806:(404–359 BCE). Most scholars hold that Ezra lived during the rule of Artaxerxes I, though some have difficulties with this assumption: Nehemiah and Ezra "seem to have no knowledge of each other; their missions seem to have no overlap". These difficulties have led many scholars to assume that Ezra arrived in the seventh year of the rule of Artaxerxes II, i.e. some 50 years after Nehemiah. This assumption would imply that the biblical account is not chronological. The last group of scholars regard "the seventh year" as a scribal error and hold that the two men were contemporaries. However, in Nehemiah 8, Nehemiah has Ezra read the Torah to the people. So, they clearly were contemporaries working together in Jerusalem at the time the wall and the city of Jerusalem was rebuilt in contrast to the previously stated viewpoint. There is a much clearer problem with the timeline in Ezra 4:7 statement that a letter was send to Artaxerces stopping the first attempt to rebuild the temple (and then restarting when Darius became king). Clearly that could not have happened as Artaxerxes only became king ca. 70 years later, so apparently some events during the resistance of leaders of nearby peoples against the works of Nememia must have been confused with events during the days of Zerubbabel.
529:
40:
1346:
884:(regional governors). Ezra was given vast hoards of treasure to take with him to Jerusalem as well as a letter where the king seemingly acknowledges the sovereignty of the God of Israel. Yet, his actions in the story do not appear to be that of someone with near unlimited government power, and the alleged letter from a Persian king is written with
481:. The central theological themes are "the question of theodicy, God's justness in the face of the triumph of the heathens over the pious, the course of world history in terms of the teaching of the four kingdoms, the function of the law, the eschatological judgment, the appearance on Earth of the heavenly Jerusalem, the
219:
333:
women, he tore his garments in despair and confessed the sins of Israel before God, then braved the opposition of some of his countrymen to purify the community by enforcing the dissolution of the sinful marriages. He was described as exhorting the
Israelite people to be sure to follow the Torah Law
1949:
Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Boardman, John; Lewis, David M.; Walbank, F. W.; Astin, A. E.; Crook, J. A.; Lintott, A. W.; Rawson, Elizabeth; Bowman, Alan K.; Champlin, Edward; Garnsey, Peter; Rathbone, Dominic; Cameron, Averil; Ward-Perkins, Bryan; Whitby, Michael; Sollberger,
838:
tradition are insufficient to say that Ezra, with his central position as the 'father of
Judaism' in the Jewish tradition, has been a later literary invention. Those who argue against the historicity of Ezra argue that the presentation style of Ezra as a leader and lawgiver resembles that of Moses.
423:
text of Ezra and a part of
Nehemiah distinctly different from that of Ezra–Nehemiah – in particular it eliminates Nehemiah from the story and gives some of his deeds to Ezra, as well as telling events in a different order. Scholars are divided on whether it is based on Ezra–Nehemiah, or reflects an
1759:
The
Apocryphal Apocalypse: the reception of the second book of Esdras Alastair Hamilton – 1999 p. 22 "that were part of the canon.13 Although Clement of Alexandria, who was writing in the late second and early third century, showed more interest in 1 Esdras, he cited 2 Esdras in his Stromata,
243:
was always written as one scroll. In late medieval
Christian bibles, the single book was divided in two, as First and Second Ezra; and this division became Jewish practice in the first printed Hebrew bibles. Modern Hebrew Bibles call the two books Ezra and Nehemiah, as do other modern Bible
815:
442:. He uses the name Xerxes for Artaxerxes I reserving the name Artaxerxes for the later Artaxerxes II whom he identifies as the Ahasuerus of Esther, thus placing Ezra before the events of the book of Esther. Josephus' account of the deeds of Ezra derives entirely from
801:
Scholars are divided over the chronological sequence of the activities of Ezra and
Nehemiah. Ezra came to Jerusalem "in the seventh year of Artaxerxes the King". The text does not specify whether the king in the passage refers to Artaxerxes I (465–424 BCE) or to
446:, which he cites as the 'Book of Ezra' in his numeration of the Hebrew bible. Contrariwise, Josephus does not appear to recognise Ezra-Nehemiah as a biblical book, does not quote from it, and relies entirely on other traditions in his account of the deeds of
1574:
684:
In
Christian tradition, Ezra is considered to be the author of the book of Ezra and 1 and 2 Chronicles. Due to the strong similarity between the books of Malachi and Ezra, some Christian traditions adopt the Jewish view that Ezra was Malachi;
238:
are the oldest sources for the activity of Ezra, whereas many of the other books ascribed to Ezra (First Esdras, 3–6 Ezra) are later literary works dependent on the canonical books of Ezra and
Nehemiah. The book of
552:, as the authority on matters of religious law. The Great Assembly is credited with establishing numerous features of contemporary traditional Judaism in something like their present form, including
1913:
The dates of
Nehemiah's and Ezra's respective missions, and their chronological relation to each other, are uncertain, because each mission is dated solely by a regnal year of an
334:
so as not to intermarry with people of foreign blood, a set of commandments described in the Torah. Some years later, Artaxerxes sent
Nehemiah, a Jewish noble in his service, as
629:), because of those travelling merchants who loiter in the closed shops in the street corners, and who may have missed the biblical lections that were read during the weekdays.
