters of alphabets other than English, more kinds of punctuation and spacing, more mathematical operators and symbols (× ÷ ⋅ ≠ ≥ ≈ π etc.), some unique symbols used by some programming languages,
443:
and assigned numbers to both those they themselves invented as well as many invented and used by other manufacturers. Accordingly, character sets are very often indicated by their IBM code page number. In ASCII-compatible code pages, the lower 128 characters maintained their standard ASCII values,
632:
Because the full
English alphabet and the most-used characters in English are included in the seven-bit code points of ASCII, which are common to all encodings (even most proprietary encodings), English-language text is less damaged by interpreting it with the wrong encoding, but text in other
282:
in the 1970s, it became obvious that computers and software could handle text that uses 256-character sets at almost no additional cost in programming, and no additional cost for storage. (Assuming that the unused 8th bit of each byte was not reused in some way, such as error checking, Boolean
227:
and one space), which include the
English alphabet (uppercase and lowercase), digits, and 31 punctuation marks and symbols: all of the symbols on a standard US typewriter plus a few selected for programming tasks. Some popular peripherals only implemented a 64-printing-character subset:
617:
The meaning of each extended code point can be different in every encoding. In order to correctly interpret and display text data (sequences of characters) that includes extended codes, hardware and software that reads or receives the text must use the
452:, which included accented characters needed for French, German, and a few other European languages, as well as some graphical line-drawing characters. The larger character set made it possible to create documents in a combination of languages such as
286:
128 additional characters is still not enough to cover all purposes, all languages, or even all
European languages, so the emergence of many proprietary and national ASCII-derived 8-bit character sets was inevitable. Translating between these sets
629:, asking the user, letting the user select or override, and/or defaulting to last selection. When text is transferred between computers that use different operating systems, software, and encodings, applying the wrong encoding can be commonplace.
254:
The biggest problem for computer users around the world was other alphabets. ASCII's
English alphabet almost accommodates European languages, if accented letters are replaced by non-accented letters or two-character approximations such as
592:
Microsoft intended to use ISO 8859 standards in
Windows, but soon replaced the unused C1 control characters with additional characters, making the proprietary Windows-1252 character set, which is sometimes mislabeled as
426:
characters (0x80 through 0xBF) that implemented low-resolution block graphics. (Each block-graphic character displayed as a 2x3 grid of pixels, with each block pixel effectively controlled by one of the lower 6 bits.)
577:
with the high-order bit 'set', are reserved by ISO for control use and unused for printable characters (they are also reserved in
Unicode). This convention was almost universally ignored by other extended ASCII sets.
45:
character set, plus up to 128 additional characters. There is no formal definition of "extended ASCII", and even use of the term is sometimes criticized, because it can be mistakenly interpreted to mean that the
67:("ISO Latin 1") – which supports most Western European languages – is best known in the West. There are many other extended ASCII encodings (more than 220 DOS and Windows
625:
Software can use a fixed encoding selection, or it can select from a palette of encodings by defaulting, checking the computer's nation and language settings, reading a declaration in the text,
232:
could not transmit "a" through "z" or five less-common symbols ("`", "{", "|", "}", and "~"). and when they received such characters they instead printed "A" through "Z" (forced
2577:
609:, and letters missing from French and Finnish. This became the most-used extended ASCII in the world, and often is used on the web even when 8859-1 is specified.
546:(also called "ISO Latin 1") which contains characters sufficient for the most common Western European languages. Other standards in the 8859 group included
1422:
1259:
622:
extended ASCII encoding that applies to it. Applying the wrong encoding causes irrational substitution of many or all extended characters in the text.
2368:
216:, and could only print a fixed set of glyphs, which were cast into a metal type element or elements; this also encouraged a minimum set of glyphs.
275:
control between them) to produce accented letters. Users were not comfortable with any of these compromises and they were often poorly supported.
1367:
539:
382:
around 1978/1979 for use with their workstations, terminals and printers. This later evolved into the widely used regular 8-bit character sets
63:
was the first international standard to formalise a (limited) expansion of the ASCII character set: of the many language variants it encoded,
1442:
956:
90:, and supporting multiple extended ASCII character sets required software to be written in ways that made it much easier to support the
219:
Seven-bit ASCII improved over prior five- and six-bit codes. Of the 2=128 codes, 33 were used for controls, and 95 carefully selected
879:
When a browser detects ISO-8859-1 it normally defaults to
Windows-1252, because Windows-1252 has 32 more international characters.
