348:, a dam in Canada that caused major loss of fish, a major source of food for her people. She quotes Freda Huson in saying, âOur peopleâs belief is that we are part of the land. The land is not separate from us. The land sustains us. And if we donât take care of her, she wonât be able to sustain us, and we as a generation of people will die.â She also defines extractivism in another work, stating it is âstealing. Itâs taking something, whether itâs a process, an object, a gift, or a person, out of the relationships that give it meaning, and placing it in a nonrelational context for the purposes of accumulation.â The colonial action of theft goes beyond only extracting from the earth. This philosophy of entitlement is the cause behind colonization itself, and we are watching the continuation of theft in real-time through practices such as extractivism.
474:. Indigenous communities tend to be particularly susceptible to the social impacts of extractivism. Indigenous peoples rely on their environment to sustain their lifestyles as well as connect with the land in spiritual ways. Extractivist policies and practices heavily destroy the land as explained above. This changes game populations, migration patterns for animals, pollutes rivers and much more. Doing so, does not allow Indigenous populations to practice their culture and ways of life because the environment they depend on to hunt, fish etc. is drastically changed. In addition, this destruction hinders the practice of Indigenous culture and creation of knowledge making it more difficult for Indigenous individuals to pass down their traditions to future generations.
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maintained large amounts of control over various extraction-based industries. This success is credited to the oftentimes weak governance structure of the resource dependent economies where extraction is taking place. Through complex arrangements and agreements, resources have slowly become denationalized. As a result of this, the government has taken a âhands-offâ approach, awarding most of the control over resource enclaves and the social responsibility that accompanies them to TNCs. However, the government still plays an important role in leading development by determining which TNCs they allow to extract their resources and how thorough they are when it comes to enforcing certain standards of social responsibility.
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projects that would be beneficial for the community. The TNC said they would abandon the project if they could not do so on socially and economically responsible terms. However, this guarantee failed to be actualized and violent conflict broke out as a result of chemical spills and environmental degradation. Regional and national governments had opposing opinions on the project and protests broke out injuring more than 20 people and killing five. The regional government sided with the community protestors, rejecting the
Cajamarca mining project, but in the end, the national government overrode the concerns of the community and pushed the mine forward, leaving the task of social responsibility to the corporations.
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free trade. In contrast to older forms of extractivism, neo-extractivism regulates the allotment of resources and their revenue, pushes state-ownership of companies and raw materials, revises contracts, and raises export duties and taxes. The success of neo-extractivism is debatable as the communities at the sites of extraction rarely experience improved living conditions. More commonly, the people at these sites experience worsened living conditions, such as in the cases of extraction from
Indigenous communities in Canadaâs boreal forest. Neo-extractivism has similarities to older forms of extractivism and exists in the realm of neo-colonialism.
424:, expanding the middle class and reducing poverty. This is done by using surplus revenue to invest in development projects such as expanding social programs and infrastructure. Overall, extraction based economies are seen as long-term development projects that guarantee a robust economic foundation. It has created a new hegemonic order that closely intertwines with the dominant capitalist system of the world. The green economy has emerged as an economic model in response to the arising tensions between the economy and the environment. Extractivism is one of the many issues that exist at this intersection between the economy and the environment.
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profits. As well, foreigners usually fill the highest paying managerial positions, leaving local community members to do the most labour intensive jobs. Frequently, the enclaves where extractivism occurs are distanced from government involvement, therefore allowing them to avoid being subjected to the enforcement of national laws to protect citizens. This can result in widespread human rights violations. It is argued that prolonged social transformation cannot thrive on export dependent extractivism alone therefore making neo-extractivism a potentially flawed development method on its own.
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societies in the world, capitalist and non-capitalist, are also extractivist to a greater or lesser extent. The agrarian non-capitalist societies that processed iron, copper, gold or bronze on a greater or lesser scale, had some type of specialized extractive activity, complemented in some cases with the simple or complex processing of that raw material. Even the societies that lived or live from the extraction of wood and chestnut along with hunting and fishing, maintain a type of extractive activity of renewable natural resources.
