Fact-checking - Knowledge

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fact-checker manages to catch a few inaccuracies, the larger picture and suggestion will remain in place, and it is this suggestion that moves minds and hearts, and eventually actions." They also note the very large amount of false information that regularly spreads around the world, overwhelming the hundreds of fact-checking groups; caution that a fact-checker systemically addressing propaganda potentially compromises their objectivity; and argue that even descriptive statements are subjective, leading to conflicting points of view. As a potential step to a solution, the authors suggest the need of a "scientific community" to establish

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regarding fake news detection on social media is gaining momentum. However, fake news detection on social media presents challenges that renders previous data mining and detection techniques inadequate. As such, researchers are calling for more work to be done regarding fake news as characterized against psychology and social theories and adapting existing data mining algorithms to apply to social media networks. Further, multiple scientific articles have been published urging the field further to find automatic ways in which fake news can be filtered out of social media timelines.

1564:, journalists, researchers and former Reddit moderators have expressed concerns about the spread of harmful misinformation, a relative lack of subject matter expertise from replacement mods, a vetting process of replacement mods seen as haphazard, a loss of third party tools often used for content moderation, and the difficulty for academic researchers to access Reddit data. Many fact-checkers rely heavily on social media platform partnerships for funding, technology and distributing their fact-checks. 601: 888:

effect among Trump supporters younger than 26 years whereby the presence of both untagged and tagged fake articles made the untagged fake articles appear more accurate. In response to research which questioned the effectiveness of the Facebook "disputed" tags, Facebook decided to drop the tags in December 2017 and would instead put articles which fact-checked a fake news story next to the fake news story link whenever it is shared on Facebook.

1340:. Efforts such as providing and viewing structured accuracy assessments on posts "are not currently supported by the platforms". Trust in the default or, in decentralized designs, user-selected providers of assessments (and their reliability) as well as the large quantities of posts and articles are two of the problems such approaches may face. Moreover, they cannot mitigate misinformation in chats, print-media and 1361:

Activities for International Fact-Checking Day consist of various media organizations contributing to fact-checking resources, articles, and lessons for students and the general public to learn more about how to identify fake news and stop the spread of misinformation. 2020's International Fact-Checking Day focused specifically on how to accurately identify information about

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pro-Trump fake news being selectively targeted on conservatives and pro-Trump supporters in 2016. The researchers found that social media sites, Facebook in particular, to be powerful platforms to spread certain fake news to targeted groups to appeal to their sentiments during the 2016 presidential race. Additionally, researchers from

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the propensities of audiences to be completely unpersuaded by corrections to errors regarding the most divisive subjects, or the tendency to be more greatly persuaded by corrections of negative reporting (e.g., "attack ads"), and to see minds changed only when the individual in error was someone reasonably like-minded to begin with.

689:. More recently, the mainstream media has come under severe economic threat from online startups. In addition, the rapid spread of misinformation and conspiracy theories via social media is slowly creeping into mainstream media. One solution is for more media staff to be assigned a fact-checking role, as for example 1468:, argued that "behind closed doors, scientists spend the whole time arguing and deeply disagreeing on some fairly fundamental things". Clarke further argued that "The binary idea that scientific assertions are either correct or incorrect has fed into the divisiveness that has characterised the pandemic." 1396:(Dartmouth College) and Jason Reifler (University of Exeter) found that consumers of fake news tended to have less favorable views of fact-checking, in particular Trump supporters. The paper found that fake news consumers rarely encountered fact-checks: "only about half of the Americans who visited a 1360:

campaigns found on the internet, particularly social media sites. It rose in importance after the 2016 elections, which brought fake news, as well as accusations of it, to the forefront of media issues. The holiday is held on April 2 because "April 1 is a day for fools. April 2 is a day for facts."

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Fact-checking can become a learned skill, and technology can be harnessed in a way that makes it second nature... By finding opportunities to integrate technology into learning, students will automatically sense the beautiful blending of… their cyber… . Instead of two spheres coexisting uneasily and

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fact-checking have made clear that such efforts often result in changes in the behavior, in general, of both the speaker (making them more careful in their pronouncements) and of the listener or reader (making them more discerning with regard to the factual accuracy of content); observations include

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Research suggests that fact-checking can indeed correct perceptions among citizens, as well as discourage politicians from spreading false or misleading claims. However, corrections may decay over time or be overwhelmed by cues from elites who promote less accurate claims. Political fact-checking is

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created and tested a machine learning algorithm to identify false information by looking for common patterns, words, and symbols that typically appear in fake news. More so, they released an open-source data set with a large catalog of historical news sources with their veracity scores to encourage

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for political elites. The researchers sent, "a series of letters about the risks to their reputation and electoral security if they were caught making questionable statements. The legislators who were sent these letters were substantially less likely to receive a negative fact-checking rating or to

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counted 70 staff in 2017. Others may hire freelancers per piece or may combine fact-checking with other duties. Magazines are more likely to use fact-checkers than newspapers. Television and radio programs rarely employ dedicated fact-checkers, and instead expect others, including senior staff, to

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Among the benefits of printing only checked copy is that it averts serious, sometimes costly, problems. These problems can include lawsuits for mistakes that damage people or businesses, but even small mistakes can cause a loss of reputation for the publication. The loss of reputation is often the

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have served as other linguistic techniques to estimate the legitimacy of a news source. On top of that, researchers have determined that visual-based cues also play a factor in categorizing an article, specifically some features can be designed to assess if a picture was legitimate and provides us

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found that "individuals consistently update political beliefs in the appropriate direction, even on facts that have clear implications for political party reputations, though they do so cautiously and with some bias... Interestingly, those who identify with one of the political parties are no more

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Different fact-checking organizations have shown different tendencies in their choice of which statements they publish fact-checks about. For example, some are more likely to fact-check a statement about climate change being real, and others are more likely to fact-check a statement about climate

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became popularized with the 2016 United States presidential election, causing concern among some that online media platforms were especially susceptible to disseminating disinformation and misinformation. Fake news articles tend to come from either satirical news websites or from websites with an

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reduced the number of respondents who considered the headline accurate from 29% to 19%, whereas a "rated false" tag pushed the number down to 16%. A 2019 study found that the "disputed" tag reduced Facebook users' intentions to share a fake news story. The Yale study found evidence of a backfire

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Fact-checkers verify that the names, dates, and facts in an article or book are correct. For example, they may contact a person who is quoted in a proposed news article and ask the person whether this quotation is correct, or how to spell the person's name. Fact-checkers are primarily useful in

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for at least three reasons: "First, since much of what skillful propagandists say will be true on a literal level, the fact-checker will be unable to refute them. Second, no matter how well-intentioned or convincing, the fact-check will also spread the initial claims further. Third, even if the

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and news outlets. The reality of fake news had become omnipresent, and a lot of research has gone into understanding, identifying, and combating fake news. Also, a number of researchers began with the usage of fake news to influence the 2016 presidential campaign. One research found evidence of

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Clayton, Katherine; Blair, Spencer; Busam, Jonathan A.; Forstner, Samuel; Glance, John; Green, Guy; Kawata, Anna; Kovvuri, Akhila; Martin, Jonathan (11 February 2019). "Real Solutions for Fake News? Measuring the Effectiveness of General Warnings and Fact-Check Tags in Reducing Belief in False

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as a legitimate and commonly used platform has created extensive concerns for fake news in this domain. The spread of fake news via social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram presents the opportunity for extremely negative effects on society therefore new fields of research

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Several commentators have noted limitations of political post-hoc fact-checking. While interviewing Andrew Hart in 2019 about political fact-checking in the United States, Nima Shirazi and Adam Johnson discuss what they perceive as an unspoken conservative bias framed as neutrality in certain

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researcher Jennifer Rose, because fake news is created with the intention of misleading readers, online news consumers who attempt to fact-check the articles they read may incorrectly conclude that a fake news article is legitimate. Rose states, "A diligent online news consumer is likely at a

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A 2019 meta-analysis of research into the effects of fact-checking on misinformation found that fact-checking has substantial positive impacts on political beliefs, but that this impact weakened when fact-checkers used "truth scales", refuted only parts of a claim and when they fact-checked

3524: 1684:, who edited some of Glass's concocted stories, blamed himself, rather than the fact-checkers, saying: "Any fact-checking system is built on trust ... If a reporter is willing to fake notes, it defeats the system. Anyway, the real vetting system is not fact-checking but the editor." 1059:

incentive to propagate false information, either as clickbait or to serve a purpose. The language, specifically, is typically more inflammatory in fake news than real articles, in part because the purpose is to confuse and generate clicks. Furthermore, modeling techniques such as

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as an argument in political fact-checking, citing examples from The Washington Post, The New York Times and The Associated Press where "mainstream fact-checkers appear to have attempted to manufacture false claims from progressive politicians... a desire to appear objective".