661:
That Jewish women and/or girls, as a precautionary measure, be accustomed to conversing with one another while one of their party goes out to relieve herself in the outhouse.
834:
believes that Ezra was a historical figure whose life was enhanced in the scripture and given a theological buildup. Gosta W. Ahlstrom argues the inconsistencies of the
318:), the emperor sent him to Jerusalem to teach the laws of God to any who did not know them. The Book of Ezra describes how he led a group of Judean exiles living in
497:. He dictates 24 books for the public (i.e. the Hebrew Bible) and another 70 for the wise alone (70 unnamed revelatory works). At the end, he is taken up to
784:. Many Islamic scholars and modern Western academics do not view Uzer as "Ezra"; for example, Professor Gordon Darnell Newby associates Uzer with Enoch and
2249:
676:, a synagogue said to be the place where Ezra stopped over has been venerated by Jews for centuries. Another tradition locates his tomb near Basra, Iraq.
865:
that Ezra is the one who redacted the Torah, and in fact effectively produced the first Torah. It has been argued that even if one does not accept the
876:
of his commission. According to it, Ezra was given truly exalted status by the king: he was seemingly put in charge of the entire western half of the
1983:
602:, and is the same prophet known also as Malachi. There is a slight controversy within rabbinic sources as to whether or not Ezra had served as
654:
That the traveling merchants make regular rounds into the Jewish villages and townships because of the honor due to the daughters of Israel (
664:
That men who may have suffered a seminal emission (especially after accompanying with their wives) be required to immerse themselves in a
2488:
2420:
2478:
642:
That men would accustom themselves to eat garlic on the eve of the Sabbath (believed to enhance love between a man and his wife).
1675:
648:
That Jewish women in every place be girded with a wide belt (waist band), whether from the front or from behind, out of modesty.
473:
of God three times and has four visions. Ezra, thirty years into the Babylonian Exile (4 Ezra 3:1 / 2 Esdras 1:1), recounts the
469:, but now survives in Latin, Slavonic and Ethiopic. In this book, Ezra has a seven part prophetic revelation, converses with an
2458:
2386:
2367:
2344:
2325:
2154:
2078:
2020:
1898:
1788:
1460:
338:
with the task of rebuilding the city walls. Once this task was completed, Nehemiah had Ezra read the Torah to the assembled
1852:
645:
That women would rise up early on Friday mornings to bake bread, so that a piece of bread would be available for the poor.
651:
That Jewish women, during their menses, wash and comb their hair three days prior to their purification in a ritual bath.
571:, Ezra is metaphorically referred to as the "flowers that appear on the earth" signifying the springtime in the national
1244:
Bogaert, Pierre-Maurice (2000). "Les livres d'Esdras et leur numérotation dans l'histoire du canon de la Bible latin".
383:, Ezra died and was buried "in a magnificent manner in Jerusalem." If the tradition that Ezra wrote under the pen name
2443:
2232:
2119:
1959:
465:(also sometimes called the 'second book of Esdras' or the 'third book of Esdras') was written c. CE 100, probably in
173:, which he is said to have written and edited, respectively. According to tradition, Ezra was also the author of the
1151:
342:
and the people and priests entered into a covenant to keep the law and separate themselves from all other peoples.
2171:
1177:
2402:
2225:
A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud: A History of the Persian Province of Judah
639:
That women would not wait beyond Thursday to launder their clothes, because of the honor due to the Sabbath day.
181:. Ezra was instrumental in restoring the Jewish scriptures and religion to the people after the return from the
2468:
891:
Biblical scholar Tova Ganzel has recently argued that Ezra's status as both priest and scribe fits well in its
587:. According to another opinion, he did not join the first party so as not to compete, even involuntarily, with
202:
82:
2055:
Winn Leith, Mary Joan (2001) . "Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period". In Michael David Coogan (ed.).
