Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

953: 1257:

affect their productivity in their given position. The employer must show that the work of an employee with a disability is less productive than the standard set for employees without disabilities. If approved by the WHD, the rate of pay for the worker with a disability can correlate to their productivity in comparison to workers without disabilities. Every sixth months at a minimum, employers certified under Section 14(c) must review the special minimum wage of their hourly employees. Annually, Section 14(c) employers must also adjust the rate of pay workers receiving special minimum wages to remain comparable to that of employees without disabilities. These requirements of subminimum wage review by the employers were added to Section 14(c) through a 1986 amendment. The intention of the section is to enable higher employment for people with disabilities. The concern with enforcing minimum wage was that there would be a decrease in the job opportunities for workers with disabilities, so Section 14(c) is to be utilized only as needed to offset any opportunity loss.

908:

contractors, and many employers have illegally and incorrectly classified their workers as independent contractors. Some employers similarly mislabel employees as volunteers. Courts look at the "economic reality" of the relationship between the putative employer and the worker to determine whether the worker is an independent contractor. Courts use a similar test to determine whether a worker was concurrently employed by more than one person or entity; commonly referred to as "joint employers". For example, a farm worker may be considered jointly employed by a labor contractor (who is in charge of recruitment, transportation, payroll, and keeping track of hours) and a grower (who generally monitors the quality of the work performed, determines where to place workers, controls the volume of work available, has quality control requirements, and has the power to fire, discipline, or provide work instructions to workers).

1417:

days three years after the bill passed. Additionally, employers with 50 or more personnel would have been required to provide one working week of paid vacation. This vacation period was to be used within a twelve-month period. In addition to these stipulations, the bill authorized a public awareness campaign to be overseen by the Secretary of Labor and required a study be conducted on the effect of the paid vacation time in the workplace. On May 21, 2009, the bill was referred to the House Committee on Education and Labor and two months later referred to the Subcommittee on Workforce Protections. The bill remained in the subcommittee with no report or recommendation issued. At the time of proposal, H.R. 2563 had two original cosponsors; two additional cosponsors added July 2009.

40: 1156:". The Equal Pay Act allows unequal pay for equal work only when the employer sets wages pursuant to a seniority system, a merit system, a system that measures earnings by quantity or quality of production, or other factors outside of sex. For the first nine years of the EPA, the requirement of equal pay for equal work did not extend to persons employed in an executive, administrative or professional capacity, or as an outside salesperson. Therefore, the EPA exempted white-collar women from the protection of equal pay for equal work. In 1972, Congress enacted the 829: 896:

Generally, an employer with at least $ 500,000 of business or gross sales in a year satisfies the commerce requirements of the FLSA, and therefore that employer's workers are subject to the Fair Labor Standards Act's protections if no other exemption applies. Several exemptions exist that relieve an employer from having to meet the statutory minimum wage, overtime, and record-keeping requirements. The largest exceptions apply to the so-called "

1491:

agreements from precluding a claim of wage theft from court, make it possible to bring FLSA class action suits without the individual consent of workers who had their wages stolen, create automatic financial penalties for violations and create a discretionary ability for the Department of Labor to refer the violators to the Department of Justice for prosecution. The bill did not make it out of committee in either the House or the Senate.

1261:

workers with disabilities were paid $ 2.50 per hour or less by their employers due to reduced productivity caused by a disability. There are several proposed bills that would repeal and eventually phase out Section 14(c) certifications such as H.R. 873 or H.R. 582 (Raise the Wage Act) which was passed by the House of Representatives in July 2019, but did not pass. Both political parties have expressed support to repealing this program.

940:

employer must make up the difference. However, the employee must be allowed to keep all tips, either individually or through a tip pool. A tip pool may also contain only "employees who customarily and regularly receive tips". "The phrase 'customarily and regularly' signifies a frequency which must be greater than occasional, but which may be less than constant."

1215:(MSPA), enacted in 1983, was designed to provide migrant and seasonal farm workers with protections concerning pay, working conditions, and work-related conditions to require farm labor contractors to register with the US Department of Labor and assure necessary protections for farm workers, agricultural associations, and agricultural employers. 1378:. This provision amended the FLSA to provide for the increase of the federal minimum wage by an incremental plan, culminating in a minimum wage of $ 7.25 per hour by July 24, 2009. Further, American territories including American Samoa and Puerto Rico were to adopt the mainland minimum wage in a series of incremental increases. 1421:

House Committee on Education and Labor. Like the original proposition, the bill was referred to the House Subcommittee on Workforce Protections in July 2013. There have been no reports issued by either the committee or subcommittee. Both bills were met with opposition which cited concerns of the loss of jobs or benefits.

1306:

approved a bill to increase the minimum wage to $ 4.55 per hour in stages over a two-year period. The bill also allowed employers to pay new employees at least 85 percent of the minimum wage during the first sixty days of employment of a newly hired employee with no previous employment. The bill also

1172:

A 2021 study on the effects of the 1966 extension, which raised the minimum wage in several economic sectors, found that the minimum wages increases led to a sharp increase in earnings without any adverse aggregate effects on employment. The legislation also substantially reduced the racial wage gap.

939:

Under the Fair Labor Standards Act, an employer has to pay each employee the minimum wage, unless the employee is "engaged in an occupation in which the employee customarily and regularly receives more than $ 30 a month in tips". If the employee's wage does not equal minimum wage, including tips, the

1416:

The Paid Vacation Act of 2009, introduced by Representative Alan Grayson on May 21, 2009, proposed that all employers with 100 or more employees provide a paid vacation to all eligible personnel. This earned period of time was initially defined as seven working days and increased to fourteen working

1402:

On September 27, 2019, the Department of Labor released a rule setting the salary level or amount test at $ 684 per week (equivalent to $ 35,568 per year) in order for an employee to qualify as an FLSA-exempt executive employee, administrative employee, and professional employee. In order to qualify

1365:

Conversely, some low-level employees (particularly administrative-support staff) that had previously been classified as exempt were now reclassified as non-exempt. Although such employees work in positions bearing titles previously used to determine exempt status (such as "executive assistant"), the

1122:

Congress passed an amendment to the FLSA, and President Eisenhower signed it on August 12, 1955. The amendment increased the minimum wage from 75¢ per hour to $ 1 per hour, effective March 1, 1956. Despite a push by some members of Congress, retail workers, service workers, agricultural workers, and

911:

In many instances, employers do not pay overtime properly for non-exempt jobs, such as not paying an employee for travel time between job sites, activities before or after their shifts, and preparation central to work activities. If an employee is entitled to overtime, the employer must pay them one

907:

The Fair Labor Standards Act applies to "any individual employed by an employer" but not to independent contractors or volunteers because they are not considered "employees" under the FLSA. Still, an employer cannot simply exempt workers from the Fair Labor Standards Act by calling them independent

2170:

If an employer elects to use the tip credit provision, it must inform the employee in advance and must be able to show that the employee receives at least the minimum wage when direct wages and the tip credit allowance are combined. If an employee's tips combined with the employer's direct wages do

1357:

On August 23, 2004, controversial changes to exemptions from the FLSA's minimum wage and overtime requirements went into effect, making substantial modifications to the definition of an "exempt" employee. Low-level working supervisors throughout American industries were reclassified as "executives"

1185:(ADEA) prohibited employment discrimination against persons forty years of age or older. Some older workers were being denied health benefits based on their age and denied training opportunities prior to the passage of the ADEA. The act applies only to businesses employing more than twenty workers. 943:

While the nomenclature of a job title is not dispositive, the job of "busboy" is explicitly validated for tip-pool inclusion by an authoritative source. "A busboy performs an integral part of customer service without much direct interaction, but he does so in a manner visible to customers. ...