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Sensationalist newspapers in the 1850s and later led to a gradual need for a more factual media. Colin Dickey has described the subsequent evolution of fact-checking. Key elements were the establishment of Associated Press in the 1850s (short factual material needed),

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Fact Checker overwhelmingly agree on their evaluations of claims. A 2018 paper found little overlap in the statements checked by different fact-checking organizations. This paper compared 1,178 published fact-checks from PolitiFact with 325 fact-checks from

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A 2019 study found that "summary fact-checking", where the fact-checker summarizes how many false statements a politician has made, has a greater impact on reducing support for a politician than fact-checking of individual statements made by the politician.

1595:. Fact-checking websites in China often avoid commenting on political, economic, and other current affairs. Several Chinese fact-checking websites have been criticized for lack of transparency with regard to their methodology and sources, and for following 1692:

The following is a list of individuals for whom it has been reported, reliably, that they have played such a fact-checking role at some point in their careers, often as a stepping point to other journalistic endeavors, or to an independent writing career:

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during the 2017 French presidential election campaign (i) successfully persuaded voters, (ii) lost their persuasiveness when fact-checked, and (iii) did not reduce voters' political support for Le Pen when her claims were fact-checked. A 2017 study in the

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national telephone and online survey found that "just 29% of all Likely U.S. Voters trust media fact-checking of candidates' comments. Sixty-two percent (62%) believe instead that news organizations skew the facts to help candidates they support."

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One experimental study found that fact-checking during debates affected viewers' assessment of the candidates' debate performance and "greater willingness to vote for a candidate when the fact-check indicates that the candidate is being honest."

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s Fact Checker, and found only 77 statements (about 5%) that both organizations checked. For those 77 statements, the fact-checking organizations gave the same ratings for 49 statements and similar ratings for 22, about 92% agreement.

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Lateral reading, or getting a brief overview of a topic from lots of sources instead of digging deeply into one, is a popular method professional fact-checkers use to quickly get a better sense of the truth of a particular claim.

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Nyhan, Brendan; Porter, Ethan; Reifler, Jason; Wood, Thomas J. (21 January 2019). "Taking Fact-Checks Literally But Not Seriously? The Effects of Journalistic Fact-Checking on Factual Beliefs and Candidate Favorability".

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The term "fact-check" is also appropriated and overused by "partisan sites", which may lead people to "disregard fact-checking as a meaningless, motivated exercise if all content is claimed to be fact-checked".

1384:. Criticism has included that fact-checking organizations in themselves are biased or that it is impossible to apply absolute terms such as "true" or "false" to inherently debatable claims. In September 2016, a 5890: 4073: 5826: 1555:

has severely limited access by academic researchers to Twitter's API by replacing previously free access with a subscription that starts at $ 42,000 per month, and by denying requests for access under the

5482: 4510: 1456:. This decision relies on the idea of a scientific consensus. But some scientists say that this smothers heterogeneous opinions, problematically reinforcing a misconception that science is a monolith." 5395: 1040:" and suggests that fact-checking alone is not enough to reduce fake news consumption. Despite this, Rose asserts that fact-checking "ought to remain on educational agendas to help combat fake news". 5241: 6345: 4244: 4557: 1373:

Research has shown that fact-checking has limits, and can even backfire, which is when a correction increases the their belief in the misconception. One reason is that it can be interpreted as an

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is the process of verifying the factual accuracy of questioned reporting and statements. Fact-checking can be conducted before or after the text or content is published or otherwise disseminated.

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Rabbi Moshe Benovitz, has observed that: "modern students use their wireless worlds to augment skepticism and to reject dogma." He says this has positive implications for values development:

1480:, and "the near ubiquitous refusal to identify patterns, trends, and ... intent in politicians' ... false statements". They further argue that political fact-checking focuses exclusively on 4340: 1816: 1527:

in particular – have been accused by journalists and academics of undermining fact-checkers by providing them with little assistance; including "propagandist-linked organizations" such as

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Agadjanian, Alexander; Bakhru, Nikita; Chi, Victoria; Greenberg, Devyn; Hollander, Byrne; Hurt, Alexander; Kind, Joseph; Lu, Ray; Ma, Annie; Nyhan, Brendan; Pham, Daniel (1 July 2019).

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found that while fact-checks of false claims made by Trump reduced his supporters' belief in the false claims in question, the corrections did not alter their attitudes towards Trump.

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Carnahan, Dustin; Bergan, Daniel E.; Lee, Sangwon (9 January 2020). "Do Corrective Effects Last? Results from a Longitudinal Experiment on Beliefs Toward Immigration in the U.S.".

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Lead Stories was not able to locate any earlier versions of this video on Google, Yandex, TinEye, Bing or through the image search of the Chinese internet services company, Baidu.

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presenting new and credible information which allows readers to update their knowledge of events and understand why they developed an inaccurate understanding in the first place;

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announced it would "remove false or debunked claims about the novel coronavirus which created a global pandemic", based on its fact-checking partners, collectively known as the

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using video, as videos appear to be more effective than text at increasing attention and reducing confusion, making videos more effective at correcting misperception than text.

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Fridkin, Kim; Kenney, Patrick J.; Wintersieck, Amanda (2 January 2015). "Liar, Liar, Pants on Fire: How Fact-Checking Influences Citizens' Reactions to Negative Advertising".

1641:, and from the time of the first professional American fact-checker through at least the 1970s, the fact-checkers at a media company might be entirely female or primarily so. 785:, fact-checking gained a rise in popularity and spread to multiple countries mostly in Europe and Latin America. However, the US remains the largest market for fact-checking. 685:

of the New York World (his Bureau of Accuracy and Fair Play, 1912), Henry Luce and Time magazine (original working title: Facts), and the famous fact-checking department of

6782: 6173: 1476:, "hyper-literal ... scolding people on the left who criticized the assumptions of American imperialism", rebuttals that may not be factual themselves, issues of general 4723: 4217: 4652: 1310: 6040: 5906: 4469: 1434:, saying a new investigation is needed because 'theories of accidental release from a lab and zoonotic spillover both remain viable." The policy led to an article by 656:

is such checking done in-house by the publisher to prevent inaccurate content from being published; when the text is analyzed by a third party, the process is called

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campaign-related statements. Individuals' preexisting beliefs, ideology, and knowledge affected to what extent the fact-checking had an impact. A 2019 study in the

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in June 2014. The holiday was officially created in 2016 and first celebrated on April 2, 2017. The idea for International Fact-Checking day rose out of the many

883:, but only modestly". A Dartmouth study led by Brendan Nyhan found that Facebook tags had a greater impact than the Yale study found. A "disputed" tag on a false 6214: 5478: 991:

Fact checking may also encourage some politicians to engage in "strategic ambiguity" in their statements, which "may impede the fact-checking movement's goals."

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fact-checking organizations first arose in the US in the early 2000s, and the concept grew in relevance and spread to various other countries during the 2010s.

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Holman, Mirya R.; Lay, J. Celeste (2018). "They See Dead People (Voting): Correcting Misperceptions about Voter Fraud in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election".

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Professional fact-checkers have generally been hired by newspapers, magazines, and book publishers, probably starting in the early 1920s with the creation of

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In 2022, researchers have also demonstrated the feasibility of falsity scores for popular and official figures by developing such for over 800 contemporary

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more clarity on the news. There is also many social context features that can play a role, as well as the model of spreading the news. Websites such as "

5945: 5789: 5688: 5509: 5205: 1448:, journalist Laurie Clarke said "The contentious nature of these decisions is partly down to how social media platforms define the slippery concepts of 938:

found "strong evidence that citizens are willing to accept corrections to fake news, regardless of their ideology and the content of the fake stories."