1997:
Winn Leith, Mary Joan (2001) . "Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period". In Michael David Coogan (ed.).
2493:
2483:
537:
295:
supports the positions that Ezra was an ordinary member of the priesthood, and that he actually served as a
2463:
523:
474:
129:
1178:"St. Ezra — Rejoicing in the Lord is Your Strength by Theresa Doyle-Nelson - National Catholic Register"
583:
and thus because of his studies, he did not join the first party returning to Jerusalem in the reign of
2453:
1124:
400:
1665:
1212:
692:
Early Christian writers occasionally cited Ezra as author of the apocalyptic books attributed to him.
1917:
King Artaxerxes; and in either case we do not know for certain whether the Artaxerxes in question is
356:
Several traditions have developed over his place of burial. One tradition says that he is buried in
858:
528:
510:
2448:
2070:
2012:
1936:
1746:
1542:
1356:
1078:
803:
466:
438:
288:
198:
68:
1877:
1073:
2473:
1669:
866:
844:
738:
588:
272:
223:
613:, Ezra the Scribe is said to have enacted ten standing laws and orders, which are as follows:
1808:
1613:
1227:
900:
693:
603:
592:
296:
264:
190:
64:
20:
1925:(404–359 BCE). So we do not know whether the date of Ezra's mission was 458 BCE or 397 BCE'
1298:
388:
182:
111:
1437:
8:
1644:
599:
568:
494:
478:
268:
174:
1404:
872:
One particular aspect of Ezra's story considered dubious historically is the account in
244:
translations. A few parts of the Book of Ezra (4:8 to 6:18 and 7:12–26) were written in
2356:
2300:
2202:
1977:
1931:
1433:
1324:
292:
75:
39:
2314:
1673:
1320:
2382:
2363:
2340:
2321:
2304:
2261:
2228:
2227:. Library of Second Temple Studies 47. Vol. 1. T&T Clark. pp. 324–327.
2194:
2150:
2125:
2115:
2092:
2084:
2074:
2034:
2026:
2016:
1965:
1955:
1926:
1914:
1894:
1784:
1727:
1466:
1456:
1287:
937:
904:
892:
877:
753:
706:. Where early Christian writers refer to the 'Book of Ezra' it is always the text of
610:
576:
308:
240:
2414:
2206:
869:, Ezra was instrumental in the start of the process of bringing the Torah together.
2292:
2220:
2186:
1387:
1253:
969:
931:
235:
170:
2144:
2056:
1998:
1679:
1450:
993:
729:
584:
249:
178:
1372:
1069:
702:
referred to Ezra as an example of prophetic inspiration, quoting a section from
48:
2296:
1856:
1578:
1351:
1116:
1065:
819:
765:
572:
545:
508:
There is also another work, thought to be influenced by this one, known as the
357:
351:
335:
138:
comes. His name is probably a shortened Aramaic translation of the Hebrew name
2354:
LaSor, William Sanford; Hubbard, David Allan; Bush, Frederick William (1982).
1470:
1092:
2438:
2432:
2407:
2265:
2198:
2066:
2008:
1922:
1562:
1558:
1554:
580:
553:
490:
482:
424:
earlier literary stage before the combination of Ezra and Nehemiah accounts.
420:
276:
260:
193:, which sets his feast day as July 13, the same as that of his contemporary,
162:
2250:"Ezra the Scribe-Priest against the Backdrop of Babylonian Temple Officials"
2129:
2096:
2038:
1918:
1711:
1191:
927:
304:
256:
231:
166:
158:
2190:
1969:
1257:
1732:
1575:"4 Ezra OR 2 Esdras, from The holy Bible, King James version (Apocrypha)"
922:
840:
781:
618:
1271:
1804:
1707:
848:
459:
339:
218:
115:
1769:
But the Qur'an 9:30 quotes Jews as saying that he is the "son of God"
1137:
1942:
1780:
1776:
896:
749:
549:
323:
120:
1391:
1234:, Word Biblical Commentary Vol. 16 (Dallas:Word, 1985), pp. xxi–lii.
839:
There are also similarities between Ezra the priest-scribe (but not
493:." Ezra restores the law that was destroyed with the burning of the
1309:
947:
943:
885:
852:
785:
707:
703:
698:
636:
be opened throughout the Jewish townships on Mondays and Thursdays.