1490:

In September 2016, Democratic members of the United States House and Senate introduced the Wage Theft Prevention and Wage Recovery Act. It would have increased employer liability under FLSA suits to the amount promised by the employer, rather than the minimum wage, prohibit pre-dispute arbitration

1420:

In 2013, Representative Grayson reintroduced the Paid Vacation Act as H.R. 2096. Apart from the omission of the 2009 proposal's findings section, H.R. 2096 was virtually identical to H.R. 2563. Representative Grayson was the sole original sponsor for the bill, which was immediately referred to the

1469:

directing the Department of Labor to update the regulations defining which white-collar workers are protected by the FLSA's minimum wage and overtime standards. On May 18, 2016, the final version of the rule was published, which would require that employees earning a salary of less than $ 913 per

1256:

Section 14(c) of the Fair Labor Standards Act states that with the approval of the Department of Labor's Wage and Hour Division (WHD) certain employers can pay employees with disabilities below the minimum wage. In order for the subminimum wage to apply, the disability of the worker must directly

1049:

In response, Congress passed the 1947 Portal-to-Portal Act, which narrowed the Supreme Court's decision. It specified exactly what type of time was considered compensable work time. In general, as long as an employee is engaging in activities that benefit the employer, regardless of when they are

1247:

to provide special certificates to allow an employer to pay less than the minimum wage to individuals whose earning or productive capacity is impaired by age, physical or mental deficiency, or injury. These employees must still be paid wages that are related to the individual's productivity and

1227:

The amendment exempted state and local governments from paying overtime for special detail work performed by fire-protection, law-enforcement, and prison-security employees. The amendment exempted state and local governments from paying overtime to employees working in a substantially different

1223:

An amendment permitted state and local government employers to compensate their employees' overtime hours with paid time away from work in lieu of overtime pay. Paid time off must be given at the rate of one and one-half hours for each hour of employment for which overtime compensation would be

1139:

The 1961 amendment also specified that coverage is automatic for schools, hospitals, nursing homes, or other residential care facilities. Coverage is also automatic for all governmental entities at whatever level of government, no matter the size. Coverage does not apply to certain entities not

1135:

and its gross annual business volume is a minimum of $ 500,000. All employees working for "enterprises" are then covered by the FLSA if the individual firms of the "enterprise have a revenue greater than $ 500,000 per year". Under the original 1938 Act, a worker whose work is in the channels of

1015:

as well. According to the act, workers must be paid minimum wage and overtime pay must be one-and-a-half times regular pay. Children under eighteen cannot do certain dangerous jobs, and children under sixteen cannot work in manufacturing or mining or during school hours. Though it did not cover

1260:

The majority of Section 14(c) workers are employed through work centers, but these individuals also work through businesses, schools, and hospitals. As of 2001, 424,000 employees with disabilities were receiving the subminimum wages through 5,600 employers under Section 14(c). More than 50% of

1366:

2004 amendment to the FLSA now requires that an exemption must be predicated upon actual job function and not job title. Employees with job titles that previously allowed exemption but whose job descriptions did not include managerial functions were now reclassified from exempt to non-exempt.

1336:

While computer science was a relatively new field, it was argued since the 1960s that technical specialists in the computer services field, carefully defined, ought to be regarded as "professional" and, thus, exempt from the overtime pay protections of the FLSA. In 1990 legislation classified

1315:

By a vote of 382 to 37, the House of Representatives approved a revised bill that would increase the minimum wage to $ 3.80 per hour as of April 1990, and $ 4.25 per hour as of April 1, 1991. The bill would allow a lower minimum wage for employees who are less than twenty years old. The bill

895:

The Fair Labor Standards Act applies to "employees who are engaged in interstate commerce or in the production of goods for commerce, or who are employed by an enterprise engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce" unless the employer can claim an exemption from coverage.

1453:

for every 30 hours they work up. This applies for up to seven days or 56 hours of paid sick leave annually instead of paying overtime to the employees. The bill, as proposed, would have applied to employers with 15 or more employees for employees as defined in the Fair Labor Standards Act.

1481:

took power in January 2017 they opted not to defend the rule in court, leading to a summary judgement on August 31 that the rule was invalid because the threshold was so high that it made the duties test irrelevant, and because the automatic adjustments provided by the rule were unlawful.

1136:

interstate commerce is covered as an individual. "Interstate commerce" is interpreted so broadly that most work is included, such as ordering, loading, or using supplies from out of state, accepting payments from customers based on credit cards issued by out-of-state banks, and so on.

1403:

as a highly compensated employee, the total annual compensation test was set at $ 107,432. When the Department of Labor had determined the total annual compensation, it based it on the eightieth percentile of weekly earnings for full-time salaried employees in the United States.

230: 2238:

Employees must retain all of their tips, except to the extent that they participate in a valid tip pooling or sharing arrangement. A tip pool can often be invalidated if tips are shared with managers, dishwashers, cooks, chefs or others who are not entitled to share in

1103:. The act increased the minimum wage from 40 cents to 75 cents per hour, effective January 24, 1950. The act prohibited oppressive child labor in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce. The act also included a few new exemptions for special worker classes. 944:

Thus, for a service bartender to be validly included in a tip pool, he must meet this minimal threshold in a manner sufficient to incentivize customers to 'customarily and regularly' tip in recognition" of his services (though he need not receive the tips directly).

1358:

and lost overtime rights. The changes were sought by business interests, which claimed that the laws needed clarification and that few workers would be affected. The Bush administration called the new regulations "FairPay". However, other organizations, such as the

1202:

The 1977 amendment increased the minimum wage in yearly increments through 1981 to $ 3.35 an hour. Changes were made involving tipped employees and the tip credit. Partial overtime exemption was repealed in stages for certain hotel, motel, and restaurant employees.

2204:§ 531.54 Tip pooling. :: PART 531-WAGE PAYMENTS UNDER THE FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT OF 1938 :: CHAPTER V-WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR :: Title 29 - Labor :: Code of Federal Regulations :: Regulations :: Law :: Justia 1118:

urged Congress to amend the FLSA in order to increase the number of employees who are covered by minimum wage laws and to increase the minimum wage itself to 90 cents per hour. At the time, retail workers and services workers were not covered by minimum wage laws.

1065:

The full effect of the FLSA of 1938 was postponed by the wartime inflation of the 1940s, which increased (nominal) wages to above the level specified in the Act. On October 26, 1949, President Truman signed the Fair Labor Standards Amendment Act of 1949 (ch. 736,

930:

The Fair Labor Standards Act sets minimum wage, overtime pay, recordkeeping, and child labor standards, but certain employees may be exempt. The exemptions include executive, administrative, professional, computer employee, and outside sales exemptions.

1311:

approved a bill to increase the minimum wage to $ 4.55 per hour. President Bush vetoed the bill, calling the increase "excessive". The House of Representatives unsuccessfully tried to override the veto, voting 247 to 178 to override, 37 votes short.