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that suggested a lab leak would be plausible to be initially labeled as "false information" on the platform. This reignited debates into the notion of

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Walter, Nathan; Cohen, Jonathan; Holbert, R. Lance; Morag, Yasmin (24 October 2019). "Fact-Checking: A Meta-Analysis of What Works and for Whom".

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The number of people employed in fact-checking varies by publication. Some organizations have substantial fact-checking departments. For example,

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Some studies have found that exposure to fact-checks had durable effects on reducing misperceptions, whereas other studies have found no effects.

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magazine in the United States, though they were not originally called "fact-checkers". Fact-checkers may be aspiring writers, future editors, or

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Liu, Huan; Tang, Jiliang; Wang, Suhang; Sliva, Amy; Shu, Kai (7 August 2017), "Fake News Detection on Social Media: A Data Mining Perspective",

3051:"The global effectiveness of fact-checking: Evidence from simultaneous experiments in Argentina, Nigeria, South Africa, and the United Kingdom" 1088:

Some individuals and organizations publish their fact-checking efforts on the internet. These may have a special subject-matter focus, such as

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Amazeen, Michelle (2015) "Monkey Cage: Sometimes political fact-checking works. Sometimes it doesn't. Here's what can make the difference.",

967:" whereby correcting false information may make partisan individuals cling more strongly to their views. One study found evidence of such a " 842:

Studies have shown that fact-checking can affect citizens' belief in the accuracy of claims made in political advertisement. A 2020 study by

3547: 1520:, "which in turn makes sense of the facts", noting the difficulty that this step would face in the digital media landscape of the Internet. 3701: 636: 6688: 3163:

Carey, John M.; Guess, Andrew M.; Loewen, Peter J.; Merkley, Eric; Nyhan, Brendan; Phillips, Joseph B.; Reifler, Jason (3 February 2022).

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The Implied Truth Effect: Attaching Warnings to a Subset of Fake News Headlines Increases Perceived Accuracy of Headlines Without Warnings

2361: 6253: 3625:"Taking Fact-checks Literally But Not Seriously? The Effects of Journalistic Fact-checking on Factual Beliefs and Candidate Favorability" 2203:

Amazeen, Michelle A. (1 October 2016). "Checking the Fact-Checkers in 2008: Predicting Political Ad Scrutiny and Assessing Consistency".

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is most often followed by a written report of inaccuracies, sometimes with a visual metric provided by the checking organization (e.g.,

6281: 4960: 2727: 2602: 1427: 5396:"I watched hundreds of flat-Earth videos to learn how conspiracy theories spread – and what it could mean for fighting disinformation" 2033: 4765: 1906:

Nyhan, Brendan; Reifler, Jason (1 July 2015). "The Effect of Fact-Checking on Elites: A Field Experiment on U.S. State Legislators".

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Fact-checking journalists have been harassed online and offline, ranging from hate mail and death threats to police intimidation and

1072:" try to detect this information manually, while certain universities are trying to build mathematical models to assist in this work. 6957:(Press release). The Center for Media and Public Affairs (CMPA), George Mason University. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015 6150: 6087: 4444: 4411: 4283: 4124: 3962: 3631: 2178: 1282: 782: 781:

fact-checking by independent organizations began in the United States in the early 2000s. In the 2010s, particularly following the

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senators. In 2022 and 2023, many social media platforms such as Meta, YouTube and Twitter have significantly reduced resources in

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Highly credible sources are the most effective, especially those which surprisingly report facts against their own perceived bias

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Individual readers perform some types of fact-checking, such as comparing claims in one news story against claims in another.

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have their accuracy questioned publicly, suggesting that fact-checking can reduce inaccuracy when it poses a salient threat."

7027: 6568: 6484: 5535:"Selective Exposure to Misinformation: Evidence from the consumption of fake news during the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign" 4789:"Selective Exposure to Misinformation: Evidence from the consumption of fake news during the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign" 3898: 2684:

Mena, Paul (2019). "Cleaning Up Social Media: The Effect of Warning Labels on Likelihood of Sharing False News on Facebook".

1064: 6056: 5242:"Don't be fooled: Third annual International Fact-Checking Day empowers citizens around the world to sort fact from fiction" 4482: 3278: 983:. The study found that it might help improve political discourse by increasing the reputational costs or risks of spreading 7118: 4365: 1299: 4179: 7072: 3658:"Counting the Pinocchios: The effect of summary fact-checking data on perceived accuracy and favorability of politicians" 1419: 6986: 1352:

The concept for International Fact-Checking Day was introduced at a conference for journalists and fact-checkers at the

5357:"Disinformation and Echo Chambers: How Disinformation Circulates on Social Media Through Identity-Driven Controversies" 4477: 3279:"Does correcting myths about the flu vaccine work? An experimental evaluation of the effects of corrective information" 6897: 6230: 7037: 6737: 4697: 2893:"Sex Trafficking, Russian Infiltration, Birth Certificates, and Pedophilia: A Survey Experiment Correcting Fake News" 2813: 2087: 1862: 3794: 668:. A review of US politics fact-checkers shows a mixed result of whether fact-checking is an effective way to reduce 5867: 4692: 4588: 4031: 3733: 2362:"Fact-Checking Polarized Politics: Does The Fact-Check Industry Provide Consistent Guidance on Disputed Realities?" 1544: 942: 629: 6808: 7714: 7217: 7013: 5751: 5084: 1083: 75: 6618: 5984: 5706: 5421: 3990: 3165:"The ephemeral effects of fact-checks on COVID-19 misperceptions in the United States, Great Britain and Canada" 2150:

https://web.archive.org/web/20191207195717/https://www.cjr.org/special_report/rise-and-fall-of-fact-checking.php

6536: 5505: 1076: 5447: 5178: 4333:"Fact Check: Video Does NOT Show 'Portal' At Miami Mall New Year's Day 2024 -- Edited Video Dates To May 2023" 3854:

ShuKai; SlivaAmy; WangSuhang; TangJiliang; LiuHuan (1 September 2017). "Fake News Detection on Social Media".

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began his journalism career as a fact-checker. He went on to invent fictitious stories, which he submitted as

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Mohseni, Sina; Ragan, Eric (4 December 2018). "Combating Fake News with Interpretable News Feed Algorithms".

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Reframing the issue by adding context can be more effective than simply labeling it as incorrect or unproven.

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Graves, Lucas; Amazeen, Michelle A. (25 February 2019), "Fact-Checking as Idea and Practice in Journalism",

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Moshe Benovitz et al., 2012, "Education: The Social Media Revolution: What Does It Mean for Our Children?"

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Caulfield, Mike; Wineburg, Samuel S. (2023). "Chapter 4: Lateral Reading: Using the Web to Read the Web".

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during the study period also saw any fact-check from one of the dedicated fact-checking website (14.0%)."

7719: 7018: 6970: 5707:"Facebook's reversal on banning claims that covid-19 is man-made could unleash more anti-Asian sentiment" 2758: 1561: 622: 6465:""Rumor-Debunking" as a Propaganda and Censorship Strategy in China: The Case of the COVID -19 Outbreak" 4078: 3932:"Here Are The Tools And Methods We Used To Map A Macedonian Fake News Network And The People Behind It" 3891:

Verified: how to think straight, get duped less, and make better decisions about what to believe online

3722:"To Believe or Not to Believe: an Epistemic Exploration of Fake News, Truth, and the Limits of Knowing" 1353: 1302:

found evidence to show how engagement with fake news on Facebook and Twitter was high throughout 2016.