633:
462:
447:
443:
433:
416:
380:
284:
194:
419:, probably from the late 2nd/early 1st centuries BCE, preserves a
1648:
1498:
Atare pulḥan yehudiyyim be-ḥalab bi-yme ha-benayim ha-tikhoniyyim
626:
622:
486:
392:
319:
300:
245:
186:
95:
2283:
Bossman, D. (1979). "Ezra's Marriage Reform: Israel Redefined".
2088:
2030:
1520:, vol. I, Ben-Zvi Institute: Jerusalem 2009, pp. 174–75 (Hebrew)
1424:
Liwak, Rüdiger; Schwemer, Anna Maria. "Ezra". Brill's New Pauly.
658:., so that jewelry can be purchased by the daughters of Israel).
489:
will die, the end of this world and the coming of the next, and
2062:
2004:
1640:
1041:
916:
881:
873:
814:
769:
757:
686:
665:
557:
502:
498:
396:
369:
329:
When Ezra discovered that Jewish men had been marrying foreign
135:
1771:
Ashraf, Shahid (2005). "Prophets 'Uzair, Zakariya and Yahya".
1760:
referring to Esdras as an example of prophetic inspiration..."
1508:), Yaron, Assis, Yom Ṭov & Frenkel, Miriam (eds.),
1452:
Crown of Aleppo: The Mystery of the Oldest Hebrew Bible Codex
835:
823:
773:
761:
725:
719:
673:
561:
470:
373:
365:
361:
330:
280:
279:. He returned from Babylonian captivity and reintroduced the
127:
106:
100:
2172:"The Canonization of the Pentateuch: When and Why? (Part I)"
1448:
364:, Iraq while another tradition alleges that he is buried in
2413:
2381:. Sheffield: JSOT for the Society for Old Testament Study.
2163:
984:
975:
851:
on the other hand. The early 2nd-century BCE Jewish author
777:
406:
326:
where he is said to have enforced observance of the Torah.
2110:
Ahlström, Gösta W. (1993). Vikander Edelman, Diana (ed.).
1948:
668:
before being permitted to read from the scroll of the Law.
598:
According to Jewish tradition, Ezra was the writer of the
287:, a Greek translation of the Book of Ezra still in use in
1834:
544:
Traditionally Judaism credits Ezra with establishing the
151:
2142:
919:– about the classification of the books ascribed to Ezra
843:) and Nehemiah the secular governor on the one hand and
1893:. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. pp. 115–16.
2339:. Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
532:
The return from exile is depicted in this woodcut for
395:, along with two other prophets from Ezra's lifetime,
1510:
Ereṣ u-mlo’ah: meḥqarim be-toledot qehillat aram ṣova
978:
1354:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Ezra the Scribe".
1272:"Announcing a Dead Sea Scrolls Fragment of Nehemiah"
1034:
1002:
981:
880:, a position apparently above even the level of the
743:
144:
1815:. Ali As-Sayed Al-Halawani (trans). Islambasics.com
1329:
972:
2355:
2313:
2179:Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
895:historical context in light of parallels with the
453:
2320:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Westminster Press.
1783:: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 199–200.
1449:Hayim Tawil; Bernard Schneider (1 January 2010).
2430:
2353:
2103:
855:praises Nehemiah, but makes no mention of Ezra.
689:was one prominent Christian who held this view.
548:of scholars and prophets, the forerunner of the
252:, Ezra himself being skilled in both languages.
1276:The Institute for Judaism and Christian Origins
1152:"Ezra the Scribe by Mendel Adelman, Chabad.org"
617:That the public come together to read from the
387:is correct, then he was probably buried in the
1138:"The Book of Ezra by Greg Herrick - Bible.org"
752:. Although he was not mentioned as one of the
165:, Ezra is an important figure in the books of
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
98:480–440 BCE) was an important Jewish scribe (
2169:
2136:
2114:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. p. 888.
1773:Encyclopaedia of Holy Prophet and Companions
505:. Ezra is seen as a new Moses in this book.
2254:Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society
1950:Edmond; Cambridge University Press (2002).
1614:"Shir Hashirim Rabbah 5:5, Sefaria Midrash"
1350:
625:during the time of the afternoon oblation (
2376:
2054:
1996:
1982:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1455:. Jewish Publication Society. p. 63.
1409:
1198:
1121:A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations
679:
38:
2050:
2048:
1747:"Jerome, Prologue to the Twelve Prophets"
517:
197:. He is also venerated as a saint in the
2170:Fantalkin, Alexander; Tal, Oren (2012).
2149:. Perennial Library. pp. 232, 242.