142:(TNCs) as the main players, but are not limited to them, because they also include the government and some (chiefly economic) community members. Trends have demonstrated that countries do not often extract their own resources; extraction is often led from abroad. These interactions have contributed to extractivism being rooted in the hegemonic order of global capitalism. Extractivism is controversial because it exists at the intersection where economic growth and environmental protection meet. This intersection is known as the
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395:. Resources are typically extracted from developing countries as a raw material. This means that it has not been processed or has been processed only slightly. These materials then travel elsewhere to be turned into goods that are for sale on the world market. An example of this would be gold that is mined as a raw mineral and later in the supply chain manufactured into jewellery.
651:, which proposed that the international community would compensate Ecuador $ 3.5 billion for the lost income that an oil reserve would have generated in exchange for protecting the forest. The initiative only raised $ 13 million dollars, and was cancelled in 2013. Drilling began in 2016, and in 2023 several oil platforms had been developed with over 100 oil wells in production.
736:, a phenomenon that causes countries rich in natural resources to have slow economic growth, low development, corrupt governments and unequal distribution of wealth, since the wealth produced with the resource is exported to other countries or oligopolic companies, which use a part of the wealth generated to bribe local governments to increase extractivism, creating a
177:. Social and political implications include violation of human rights, unsafe labour conditions, unequal wealth distribution and conflict. As a result of this, extractivism remains a prominent debate in policy related discourse because while it sometimes delivers high economic gains in the short term, it also poses social and environmental dangers. Case studies in
358:. She writes, "Extractivism ran rampant under colonialism because relating to the world as a frontier of conquest- rather than a home- fosters this particular brand of irresponsibility. The colonial mind nurtures the belief that there is always somewhere else to go to and exploit once the current site of extraction has been exhausted."
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take place where
Indigenous communities are located, the conflicts are making these landscapes politicized and contested. The conflicts are driven because Indigenous lives are put in jeopardy when they are dispossessed, when they lose their livelihoods, when their water and land is polluted and the environment is commodified.
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that runs through Canada and the U.S. was put to a halt due to
Indigenous activism. Its construction officially ended in June 2021. Despite the difficulties they face in protesting these projects, their resilience continues to flourish and oftentimes they succeed in ending extractivism on their land.
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Because extractivism so often has negative implications for the
Indigenous communities it affects, there is much resistance and activism on their end. For example, from the 1980s and through today we can see examples of âextrACTIVISMâ, a term coined by author Anna J. Willow. In protest of the logging
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Extractivism near or on
Indigenous land without the permission of Indigenous peoples begins to threaten the land based self-determination of Indigenous groups. Conflicts between Indigenous peoples, corporations and governments are occurring around the world. Because many of the extractivist practices
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One of the main consequences of extractivism is the toll that it takes on the natural environment. Due to the scale extraction takes place on; several renewable resources are becoming non-renewable. This means that the environment is incapable of renewing its resources as quickly as the rate they are
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All societies and modes of production have these different levels of processing of "raw materials" in their own way. If we conceptualize "extractivism" as the activity that only extracts raw materials (renewable or non-renewable), without introducing further transformation in labor activity, then all
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However, while these short-term economic benefits can be substantial, extractivism as a development model is often critiqued for failing to deliver the improved living conditions it promises and failing to work collaboratively with already existing programs, therefore inflicting environmental, social
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began the project. The government favoured this project and saw it as an opportunity for development therefore giving large amounts of control to the mining companies. Local communities expressed concerns about water contamination. The corporations promised the creation of 7,000 jobs and development
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Extractivism has been promoted as a potential development path in which raw materials are exported and revenues are used to improve people's living conditions. This approach is called âneo-extractivismâ. This transition to neo-liberal economies is rooted in a nationâs subordination to an emphasis on