824:
2669:
2423:
899:
565:
One notable way in which the ISO standards differ from some vendor-specific extended ASCII is that the 32 character positions 80
75:("the other" major character code) likewise developed many extended variants (more than 186 EBCDIC codepages) over the decades.
2659:
714:
56:
standard to include more characters, or that the term identifies a single unambiguous encoding, neither of which is the case.
2408:
1362:
737:
268:
267:. Programming languages however had assigned meaning to many of the replaced characters, work-arounds were devised such as C
172:
47:
2542:
670:
144:
653:
798:
2936:
2447:
2250:
994:
151:
2492:
2108:
2103:
1606:
1437:
984:
949:
513:
348:
191:
1526:
2744:
2679:
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2413:
326:
125:
158:
2497:
1090:
330:
129:
2611:
2582:
2232:
497:
2674:
2562:
2522:
942:
542:(ISO) published a set of standards for eight-bit ASCII extensions, ISO 8859. The most popular of these was
491:
140:
2916:
2527:
2457:
2443:
2428:
2332:
2245:
2217:
2183:
501:
759:
2890:
2835:
2756:
2537:
2193:
2188:
1541:
680:
2532:
2597:
2552:
2388:
1937:
1641:
1586:
1551:
820:
2112:
1621:
1601:
1596:
1536:
1531:
1040:
437:
and later produced variations for different languages and cultures. IBM called such character sets
2487:
239:
The ASCII character set is barely large enough for US English use and lacks many glyphs common in
2981:
2962:
2946:
2873:
2868:
2830:
2801:
2766:
2198:
1932:
1631:
1516:
641:
504:, which had fewer characters but more letter and diacritic combinations. It was supported by the
444:
and different pages (or sets of characters) could be made available in the upper 128 characters.
397:
319:
118:
291:) is complex (especially if a character is not in both sets); and was often not done, producing
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2547:
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1927:
1636:
1081:
1068:
1004:
2734:
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2507:
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1922:
1076:
1952:
165:
2895:
2567:
2327:
1947:
794:
Rationale for
American National Standard for Information Systems - Programming Language - C
415:
87:
8:
2850:
2477:
1962:
1847:
1837:
1832:
220:
86:
which supports thousands of characters. However, extended ASCII remains important in the
2931:
2779:
2592:
2587:
2512:
1511:
1485:
1009:
965:
856:
379:
378:
started to add
European characters to their extended 7-bit / 8-bit ASCII character set
365:
38:
2921:
2860:
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2502:
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2090:
1566:
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1058:
891:
626:
574:
509:
487:
229:
706:
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2418:
2128:
1957:
763:
453:
79:
788:
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1191:
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2020:
2015:
2010:
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1646:
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213:
52:
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2005:
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1521:
1480:
1226:
469:
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449:
400:
2718:
2713:
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2438:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
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1591:
1475:
1467:
1100:
675:
587:
551:
533:
483:
423:
369:
767:
361:
Various proprietary modifications and extensions of ASCII appeared on non-
1033:
1016:
288:
264:
240:
205:
930:
A short page on ASCII, with the OEM 8-bit chart and the ANSI 8-bit chart
2883:
2791:
2644:
2322:
1417:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1337:
1221:
1216:
1206:
1201:
999:
989:
929:
555:
547:
543:
521:
439:
387:
383:
333: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
209:
132: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
64:
19:
2824:
934:
870:
403:
added many graphic symbols to their non-standard ASCII (Respectively,
2771:
2749:
2654:
2467:
1496:
1427:
1407:
1402:
1327:
1322:
665:
606:
272:
707:"Re: Cygwin Termcap information involving extended ascii charicters"
308:
107:
2941:
2796:
2761:
2739:
2649:
2472:
1412:
1397:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1332:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1063:
1053:
1049:
1023:
634:
512:. This later became the basis for other character sets such as the
292:
248:
244:
233:
68:
60:
2811:
2607:
2517:
2398:
1972:
1342:
1317:
1307:
1045:
602:
517:
448:
computers built for the North American market, for example, used
408:
404:
83:
2816:
2806:
2784:
2664:
2639:
2634:
2317:
2208:
2098:
1457:
1447:
1432:
1249:
895:
479:
434:
419:
362:
72:
28:
652:, require the character encoding of content to be tagged with
2911:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2236:
1942:
1452:
1392:
1254:
1028:
925:
Roman Czyborra's Unicode and extended ASCII information pages
685:
505:
393:
224:
91:
42:
236:) and five other mostly-similar symbols ("@", "", and "^").