2280:"VIRGINIA BARRERA Plaintiff, v. MTC, INC. d/b/a MI TIERRA CAFÉ AND BAKERY d/b/a LA MARGARITA RESTAURANT & OYSTER BAR, and d/b/a RESTAURANTE PICO DE GALLO, UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS SAN ANTONIO DIVISION" 1140:

organized for business, such as churches and charitable institutions. The minimum wage level was again increased to $ 1.25 per hour. What could be considered a wage was specifically defined, and entitlement to sue for back wages was granted.

1248:

commensurate with those paid to similarly located and employed nonhandicapped workers. However, paying workers with disabilities less than the minimum wage was outlawed in New Hampshire in 2015, in Maryland in 2016, and in Alaska in 2018.

1098:

The act defined an employee's "regular rate" of pay for purposes of computation of overtime pay. The act specified that employees were covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act if they are "directly essential" to production of goods for

1433:. The bill would have amended the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA) to increase the federal minimum wage for employees to $ 10.10 per hour over the course of a two-year period. The bill was strongly supported by President 1231:

The amendment stated that individuals who volunteer to perform services for a state or local government agency are not covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act if the individual receives no compensation or nominal compensation.

1193:

The 1974 amendment expanded coverage to include other state and local government employees that were not previously covered. Domestic workers also became covered and the minimum wage was increased to $ 2.30 per hour in stages.

1050:

performed, the employer has an obligation to pay the employee for that time. The act also specified that travel to and from the workplace was a normal incident of employment and should not be considered paid working time.

767: 1168:

The 1966 amendment expanded coverage to some farm workers and increased the minimum wage to $ 1.60 per hour in stages. The 1966 Fair Labor Standards Act amendment also gave federal employees coverage for the first time.

572: 439: 3418: 2311: 534: 3864: 1291:

supported increasing the minimum wage to $ 4.25 per hour along with allowing a minimum wage of $ 3.35 an hour for new employees' first ninety days of employment for an employer. Secretary Dole said that

344: 1362:, claimed the changes would make millions of additional workers ineligible to obtain relief under the FLSA for overtime pay. Attempts in Congress to overturn the new regulations were unsuccessful. 591: 629: 268: 1394:

to express milk and that "a place, other than a bathroom, that is shielded from view and free from intrusion from coworkers and the public" should be available for employees to express milk.

325: 2279: 1576: 3940: 879:

or employed by an enterprise engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce, unless the employer can claim an exemption from coverage. The Act was enacted by the

1779: 1477:, temporarily stopping the rule's enforcement nationwide, in order to have time to determine whether the Department of Labor had the authority to issue the regulation. When the 807: 249: 952: 363: 287: 3415: 2746: 2727: 1328:

were unsuccessful at passing minimum-wage exemptions for small businesses and farmers using migrant or seasonal workers. President Bush signed the bill two weeks later.

1152:

was enacted to amend the FLSA and make it illegal to pay some workers lower wages than others strictly on the basis on their sex. It is often summed up with the phrase "

1131:

The 1961 amendment added another method of determining a type of coverage called enterprise coverage. Enterprise coverage applies only when the business is involved in

3770: 3994: 1046:

that preliminary work activities controlled by the employer and performed entirely for the employer's benefit are properly included as working time under the FLSA.

3876: 4108: 1212: 458: 3733:"Defining and Delimiting the Exemptions for Executive, Administrative, Professional, Outside Sales and Computer Employees under the Fair Labor Standards Act" 1758: 796: 776: 756: 736: 716: 696: 676: 653: 634: 615: 596: 577: 558: 539: 520: 501: 482: 463: 444: 425: 406: 387: 368: 349: 330: 311: 292: 273: 254: 235: 216: 197: 1235:

The amendment stated that state and local legislative employees, other than legislative library employees, are not covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act.

1786: 1648: 420: 1470:

week would be paid overtime, effective December 1, 2016, and the threshold would be automatically adjusted every three years, beginning January 1, 2020.

1430: 1160:, which amended the FLSA to expand the coverage of the EPA to these employees, by excluding the EPA from the professional workers exemption of the FLSA. 382: 1773: 3368:"RIN 1235–AA20: Defining and Delimiting the Exemptions for Executive, Administrative, Professional, Outside Sales and Computer Employees (Final Rule)" 904:

workers. Exemptions are narrowly construed, as an employer must prove that the employees fit "plainly and unmistakably" within the exemption's terms.

4250: 2048:"Because A Kosher Supervisor Is Employed In A Ministerial Role By A Religiously Affiliated Employer He Falls Within FLSA's 'Ministerial Exception'", 987:

In 1938, a revised version of Black's proposal was passed. The revised version was instrumentally supported by a number of notable people, including

1316:

eliminated different minimum wages for retail and non-retail businesses. The next week, the Senate approved the bill by a vote of 89 to 8. Senators

4408: 4282: 2252:"Receiving the minimum amount 'customarily and regularly'. - Title 29 - Labor - Code of Federal Regulations - LII / Legal Information Institute" 4230: 4076: 3391: 3928: 2791:"Special Minimum Wage Program: Centers Offer Employment and Support Services to Workers With Disabilities, But Labor Should Improve Oversight" 2388: 2286: 1053:

The act stated that employees had two years of performing the work to file a lawsuit for uncompensated time. Upon signing the act, President

3978: 3596: 4092: 2217: 2149: 1390:(H.R. 3590) amends Section 7 to add a "break time for nursing mothers" provision. It specifies that employers shall provide break time for 1307:

increased the exemption from minimum wage law for small businesses from $ 362,500 to $ 500,000 of annual sales. By a vote of 61 to 39, the

1182: 787: 192: 50:

An Act to provide for the establishment of fair labor standards in employments in and affecting interstate commerce, and for other purposes

4216: 4204: 4142: 3951: 2312:"Texas Court Holds 'Service Bartenders' May Be Eligible To Participate In A Mandatory Tip Pool Under FLSA]. Wage and Hour Law Update" 3701:"80 FR 38515 - Defining and Delimiting the Exemptions for Executive, Administrative, Professional, Outside Sales and Computer Employees" 900:" exemptions that are applicable to professional, administrative and executive employees, though exemptions also exist for jobs such as 4358: 4034: 1387: 648: 4166: 1462:

On July 6, 2015, the Department of Labor published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, based on a 2014 presidential memorandum signed by

4388: 1346: 1016:

executives, seasonal employees, and some other groups, the Fair Labor Standards Act gave raises to 700,000 workers, and US President

2602: 2063: 1896: 4393: 2960: 2844: 1224:

required by the Fair Labor Standards Act. Other employers may not compensate employees with paid time off in lieu of overtime pay.

17: 4192: 2763: 1269:

The Department of Defense Authorization Act of 1986 repealed the eight-hour daily overtime requirements on all federal contracts.

4018: 3752: 2628: 2493:"Truman Signs Pay Rise Bill; Drive for $ 1 Minimum Starts: Truman Signs Minimum Wage Bill; Drive for Rise to $ 1 an Hour Starts" 1969: 4341: 1711: 1303: 3131:"House Votes $ 4.25 Minimum Wage Legislation: The compromise is sent to the Senate. Bush may sign it in time for Thanksgiving" 2862: 3427: 2371: 961: 957: 4383: 3648: 3284: 1520: 1349:(PL 104-188), which provided the minimum-wage increase, also detached tipped employees from future minimum-wage increases. 1991: 1449:

asked Congress to pass the Healthy Families Act under which employers would be allowed to give employees one hour of paid

915:

Employees employed in a ministerial role by a religiously affiliated employer are not entitled to overtime under the act.