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Chagnon, Christopher W.; Durante, Francesco; Gills, Barry K.; Hagolani-Albov, Sophia E.; Hokkanen, Saana; Kangasluoma, Sohvi M. J.; Konttinen, Heidi; Kröger, Markus; LaFleur, William; Ollinaho, Ossi; Vuola, Marketta P. S. (2022-05-09). "From extractivism to global extractivism: the evolution of an
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Scholarly work on extractivism has since applied the concept to other geographical areas and also to more abstract forms of extraction such as the digital and intellectual realms or to finance. Regardless of its range of application, the concept of extractivism may be essentially conceived as "a
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While employment opportunities are brought to local communities as a pillar of neo-extractivism projects, the conditions are often unsafe for workers. TNCs can take advantage of more lenient health and safety conditions in developing countries and pay inadequate wages in order to maximize their
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Transnational corporations (TNCs) are a primary actor in neo-extractivism. Originally, as TNCs began to explore raw material extraction in developing countries they were applauded for taking a risk to extract high-demand resources. TNCs were able to navigate their way into a position where they
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that extractivism contributes to. As well, extraction produces large amounts of waste such as toxic chemicals and heavy metals that are difficult to dispose of properly. To what degree humans have a right to take from the environment for developmental purposes is a topic that continues to be
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organizations. As well, the relationship between the State providing the natural resources and the TNCs extracting them can be politically complex sometimes leading to corruption. Likewise, as a result of government involvement, this process as a development project becomes politicized. The
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extracted at. It is often falsely assumed that technological advancements will enable resources to renew more effectively and as a result make raw material extraction more sustainable. The environment often must compensate for overproduction driven by high demand. Global
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particular way of thinking and the properties and practices organized towards the goal of maximizing benefit through extraction, which brings in its wake violence and destruction". Guido
Pascual Galafassi and Lorena Natalia Riffo see the concept as a continuation of
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Due to the fact that the state is a prominent actor in the extractivism process it has several political implications. It pushes the state into a position where they are one of the central actors involved in development when recent decades have seen a shift to
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In addition to the environmental consequences of extractivism, social impacts arise as well. Local communities are often opposed to extractivism occurring. This is because it often uproots the communities or cause environmental impacts that will affect their
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Chagnon, Christopher W.; Durante, Francesco; Gills, Barry K.; Hagolani-Albov, Sophia E.; Hokkanen, Saana; Kangasluoma, Sohvi M. J.; Konttinen, Heidi; Kröger, Markus; LaFleur, William; Ollinaho, Ossi; Vuola, Marketta P. S. (2022-06-07).
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Neo-extractivism is seen as an opportunity for successful development in many areas of the developing world. Demand for extracted resources on the global market has allowed this industry to expand. Since the year 2000, there has been a
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Chagnon, Christopher W.; Durante, Francesco; Gills, Barry K.; Hagolani-Albov, Sophia E.; Hokkanen, Saana; Kangasluoma, Sohvi M. J.; Konttinen, Heidi; Kröger, Markus; LaFleur, William; Ollinaho, Ossi; Vuola, Marketta P. S. (2022).
413:â this has contributed to steadily high prices. Neo-extractivism has therefore been seen as a tool for economically advancing developing countries that are rich in natural resources by participating in this market.
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have both attempted to extract oil from the reserves in Yasuni. Various civil society organizations fought against the implementation of this project because of the park's valuable biodiversity. In 2007 under
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Egles-Zanden, N.; Hyllman, P. (2007). "Evaluating
Strategies for Negotiating Workers' Rights in Transnational Corporations: The Effects of Codes of Conducts and Global Agreements on Workplace Democracy".
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Egels-Zanden, N; Hyllman, P (2007). "Evaluating
Strategies for Negotiating Workers' Rights in Transnational Corporations: The Effects of Codes of Conduct and Global Agreements on Workplace Democracy".
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economic transitions to become a potential avenue for development to occur. This development occurs through stabilizing growth rates and increasing direct foreign investment.
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in the Global North in
European extractivism. The concept was coined in Portuguese as "extractivismo" in 1996 to describe the for-profit exploitation of forest resources in
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mechanisms and increased government involvement are being used to mitigate the negative implications of neo-extractivism and make it a more effective development model.