2222:
1312:
649:
645:
279:
433:
introduced eight-bit extended ASCII codes on the original
2689:
445:
430:
278:
When computers and peripherals standardized on eight-bit
924:
846:"C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement | Range: 0080–00FF"
478:
introduced their own eight-bit extended ASCII codes in
704:
411:, based on the original ASCII standard of 1963).
2973:
2891:Unicode control, format and separator characters
16:Nickname for 8-bit ASCII-derived character sets
898:. 27 January 2015. sec. 5.2 Names and labels.
540:International Organization for Standardization
950:
757:
957:
943:
735:
612:
818:
550:for Eastern European languages using the
349:Learn how and when to remove this message
298:
192:Learn how and when to remove this message
738:"Print Extended ASCII Codes in sql*plus"
597:. The added characters included "curly"
464:), but not, for example, in English and
18:
964:
41:that include (most of) the original 96
2974:
601:and other typographical elements like
938:
884:
656:-assigned character set identifiers.
460:(though French computers usually use
48:American National Standards Institute
902:from the original on 4 February 2015
705:Benjamin Riefenstahl (26 Feb 2001).
671:Digraphs and trigraphs (programming)
331:adding citations to reliable sources
302:
204:ASCII was designed in the 1960s for
130:adding citations to reliable sources
101:
390:(as well as a number of variants).
13:
2301:Norwegian and Danish (alternative)
853:The Unicode Standard, Version 15.1
760:"vim: how to type extended-ascii?"
14:
2998:
918:
717:from the original on 11 July 2013
514:Lotus International Character Set
2958:
2957:
573:, which correspond to the ASCII
307:
251:, box-drawing characters, etc.
106:
2745:Digital encoding of APL symbols
2680:Comparison of Unicode encodings
1198:Proposed but not approved
827:from the original on 2017-07-29
801:from the original on 2018-09-29
758:Mark J. Reed (March 28, 2004).
581:
318:needs additional citations for
117:needs additional citations for
863:
838:
812:
781:
751:
729:
698:
372:, especially in universities.
1:
691:
498:Digital Equipment Corporation
789:"2.2.1.1 Trigraph sequences"
7:
2917:Character encodings in HTML
2251:National Replacement (NRCS)
2218:Japanese language in EBCDIC
821:"Graphic Tips & Tricks"
736:S. Wolicki (Mar 23, 2012).
659:
527:
502:Multinational Character Set
10:
3003:
681:List of Unicode characters
585:
531:
97:
94:encoding method later on.
2955:
2904:
2859:
2727:
2688:
2606:
2341:
2231:
2207:
2089:
1971:
1655:
1494:
1466:
1300:
1242:
1099:
972:
633:languages can display as
269:three-character sequences
2947:Variable-length encoding
2728:Miscellaneous code pages
1486:Extended Unix Code / EUC
1177:-15 (New Western Europe)
973:Early telecommunications
642:communications protocols
558:for languages using the
492:Postscript character set
2874:C0 and C1 control codes
819:Goldklang, Ira (2015).
613:Character set confusion
422:home computer added 64
50:(ANSI) had updated its
1122:-3 (Maltese/Esperanto)
1073:World System Teletext
299:Proprietary extensions
31:
23:Output of the program
2896:Whitespace characters
2573:Ventura International
871:"HTML Character Sets"
22:
2291:Norwegian and Danish
500:(DEC) developed the
490:also introduced the
416:TRS-80 character set
327:improve this article
265:82 "invariant" codes
221:printable characters
126:improve this article
88:history of computing
2851:Unified Hangul Code
2523:PostScript Standard
2246:Multinational (MCS)
1117:-2 (Central Europe)
1112:-1 (Western Europe)
966:Character encodings
644:, most importantly
366:mainframe computers
39:character encodings
37:is a repertoire of
2932:Hardware code page
2692:typesetting system
2528:PostScript Latin 1
2184:Cyrillic + Finnish
2091:Windows code pages
1973:IBM AIX code pages
1301:National standards
1232:Ukrainian Cyrillic
857:Unicode Consortium
627:analyzing the text
575:control characters
510:computer terminals
380:HP Roman Extension
32:
2969:
2968:
2922:Charset detection
2861:Control character
2543:Sharp calculators
2414:Casio calculators
2342:Platform specific
2194:Cyrillic + German
2189:Cyrillic + French
1607:Maltese/Esperanto
1243:Bibliographic use
1127:-4 (North Europe)
1059:T.51/ISO/IEC 6937
1017:Baudot and Murray
488:Apple LaserWriter
359:
358:
351:
230:Teletype Model 33
202:
201:
194:
176:
80:operating systems
59:The ISO standard
2994:
2961:
2960:
2453:DG International
2328:Special Graphics
2129:Extended Latin-8
1527:Central European
1517:Barents Cyrillic
1222:Barents Cyrillic
1192:-12 (Devanagari)
1188:Abandoned parts
959:
952:
945:
936:
935:
912:
911:
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907:
888:
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867:
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755:
749:
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746:
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733:
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726:
724:
722:
713:(Mailing list).