4005: 3735: 3548: 2034: 1624: 1600: 1565: 1042: 610: 3674: 1337:

computer workers as professionals if their hourly pay was “at least 6½ times greater than the applicable minimum wage.”

1931: 1922: 1088: 840: 667: 401: 175: 4116: 2432: 1797: 1674: 1000: 211: 4413: 3534:"Text - H.R.2096 - 113th Congress (2013-2014): Paid Vacation Act." Congress.gov, Library of Congress, 8 July 2013, 1285: 1244: 1374:

On May 25, 2007, President Bush signed into law a supplemental appropriation bill (H.R. 2206), which contains the

1849: 1080: 687: 140: 129: 121: 3813:

Burkhauser, Richard V.; Finegan, T. Aldrich (1989). "The Minimum Wage and the Poor: The End of a Relationship".

2935: 2333: 1463: 1293: 1112: 3622: 4378: 4333: 2363: 2016: 1951: 1537: 1375: 1697: 1612: 1157: 515: 4258: 922:

for excellence in war production required maintaining the fair labor standards established under the Act.

4328: 3325: 1686: 1025: 880: 747: 727: 707: 72: 4286: 3466:

Text - H.R.2564 - 111th Congress (2009-2010): Paid Vacation Act of 2009, H.R.2564, 111th Cong. (2009),

3367: 3313: 3111:"Veto Wage Bill Withstands Vote: House and Senate Democrats Vow to Seek Compromise on Minimum-Pay Rise" 1836: 1802: 1478: 1067: 919: 306: 105: 4403: 4398: 4346: 996: 4350: 4234: 4084: 912:

and a half times their "regular rate of pay" for all hours they work over 40 in the same work week.

4266: 3932: 2815: 2355: 1726: 1636: 1513: 1153: 3535: 3467: 2537:"Eisenhower Urges Wage Law Spread: Subordinates Minimum Pay Increase to Coverage for More Workers" 2396: 1437:

and many of the Democratic senators, but strongly opposed by Republicans in the Senate and House.

1284:

introduced a bill to increase the minimum wage from $ 3.35 per hour to $ 4.55 per hour in stages.

3986: 3322: 1753: 852: 4100: 3573: 2884: 2863:"Below the Minimum: A Critical Review of the 14(c) Wage Program for Employees with Disabilities" 2225: 2157: 3795: 3700: 2517:"Truman Signs Minimum Pay Legislation: 75-Cent Wage Base Law To Become Effective After 90 Days" 2203: 2123: 4220: 4208: 4150: 3884:

Mettler, Suzanne B. (1994). "Federalism, Gender, & the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938".

3842:

Grossman, J. (1978). "Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938: Maximum Struggle for a Minimum Wage".

2909: 3392:"Finally, the Final Part 541 Rule: $ 35,568 Is the New Salary Threshold for Exempt Employees" 1768: 1149: 992: 984:, whose proposal to require employers to adopt a thirty-hour workweek met fierce resistance. 884: 816: 800: 780: 760: 740: 720: 700: 680: 657: 638: 619: 600: 581: 562: 543: 524: 505: 486: 467: 448: 429: 410: 391: 372: 353: 334: 315: 296: 277: 258: 239: 220: 201: 164: 4045: 39: 4174: 1308: 1278: 1115: 978: 832:

Department of Labor poster notifying employees of rights under the Fair Labor Standards Act

732: 692: 672: 553: 3234: 3025:"House Votes Rise in Minimum Wage: Democrats See the Wage Issue as a Test of Bush Pledges" 792: 772: 752: 712: 8: 3396: 3235:"The Fair Labor Standards Act: Changes Made by the 101st Congress and Their Implications" 3040: 2677: 2098: 2074: 1904: 1506: 1132: 1100: 1057:

urged Congress to increase the minimum wage from 40 cents per hour to 65 cents per hour.

897: 876: 3147: 2606: 4337: 4324: 4320: 4196: 4026: 3909: 3901: 3830: 2368:

Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items in U.S. City Average (CPIAUCSL)

2337: 1017: 965: 812: 641: 603: 546: 527: 508: 489: 451: 432: 413: 394: 375: 356: 337: 318: 299: 280: 261: 242: 223: 204: 3259: 1011:

and a forty-hour workweek and allowed workers to earn wage for an extra four hours of

660: 622: 565: 470: 3913: 3851: 3172: 2697: 2632: 2577: 2428: 2351: 1977: 1296: 1281: 584: 2936:"Party Platforms Call for End to Subminimum Wage | National Federation of the Blind" 4267:"Calculate Pay for Tipped and Non-Tipped Employees per State, Including Tip-Credit" 3893: 3822: 3372: 2689: 2449: 1926: 1867: 1845: 1123:

construction workers were still not required to be paid at least the minimum wage.

1076: 1037: 114: 4354: 4019:"Average U.S. farm and non-farm wages compared to the minimum wage (1981 - 2004)" 3739: 3422: 3004: 2359: 2251: 1935: 1092: 988: 860: 844: 477: 3292: 3216: 3200: 3130: 3110: 3093: 3076: 3060: 3043: 3024: 2988: 2560: 2536: 2516: 2492: 2475: 828: 2816:"Part 525 – Employment Of Workers with Disabilities Under Special Certificates" 2651: 1588: 1288: 1228:

capacity from the employee's regular full-time employment on a sporadic basis.

1206: 1008: 1004: 496: 3971:"AFL-CIO, American Federation of Labor - Congress of Industrial Organizations" 3732: 2367: 1345:

The 1996 amendment increased the minimum wage to $ 5.15 an hour. However, the

1299:

would veto any bill increasing the minimum wage to more than $ 4.25 per hour.

4372: 2701: 1391: 901: 231:

OPP Cotton Mills, Inc. v. Administrator of Wage and Hour Div., Dept. of Labor

2171:

not equal the minimum hourly wage, the employer must make up the difference.

960:

federal minimum wage has declined by 46% since February 1968. Lower line is

4302: 3855: 2790: 2764:"Alaska bars employers from paying disabled workers less than minimum wage" 1807: 1763: 1738: 1466: 1446: 1434: 1054: 864: 856: 3742:. Wage and Hour Division. United States Department of Labor. May 18, 2016. 3338: 2693: 1498: 2183: 1792: 1359: 1321: 1317: 872: 1853: 144: 133: 3905: 3834: 2450:"Troubled passage: the labor movement and the Fair Labor Standards Act" 1868:"Troubled passage: the labor movement and the Fair Labor Standards Act" 1812: 1474: 1450: 1325: 1084: 981: 868: 2425:

The New Webster's Library of Practical Information: Family Legal Guide

4361: 2360:

Federal Minimum Hourly Wage for Nonfarm Workers for the United States

1659: 4303:"Wage-Law Enforcer: 'Jaw-Dropping' Violations Demand Tougher Action" 3897: 3826: 2578:"Fact Sheet #14: Coverage Under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)" 4135:"Raising the National Minimum Wage: Information, Opinion, Research" 3821:(1). Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management: 53–71. 1817: 1485: 1021: 1012: 4126: 3443:"H.R.2564 - 111th Congress (2009-2010): Paid Vacation Act of 2009" 3260:"The Fair Labor Standards Act: Minimum Wage in the 108th Congress" 1381: 4035:"Impact of Proposed Minimum-Wage Increase on Low-income Families" 2064:"Shaliehsabou v. Hebrew Home of Greater Washington, Incorporated" 55: 1780:

Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co. v. Muscoda Local No. 123

1473:

On November 23, 2016, a United States District judge imposed an

875:

in "oppressive child labor". It applies to employees engaged in

3536:

https://www.congress.gov/113/bills/hr2096/BILLS-113hr2096ih.xml

3468:

https://www.congress.gov/111/bills/hr2564/BILLS-111hr2564ih.xml

3173:"Fact Sheet #32: Youth Minimum Wage – Fair Labor Standards Act" 1715: 1701: 1663: 1552: 1264: 1243:

In 1986, the Fair Labor Standards Act was amended to allow the

977:

The Fair Labor Standards Act was originally drafted in 1932 by

4274: 4134: 3549:"Americans have been fighting for paid vacation for 100 years" 2961:"The Movement to Invest in Disabled Workers Is Gaining Ground" 2676:

Derenoncourt, Ellora; Montialoux, Claire (December 22, 2020).

2631:. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Archived from 2605:. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Archived from 2332: 2071:

United States District Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit

4056: 3812: 3796:"H.R.4763 – 2016 Wage Theft Prevention and Wage Recovery Act" 3675:"No End In Sight For Wave of Paid Family and Sick Leave Laws" 3370:. Wage and Hour Division, United States Department of Labor. 1207:

1983 Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act

1176: 867:

when people work over forty hours a week. It also prohibits

3865:"The New FLSA White-Collar Regulations—Analysis of Changes" 3649:"Centrist Republicans cool to minimum wage hike compromise" 3510: 3484: 3442: 3511:"H.R.2096 - 113th Congress (2013-2014): Paid Vacation Act" 2017:"Fair Labor Standards Act - FLSA - 29 U.S. Code Chapter 8" 1952:"Fair Labor Standards Act - FLSA - 29 U.S. Code Chapter 8" 2561:"President Signs Bill Setting Minimum Pay At $ 1 An Hour" 1562: 1340: 947: 3970: 3769:

Miller, Stephen; Nagele-Piazza, Lisa (August 31, 2017).

2411:

Notable American Women: Completing the Twentieth Century

2099:"Army-Navy E Award - Miscellaneous Documents and Images" 1992:"Are Theater Workers Exempt from Federal Overtime Laws?" 4069:"Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now" 4068: 2188:

U.S. Department of Labor - Wage and Hour Division (WHD)

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Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act

1197: 1188: 3771:"Federal Judge Strikes Down Obama DOL's Overtime Rule" 2675: 2403: 1060: 3416:"New Overtime Rule Raises Salary Cut-Off to $ 35,568" 3201:"Senate Passes Bill on Wage Floor: Bush Seen Signing" 2890:. U.S. Government Publishing Office. January 30, 2019 3941:"Purchasing power of minimum wage from 1958 to 2002" 3597:"Obama: Congress has 'clear choice' on minimum wage" 3061:"Senate Approves Increase in Minimum Wage to $ 4.55" 2476:"Gives His Reasons: Truman Approves Portal Suit Bar" 1787:

Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority

1429:

In April 2014, the United States Senate debated the

421:

Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority

3768: 3125: 3123: 2796:. U.S. General Accounting Office. September 4, 2001 2124:"Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) | Human Resources" 1431:

Minimum Wage Fairness Act (S. 1737; 113th Congress)

768:

Parker Drilling Management Services, Ltd. v. Newton

3314: 2728:"S.1570 - Fair Labor Standards Amendments of 1985" 2035:"Updated Federal Overtime Law means tracking time" 1837: 1774:Employment discrimination law in the United States 1759:Timeline of children's rights in the United States 1068: 106: 4109:"Analysis of 2004 change in overtime regulations" 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3707:. U.S. Government Publishing Office. July 6, 2015 3005:"Dole warns of Bush veto if wage law tops $ 4.25" 2582:U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Department 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2199: 2197: 1424: 573:Kasten v. Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corp. 440:Tony and Susan Alamo Found. v. Secretary of Labor 4370: 3588: 3120: 3050:(Highland Park, Michigan). April 22, 1989. p. 5. 1486:2016 Wage Theft Prevention and Wage Recovery Act 972: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3390:Robinson, Jr., Alfred B. (September 24, 2019). 3363: 3361: 3359: 3177:U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division 2860: 1946: 1944: 1382:2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 3753:"Federal judge blocks Obama overtime pay rule" 3719: 3640: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3094:"Bush Vetoes 'Excessive' Rise in Minimum Wage" 2546: 2531: 2529: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2382: 2380: 2194: 1411: 3077:"Bush Vetoed Minimum Wage Increase to $ 4.55" 3019: 3017: 1514: 1369: 4231:"Exempt and Non-Exempt Employees Definition" 3403: 3356: 3195: 3193: 2652:"History of Changes to the Minimum Wage Law" 1941: 1897:"History - Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938" 1440: 1265:1986 Department of Defense Authorization Act 1183:Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 1031: 788:Helix Energy Solutions Group, Inc. v. Hewitt 4217:"Supreme Court Clarifies Wage and Hour Law" 3892:(4). Palgrave Macmillan Journals: 635–654. 3379: 2861:Crawford, Matthew; Goodman, Joshua (2013). 2526: 2502: 2377: 2218:"Overtime Qualification and Exemption FAQs" 2150:"Overtime Qualification and Exemption FAQs" 1976:. Department of Labor. 2016. Archived from 1528: 1457: 3929:"Wage and Hour Law: Meal and Rest Periods" 3414:Nagele-Piazza, Lisa (September 24, 2019). 3014: 3011:. Associated Press. March 4, 1989. p. 15B. 2867:Hofstra Labor & Employment Law Journal 2756: 2345: 2206:. Law.justia.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-12. 1877:. United States Bureau of Labor Statistics 1521: 1507: 1388:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 649:Integrity Staffing Solutions, Inc. v. Busk 4205:"Study Finds Many Day Laborers Exploited" 3815:Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 3614: 3233:Whittaker, William G. (January 1, 1991). 3232: 3190: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2386: 2374:minimum wages pop up for specific months. 1347:Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996 1177:1967 Age Discrimination in Employment Act 535:Breuer v. Jim's Concrete of Brevard, Inc. 193:United States v. American Trucking Ass'ns 3841: 2742: 2740: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2422: 2326: 1916: 1914: 951: 890: 827: 345:Mitchell v. Robert DeMario Jewelry, Inc. 4409:United States federal labor legislation 4042:Center for Economic and Policy Research 3883: 3862: 3576:. United States Congress. April 2, 2014 3566: 3546: 3508: 3440: 3376:. Vol. 84. No. 188. September 27, 2019. 2984: 2982: 592:Christopher v. Smithkline Beecham Corp. 14: 4371: 3995:"2004 changes in overtime regulations" 3673:Parker, Katharine (January 15, 2015). 3672: 3646: 3620: 2839: 2837: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2463: 2447: 2224:. Michael D. Lore, P.C. Archived from 2156:. Michael D. Lore, P.C. Archived from 1889: 1865: 1712:Consumer Credit Protection Act of 1968 1406: 1341:1996 Small Business Job Protection Act 1020:called it the most important piece of 948:Legislative and administrative history 3479: 3477: 3475: 3428:Society for Human Resource Management 2737: 2708: 2678:"Minimum Wages and Racial Inequality" 1911: 1859: 1502: 1143: 630:Sandifer v. United States Steel Corp. 269:Williams v. Jacksonville Terminal Co. 3594: 2989:"Secy. Dole Asks $ 4.25 Minimum Pay" 2979: 2850:. U.S. Government Publishing Office. 2822:. National Archives. August 10, 1989 2747:"S.2884 – 99th Congress (1985-1986)" 2595: 2427:. Lexicon Publications. p. 51. 1273:1989 Fair Labor Standards Amendments 1219:1985 Fair Labor Standards Amendments 1198:1977 Fair Labor Standards Amendments 1189:1974 Fair Labor Standards Amendments 3647:Bolton, Alexander (April 4, 2014). 3621:Bolton, Alexander (April 8, 2014). 3540: 2834: 2778: 2639: 2448:Samuel, Howard D. (December 2000). 1625:Anderson v Mount Clemens Pottery Co 1601:Long Island Care at Home Ltd v Coke 1566:Minimum Wage Fixing Convention 1970 1397: 1352: 1061:1949 Fair Labor Standards Amendment 1043:Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. 611:Genesis HealthCare Corp. v. Symczyk 24: 4334:As codified in 29 U.S.C. chapter 8 4321:As codified in 29 U.S.C. chapter 8 3806: 3547:Dishman, Lydia (August 24, 2018). 3528: 3502: 3472: 3460: 3441:Grayson, Alan (October 22, 2009). 3434: 3319:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 3285:"Chapter 8 – Fair Labor Standards" 3252: 2682:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 2338:"State Minimum Wages: An Overview" 1842:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 1073:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 1007:. The revised proposal adopted an 402:National League of Cities v. Usery 111:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 25: 4425: 4314: 4251:"Fair Labor Standards Act - FLSA" 3623:"Reid punts on minimum-wage hike" 1903:. August 15, 2013. Archived from 1798:Minimum wage in the United States 1675:Walling v Helmerich and Payne Inc 1331: 1238: 1163: 1126: 1106: 1001:United States Department of Labor 883:and signed into law by President 212:United States v. Darby Lumber Co. 4389:Child labor in the United States 4347:Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 4077:"Center for Policy Alternatives" 3339:"Break Time for Nursing Mothers" 2215: 2147: 1866:Samuel, Howard (December 2000). 1743:Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 1549:Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 1251: 1245:United States Secretary of Labor 838:Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 38: 33:Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 4394:Liberalism in the United States 4362:Statute Compilations collection 3788: 3762: 3745: 3693: 3666: 3331: 3307: 3277: 3226: 3210: 3165: 3140: 3103: 3086: 3070: 3053: 3034: 2998: 2953: 2928: 2902: 2877: 2854: 2808: 2669: 2621: 2570: 2485: 2441: 2416: 2370:. Run cursor over graph to see 2304: 2272: 2244: 2209: 2176: 2141: 2116: 2091: 2073:, April 2, 2004, archived from 2056: 2041: 1577:Walling v Jacksonville Paper Co 688:Tyson Foods, Inc. v. Bouaphakeo 668:Perez v. Mortgage Bankers Ass'n 326:Brooklyn Savings Bank v. O'Neil 4193:"Business & Legal Reports" 3595:Sink, Justin (April 2, 2014). 3509:Grayson, Alan (July 8, 2013). 3044:"Wage Hike Leaps First Hurdle" 2334:Congressional Research Service 2027: 2009: 1984: 1962: 1830: 1425:2014 Minimum Wage Fairness Act 13: 1: 4097:The Economic Policy Institute 3751:Morton, Victor; Boyer, Dave. 3217:"Bush Signs Minimum Wage Law" 1823: 1538:West Coast Hotel Co v Parrish 1376:Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 1302:By a vote of 248 to 171, the 973:1938 Fair Labor Standards Act 925: 808:E.M.D. Sales, Inc. v. Carrera 250:Cudahy Packing Co. v. Holland 2629:"The Equal Pay Act Turns 40" 2423:Bolander, Donald O. (1990). 