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Some resources that are obtained through extraction include but are not limited to gold, diamonds, oil, lumber, water and food. This occurs through techniques such as
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Extractivism is the removal of large quantities of raw or natural materials, particularly for export with minimal processing. The concept emerged in the 1990s (as
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Acosta, Alberto. âExtractivism and neo-extractivism: two sides of the same curse.âBeyond Development: Alternative Visions From Latin America, (2013): 61â87.
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It is argued that the emergence of this industry in the neo-liberal context has allowed extractivism to contribute to stabilizing growth rates, increasing
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Durante, Francesco; Kröger, Markus; LaFleur, William (2021-05-19), Shapiro, Judith; McNeish, John-Andrew (eds.), "Extraction and Extractivisms",
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campaign began in Canada to build indigenous sovereignty and nationhood and to protect water, air, land and all creation for future generations.
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The term and its negative connotations have drawn comments from some economists and high-ranking officials in South America.
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Burchardt, H.; Dietz, K. (2014). "(Neo)-extractivism â a new challenge for development theory from Latin America".
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increasing demand for raw materials also increases the likelihood of conflict breaking out over natural resources.
872:"Beyond extractivism and alternative cosmologies: Arctic communities and extractive industries in uncertain times"
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Burchardt, H; Dietz, K (2014). "(Neo)-extractivism â a new challenge for development theory from Latin America".
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tribe planting corn in the path of the Keystone Pipeline as an act of resistance. Aside from active protesting,
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Fabricant, N.; Gustafson, B. (2015). "Moving Beyond the Extractivism Debate, Imagining New Social Economies".
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Fabricant, N; Gustafson, B (2015). "Moving Beyond the Extractivism Debate, Imagining New Social Economies".
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ended oil extraction on their land through blockade activism from the 90s through 2000. Just this year, the
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1763:"Indigenous ExtrACTIVISM in Boreal Canada: Colonial Legacies, Contemporary Struggles and Sovereign Futures"
1600:"Indigenous ExtrACTIVISM in Boreal Canada: Colonial Legacies, Contemporary Struggles and Sovereign Futures"
1367:"Indigenous ExtrACTIVISM in Boreal Canada: Colonial Legacies, Contemporary Struggles and Sovereign Futures"
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Gizbert-Studnicki, D (2016). "Canadian mining in Latin America (1990 to present): a provisional history".
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The New Extractivism: A Post-Neoliberal Development Model or Imperialism of the Twenty-First Century
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Durante, Francesco; Kröger, Markus; LaFleur, William (2021-05-30). "Extraction and Extractivisms".
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Szeman, Imre; Wenzel, Jennifer (2021). "What do we talk about when we talk about extractivism?".
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Picq, Manuela L. (2020-01-01). "Resistance to Extractivism and Megaprojects in Latin America".
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particularly for export with minimal processing. This economic model is common throughout the
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claimed it was a case of civil disobedience as a means to end it and succeeded. In â89,
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scholar and writer, compares these ideas of destruction versus regeneration in her book
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324:. It is rooted in the belief that taking from the earth will create abundance. Many
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According to economists Andrea Cori and Salvatore Monni extractivism perpetuates a
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2214:"Extractivism, Transnational Capital and Subaltern Struggles in Latin America"
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1934:"Ecuador Tried to Curb Drilling and Protect the Amazon. The Opposite Happened"
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1073:"Extractivism, Transnational Capital and Subaltern Struggles in Latin America"
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Many actors are involved in the process of extractivism. These mainly include
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1122:"Neo-extractivism and the Resource Curse Hypothesis: Evidence from Ecuador"
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are opposed to the national government's endorsement of oil extraction in
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Example of mass extraction of trees for lumber, resulting in deforestation
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Resource Extraction and Arctic Communties: The New Extractivist Paradigm
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Acosta. "Extractivism and neo-extractivism: two sides". p. 71.
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Acosts. "Extractivism and neo-extractivism: two sides". p. 81.
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Acosta. "Extractivism and neo-extractivism: two sides". p. 69.
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Acosta. "Extractivism and neo-extractivism: two-sides". p. 63.
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Acosta. "Extractivism and neo-extractivism: two sides". p. 61.