702:
468:(which required
354:
347:
343:
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311:
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262:
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197:
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186:
183:
177:
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141:"Extended ASCII"
134:
110:
102:
55:
26:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2951:
2927:Han unification
2900:
2855:
2723:
2684:
2602:
2424:Compucolor 8001
2337:
2333:Technical (TCS)
2256:French Canadian
2227:
2203:
2199:Polytonic Greek
2085:
1967:
1651:
1637:Turkic Cyrillic
1552:Font X (Kermit)
1547:Farsi (Persian)
1499:
1490:
1462:
1296:
1238:
1108:Approved parts
1095:
968:
963:
921:
916:
915:
905:
903:
890:
889:
885:
869:
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843:
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828:
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802:
787:
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756:
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742:
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734:
730:
720:
718:
703:
699:
694:
662:
615:
599:quotation marks
590:
584:
572:
568:
560:Cyrillic script
536:
530:
376:Hewlett-Packard
355:
344:
338:
335:
324:
312:
301:
260:
256:
214:impact printers
198:
187:
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135:
133:
123:
111:
100:
51:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3000:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2982:Character sets
2967:
2966:
2963:Character sets
2956:
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2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
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2929:
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2914:
2908:
2906:
2905:Related topics
2902:
2901:
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2869:Morse prosigns
2865:
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2604:
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2565:
2563:TI calculators
2560:
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2271:United Kingdom
2268:
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2240:
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2101:
2095:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
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1945:
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1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
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1895:
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1656:DOS code pages
1653:
1652:
1650:
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1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1602:Latin (Kermit)
1599:
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1237:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1202:KOI-8 Cyrillic
1196:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1182:-16 (Romanian)
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
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1036:
1026:
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1019:
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1007:
1002:
997:
987:
980:Telegraph code
976:
974:
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969:
962:
961:
954:
947:
939:
933:
932:
927:
920:
919:External links
917:
914:
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883:
862:
837:
811:
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728:
696:
695:
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678:
673:
668:
661:
658:
614:
611:
586:Main article:
583:
580:
570:
566:
562:, and others.
532:Main article:
529:
526:
508:and later DEC
476:Apple Computer
401:home computers
357:
356:
315:
313:
306:
300:
297:
200:
199:
114:
112:
105:
99:
96:
53:ANSI X3.4-1986
35:Extended ASCII
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2999:
2988:
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2612:ISO/IEC 10646
2609:
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2429:Compucolor II
2427:
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2384:Acorn RISC OS
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2313:8-bit Turkish
2311:
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2157:
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2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
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2110:
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2100:
2097:
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2034:
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2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
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1994:
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1989:
1987:
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1498:
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1481:ISO/IEC 10367
1479:
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1471:
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1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1132:-5 (Cyrillic)