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walking through the reasons why a piece of misinformation is false rather than just labelling it false;

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tags of fake articles "did significantly reduce their perceived accuracy relative to a control without

31: 5808:"New House GOP Wuhan lab report discredits Facebook 'fact checkers' that censored COVID origin claims" 3232:"Fake News, Fact Checking, and Partisanship: The Resilience of Rumors in the 2018 Brazilian Elections" 6322: 6286: 4883:"Deep learning for misinformation detection on online social networks: a survey and new perspectives" 2105:"Fighting Misperceptions and Doubting Journalists' Objectivity: A Review of Fact-checking Literature" 2075: 1650:

magazine had 16 fact-checkers in 2003 and the fact-checking department of the German weekly magazine

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aims to identify errors so that the text can be corrected before dissemination, or perhaps rejected.

6935:"Sometimes political fact-checking works. Sometimes it doesn't. Here's what can make the difference" 4511:"Troll farms from North Macedonia and the Philippines pushed coronavirus disinformation on Facebook" 916:

was more difficult to dispel with the same techniques, and generated the following recommendations:

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catching accidental mistakes; they are not guaranteed safeguards against those who wish to commit

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in 2023, Jonathan D. Teubner and Paul W. Gleason assert that fact-checking is ineffective against

7478: 7221: 4620:"Call to action: A postmortem on fact-checking and media efforts countering Voice misinformation" 1552: 1473: 1374: 1247: 337: 79: 6464: 4685:"Deny, Deceive, Delay (Vol. 2): Exposing New Trends in Climate Mis- and Disinformation at COP27" 2104: 50: 7455: 7380: 7257: 6680: 1681: 1337: 1314:

other researchers to explore and develop new methods and technologies for detecting fake news.

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biased or cautious than pure independents in their learning, conditional on initial beliefs."

7709: 7690: 7611: 7596: 7503: 7488: 7345: 7335: 6654: 4986:"New MIT Sloan research measures exposure to misinformation from political elites on Twitter" 2079: 1854: 1781: 468: 453: 362: 347: 206: 196: 6528: 6521: 6291: 5356: 4366:"Old picture of submerged city in China resurfaces as country's south hit by floods in 2024" 1543:; and removing a fact-check about a false anti-abortion claim after receiving pressure from 7724: 7586: 7493: 7473: 7468: 7435: 7405: 7320: 5024: 4370: 4036: 3834: 3062: 2038: 1975: 1735: 1730: 1557: 1489: 1465: 1441: 1145: 1141:

Digital tools and services commonly used by fact-checkers include, but are not limited to:

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A 2015 experimental study found that fact-checking can encourage politicians to not spread

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Barrera, Oscar; Guriev, Sergei; Henry, Emeric; Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina (1 February 2020).

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Large studies by Ethan Porter and Thomas J. Wood found that misinformation propagated by

724: 690: 610: 505: 412: 302: 252: 242: 216: 146: 100: 5028: 3838: 3762:"Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election." The Journal of Economic Perspectives" 3066: 1979: 7533: 7508: 7450: 7415: 7325: 7310: 7305: 7227: 7068: 6992: 5670: 5332: 5299: 5055: 5012: 4939: 4915: 4882: 3871: 3824: 3786: 3602: 3516: 3469: 3415: 3327: 3259: 3231: 3212: 3145: 3117: 3093: 3050: 3031: 2949: 2873: 2819: 2709: 2666: 2555: 2467: 2386: 2291: 2256:

Amazeen, Michelle A. (2 January 2015). "Revisiting the Epistemology of Fact-Checking".

2238: 2124: 2006: 1963: 1941: 1740: 1716: 1613: 1481: 1381: 1233: 665: 392: 367: 307: 272: 186: 171: 166: 85: 5891:"'They don't care': Facebook factchecking in disarray as journalists push to cut ties" 5827:"Episode 83: The Unchecked Conservative Ideology of US Media's 'Fact-Check' Verticals" 4788: 7674: 7659: 7626: 7548: 7538: 7528: 7430: 7371: 7350: 7340: 7330: 7262: 7091: 7033: 6753: 6634: 6542: 6532: 6480: 6445: 6433: 6222: 6183: 6048: 6011: 5976: 5937: 5898: 5674: 5662: 5654: 5586: 5534: 5422:"Facebook, Instagram Posts Flagged as False for Rejecting Biden's Recession Wordplay" 5376: 5337: 5319: 5280: 5260: 5060: 5042: 4920: 4902: 4728: 4657: 4618:

Davidson, Renee; Jeffery, Eiddwen; Chan, Esther; Kruger, Dr Anne (13 December 2023).

4439: 4406: 3894: 3875: 3679: 3606: 3555: 3520: 3508: 3473: 3461: 3419: 3407: 3368: 3319: 3311: 3263: 3251: 3216: 3204: 3196: 3149: 3137: 3098: 3080: 3035: 3023: 2988: 2953: 2914: 2877: 2865: 2823: 2809: 2766: 2713: 2701: 2670: 2658: 2610: 2581: 2547: 2508: 2471: 2459: 2390: 2339: 2295: 2283: 2242: 2230: 2128: 2083: 2011: 1993: 1964:"Why the backfire effect does not explain the durability of political misperceptions" 1933: 1858: 1770: 1568: 1436: 1431: 1411: 1397: 1385: 605: 531: 516: 483: 407: 397: 387: 287: 211: 201: 191: 120: 7087: 6711: 4470:"The Toxic Ten: How ten fringe publishers fuel 69% of digital climate change denial" 3790: 2559: 2148:

Dickey, Colin (Fall, 2019). The rise and fall of facts. Columbia Journalism Review.

1945: 1305:

Recently, a lot of work has gone into helping detect and identify fake news through

7664: 7621: 7616: 7543: 7513: 7463: 7420: 7315: 6869: 6847: 6472: 5644: 5368: 5327: 5311: 5272: 5132: 5122: 5050: 5032: 4910: 4894: 4552: 4174: 3863: 3776: 3737: 3669: 3594: 3500: 3451: 3443: 3399: 3358: 3301: 3293: 3243: 3186: 3176: 3129: 3088: 3070: 3015: 2980: 2941: 2904: 2857: 2801: 2693: 2650: 2539: 2498: 2451: 2378: 2329: 2273: 2265: 2220: 2212: 2116: 2001: 1983: 1923: 1915: 1850: 1676: 1548: 1536: 1306: 1172: 929:

Fact-checking immediately is more effective, before false ideas have spread widely.

868: 521: 478: 473: 402: 372: 322: 277: 176: 6560: 4582:

Balint, Kata; Arcostanzo, Francesca; Wildon, Jordan; Reyes, Kevin (20 July 2022).

4548:"Bogus fact-checking site amplified by dozens of Indian embassies on social media" 3331: 3297: 3230:

Batista Pereira, Frederico; Bueno, Natália S.; Nunes, Felipe; Pavão, Nara (2022).

2945: 2861: 2503: 2486: 1801:- Journalism that plays an oversight role towards government, industry and society 7518: 7440: 7290: 7280: 7178: 7081: 5315: 4881:

Islam, Md Rafiqul; Liu, Shaowu; Wang, Xianzhi; Xu, Guandong (29 September 2020).

4624: 3707: 2455: 2429: 2269: 2216: 1704: 1638: 1625: 1592: 1540: 864: 582: 377: 297: 151: 141: 7055: 6110:"Under Elon Musk, X is denying API access to academics who study misinformation" 6080:"Tech layoffs ravage the teams that fight online misinformation and hate speech" 4375: 4303: 2071:

Deciding What's True: The Rise of Political Fact-Checking in American Journalism

899:

limiting detailed descriptions of / or arguments in favor of the misinformation;

7729: 7498: 7252: 7173: 6463:

Fang, Kecheng (12 April 2022), Wasserman, Herman; Madrid-Morales, Dani (eds.),

6346:"Fact-checkers score wins in court, but the threat of legal harassment remains" 5790:"Facebook, Twitter Limit Sharing of New York Post Articles That Biden Disputes" 5206:"No cake on International Fact-Checking Day. Celebrate by correcting fake news" 5037: 4898: 3742: 3721: 3447: 3181: 3164: 3019: 2654: 1806: 1765: 1751: 1710: 1646: 1517: 1453: 1449: 1404: 1357: 1157: 1132: 1037: 984: 980: 950: 880: 756: 748: 686: 682: 577: 357: 110: 7029:

Regret the Error: How Media Mistakes Pollute the Press and Imperil Free Speech

6852: 6835: 6476: 5594: 5372: 5276: 3504: 3403: 2728:"Facebook stops putting "Disputed Flags" on fake news because it doesn't work" 837: 693:. Independent fact-checking organisations have also become prominent, such as 7703: 7605: 7576: 7523: 7168: 6449: 6226: 6187: 6052: 5980: 5941: 5902: 5658: 5590: 5380: 5323: 5284: 5046: 4906: 3683: 3674: 3657: 3620: 3598: 3559: 3512: 3465: 3411: 3372: 3363: 3346: 3315: 3255: 3200: 3141: 3084: 3027: 2992: 2918: 2869: 2770: 2705: 2662: 2614: 2551: 2512: 2487:"Facts, alternative facts, and fact checking in times of post-truth politics" 2463: 2343: 2334: 2317: 2287: 2234: 2120: 1997: 1937: 1528: 1493: 1403:

Deceptive websites that pose as fact-checkers have also been used to promote

1393: 1333: 1222: 1204: 1193: 1176: 1165: 1149: 872: 851: 744: 572: 462: 433: 382: 6546: 5632: 5575:"Who Will Check the Checkers? False Factcheckers and Memetic Misinformation" 5085:"Empowering social media users to assess content helps fight misinformation" 3867: 3387: 3075: 2527: 1988: 1586: 1266: 1027:

warily orbiting one another, there is a valuable experience of synthesis....

895:

the most effective ways to reduce misinformation through corrections is by:

7591: 7581: 7163: 6893: 6178: 6114: 5666: 5341: 5064: 4924: 3323: 3208: 3102: 2015: 1775: 1286: 1237: 1115: 1093: 913: 567: 448: 438: 5300:"Searching for the backfire effect: Measurement and design considerations" 3388:"The Elusive Backfire Effect: Mass Attitudes' Steadfast Factual Adherence" 2805: 2382: 1531:

as partners; promoting outlets that have shared false information such as

1496:

to attempt to discredit public figures, and question its effectiveness on

7669: 7237: 7077: 6873: 6377:"IFCN launches working group to address harassment against fact-checkers" 6252:

Bélair-Gagnon, Valérie; Larsen, Rebekah; Graves, Lucas; Westlund, Oscar.

5137: 5111:"Leveraging Structured Trusted-Peer Assessments to Combat Misinformation" 5109:

Jahanbakhsh, Farnaz; Zhang, Amy X.; Karger, David R. (11 November 2022).

3781: 2984: 1811: 1747: 1726: 1653: 1329: 1251: 1241: 1229: 1211: 946: 847: 526: 95: 6434:""Let's Check it Seriously": Localizing Fact-Checking Practice in China" 6315:"Fact-checkers around the world share their experiences with harassment" 5689:"Facebook reverses ban on posts claiming Covid-19 came from Chinese lab" 4041: 3761: 3191: 2909: 2892: 7601: 7410: 7360: 7247: 7207: 7143: 7127: 6836:"Cognitive Biases in Fact-Checking and Their Countermeasures: A Review" 5013:"Measuring exposure to misinformation from political elites on Twitter" 4288: 4212: 3967: 3456: 3306: 1928: 1919: 1786: 1698: 1631: 1512: 1477: 1328:

There are also demonstrations of platform-built-in (by-design) as well

1197: 1089: 954: 793:

One 2016 study finds that fact-checkers PolitiFact, FactCheck.org, and

736: 694: 547: 492: 458: 267: 221: 105: 65: 42: 6215:"Fact Checkers Take Stock of Their Efforts: 'It's Not Getting Better'" 5649: 2278: 2225: 1795:- form of journalism where reporters deeply investigate a single topic 7644: 7571: 7148: 3829: 3118:"Latino-Targeted Misinformation and the Power of Factual Corrections" 2697: 1671: 1532: 1255: 1187: 1055: 1049: 752: 552: 501: 428: 5930:"Facebook teams with rightwing Daily Caller in factchecking program" 5261:"When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions" 5224:"How the world celebrated the third International Fact-Checking Day" 5127: 5110: 4584:"RT Articles are Finding their Way to European Audiences – but how?" 3116:

Velez, Yamil R.; Porter, Ethan; Wood, Thomas J. (14 February 2023).

1426:

disease originated from Chinese labs, following developments in the

7654: 6174:"TechScape: After a brutal blackout, will Reddit ever be the same?" 4944: 4760: 4515: 3853: 3247: 3133: 2543: 2528:"Learning Together Slowly: Bayesian Learning about Political Facts" 1879:"Fact-Checking Misinformation Can Work. But It Might Not Be Enough" 1524: 1423: 1415: 1380:

Critics agure that political fact-checking is increasingly used as

1362: 1259: 1180: 884: 876: 511: 5726:"Timeline: How the Wuhan lab-leak theory suddenly became credible" 4072:

Angus, Daniel; Dootson, Paula; Thomson, T. J. (26 February 2022).

2837:

Fact-Checking Misinformation Can Work. But It Might Not Be Enough.

1100:

at Duke University's focus on providing resources to journalists.

7211: 7158: 6596: 6143:"Reddit faces content quality concerns after its Great Mod Purge" 4119: 2798:

False Alarm: The Truth About Political Mistruths in the Trump Era

1580: 1501: 1445: 1322: 926:

Challenging readers' identity or worldview reduces effectiveness.

788: 669: 562: 69: 5413: 4435:"Climate grant winners use innovative formats for fact-checking" 4284:"PolitiFact - How to detect deepfake videos like a fact-checker" 4208:"PolitiFact - PolitiFact's checklist for thorough fact-checking" 3963:"PolitiFact - How to detect deepfake videos like a fact-checker" 3700:(online), 24 August 2012, New York, NY, USA:Orthodox Union, see 2034:"Eight examples where 'fact-checking' became opinion journalism" 1285:, fake news has been a popular topic of discussion by President 7183: 6894:"Syllabus: Calling Bullshit: Data Reasoning in a Digital World" 3995: 3585:

Wintersieck, Amanda L. (5 January 2017). "Debating the Truth".

1153: 1069: 1060: 587: 6881:"Rapidly expanding fact-checking movement faces growing pains" 5298:

Swire-Thompson, Briony; DeGutis, Joseph; Lazer, David (2020).

5179:"12 Browser Extensions to Help You Detect and Avoid Fake News" 3229: 2967:

Henry, Emeric; Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina; Guriev, Sergei (2022).

1422:. In 2021, Facebook reversed its ban on posts speculating the 7096: 6408:"Russia-Ukraine war: In Chinese media, the US is the villain" 6251: 5154:"Fake news spotter: How to enable Microsoft Edge's NewsGuard" 3548:"Fact-Checking Can Change Views? We Rate That as Mostly True" 2484: 1318: 1161: 963:

Scholars have debated whether fact-checking could lead to a "

6007:"Facebook launches a news section — and will pay publishers" 5771:"Is an Activist's Pricey House News? Facebook Alone Decides" 5479:"Voters Don't Trust Media Fact-Checking – Rasmussen Reports" 3655: 7400: 7202: 7153: 5633:"Covid-19: Who fact checks health and science on Facebook?" 4826:"Trends in the Diffusion of Misinformation on Social Media" 4581: 3991:"Snopes Tips: A Guide To Performing Reverse Image Searches" 1659:

engage in fact-checking in addition to their other duties.

1591:

Operators of some fact-checking websites in China admit to

1097: 557: 257: 60: 5297: 2795: 4617: 3623:; Porter, Ethan; Reifler, Jason; Wood, Thomas J. (n.d.). 2639: 2360:

Marietta, Morgan; Barker, David C.; Bowser, Todd (2015).

1634:

engaged other projects; others are career professionals.

1587:

Fact checking in countries with limited freedom of speech

1267:

Ongoing research in fact-checking and detecting fake news

5089:

Massachusetts Institute of Technology via techxplore.com

4756:"These are the fake health news that went viral in 2019" 2441: 1680:(and other weeklies for which he worked) never flagged. 1567:

Commentators have also shared concerns about the use of

6254:"Knowledge Work in Platform Fact-Checking Partnerships" 6213:

Hsu, Tiffany; Thompson, Stuart A. (29 September 2023).