1970:"Federal Overtime Rules FAQ" 1698:Portal to Portal Act of 1947 1613:Jewell Ridge Coal Corp v UMW 1158:Education Amendments of 1972 855:that creates the right to a 516:Christensen v. Harris County 364:Arnold v. Ben Kanowsky, Inc. 288:AB Kirschbaum Co. v. Walling 7: 4384:75th United States Congress 4342:US House of Representatives 3092:Devroy, Ann; Dewar, Helen. 2820:Code of Federal Regulations 2103:The Navy Department Library 1687:Christensen v Harris County 1494: 1445:In January 2015, President 1412:2009/2013 Paid Vacation Act 1026:Social Security Act of 1935 1003:, as well as Congresswoman 748:Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis 728:Encino Motorcars v. Navarro 708:Encino Motorcars v. Navarro 307:Skidmore v. Swift & Co. 176:United States Supreme Court 73:75th United States Congress 10: 4430: 3223:. November 17, 1989. p. 2. 3137:. November 2, 1989. p. 24. 1996:Small Business - Chron.com 1803:List of U.S. minimum wages 1370:2007 Fair Minimum Wage Act 934: 3738:November 7, 2016, at the 3421:October 15, 2021, at the 3207:. November 9, 1989. p. 1. 2845:"Section 214 of the FLSA" 2523:. October 27, 1949. p. 2. 2499:. October 27, 1949. p. 1. 2413:. Beyer, Clara Mortenson. 2362:. Inflation adjusted (by 2052:, Ceridian, April 8, 2004 1735: 1727:Skidmore v Swift & Co 1723: 1709: 1695: 1683: 1671: 1657: 1645: 1637:Armour & Co v Wantock 1633: 1621: 1609: 1597: 1585: 1573: 1560: 1546: 1534: 1441:2015 Healthy Families Act 1032:1947 Portal-to-Portal Act 997:Bureau of Labor Standards 918:During World War II, the 182: 174: 156: 151: 120: 101: 96: 78: 67: 54: 46: 37: 3921: 3863:Lechner, Jay P. (2005). 3152:U.S. Department of Labor 3148:"Wages: Subminimum Wage" 3117:. June 15, 1989. p. A21. 3031:. March 24, 1989. p. A1. 2766:. Vox. February 23, 2018 2567:. August 13, 1955. p. 4. 2543:. April 28, 1955. p. 23. 2356:U.S. Department of Labor 1901:U.S. Department of Labor 1458:2015 proposed rulemaking 1304:House of Representatives 1154:equal pay for equal work 18:Fair Labor Standards Act 4414:1938 in labor relations 4307:The Wall Street Journal 4167:"Overtime compensation" 3875:(2): 20. Archived from 3679:The National Law Review 3205:The Wall Street Journal 3100:. June 14, 1989. p. A1. 3067:. April 12, 1989. p. 1. 2603:"Equal Pay Act of 1963" 2559:Knighton, William, Jr. 2393:Encyclopedia of Alabama 1754:United States labor law 1529:Wage regulation sources 853:United States labor law 4255:29 U.S. Code Chapter 8 4029:on September 26, 2006. 4011:on September 10, 2008. 3485:"Congressional Record" 3343:US Department of Labor 3264:www.everycrsreport.com 3083:. June 13, 1989. p. 1. 2995:. March 3, 1989. p. 3. 2965:The Century Foundation 2751:United States Congress 2732:United States Congress 2656:US Department of Labor 2459:. BLS. pp. 32–37. 1024:legislation since the 969: 833: 84:; 86 years ago 27:United States wage law 4171:workplacefairness.org 4147:workplacefairness.org 4051:on December 19, 2005. 3989:on September 3, 2005. 3935:on November 21, 2010. 3798:. September 19, 2016. 2482:. May 15, 1947. p. 1. 2409:Ware, Susan. (2004). 1769:Second Bill of Rights 1150:Equal Pay Act of 1963 993:Clara Mortenson Beyer 955: 891:Practical application 885:Franklin D. Roosevelt 831: 459:Moreau v. Klevenhagen 165:Franklin D. Roosevelt 4379:1938 in American law 4357:) as amended in the 4309:. December 30, 2014. 4277:on February 5, 2013. 4261:on December 8, 2008. 4223:on November 4, 2019. 4211:on November 4, 2019. 4127:"Floridians for All" 4119:on December 1, 2007. 4103:on January 21, 2009. 3844:Monthly Labor Review 3759:. November 23, 2016. 3757:The Washington Times 3681:. Proskauer Rose LLP 3041:Hawkins, Augustus F. 2734:. November 13, 1985. 2457:Monthly Labor Review 2399:on November 5, 2011. 2228:on December 24, 2014 2160:on December 24, 2014 1980:on October 27, 2016. 1875:Monthly Labor Review 1479:Trump administration 1386:Section 4207 of the 554:IBP, Inc. v. Alvarez 4289:on October 22, 2021 3869:Florida Bar Journal 3574:"S. 1737 - Summary" 3397:National Law Review 3239:UNT Digital Library 3098:The Washington Post 2753:. October 16, 1986. 2694:10.1093/qje/qjaa031 2037:. SwipeClock. 2016. 1907:on August 15, 2013. 1848:, ch. 676, 52 1652:, 350 US 247 (1956) 1640:, 323 US 126 (1944) 1580:, 317 US 564 (1943) 1541:, 300 US 379 (1937) 1407:Proposed amendments 1133:interstate commerce 1101:interstate commerce 920:Army-Navy "E" Award 877:interstate commerce 152:Legislative history 34: 4338:United States Code 4325:United States Code 4199:on March 13, 2007. 4087:on March 27, 2006. 3879:on March 13, 2007. 3295:on October 9, 2010 3129:Eaton, William J. 3115:The New York Times 3029:The New York Times 2609:on October 5, 2017 2541:The New York Times 2535:Loftus, Joseph A. 2515:Crowther, Rodney. 2497:The New York Times 2491:Leviero, Anthony. 2480:The New York Times 2292:on October 8, 2012 1678:, 323 US 37 (1944) 1649:Steiner v Mitchell 1286:Secretary of Labor 1144:1963 Equal Pay Act 1018:Franklin Roosevelt 970: 966:inflation-adjusted 834: 82:June 25, 1938 32: 4271:WaitressCalc 2012 4177:on March 26, 2014 4153:on March 26, 2014 4061:Overtime Law Blog 3957:on August 3, 2016 3221:Los Angeles Times 3135:Los Angeles Times 3081:Los Angeles Times 3065:Los Angeles Times 3009:The Baltimore Sun 2993:Los Angeles Times 2635:on June 26, 2012. 2565:The Baltimore Sun 2521:The Baltimore Sun 2336:(March 2, 2023). 2314:. August 22, 2011 1749: 1748: 1297:George H. W. Bush 1282:Edward M. Kennedy 826: 825: 383:Maryland v. Wirtz 123:Statutes at Large 16:(Redirected from 4421: 4404:Minimum wage law 4399:Child labour law 4310: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4285:. Archived from 4283:"FLSA comp time" 4278: 4273:. Archived from 4262: 4257:. Archived from 4246: 4244: 4242: 4237:on March 1, 2012 4233:. Archived from 4224: 4219:. Archived from 4212: 4207:. Archived from 4200: 4195:. Archived from 4186: 4184: 4182: 4173:. Archived from 4162: 4160: 4158: 4149:. Archived from 4138: 4130: 4120: 4115:. Archived from 4104: 4099:. Archived from 4088: 4083:. Archived from 4072: 4064: 4057:"FLSA Decisions" 4052: 4050: 4044:. Archived from 4039: 4030: 4025:. Archived from 4012: 4010: 4004:. Archived from 3999: 3990: 3985:. Archived from 3974: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3956: 3950:. Archived from 3948:fiscalpolicy.org 3945: 3936: 3931:. 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April 1, 2022 2959: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2916:. July 18, 2019 2908: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2745: 2738: 2726: 2709: 2674: 2670: 2660: 2658: 2650: 2649: 2640: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2558: 2547: 2534: 2527: 2514: 2503: 2490: 2486: 2474:Starks, Louis. 2473: 2464: 2452: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2421: 2417: 2408: 2404: 2389:"Hugo L. Black" 2387:Hugo L. Black. 2385: 2378: 2350: 2346: 2331: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2260: 2258: 2256:Law.cornell.edu 2250: 2249: 2245: 2231: 2229: 2216:Lore, Michael. 2214: 2210: 2202: 2195: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2163: 2161: 2148:Lore, Michael. 