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
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1018:
1015:
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1008:
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1003:
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996:
993:
992:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
981:
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977:
975:
971:
967:
960:
955:
953:
948:
946:
941:
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937:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
901:
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893:
887:
880:
876:
872:
866:
858:
854:
847:
841:
826:
822:
815:
800:
796:
795:
790:
784:
769:
765:
761:
754:
739:
732:
716:
712:
708:
701:
697:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
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669:
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623:
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610:
608:
604:
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596:
589:
579:
576:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
538:In 1987, the
535:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
471:
470:code page 737
467:
463:
462:code page 850
459:
455:
451:
450:code page 437
447:
442:
441:
436:
432:
428:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
399:
395:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
371:
370:minicomputers
367:
364:
353:
350:
342:
332:
328:
322:
321:
316:This section
314:
310:
305:
304:
296:
294:
290:
284:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
252:
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
196:
193:
185:
174:
171:
167:
164:
160:
157:
153:
150:
146:
143: –
142:
138:
137:Find sources:
131:
127:
121:
120:
115:This section
113:
109:
104:
103:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
54:
49:
44:
40:
36:
30:
21:
2879:ISO/IEC 6429
2836:Stanford/ITS
2823:
2757:ARIB STD-B24
2538:Sega SC-3000
2439:DEC RADIX 50
1476:ISO/IEC 8859
1468:ISO/IEC 2022
1213:Adaptations
1172:-14 (Celtic)
1167:-13 (Baltic)
1157:-10 (Nordic)
1152:-9 (Turkish)
1101:ISO/IEC 8859
904:. Retrieved
886:
878:
874:
865:
852:
840:
829:. Retrieved
814:
803:. Retrieved
793:
783:
771:. Retrieved
768:comp.editors
753:
741:. Retrieved
731:
719:. Retrieved
710:
700:
676:Input method
639:
631:
624:
619:
616:
594:
591:
588:Windows-1252
582:Windows-1252
564:
552:Latin script
537:
534:ISO/IEC 8859
496:
484:Mac OS Roman
474:
438:
429:
424:semigraphics
413:
392:
374:
360:
345:
336:
325:Please help
320:verification
317:
285:
277:
253:
238:
218:
206:teleprinters
203:
188:
179:
169:
162:
155:
148:
136:
124:Please help
119:verification
116:
77:
58:
34:
33:
2598:ZX Spectrum
2553:Sinclair QL
2389:Amstrad CPC
2308:8-bit Greek
2235:terminals (
1948:Iran System
1500:("scripts")
1147:-8 (Hebrew)
1137:-6 (Arabic)
1034:ISO/IEC 646
289:transcoding
241:typesetting
78:All modern
2976:Categories
2884:JIS X 0211
2792:ISO-IR-169
2645:UTF-EBCDIC
2211:code pages
1938:CSX+ Indic
1542:Devanagari
1497:Code pages
1418:LST 1590-4
1388:JIS X 0213
1383:JIS X 0212
1378:JIS X 0208
1373:JIS X 0201
1338:GOST 10859
1260:CCCII/EACC
1162:-11 (Thai)
1142:-7 (Greek)
1077:background
1000:Wabun/Kana
906:4 February
892:"Encoding"
875:W3 Schools
831:2017-07-29
805:2019-02-08
721:2 December
692:References
556:ISO 8859-5
548:ISO 8859-2
544:ISO 8859-1
522:ISO 8859-1
482:, such as
440:code pages
388:HP Roman-9
384:HP Roman-8
210:telegraphy
182:March 2016
152:newspapers
65:ISO 8859-1
2937:MICR code
2772:IEC-P27-1
2750:ISO-IR-68
2655:DIN 91379
2533:SAM Coupé
2468:GSM 03.38
2458:Galaksija
1953:Kamenický
1933:CSX Indic
1642:Ukrainian
1428:Shift JIS
1408:KS X 1002
1403:KS X 1001
1328:DIN 66003
1323:CNS 11643
1091:Transcode
1069:ITU T.101
995:Non-Latin
764:Newsgroup
666:ASCII art
607:euro sign
398:Commodore
339:June 2020
273:backspace
249:logograms
245:ideograms
69:codepages
2942:Mojibake
2797:ISO 2033
2762:Fieldata
2740:ASMO 449
2650:GB 18030
2610: /
2558:Teletext
2548:Sharp MZ
2478:HP FOCAL
2473:HP Roman
2404:Atari ST
2394:Apple II
1928:CS Indic
1622:Romanian
1597:Keyboard
1577:Gurmukhi
1572:Gujarati
1562:Georgian
1537:Cyrillic
1532:Croatian
1507:Armenian
1413:LST 1564
1398:KPS 9566
1358:GB 18030
1353:GB 12052
1348:GB 12345
1333:ELOT 927
1267:ISO 5426
1227:Estonian
1064:ITU T.61
1054:Teletext
1050:Videotex
1024:Fieldata
1010:Cyrillic
900:Archived
825:Archived
799:Archived
715:Archived
660:See also
635:mojibake
620:specific
528:ISO 8859
516:(LICS),
418:for the
293:mojibake
234:all caps
61:ISO 8859
2831:SEASCII
2825:Mojikyō
2812:KOI8-RU
2735:ABICOMP
2608:Unicode
2518:PETSCII
2508:NEC APC
2444:DEC MCS
2399:ATASCII
2296:Swedish
2281:Finnish
2266:Spanish
1958:Mazovia
1923:ABICOMP
1632:Turkish
1587:Iceland
1495:Mac OS
1438:TIS-620
1343:GB 2312
1318:BraSCII
1308:ArmSCII
1046:Teletex
1005:Chinese
773:May 17,
766::
743:May 17,
603:em dash
518:ECMA-94
454:English
409:PETSCII
405:ATASCII
166:scholar
98:History
84:Unicode
2841:Symbol
2817:KOI8-U
2807:KOI8-R
2675:TACE16
2665:CESU-8
2660:BOCU-1
2640:UTF-32
2635:UTF-16
2578:WISCII
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