6041:"Combating Disinformation Wanes at Social Media Giants" 4402:"These 6 tips will help you spot misinformation online" 3755: 3753: 3162: 2847: 2603:"Why the Fact-Checking at Facebook Needs to Be Checked" 2576:

Pennycook, Gordon; Rand, David G. (12 September 2017),

1407:; this tactic has been used by both Russia and Turkey. 1341: 945:

were more likely to correct their false information on

5609:"Facebook reverses course, won't ban lab virus theory" 5108: 3619: 3432: 2966: 1778:- Improving the formatting, style and accuracy of text 809: 27:

Process of verifying information in non-fictional text

6523:

The Fact Checker's Bible: A Guide to Getting it Right

5856:

Teubner, Jonathan; Gleason, Paul (14 November 2023).

5788:

Horwitz, Robert McMillan and Jeff (15 October 2020).

4724:"Four digital tools that got me through the pandemic" 4170:"7 key takeaways on information disorder from #ONA19" 2891:

Porter, Ethan; Wood, Thomas J.; Kirby, David (2018).

1309:

and artificial intelligence. In 2018, researchers at

891:

Based on the findings of a 2017 study in the journal

5115:

Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction

3750: 3049:

Porter, Ethan; Wood, Thomas J. (14 September 2021).

2359: 1608:

more significant motivating factor for journalists.

1462:

Winton Professor of the Public Understanding of Risk

6039:Myers, Steven Lee; Grant, Nico (14 February 2023). 5304:

Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition

5011:Mosleh, Mohsen; Rand, David G. (21 November 2022). 4071: 3893:. Chicago London: The University of Chicago Press. 2759:"How to Fight 'Fake News' (Warning: It Isn't Easy)" 1392:A paper by Andrew Guess (of Princeton University), 1110:

Social media § Trustworthiness and reliability

7056:"Research Guides: Journalism: Fact-Checking Sites" 6985: 6520: 4304:"Surveillance video does not show Tangshan attack" 2165: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1347: 953:rather than a non-partisan neutral source such as 719: 6805:"Sean Wilsey – About Sean Wilsey – Penguin Group" 4653:"Fact-checking a California reopen protest video" 3888: 3277:Nyhan, Brendan; Reifler, Jason (9 January 2015). 3005: 1444:. In an article published by the medical journal 7701: 6975:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6955:"Study: Fact-Checkers Disagree on Who Lies Most" 6758:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6639:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6621:. Archived from the original on 18 February 2001 5354: 3818: 2103:Nieminen, Sakari; Rapeli, Lauri (19 July 2018). 1602: 1368: 30:"Factcheck" redirects here. For other uses, see 7014:"The Medium: What 'fact-checking' means online" 6592:"Inside Spiegel's 70-person fact-checking team" 6561:"The Story Behind the First-Ever Fact-Checkers" 6078:Field, Hayden; Vanian, Jonathan (26 May 2023). 4115:"7 verification tools for better fact-checking" 3115: 3055:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2890: 2796:Ethan Porter; Thomas J. Wood (3 October 2019). 2412: 1968:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1829: 6833: 6518: 6432:Liu, Yusi; Zhou, Ruiming (13 September 2022). 5855: 5824: 5506:"Poll: Voters don't trust media fact-checkers" 4880: 4651:Mahadevan, Alex; Funke, Daniel (18 May 2020). 4650: 2102: 1662: 789:Consistency across fact-checking organizations 7112: 6891: 6834:Soprano, Michael; Roitero, Kevin (May 2024). 5825:Shirazi, Nima; Johnson, Adam (17 July 2019). 2575: 1847:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication 1844: 1817:Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act 1103: 783:2016 election of Donald Trump as US President 630: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5258: 5078: 5076: 5074: 4961:"AI is still terrible at spotting fake news" 4937: 3486: 3276: 1905: 1651: 831: 6983: 6282:"Fact-checkers harassed on social networks" 6212: 6077: 3584: 675: 7119: 7105: 6740:Archived from the original on 8 March 2007 6038: 5355:Diaz Ruiz, Carlos; Nilsson, Tomas (2023). 5010: 3690: 3487:Guess, Andrew; Coppock, Alexander (2018). 3385: 3048: 2973:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 1789:- Production of reports on current events 1428:investigations into the origin of COVID-19 637: 623: 7025: 6851: 5969:"15 Months of Fresh Hell Inside Facebook" 5749: 5648: 5572: 5551: 5393: 5331: 5136: 5126: 5071: 5054: 5036: 4943: 4914: 4399: 3828: 3780: 3741: 3673: 3455: 3362: 3305: 3190: 3180: 3092: 3074: 2931: 2908: 2897:Journal of Experimental Political Science 2502: 2333: 2277: 2224: 2005: 1987: 1927: 1014: 936:Journal of Experimental Political Science 769: 700: 6984:Lewis-Kraus, Gideon (21 February 2012). 6589: 5361:Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 3347:"The limitations of the backfire effect" 1283:2016 United States presidential election 994: 739:). Several organizations are devoted to 6932: 6878: 6840:Information Processing & Management 6772: 6471:(1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 108–122, 6431: 6312: 6140: 5787: 5723: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5503: 5259:Nyhan, Brendan; Reifler, Jason (2010). 4823: 4721: 4432: 4281: 4164: 4162: 3960: 3759: 2756: 2255: 2202: 2031: 1876: 1637:Historically, the field was considered 1325:as well as associated exposure scores. 1036:pervasive risk of inferring truth from 1003:A study of Trump supporters during the 14: 7702: 6987:"The Fact-Checker Versus the Fabulist" 6924:"Calculating the Work Behind Our Work" 6718:from the original on 28 September 2011 6514: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6438:International Journal of Communication 6343: 6259:International Journal of Communication 5630: 5504:Lejeune, Tristan (30 September 2016). 4850: 4613: 4611: 4577: 4575: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4505: 4503: 4464: 4462: 4395: 4393: 4327: 4325: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4206:Holan, Angie Drobnic (31 March 2022). 4201: 4199: 4197: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3344: 2777:from the original on 18 September 2017 2355: 2353: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2067: 2046:from the original on 26 September 2016 1855:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.808 1332:-integrated (currently in the form of 1043: 974: 971:", but several other studies did not. 672:, and whether the method is reliable. 7100: 7000:from the original on 28 December 2016 6952: 6892:Bergstrom, Carl; West, Jevin (2017). 6807:. Us.penguingroup.com. Archived from 6374: 6344:Mantas, Harrison (17 February 2021). 6141:Harding, Scharon (4 September 2023). 5927: 5888: 5768: 5529: 5527: 5419: 5203: 4805:from the original on 23 February 2019 4786: 4205: 3849: 3847: 3637:from the original on 12 December 2018 3545: 2738:from the original on 28 December 2017 2600: 2596: 2594: 2571: 2569: 1961: 1908:American Journal of Political Science 1687: 1273:Misinformation § Countermeasures 7026:Silverman, Craig (23 October 2007). 6900:from the original on 6 February 2018 6862:Facts and Myths about Misperceptions 6709: 6590:Southern, Lucinda (15 August 2017). 6571:from the original on 16 January 2020 6462: 6456: 6171: 5966: 5619: 5547:from the original on 2 January 2018. 5485:from the original on 12 October 2016 5448:"Political Fact-Checking Under Fire" 4858:"The online information environment" 4400:Mahadevan, Alex (22 December 2021). 4282:Settles, Gabrielle (19 April 2023). 4275: 4003:from the original on 7 February 2023 3988: 3961:Settles, Gabrielle (19 April 2023). 3954: 3800:from the original on 28 October 2019 3769:The Journal of Economic Perspectives 3719: 3566:from the original on 6 November 2016 3527:from the original on 6 November 2018 3493:British Journal of Political Science 3386:Wood, Thomas; Porter, Ethan (2019). 2757:Chokshi, Niraj (18 September 2017). 2683: 2621:from the original on 23 October 2017 2525: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2063: 2061: 2032:Riddell, Kelly (26 September 2016). 2027: 2025: 1957: 1955: 1901: 1899: 850:economists found that falsehoods by 7073:International Fact Checking Network 6527:. New York: Anchor Books. pp. 6499: 6290:. 28 September 2018. Archived from 5512:from the original on 4 October 2016 5476: 5458:from the original on 16 August 2018 5151: 4608: 4572: 4535: 4500: 4459: 4433:Nyariki, Enock (12 December 2023). 4390: 4322: 4245:"Election Misinformation Symposium" 4232: 4194: 4178:. 18 September 2019. Archived from 4139: 4098: 4056: 4015: 3975: 3907: 2400:from the original on 6 October 2016 2350: 2315: 2302: 1420:International Fact-Checking Network 1075:For a more comprehensive list, see 810:Choice of which statements to check 24: 7053: 6922:Kiernan, Louise. (Dec. 29, 2017). 6827: 6681:"William Gaddis (American author)" 6469:Disinformation in the Global South 6405: 6118:. 27 February 2024. Archived from 5524: 5394:Diaz Ruiz, Carlos (27 June 2022). 4887:Social Network Analysis and Mining 4764:. 29 December 2019. Archived from 4560:from the original on 31 March 2023 4478:Center for Countering Digital Hate 3856:ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter 3844: 3821:ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter 3546:Nyhan, Brendan (5 November 2016). 2601:Nyhan, Brendan (23 October 2017). 2591: 2566: 2318:"Checking how fact-checkers check" 25: 7746: 7047: 6933:Amazeen, Michelle (3 June 2015). 6785:from the original on 16 June 2013 6661:from the original on 29 June 2011 6266:(2023): 1169–1189. Archived from 6016:. 25 October 2019. Archived from 5858:"You Can't Fact Check Propaganda" 4838:from the original on 28 July 2019 4339:. 10 January 2024. Archived from 4040:. 18 January 2023. Archived from 3938:. 17 January 2019. Archived from 3726:Postdigital Science and Education 2184:from the original on 1 March 2020 2154: 2058: 2022: 1952: 1896: 1210:Domain registration information ( 6866:Journal of Economic Perspectives 6797: 6766: 6730: 6703: 6673: 6647: 6611: 6583: 6553: 6425: 6399: 6368: 6337: 6306: 6274: 6245: 6206: 6165: 6134: 6102: 6071: 6032: 5999: 5960: 5921: 5882: 5849: 5818: 5800: 5781: 5762: 5750:Leonhardt, David (27 May 2021). 5743: 5717: 5699: 5681: 5082: 4787:Guess, Andrew (9 January 2018). 4693:Institute for Strategic Dialogue 4589:Institute for Strategic Dialogue 4220:from the original on 1 July 2022 2969:"Checking and Sharing Alt-Facts" 2526:Hill, Seth J. (16 August 2017). 1962:Nyhan, Brendan (13 April 2021). 1203:Image and video analysis tools ( 743:fact-checking: examples include 599: 49: 7088:Fact-Checking research and news 6953:Davis, Katy (22 October 2012). 6879:Kessler, Glenn (25 June 2018). 6691:from the original on 5 May 2008 6375:Örsek, Baybars (13 July 2021). 5889:Levin, Sam (13 December 2018). 5601: 5497: 5470: 5440: 5387: 5348: 5291: 5252: 5234: 5216: 5197: 5171: 5145: 5102: 5004: 4978: 4958: 4952: 4931: 4874: 4817: 4780: 4748: 4715: 4677: 4644: 4481:. November 2021. Archived from 4426: 4358: 4296: 3882: 3812: 3720:Rose, Jennifer (January 2020). 3713: 3649: 3613: 3578: 3539: 3480: 3426: 3379: 3345:Haglin, Kathryn (1 July 2017). 3338: 3270: 3223: 3156: 3109: 3042: 2999: 2960: 2925: 2884: 2841: 2830: 2789: 2750: 2720: 2677: 2633: 2519: 2478: 2435: 2249: 2196: 1348:International Fact-Checking Day 7126: 6619:"An Interview With Susan Choi" 6519:Harrison Smith, Sarah (2004). 6313:Smalley, Seth (6 April 2022). 5724:Kessler, Glenn (25 May 2021). 5631:Clarke, Laurie (25 May 2021). 4824:Allcott, Hunt (October 2018). 4722:LaForme, Ren (22 March 2021). 4374:. 26 June 2024. Archived from 4256:. October 2022. Archived from 2934:Journal of Political Marketing 2800:. Cambridge University Press. 2205:Journal of Political Marketing 2142: 2096: 1870: 1619: 1122: 1077:List of fact-checking websites 664:sometimes criticized as being 13: 1: 7184:Pundit / commentator 7061:Eastern Washington University 5420:Soave, Robby (29 July 2022). 4553:Digital Forensic Research Lab 4519:. 29 May 2020. Archived from 3298:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.017 2946:10.1080/15377857.2018.1478656 2862:10.1080/10584609.2019.1668894 2504:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.104123 1822: 1674:, and which fact-checkers at 1603:Pre-publication fact-checking 1369:Limitations and controversies 588:Pundit / commentator 6896:. University of Washington. 