2109:
2058:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
2000:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
1192:"Alphabetical list of Saints and events"
940:– the combination of the above two books
832:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
813:
527:
407:In later Second Temple period literature
222:Painting of Ezra on wood panel from the
217:
2334:
2282:
1243:
950:– the Greek version of the texts (Meir)
756:, he is considered one of them by some
579:, he favored study of the Law over the
2431:
2311:
2247:
2219:
2045:
1990:
1888:
1803:
1797:
1770:
1763:
1093:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Esdras (Ezra)"
213:
185:, and is a highly respected figure in
1651:(Minor Prophets); Yehoshua b. Ḳarḥa (
1370:
780:, is a pilgrimage site for the local
2403:Jewish Encyclopedia: Ezra the Scribe
818:Site traditionally described as the
1882:
1593:
997:
733:
432:The first-century Jewish historian
391:, the traditional resting place of
189:. He is regarded as a saint in the
13:
2489:People whose existence is disputed
2276:
1891:The Illustrated Guide to the Bible
560:, and celebration of the feast of
201:, which sets his feast day on the
14:
2505:
2479:People from the Achaemenid Empire
2396:
2362:. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans.
2143:Richard Elliott Friedman (1987).
1601:The Pentateuch: History Or Story?
1545:, book XI, chapter 5, paragraph 5
2185:(1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 4.
2112:The history of ancient Palestine
1487:, Jerusalem 1980, p. 26 (Hebrew)
1360:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
1344:
968:
791:
45:Ezra Reads the Law to the People
2241:
2213:
1907:
1871:
1845:
1827:
1753:
1739:
1721:
1701:
1684:
1658:
1633:
1620:
1606:
1567:
1548:
1536:
1523:
1490:
1477:
1442:
1427:
1398:
1364:
1314:
1303:
1292:
1281:
1264:
1237:
1221:
1184:
1165:The New Encyclopedia of Judaism
454:The apocalyptic Ezra traditions
345:
2337:The books of Ezra and Nehemiah
1217:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1170:
1158:
1144:
1130:
1110:
1085:
1058:
1010:
961:
934:– the non-rabbinical tradition
809:
203:Sunday of the Holy Forefathers
83:Sunday of the Holy Forefathers
16:Figure in early Jewish history
1:
2408:Catholic Encyclopedia: Esdras
1952:The Cambridge ancient history
1051:
538:Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld
312:
291:, he was also a High Priest.
273:Joshua, the first High Priest
134:), from which the Latin name
2459:Ancient Near Eastern scribes
2335:Fensham, F. Charles (1983).
1639:Introduction to the Aramaic
1371:Klein, Reuven Chaim (2013).
581:reconstruction of the Temple
303:when in the seventh year of
121:
7:
2377:Williamson, H.G.M. (1987).
1954:. Cambridge . p. 272.
1278:– Retrieved 20 August 2011.
1035:
1003:
910:
796:
748:). He was mentioned in the
744:
713:
524:Ezra in rabbinic literature
427:
411:
283:in Jerusalem. According to
145:
10:
2510:
2297:10.1177/014610797900900105
2285:Biblical Theology Bulletin
1496:Frenkel, Miriam, article:
1125:Cambridge University Press
717:
521:
485:, at the end of which the
349:
271:, and a close relative of
128:
118:, the name is rendered as
18:
1529:Khatib, Muḥammad Zuhair,
1505:
1373:"Was Ezra a High Priest?"
1029:
724:In Islam, he is known as
672:In the Syrian village of
139:
74:
60:
55:
37:
30:
2444:Jewish scribes (soferim)
1694:82a); Jerusalem Talmud (
1666:"Was Ezra a High Priest"
1531:Rabṭ al-Sabāba al-yamanī
1270:James H. Charlesworth –
954:
830:Mary Joan Winn Leith in
764:traditions. His tomb at
511:Greek Apocalypse of Ezra
80:July 13 (Roman Catholic)
2421:Encyclopædia Britannica
2071:Oxford University Press
2013:Oxford University Press
1937:Oxford University Press
1543:Antiquities of the Jews
1485:Li-Qedošim ašer ba-areṣ
1357:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1213:Encyclopædia Britannica
1079:The Jewish Encyclopedia
680:In Christian traditions
477:and the destruction of
439:Antiquities of the Jews
436:deals with Ezra in his
289:Eastern Orthodox Church
259:he was a descendant of
208:
199:Eastern Orthodox Church
69:Eastern Orthodox Church
2424:(11th ed.). 1911.