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Acosta. "Extractivism and neo-extractivism: two sides". p. 68.
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Acosta. "Extractivism and neo-extractivism: two sides". p. 67.
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Acosta. "Extractivism and Neo-extractivism: two sides". p. 72.
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312:, which rule Chile from 1990 to 2010, pioneered "neo-extrativism".
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Gizbert-Studnicki. "Canadian Mining in Latin America". p. 98.
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Gizbert-Studnicki, D (2016). "Canadian Mining in Latin America".
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Burchardt, H. "Neo-extractivism â a new challenge". p. 469.
851:"Extractivism and neo-extractivism: two sides of the same curse"
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198:) to describe resource appropriation for export in Latin America
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Einhorn, Catrin; Andreoni, Manuela; Schaff, Erin (2023-01-14).
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Fabricant. "Moving Beyond the Extractivism Debate". p. 40.
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Sörlin, S., Dale, B., Keeling, A., & Larsen, J. N. (2022).
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peoples stood up against the building of dams on their land in
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According to Rafael DomĂnguez the Chilean government coalition
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is an anti-extractivism movement fighting against this activity
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Galafassi, Guido Pascal; Lorena Natalia, Riffo (2018-06-04).
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substantial rise in global demand and value for raw materials
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scholars argue that extractivism opposes their philosophy of
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Extractivism has been occurring for over 500 years. During
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Lopez. "Extractivism, Transnational Capital". p. 164.
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Lopez. "Extractivism, Transnational Capital". p. 162.
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Lopez. "Extractivism, Transnational Capital". p. 161.
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Lopez. "Extractivism, Transnational Capital". p. 153.
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Beyond Development: Alternative Visions from Latin America
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is essential in their goal of protecting their own land.
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Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies
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Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies
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942:[Extractivism and its conceptual deployments].
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and not extractivism should be the concept of concern.
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as a successful example of a "deep and sophisticated
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Corporate accountability for human rights violations
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233:, Vicepresident of Bolivia from 2005 to 2019 wrote:
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893:"Patterns of Arctic Extractivism: Past and Present"
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Map of Yasuni National Park in Ecuador (green area)
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This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate
332:and other life forms in order to create abundance.
320:Extractivism is a result of colonial thought which
244:The concept of extractivism has been criticized by
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1576:"How Will Everything Change Under Climate Change?"
96:Example of European extractivism: a quarry in the
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1458:This Changes Everything:Capitalism vs the Climate
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940:"El extractivismo y sus despliegues conceptuales"
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16:Process of extracting resources from the earth
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1120:Cori, Andrea; Monni, Salvatore (2015-12-01).
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146:. Extractivism has evolved in the wake of
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1847:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics
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560:Another example of this activism is the
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44:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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2010:(4). Informa UK Limited: 760â792.
1872:
1679:
1668:
1559:
1548:
1539:
1511:
1497:
1486:
1481:
1470:
1365:Willow, Anna J. (September 2016).
1333:
1189:
1160:
1050:
1010:
996:
14:
2765:
1920:
1902:
1891:
1452:
1328:
958:
938:DomĂnguez MartĂn, Rafael (2021).
870:Wilson, E.; Stammler, F. (2016).
676:Exploitation of natural resources
580:Yanacocha Mine in Cajamarca, Peru
464:
352:also touches on this in her book
2730:
2729:
740:for unequal wealth distribution.
723:for coining the concept in 2009.
330:living in balance with the earth
23:
2669:Human rights and climate change
2602:Corporate social responsibility
2438:List of environmental conflicts
1962:
1925:
1896:
1837:
1812:
1787:
1761:Willow, Anne J. (Summer 2016).
1754:
1743:
1719:
1673:
1662:
1564:
1553:
1516:
1475:
1464:
1446:
1440:A Short History of the Blockade
1431:
1391:
1322:
1294:
1252:
1178:
1113:
1064:
726:
571:
429:corporate social responsibility
342:A Short History of the Blockade
181:demonstrate these policy gaps.
2679:List of environmental killings
2212:Lopez, E.; Vertiz, F. (2015).