5928:Levin, Sam (18 April 2019). 5769:Smith, Ben (26 April 2021). 5316:10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.06.006 2456:10.1080/10584609.2014.914613 2270:10.1080/08913811.2014.993890 2217:10.1080/15377857.2014.959691 2168:"Fact-Checking 101 - Unesco" 1877:Drutman, Lee (3 June 2020). 1492:), assert that it relies on 949:if the correction came from 838:Belief § Belief studies 126:Index of journalism articles 7: 7687:List of journalism articles 7078:Fact-checking organizations 7069:Fact-checking organizations 7019:The New York Times Magazine 7012:Heffernan, Virginia (2010) 6918:. UW iSchool. 10 July 2017. 6172:Paul, Kari (20 June 2023). 4253:Center for Media Engagement 3989:Evon, Dan (22 March 2022). 2491:Journal of Public Economics 2422:(online), 3 June 2015, see 2166:Alexios Mantzarlis (2018). 1849:, Oxford University Press, 1759: 1663:Checking original reportage 1551:, including fact-checking. 1214:, DomainBigData, WHOIS.com) 10: 7751: 5573:Moshirnia, Andrew (2020). 5038:10.1038/s41467-022-34769-6 4899:10.1007/s13278-020-00696-x 3743:10.1007/s42438-019-00068-5 3587:American Politics Research 3448:10.1007/s11109-019-09528-x 3182:10.1038/s41562-021-01278-3 3020:10.1007/s11109-020-09591-9 2655:10.1007/s11109-019-09533-0 2641:Stories on Social Media". 2316:Lim, Chloe (1 July 2018). 1354:London School of Economics 1270: 1126: 1107: 1104:Fake news and social media 1081: 1074: 1047: 1033:Queen's University Belfast 1005:2016 presidential campaign 835: 818: 32:Factcheck (disambiguation) 29: 7684: 7636: 7563: 7370: 7272: 7194: 7134: 6853:10.1016/j.ipm.2024.103672 6477:10.1002/9781119714491.ch8 6287:Reporters Without Borders 5831:Citations Needed (Medium) 5373:10.1177/07439156221103852 5277:10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2 3505:10.1017/S0007123418000327 3404:10.1007/s11109-018-9443-y 2076:Columbia University Press 1523:Social media platforms – 1338:misinformation mitigation 844:Paris School of Economics 832:Correcting misperceptions 611:Category: Journalism 6912:"YouTube lecture series" 5693:South China Morning Post 3710:, accessed 28 July 2015. 3706:5 September 2015 at the 3675:10.1177/2053168019870351 3599:10.1177/1532673x16686555 3364:10.1177/2053168017716547 2432:, accessed 27 July 2015. 2335:10.1177/2053168018786848 2121:10.1177/1478929918786852 2109:Political Studies Review 1793:Investigative journalism 1129:Open-source intelligence 941:A 2018 study found that 676:History of fact-checking 7144:Journalists (reporters) 6860:Nyhan, Brendan. 2020. " 6655:"CNN.com – Transcripts" 5794:The Wall Street Journal 5121:(CSCW2): 524:1–524:40. 3868:10.1145/3137597.3137600 3668:(3): 2053168019870351. 3662:Research & Politics 3357:(3): 2053168017716547. 3351:Research & Politics 3236:The Journal of Politics 3122:The Journal of Politics 3076:10.1073/pnas.2104235118 2850:Political Communication 2532:The Journal of Politics 2444:Political Communication 2328:(3): 2053168018786848. 2322:Research & Politics 1989:10.1073/pnas.1912440117 1562:2023 Reddit API changes 1553:Twitter under Elon Musk 1474:argument from authority 1375:argument from authority 1248:Social media monitoring 1228:Web mapping platforms ( 548:Journalists (reporters) 7715:Journalism occupations 7258:Editorial independence 6773:Kirkpatrick, David D. 6014:(via Associated Press) 3760:Allcott, Hunt (2017). 3169:Nature Human Behaviour 2068:Graves, Lucas (2016). 1707:– Television anchorman 1652: 1084:Fact-checking websites 1029: 1015:Informal fact-checking 893:Psychological Science, 701:Types of fact-checking 658:external fact-checking 654:Internal fact-checking 116:Editorial independence 7612:Pink-slime journalism 7597:Horse race journalism 5752:"The Lab-Leak Theory" 5017:Nature Communications 4965:MIT Technology Review 2806:10.1017/9781108688338 2686:Policy & Internet 2428:3 August 2015 at the 2383:10.1515/for-2015-0040 1782:Firehose of falsehood 1507:Likewise, writing in 1024: 995:Political preferences 867:cognitive scientists 795:The Washington Post's 606:Journalism portal 469:Pink-slime journalism 454:Horse race journalism 7587:Freedom of the press 6874:10.1257/jep.34.3.220 6811:on 27 September 2011 6657:. CNN. 1 June 2006. 5967:Thompson, Nicholas. 5477:Reports, Rasmussen. 4371:Agence France-Presse 4127:on 25 September 2022 4037:Agence France-Presse 3782:10.1257/jep.31.2.211 2985:10.1257/pol.20210037 2734:. 27 December 2017. 2039:The Washington Times 1754:Editor and memoirist 1736:David D. Kirkpatrick 1558:Digital Services Act 1518:falsifiable theories 1472:fact-checks, citing 1466:Cambridge University 1442:scientific consensus 1171:Archiving services ( 1146:Reverse image search 815:change being fake. 444:Freedom of the press 7735:Watchdog journalism 7649:Newspaper of record 6939:The Washington Post 6885:The Washington Post 6775:"David Kirkpatrick" 6714:. Mediabistro.com. 6356:on 25 December 2022 6233:on 23 November 2023 6194:on 29 February 2024 6122:on 28 February 2024 5909:on 13 December 2018 5870:on 23 November 2023 5863:The Hedgehog Review 5730:The Washington Post 5711:The Washington Post 5029:2022NatCo..13.7144M 4665:on 24 December 2022 4632:on 28 December 2023 4488:on 15 December 2022 4447:on 21 December 2023 4343:on 28 February 2024 4120:Reuters News Agency 4044:on 24 December 2023 3839:2017arXiv170801967S 3067:2021PNAS..11804235P 3061:(37): e2104235118. 2910:10.1017/XPS.2017.32 2420:The Washington Post 1980:2021PNAS..11812440N 1974:(15): e1912440117. 1799:Watchdog journalism 1713:– American novelist 1701:– American novelist 1614:journalistic frauds 1541:Facebook's newsfeed 1509:The Hedgehog Review 1498:conspiracy theories 1458:David Spiegelhalter 1277:Argument technology 1166:Yandex Image Search 1044:Detecting fake news 975:Political discourse 857:Journal of Politics 800:The Washington Post 725:The Washington Post 691:The Washington Post 506:Newspaper of record 7720:Knowledge industry 7032:. Penguin Canada. 6993:The New York Times 6971:cite press release 6868:, 34 (3): 220–36. 6779:The New York Times 6710:Skurnick, Lizzie. 6387:on 1 December 2023 6270:on 5 October 2023. 6219:The New York Times 6153:on 2 February 2024 6059:on 4 December 2023 6045:The New York Times 5987:on 3 December 2023 5775:The New York Times 5756:The New York Times 5265:Political Behavior 4992:. 29 November 2022 4736:on 11 October 2023 4596:on 8 November 2023 4263:on 9 December 2022 3808:– via JSTOR. 3552:The New York Times 3436:Political Behavior 3392:Political Behavior 3008:Political Behavior 2763:The New York Times 2643:Political Behavior 2607:The New York Times 1920:10.1111/ajps.12162 1741:The New York Times 1721:The New York Times 1717:Virginia Heffernan 1688:Alumni of the role 1597:Chinese propaganda 1382:opinion journalism 1234:Google Street View 1162:Baidu Image Search 1114:The adaptation of 666:opinion journalism 7697: 7696: 7675:Alternative media 7627:Yellow journalism 7263:Journalism school 7092:Poynter Institute 7054:Miller, Ielleen. 6738:"Hodge, Roger D." 6486:978-1-119-71444-6 6020:on 4 October 2022 6012:Los Angeles Times 5948:on 3 January 2024 5650:10.1136/bmj.n1170 5204:Elizabeth, Jane. 4729:Poynter Institute 4658:Poynter Institute 4440:Poynter Institute 4407:Poynter Institute 3900:978-0-226-82984-5 1771:Confirmation bias 1731:Harper's Magazine 1729:– Former editor, 1723:television critic 1569:false equivalence 1437:The New York Post 1412:COVID-19 pandemic 1398:fake news website 1386:Rasmussen Reports 1158:Bing Image Search 647: 646: 532:Alternative media 484:Yellow journalism 121:Journalism school 16:(Redirected from 7742: 7622:Propaganda model 7617:Public relations 7121: 7114: 7107: 7098: 7097: 7065: 7043: 7009: 7007: 7005: 6989: 6980: 6974: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6919: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6888: 6857: 6855: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6801: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6757: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6707: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6651: 6645: 6644: 6638: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6526: 6516: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6406:Cheung, Rachel. 6403: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6383:. 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1034: 1031:According to 1028: 1023: 1020: 1012: 1008: 1006: 1001: 992: 989: 986: 982: 972: 970: 966: 961: 958: 956: 952: 948: 944: 939: 937: 928: 925: 922: 919: 918: 917: 915: 907: 904: 901: 898: 897: 896: 894: 889: 886: 882: 878: 874: 873:David G. Rand 870: 866: 861: 858: 853: 852:Marine Le Pen 849: 845: 839: 829: 826: 816: 807: 801: 796: 786: 784: 780: 773:fact-checking 772: 767: 765: 760: 758: 754: 750: 746: 745:FactCheck.org 742: 738: 735:ratings from 734: 733:TRUTH-O-METER 730: 729:Fact Checker, 727: 726: 721: 717: 716:fact-checking 715: 710: 709:fact-checking 708: 698: 696: 692: 688: 684: 673: 671: 667: 661: 659: 655: 651: 650:Fact-checking 640: 635: 633: 628: 626: 621: 620: 618: 617: 612: 609: 607: 597: 596: 595: 594: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 573:Meteorologist 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 545: 544: 543: 539: 538: 533: 530: 528: 527:News agencies 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 507: 503: 500: 499: 498: 497: 494: 491: 490: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 464: 463:False balance 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 434:Fourth Estate 432: 430: 427: 426: 425: 424: 421:Social impact 420: 419: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 383:Press release 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 343:Investigative 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 318:Fact-checking 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 283:Collaborative 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 248: 244: 241: 239: 236: 235: 234: 233: 229: 228: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 157:Entertainment 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 139: 138: 137: 133: 132: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 81: 77: 74: 71: 67: 66:Writing style 64: 62: 59: 58: 57: 56: 52: 48: 47: 44: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 18:Fact checking 7710:Copy editing 7660:TV and radio 7592:Infotainment 7582:Fifth Estate 7479:Interpretive 7431:Comics-based 7179:Photographer 7059: 7028: 7017: 7002:. 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