1678:13 August 2013 at the
1672:(July 2013); see also
1670:Jewish Bible Quarterly
1380:Jewish Bible Quarterly
899:temple scribes of the
867:documentary hypothesis
827:
541:
518:In rabbinic literature
322:to their home city of
248:, and the majority in
227:
224:Dura-Europos synagogue
2469:Founders of religions
2312:Bright, John (1981).
2248:Ganzel, Tova (2023).
2191:10.1515/zaw-2012-0001
1939:, 1964 pp. 484–85 n.2
1889:Porter, J.R. (2000).
1258:10.1484/J.RB.5.100750
1228:Hugh G. M. Williamson
817:
710:that is being cited.
694:Clement of Alexandria
604:High Priest of Israel
593:High Priest of Israel
531:
522:Further information:
336:governor in Jerusalem
299:. Ezra was living in
221:
191:Roman Catholic Church
65:Roman Catholic Church
21:Ezra (disambiguation)
2494:Mesopotamian Hebrews
2484:5th-century BCE Jews
2358:Old Testament survey
2146:Who Wrote the Bible?
1813:Stories of the Quran
1668:also printed in the
863:Who Wrote the Bible?
768:on the banks of the
534:Die Bibel in Bildern
389:Tomb of the Prophets
183:Babylonian Captivity
112:Second Temple period
19:For other uses, see
2464:Angelic visionaries
2316:A history of Israel
1690:Babylonian Talmud (
1664:HaQoton, Reb Chaim
1645:Yonathan ben Uzziel
1626:Babylonian Talmud (
861:argues in his book
760:scholars, based on
600:Books of Chronicles
569:Rabbinic traditions
495:Temple in Jerusalem
463:fourth book of Ezra
214:In the Hebrew Bible
175:Books of Chronicles
161:, or the Christian
1932:A Study of History
888:and Jewish idiom.
828:
591:for the office of
589:Joshua ben Jozadak
573:history of Judaism
542:
475:siege of Jerusalem
309:Achaemenid emperor
293:Rabbinic tradition
228:
85:(Eastern Orthodox)
56:Prophet and Priest
2388:978-1-85075-045-1
2379:Ezra and Nehemiah
2369:978-0-8028-3556-7
2346:978-0-8028-2362-5
2327:978-0-664-21381-7
2221:Grabbe, Lester L.
2156:978-0-06-097214-1
2080:978-0-19-513937-2
2022:978-0-19-513937-2
1935:, vol. 12 (1961)
1927:Arnold J. Toynbee
1921:(465–424 BCE) or
1900:978-0-7607-2278-7
1790:978-81-261-1940-0
1728:Babylonian Talmud
1462:978-0-8276-0957-0
1246:Revue Bénédictine
1097:www.newadvent.org
1030:עֶזְרָא הַסּוֹפֵר
893:fifth century BCE
822:at Al-Uzayr near
754:Prophets of Islam
742:
611:Babylonian Talmud
609:According to the
577:Baruch ben Neriah
491:the Last Judgment
255:According to the
226:(3rd century BCE)
89:
88:
2501:
2425:
2417:
2392:
2373:
2361:
2350:
2331:
2319:
2308:
2270:
2269:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2176:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2052:
2043:
2042:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1973:
1946:
1940:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1886:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1855:. Archived from
1849:
1843:
1842:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1737:
1725:
1719:
1716:Hilchot Tefillah
1705:
1699:
1688:
1682:
1662:
1656:
1637:
1631:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1604:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1577:. Archived from
1571:
1565:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1527:
1521:
1507:
1500:, published in:
1494:
1488:
1483:Laniado, David,
1481:
1475:
1474:
1446:
1440:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1377:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1327:
1318:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1241:
1235:
1225:
1219:
1209:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1128:
1119:, Neil Wenborn,
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1089:
1083:
1062:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1014:
1008:
1006:
999:
991:
990:
987:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
965:
932:Book of Nehemiah
859:Richard Friedman
747:
737:
735:
575:. A disciple of
483:Messianic Period
479:Solomon's Temple
317:
314:
269:Solomon's Temple
236:Book of Nehemiah
148:
141:
133:
132:
124:
42:
28:
27:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2429:
2428:
2412:
2399:
2389:
2370:
2347:
2328:
2279:
2277:Further reading
2274:
2273:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2218:
2214:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2141:
2137:
2122:
2108:
2104:
2081:
2073:. p. 306.
2053:
2046:
2023:
2015:. p. 281.