2138:10.1080/10714839.2014.11721813
2004:The Journal of Peasant Studies
1705:10.1080/10714839.2014.11721855
1208:The Journal of Peasant Studies
885:
864:
806:The Journal of Peasant Studies
791:
754:
713:
626:Many Amazonian communities in
607:Compañia de Minas Buenaventura
1:
2175:10.1080/08263663.2015.1134498
2016:10.1080/03066150.2022.2069015
1598:Willow, Anne J. (Fall 2017).
1220:10.1080/03066150.2022.2069015
982:10.1080/08263663.2015.1134498
820:10.1080/03066150.2022.2069015
777:10.1080/0950236X.2021.1889829
747:
315:
189:
184:
173:, declining biodiversity and
2639:Environmentalism of the poor
2126:NACLA Report on the Americas
1986:10.1080/01436597.2014.893488
1715:– via Scholars Portal.
1693:NACLA Report on the Americas
1109:– via Scholars Portal.
1071:Lopez, E; Vertiz, F (2015).
1036:10.1080/01436597.2014.893488
454:contamination of fresh water
422:diversifying local economies
224:
154:and political consequences.
7:
2474:Environmental Justice Atlas
2459:Decolonization of knowledge
2221:Latin American Perspectives
1077:Latin American Perspectives
654:
638:. and American corporation
527:project on their land, the
334:Leanne Betasamosake Simpson
289:Brazilian Romantic painting
209:Open Veins of Latin America
175:contamination of freshwater
127:, but also happens in some
50:conditions to do so are met
10:
2770:
2549:Central and Eastern Europe
2087:Journal of Business Ethics
1626:Journal of Business Ethics
1399:GeopolĂtica de la Amazonia
634:. The Spanish corporation
515:
512:Anti-extractivist activism
435:Environmental consequences
287:by Moritz Rugendas, 1820 (
275:
254:mining sector of Australia
140:transnational corporations
2727:
2684:Locally unwanted land use
2579:
2526:
2451:
2304:
2099:10.1007/s10551-006-9269-0
1638:10.1007/s10551-006-9269-0
1138:10.1057/s41301-016-0053-x
418:direct foreign investment
361:
285:Devastation of the jungle
84:Example of extractivism:
2426:racism in Western Europe
2366:Corporate accountability
2233:10.1177/0094582X14549538
1089:10.1177/0094582X14549538
952:University of ConcepciĂłn
849:Acosta, Alberto (2013).
706:
379:Resources and techniques
338:Michi Saagiig Nishnaabeg
2479:Environmental sociology
2059:10.4324/9781003127611-3
1270:10.4324/9781003127611-3
647:, Ecuador launched the
399:Impacts of extractivism
2622:Environmental defender
681:Indigenous land rights
623:
581:
495:
482:Political implications
375:
292:
268:Eyzaguirre argue that
109:
89:
2443:Urban forest inequity
2297:Environmental justice
2002:organizing concept".
1974:Third World Quarterly
1397:Ălvaro GarcĂa Linera
1024:Third World Quarterly
666:Dispossession of land
649:YasunĂ-ITT Initiative
621:
579:
489:
373:
346:TrentâSevern Waterway
344:. She references the
283:
95:
83:
2469:Ecological economics
2401:inequality in the UK
2254:Minnesota Law Review
1529:Minnesota Law Review
909:Duc, Marine (2017).
632:Yasuni National Park
458:environmental issues
450:loss of biodiversity
301:metropolitan centres
231:Ălvaro GarcĂa Linera
2508:Joan Martinez Alier
2503:Dina Gilio-Whitaker
2406:injustice in Europe
2248:Reikoff, L (2014).
1523:Reikoff, T (2014).