2146: 2142: 2132: 2130: 2128:hr.ucmerced.edu 2122: 2121: 2117: 2107: 2105: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2083: 2081: 2080:on May 13, 2006 2077: 2066: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2000: 1998: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1950: 1949: 1942: 1921: 1919: 1912: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1870: 1864: 1860: 1856:, June 25, 1938 1841: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1750: 1745: 1731: 1719: 1705: 1691: 1679: 1667: 1653: 1641: 1629: 1617: 1605: 1593: 1581: 1569: 1556: 1542: 1530: 1527: 1497: 1488: 1460: 1443: 1427: 1414: 1409: 1400: 1392:nursing mothers 1384: 1372: 1355: 1343: 1334: 1275: 1267: 1254: 1241: 1221: 1209: 1200: 1191: 1179: 1166: 1146: 1129: 1109: 1072: 1063: 1034: 989:Frances Perkins 975: 962:nominal dollars 950: 937: 928: 893: 861:time-and-a-half 822: 478:Auer v. Robbins 188: 187: 170: 161:Signed into law 122: 110: 88: 86: 83: 68:Enacted by 58: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4427: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4344: 4331: 4316: 4315:External links 4313: 4312: 4311: 4299: 4279: 4263: 4247: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4213: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4143:"Minimum wage" 4139: 4131: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4093:"Minimum Wage" 4089: 4073: 4065: 4053: 4031: 4015: 4014: 4013: 3991: 3979:"Minimum wage" 3967: 3937: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3918: 3881: 3860: 3839: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3787: 3761: 3744: 3718: 3692: 3665: 3639: 3613: 3587: 3565: 3539: 3527: 3501: 3471: 3459: 3433: 3402: 3378: 3355: 3330: 3306: 3276: 3251: 3225: 3209: 3189: 3164: 3139: 3119: 3102: 3085: 3069: 3052: 3033: 3013: 2997: 2978: 2952: 2927: 2901: 2876: 2853: 2833: 2807: 2777: 2755: 2736: 2707: 2688:(1): 169–228. 2668: 2638: 2620: 2594: 2569: 2545: 2525: 2501: 2484: 2462: 2440: 2433: 2415: 2402: 2376: 2344: 2325: 2303: 2271: 2243: 2208: 2193: 2184:"Minimum Wage" 2175: 2140: 2115: 2090: 2055: 2040: 2026: 2008: 1983: 1961: 1940: 1932:29 U.S.C. 1910: 1888: 1858: 1828: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1783: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1747: 1746: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1589:Auer v Robbins 1586: 1583: 1582: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1525: 1518: 1511: 1503: 1496: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1459: 1456: 1442: 1439: 1426: 1423: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1399: 1396: 1383: 1380: 1371: 1368: 1354: 1351: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1332:1990 Amendment 1330: 1289:Elizabeth Dole 1274: 1271: 1266: 1263: 1253: 1250: 1240: 1239:1986 Amendment 1237: 1220: 1217: 1208: 1205: 1199: 1196: 1190: 1187: 1178: 1175: 1165: 1164:1966 amendment 1162: 1145: 1142: 1128: 1127:1961 amendment 1125: 1108: 1107:1955 amendment 1105: 1089:29 U.S.C. 1062: 1059: 1033: 1030: 1009:eight-hour day 1005:Mary T. Norton 974: 971: 964:. Top line is 949: 946: 936: 933: 927: 924: 892: 889: 841:29 U.S.C. 824: 823: 821: 820: 819:___ (2025) 815:, ___ 804: 803:___ (2023) 784: 783:___ (2019) 764: 763:___ (2018) 744: 743:___ (2018) 724: 723:___ (2016) 704: 703:___ (2016) 684: 683:___ (2015) 664: 645: 626: 607: 588: 569: 550: 531: 512: 497:Alden v. Maine 493: 474: 455: 436: 417: 398: 379: 360: 341: 322: 303: 284: 265: 246: 227: 208: 185: 184: 183: 180: 179: 172: 171: 169: 168: 157: 154: 153: 149: 148: 126: 118: 117: 103: 99: 98: 94: 93: 80: 76: 75: 69: 65: 64: 61: 52: 51: 48: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4426: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3915: 3911: 3907: 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1956:finduslaw.com 1953: 1947: 1945: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1927:§ 203(l) 1924: 1917: 1915: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1876: 1869: 1862: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1840: 1833: 1829: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1744: 1740: 1734: 1729: 1728: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1688: 1682: 1677: 1676: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1650: 1644: 1639: 1638: 1632: 1627: 1626: 1620: 1615: 1614: 1608: 1603: 1602: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1572: 1567: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1539: 1533: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1492: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1422: 1418: 1404: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1379: 1377: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1350: 1348: 1338: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1270: 1262: 1258: 1252:Section 14(c) 1249: 1246: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1216: 1214: 1204: 1195: 1186: 1184: 1174: 1170: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1104: 1102: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1071: 1058: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1036:In 1946, the 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 985: 983: 980: 967: 963: 959: 954: 945: 941: 932: 923: 921: 916: 913: 909: 905: 903: 902:movie theater 899: 888: 886: 882: 881:75th Congress 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 839: 830: 818: 814: 810: 809: 805: 802: 798: 794: 790: 789: 785: 782: 778: 774: 770: 769: 765: 762: 758: 754: 750: 749: 745: 742: 738: 734: 730: 729: 725: 722: 718: 714: 710: 709: 705: 702: 698: 694: 690: 689: 685: 682: 678: 674: 670: 669: 665: 662: 659: 655: 651: 650: 646: 643: 640: 636: 632: 631: 627: 624: 621: 617: 613: 612: 608: 605: 602: 598: 594: 593: 589: 586: 583: 579: 575: 574: 570: 567: 564: 560: 556: 555: 551: 548: 545: 541: 537: 536: 532: 529: 526: 522: 518: 517: 513: 510: 507: 503: 499: 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Retrieved 1874: 1861: 1832: 1808:Maximum wage 1785: 1778: 1764:Frank Murphy 1742: 1739:US labor law 1725: 1685: 1673: 1647: 1635: 1623: 1611: 1599: 1587: 1575: 1548: 1536: 1489: 1472: 1467:Barack Obama 1461: 1447:Barack Obama 1444: 1435:Barack Obama 1428: 1419: 1415: 1401: 1385: 1373: 1364: 1356: 1344: 1335: 1314: 1301: 1276: 1268: 1259: 1255: 1242: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1210: 1201: 1192: 1180: 1171: 1167: 1147: 1138: 1130: 1121: 1110: 1097: 1064: 1055:Harry Truman 1052: 1048: 1041: 1035: 986: 976: 942: 938: 929: 917: 914: 910: 906: 898:white collar 894: 865:overtime pay 857:minimum wage 848: 837: 835: 806: 786: 766: 746: 726: 706: 686: 666: 647: 628: 609: 590: 571: 552: 533: 514: 495: 476: 457: 438: 419: 400: 381: 362: 343: 324: 305: 286: 267: 248: 229: 210: 191: 160: 136: 59:(colloquial) 29: 4241:October 22, 4181:October 22, 4157:October 22, 3961:October 22, 3059:Pine, Art. 2108:January 21, 1793:Living wage 1718:§§1671-1675 1322:Steve Symms 1318:Orrin Hatch 999:within the 663: (2014) 644: (2014) 625: (2013) 606: (2012) 587: (2011) 568: (2005) 549: (2003) 530: (2000) 511: (1999) 492: (1997) 473: (1993) 454: (1985) 435: (1985) 416: (1976) 397: (1968) 378: (1960) 359: (1960) 340: (1945) 321: (1944) 302: (1942) 283: (1942) 264: (1942) 245: (1941) 226: (1941) 207: (1940) 4373:Categories 4113:epinet.org 4002:aflcio.org 3983:aflcio.org 3558:August 22, 3520:August 22, 3494:August 22, 3452:August 22, 3348:January 3, 2971:January 5, 2945:January 5, 2920:August 24, 2910:"H.R. 582" 2894:August 24, 2885:"H.R. 873" 2826:August 24, 2800:August 24, 2661:January 3, 2613:January 3, 2366:) via the 2352:FRED Graph 2318:August 12, 2261:August 12, 1936:§ 212 1881:August 20, 1824:References 1813:Wage slave 1475:injunction 1451:sick leave 1326:Phil Gramm 1116:Eisenhower 1093:§ 201 1079:, 63 982:Hugo Black 926:Exemptions 869:employment 845:§ 203 102:Public law 89:1938-06-25 47:Long title 4340:from the 4327:from the 3914:155777199 3780:March 10, 3711:March 10, 3289:U.S. Code 2702:0033-5533 2084:April 26, 2050:HR Comply 2001:March 28, 1923:29 U.S.C. 1704:§§251-262 1666:§§203-207 1660:FLSA 1938 1555:§§201-211 1464:President 1294:President 1277:In 1989, 1113:President 1111:In 1955, 1040:ruled in 995:from the 887:in 1938. 147:(3 pages) 97:Citations 79:Effective 4023:usda.gov 3856:10307721 3736:Archived 3658:April 9, 3653:The Hill 3632:April 9, 3627:The Hill 3606:April 9, 3601:The Hill 3580:April 8, 3419:Archived 2354:. 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