1995:
1991:
1975:
1974:
1962:
1947:
1943:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1859:on 2 April 2010
1851:
1850:
1846:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1809:"'Uzair (Ezra)"
1802:
1798:
1791:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1726:
1722:
1706:
1702:
1689:
1685:
1680:Wayback Machine
1663:
1659:
1647:on the prophet
1638:
1634:
1625:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1599:Howard H. Cox,
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1581:on 12 July 2012
1573:
1572:
1568:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1524:
1495:
1491:
1482:
1478:
1463:
1447:
1443:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1410:
1403:
1399:
1392:10.17613/M6BJ95
1375:
1369:
1365:
1352:Singer, Isidore
1345:
1343:
1330:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1282:
1269:
1265:
1242:
1238:
1226:
1222:
1210:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1180:. 13 July 2020.
1176:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1074:Ezra the Scribe
1063:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1036:ʿEzrāʾ hasSōfēr
1026:Ezra the Scribe
1022:Ezra the Priest
1015:
1011:
971:
967:
966:
962:
957:
913:
905:Persian Periods
812:
799:
794:
722:
716:
682:
526:
520:
501:like Enoch and
456:
430:
414:
409:
354:
348:
315:
216:
211:
179:Book of Malachi
114:. In the Greek
110:) in the early
81:
67:
61:Honored in
51:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2507:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2449:Jewish priests
2446:
2441:
2427:
2426:
2410:
2405:
2398:
2397:External links
2395:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2374:
2368:
2351:
2345:
2332:
2326:
2309:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2240:
2233:
2212:
2162:
2155:
2135:
2120:
2102:
2079:
2044:
2021:
1989:
1960:
1941:
1906:
1899:
1881:
1870:
1844:
1826:
1796:
1789:
1762:
1752:
1738:
1720:
1700:
1683:
1657:
1632:
1619:
1605:
1592:
1566:
1547:
1535:
1522:
1489:
1476:
1461:
1441:
1426:
1408:
1397:
1386:(3): 181–187.
1363:
1328:
1313:
1302:
1291:
1280:
1263:
1236:
1232:Ezra, Nehemiah
1220:
1197:
1183:
1169:
1157:
1143:
1129:
1117:Edward Kessler
1109:
1084:
1066:Emil G. Hirsch
1056:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1016:Also known as
1009:
959:
958:
956:
953:
952:
951:
941:
935:
925:
920:
912:
909:
901:Neo-Babylonian
878:Persian Empire
811:
808:
798:
795:
793:
790:
718:Main article:
715:
712:
681:
678:
670:
669:
662:
659:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
630:
546:Great Assembly
519:
516:
455:
452:
429:
426:
413:
410:
408:
405:
350:Main article:
347:
344:
316: 457 BCE
230:The canonical
215:
212:
210:
207:
104:) and priest (
87:
86:
78:
72:
71:
62:
58:
57:
53:
52:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2506:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Tribe of Levi
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:Ezra–Nehemiah
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2423:
2422:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2267:
2263:
2260:(1): 90–103.
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2234:0-5670-8998-3
2230:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2121:0-8006-2770-9
2117:
2113:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2049:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1961:0-521-85073-8
1957:
1953:
1945:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1923:Artaxerxes II
1920:
1916:
1910:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1879:
1874:
1858:
1854:
1853:"Ezra's Tomb"
1848:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1756:
1748:
1742:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1629:
1623:
1615:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1532:
1526:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1439:
1438:Ezra 10.10–11
1435:
1430:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1299:2 Kings 25:18
1295:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1252:(1–2): 5–26.