1415:Eyzaguirre, NicolĂĄs
1308:La Izquierda Diario
585:Yanacocha gold mine
250:Minister of Finance
37:of this article is
2659:Global waste trade
2051:Our Extractive Age
1938:The New York Times
1261:Our Extractive Age
624:
582:
566:Tribal sovereignty
496:
376:
293:
246:NicolĂĄs Eyzaguirre
115:is the removal of
110:
90:
2754:Natural resources
2741:
2740:
2709:Toxic colonialism
2664:Green imperialism
2649:Environmental law
2484:Political ecology
2431:Rights Amdenments
2421:racism in the USA
2068:978-1-003-12761-1
1865:978-0-19-022863-7
1819:Abourezk, Kevin.
1610:– via MDPI.
1438:Simpson, Leanne.
1280:978-1-003-12761-1
738:positive feedback
696:Toxic colonialism
557:Keystone Pipeline
404:Economic benefits
117:natural resources
78:
77:
70:
2761:
2733:
2732:
2689:Rights of nature
2674:Impact investing
2644:Environmentalism
2617:Electronic waste
2571:US-Mexico border
2513:Kyle Powys Whyte
2381:Energy democracy
2298:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2244:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2186:
2157:
2120:
2110:
2080:
2045:
2027:
1997:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1870:
1869:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:10.3390/h5030055
1758:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1649:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1595:
1584:
1583:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1411:
1402:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:10.3390/h5030055
1362:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1272:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1231:
1198:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1158:
1157:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1100:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1019:
1008:
1007:
1003:
994:
993:
965:
956:
955:
935:
926:
925:
923:
922:
906:
900:
889:
883:
868:
862:
861:
855:
846:
825:
824:
822:
795:
789:
788:
764:Textual Practice
758:
741:
730:
724:
717:
661:Agroextractivism
645:President Correa
456:are some of the
216:Neo-extractivism
171:food sovereignty
73:
66:
62:
59:
53:
27:
26:
19:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2723:
2627:Water protector
2612:Desertification
2592:Climate finance
2575:
2522:
2464:Human geography
2447:
2371:Corporate crime
2300:
2296:
2293:
2216:
2203:
2201:
2069:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1950:
1948:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1908:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1873:
1866:
1842:
1838:
1829:
1827:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1792:
1788:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1663:
1622:
1615:
1596:
1587:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1487:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1465:
1451:
1447:
1436:
1432:
1412:
1405:
1396:
1392:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1334:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1312:
1299:
1295:
1281:
1257:
1253:
1199:
1190:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1161:
1118:
1114:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1020:
1011:
1004:
997:
966:
959:
936:
929:
920:
918:
911:"Extractivisme"
907:
903:
890:
886:
869:
865:
853:
847:
828:
796:
792:
759:
755:
750:
745:
744:
731:
727:
721:Eduardo Gudynas
718:
714:
709:
657:
616:
587:
574:
533:Borean Malaysia
524:
514:
484:
472:quality of life
467:
437:
406:
401:
381:
364:
318:
278:
227:
218:
192:
187:
129:sacrifice zones
86:open-pit mining
74:
63:
57:
54:
43:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2767:
2757:
2756:
2739:
2738:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2714:Water conflict
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2694:Sacrifice zone
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2607:Decolonization
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2580:Related topics
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2561:United Kingdom
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2544:Western Europe
2536:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2518:Dorceta Taylor
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2498:Robert Bullard
2491:
2489:Social ecology
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2312:Climate change
2308:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2245:
2209:
2193:(2015-03-08).
2187:
2158:
2121:
2081:
2067:
2046:
1998:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1924:
1906:
1895:
1871:
1864:
1836:
1811:
1804:
1786:
1753:
1742:
1718:
1683:
1672:
1661:
1613:
1585:
1563:
1552:
1538:
1515:
1501:
1485:
1474:
1463:
1460:. p. 169.
1445:
1430:
1417:(2022-02-12).
1403:
1390:
1354:
1332:
1321:
1293:
1279:
1251:
1214:(4): 760â792.
1188:
1177:
1159:
1132:(4): 594â607.
1112:
1063:
1049:
1009:
995:
957:
946:(in Spanish).
927:
915:GĂ©oconfluences
901:
884:
863:
826:
813:(4): 760â792.
790:
771:(3): 505â523.