1251:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1193:
1187:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1153:
1147:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1005:
995:
989:
964:
960:
949:
945:
942:
939:
938:Ezra–Nehemiah
936:
933:
929:
926:
924:
921:
918:
915:
914:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
837:
833:
825:
821:
816:
807:
805:
804:Artaxerxes II
792:Academic view
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
740:
731:
727:
721:
711:
709:
705:
701:
700:
695:
690:
688:
677:
675:
667:
663:
660:
657:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
631:
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:
614:
612:
607:
605:
601:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
554:Torah reading
551:
547:
539:
535:
530:
525:
515:
513:
512:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:Judeo-Aramaic
464:
461:
451:
449:
445:
441:
440:
435:
425:
422:
418:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
379:According to
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
353:
343:
341:
337:
332:
327:
325:
321:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
277:Second Temple
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
251:
247:
242:
241:Ezra–Nehemiah
237:
233:
225:
220:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:Old Testament
160:
155:
153:
149:
147:
137:
131:
125:
123:
117:
113:
109:
108:
103:
102:
97:
93:
84:
79:
77:
73:
70:
66:
63:
59:
54:
50:
46:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
2419:
2415:"Ezra"
2378:
2357:
2336:
2315:
2288:
2284:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2224:
2215:
2182:
2178:
2165:
2145:
2138:
2111:
2105:
2057:
1999:
1992:
1951:
1944:
1930:
1919:Artaxerxes I
1909:
1890:
1884:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1857:the original
1847:
1838:
1829:
1817:. Retrieved
1812:
1799:
1772:
1765:
1755:
1741:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1712:Mishne Torah
1703:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1660:
1652:
1635:
1627:
1622:
1608:
1600:
1595:
1583:. Retrieved
1579:the original
1569:
1550:
1538:
1530:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1484:
1479:
1451:
1444:
1429:
1400:
1383:
1379:
1366:
1355:
1316:
1305:
1294:
1283:
1275:
1266:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1231:
1223:
1216:
1186:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1146:
1132:
1120:
1112:
1100:. Retrieved
1096:
1087:
1077:
1070:Isaac Broydé
1060:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1001:
963:
928:Book of Ezra
890:
871:
862:
857:
831:
829:
820:tomb of Ezra
800:
723:
697:
691:
683:
671:
655:
608:
597:
566:
543:
533:
509:
507:
457:
437:
431:
415:
384:
378:
372:in northern
355:
346:Burial place
328:
305:Artaxerxes I
267:to serve in
257:Hebrew Bible
254:
232:Book of Ezra
229:
159:Hebrew Bible
156:
150:), meaning "
143:
119:
105:
99:
91:
90:
49:Gustave Doré
44:
25:
1915:Achaemenian
1819:21 November
1733:Baba Bathra
1628:Baba Bathra
1518:ve-tarbutah
1405:Ezra 8.2–14
1064:" helps" –
923:Ezra (name)
841:high priest
810:Historicity
782:Marsh Arabs
619:sefer Torah
536:, 1860, by
460:apocalyptic
358:Ezra's Tomb
352:Ezra's Tomb
297:Kohen Gadol
265:High Priest
263:, the last
2433:Categories
1805:Ibn Kathir
1708:Maimonides
1563:Daniel 8:1
1559:Daniel 7:1
1555:Daniel 2:1
1471:1002339598
1052:References
1044:literature
897:Babylonian
849:Zerubbabel
340:Israelites
116:Septuagint
2305:170816144
2291:: 32–38.
2266:0010-2016
2199:1613-0103
1978:cite book
1781:New Delhi
1777:Daryaganj
1692:Baba Kama
1321:Ezra 7–10
1102:1 January
886:Hebraisms
739:romanized
632:That the
623:Shabbatot
550:Sanhedrin
401:Zechariah
324:Jerusalem
142: (
2223:(2004).
2207:55036539
2130:27684165
2097:44650958
2089:98016042
2067:New York
2039:44650958
2031:98016042
2009:New York
1878:Ezra 7:7
1863:15 March
1696:Megillah
1676:Archived
1653:Megillah
1603:, p. 101
1585:15 March
1310:Ezra 3:2
1288:Ezra 7:1
1215:. 2007.
1211:"Ezra".
1167:, "Ezra"
1127:, p. 398
1082:(Online)
1042:Chazalic
1032:
948:2 Esdras
944:1 Esdras
911:See also
853:Ben Sira
836:biblical
797:Timeline
786:Metatron
766:Al-ʻUzer
714:In Islam
708:1 Esdras
704:2 Esdras
699:Stromata
448:Nehemiah
444:1 Esdras
434:Josephus
428:Josephus
417:1 Esdras
412:1 Esdras
381:Josephus
285:1 Esdras
195:Nehemiah
177:and the
171:Nehemiah
154:helps".
146:Azaryahu
1835:"MEMRI"
1649:Malachi
998:עֶזְרָא
882:satraps
762:Islamic
741::
696:in his
627:Minchah
487:Messiah
393:Malachi
385:Malachi
320:Babylon
301:Babylon
275:of the
261:Seraiah
246:Aramaic
187:Judaism
157:In the
2385:
2366:
2343:
2324:
2303:
2264:
2231:
2205:
2197:
2153:
2128:
2118:
2095:
2087:
2077:
2063:Oxford
2037:
2029:
2019:
2005:Oxford
1970:121060
1968:
1958:
1897:
1787:
1698:29a-b)
1655:15a) .
1641:Targum
1469:
1459:
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