752:
751:
749:
746:
743:
742:
734:resource curse
725:
711:
710:
708:
705:
704:
703:
698:
693:
688:
686:Power politics
683:
678:
673:
671:Eutrophication
668:
663:
656:
653:
640:Chevron-Texaco
615:
612:
586:
583:
573:
570:
513:
510:
483:
480:
466:
465:Social impacts
463:
446:soil depletion
442:climate change
436:
433:
405:
402:
400:
397:
380:
377:
363:
360:
317:
314:
277:
274:
242:
241:
226:
223:
217:
214:
191:
188:
186:
183:
163:soil depletion
159:climate change
76:
75:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2766:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2736:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2632:Land defender
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:United States
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2386:Environmental
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2260:(6): 2435â78.
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2227:(5): 152â68.
2226:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2093:(2): 207â23.
2092:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1980:(3): 468â86.
1979:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1899:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1840:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1805:9781780329925
1801:
1797:
1790:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1746:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1676:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1618:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1556:
1545:
1543:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1508:
1506:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1478:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1441:
1434:
1427:(in Spanish).
1426:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1400:
1394:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1359:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1325:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1181:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1056:
1054:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1002:
1000:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
964:
962:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
932:
916:
912:
905:
898:
894:
888:
881:
877:
873:
867:
859:
852:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
821:
816:
812:
808:
807:
802:
794:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
765:
757:
753:
739:
735:
729:
722:
716:
712:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
652:
650:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
620:
611:
608:
604:
600:
596:
593:gold mine in
592:
578:
569:
567:
563:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
523:
519:
509:
505:
502:
501:civil society
493:
488:
479:
475:
473:
462:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
432:
430:
425:
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1731:Idle No More
1730:
1727:"The Vision"
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2699:Stewardship
2354:reparations
1126:Development
1098:11336/54666
917:(in French)
549:U'wa people
350:Naomi Klein
258:value chain
148:neo-liberal
58:August 2023
2359:resilience
2327:litigation
2305:Key topics
2204:2023-03-04
2169:: 95â113.
2154:1656156999
2108:2077/18843
1951:2023-04-14
1830:2021-12-09
1767:Humanities
1736:2017-12-22
1647:2077/18843
1632:(2): 208.
1604:Humanities
1424:La Tercera
1371:Humanities
1315:2023-01-29
1083:(5): 156.
1030:(3): 468.
976:: 95â113.
921:2023-01-29
748:References
636:Repsol S.A
516:See also:
326:Indigenous
316:Philosophy
270:rentierism
248:, Chilean
190:Definition
185:Background
169:, loss of
98:Apuan Alps
35:neutrality
2719:Zapatismo
2587:Blockadia
2527:By region
2241:154338050
2183:155769679
2146:157781158
2077:236582804
2042:248714959
2034:0306-6150
1994:153475041
1946:0362-4331
1773:(3): 55.
1713:157971615
1699:(2): 42.
1377:(3): 55.
1289:236582804
1246:248714959
1238:0306-6150
1146:1461-7072
1107:154338050
1044:153475041
990:155769679
882:(1), 1-8.
785:233128636
595:Cajamarca
591:Yanacocha
518:Blockadia
461:debated.
225:Criticism
205:Galeano's
88:in Russia
46:talk page
2748:Category
2735:Category
2494:Scholars
2452:Academia
2391:conflict
2150:ProQuest
2117:53417432
1656:53417432
1574:(2015).
1154:90808149
655:See also
553:Colombia
389:drilling
212:(1971).
123:and the
39:disputed
2411:justice
2349:justice
2334:Climate
2322:poverty
2317:effects
1825:Indianz
1535:: 2448.
954:: 1â26.
691:Slavery
628:Ecuador
276:History
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522:No Cav
385:mining
362:Actors
133:Brazil
106:No Cav
2396:crime
2237:S2CID
2217:(PDF)
2179:S2CID
2142:S2CID
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1103:S2CID
1040:S2CID
986:S2CID
854:(PDF)
781:S2CID
707:Notes
562:Ponca
529:Penan
266:Chile
102:Italy
2344:debt
2063:ISBN
2030:ISSN
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