Beta Israel - Knowledge

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other Jews right after the Exodus and moved south to Ethiopia. Eldad the Danite speaks of at least three waves of Jewish immigration into his region, creating other Jewish tribes and kingdoms. The earliest wave settled in a remote kingdom of the "tribe of Moses": this was the strongest and most secure Jewish kingdom of all, with farming villages, cities and great wealth. Other Ethiopian Jews who appeared in the Mediterranean world over the succeeding centuries and persuaded rabbinic authorities there that they were of Jewish descent, and so could if slaves be ransomed by Jewish communities, join synagogues, marry other Jews, etc, also referred to the Mosaic and Danite origins of Ethiopian Jewry. The Mosaic claims of the Beta Israel, in any case, like those of the Zagwe dynasty, are ancient.

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still perpetuated. In May 2015, Israeli Ethiopians demonstrated in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem against racism, after a video was released, showing an Israeli soldier of Ethiopian descent that was brutally beaten up by the Israeli police. Interviewed students of Ethiopian origin affirm that they do not feel accepted in Israeli society, due to a very strong discrimination towards them. Many scholars such as Ben-Eliezer have been exploring how the discrimination, cultural racism, and exclusion have resulted in metaphorically sending many of the new generation of Ethiopian Jews "back to Africa". They say this because many of the new generation have been reclaiming their traditional Ethiopian names, Ethiopian language, Ethiopian culture, and Ethiopian music.

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delinquency, and there are high incidences of suicide and depression among this community. Also, while marriages between Jews of different backgrounds are very common in Israel, marriages between Ethiopians and non-Ethiopians are not very common. According to a 2009 study, 90% of Ethiopian-Israelis – 93% of men and 85% of women, are married to other Ethiopian-Israelis. A survey found that 57% of Israelis consider a daughter marrying an Ethiopian unacceptable and 39% consider a son marrying an Ethiopian to be unacceptable. Barriers to intermarriage have been attributed to sentiments in both the Ethiopian community and Israeli society generally. A 2011 study showed that only 13% of high school students of Ethiopian origin felt "fully Israeli".

4956:(the Danite), from a time before the Zagwean dynasty was established. Eldad was a Jewish man who appeared in Egypt and created a stir in that Jewish community (and elsewhere in the Mediterranean Jewish communities he visited) with claims that he had come from a Jewish kingdom of pastoralists far to the south. The only language Eldad spoke was a hitherto unknown dialect of Hebrew. Although he strictly followed the Mosaic commandments, his observance differed in some details from Rabbinic halakhah. Some observers thought that he might be a Karaite, although his practice also differed from theirs. He carried Hebrew books that supported his explanations of halakhah. He cited ancient authorities in the scholarly traditions of his own people. 2645: 4218: 6594:

distinction it makes between the Falashmura and the rest of the world?" Although the government has threatened to stop all efforts to bring these people to Israel, they have still continued to address the issue. In 2018, the Israeli government allowed 1,000 Falash Mura to immigrate to Israel. However, members of the Ethiopian community say the process for immigration approval is poorly executed and inaccurate, dividing families. At least 80 percent of the tribe members in Ethiopia say they have first-degree relatives living in Israel, and some have been waiting for 20 years to immigrate.

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seek a better life in Ethiopia. The Jewish Agency's Ethiopia emissary, Asher Seyum, says the Falash Mura "converted in the 19th and 20th century, when Jewish relations with Christian rulers soured. Regardless, many kept ties with their Jewish brethren and were never fully accepted into the Christian communities. When word spread about the aliyah, many thousands of Falash Mura left their villages for Gondar and Addis Ababa, assuming they counted."

132: 5904: 3538: 6682: 114: 13097: 6668: 4369: 6084:: On November 14, 2021, Falasha Jews in Israel held a protest for their relatives who were left behind in Ethiopia in hopes of convincing the Israeli government to allow their immigration. That day the Israeli Government permitted 9,000 Falasha Jews to go to Israel. On November 29, 2021, the Israeli Government permitted 3,000 more Falasha Jews to go to Israel. In 2021, 1,636 Jews immigrated to Israel from Ethiopia. 7818:(Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005), p. 252. Medieval travellers' accounts typically are vague in such matters, and are not presented as geographical treatises; moreover, Ethiopians, Sudanese and Somalians do not all know all the tribal languages around them. In earlier times, the different ethnic groups would have been even more insular. In any case, the "Letter of Eldad the Danite" summarized his experiences. 6201:

war and famine in Ethiopia prompted the Israeli government to mount these dramatic rescue operations. The rescues were within the context of Israel's national mission to gather diaspora Jews and bring them to the Jewish homeland. Some immigration has continued up until the present day. Today 81,000 Ethiopian Israelis were born in Ethiopia, while 38,500 or 32% of the community are native born Israelis.

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overthrow of the Zagwe by the "Solomonic" Aksumite dynasty, whose rulers are glorified. The writing of this polemic shows that criticisms of the Aksumite claims of authenticity were current in the 14th century, two centuries after they came to power. Many Beta Israel believe that they are descended from the tribe of Dan. Most reject the "Solomonic" and "Queen of Sheba" legends of the Aksumites.

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some skeptical critics, his authenticity has been generally accepted in current scholarship. His descriptions were consistent and even the originally doubtful rabbis of his time were finally persuaded. Specific details may be uncertain; one critic has noted Eldad's lack of detailed reference to Ethiopia's geography and any Ethiopian language, although he claimed the area as his homeland.

80: 6096:: On February 3, 2023, 120 Jews came from Ethiopia to Israel. On May 9, 2023, 111 Jews from Ethiopia were scheduled to arrive in Israel. On May 23, 2023, 3,000 Jews from Ethiopia were scheduled to arrive in Israel. On July 15, 2023, 5000 Jews from Ethiopia reunited with family in Israel. On August 10, 2023, Israel rescued 200 citizens and Jews from Ethiopia. 6045:: In 1991, the political and economic situation in Ethiopia deteriorated, as rebels mounted attacks against and eventually gained control of Addis Ababa. Worried about the fate of the Beta Israel during the transition period, the Israeli government, with the help of several private groups, resumed the migration. Over the course of 36 hours, a total of 34 3836:, which was formerly a part of Ethiopia. At the end of 2019, there were 155,300 Jews of Ethiopian descent in Israel. Approximately 87,500 were Israelis who were born in Ethiopia, and 67,800 were born-and-raised Israelis with fathers born in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian Jewish community in Israel is mostly composed of Beta Israel (practicing both Haymanot and 6217:

older members could not hold a simple conversation in Hebrew), and discrimination, including manifestations of racism, from some parts of Israeli society. Unlike Russian immigrants, many of whom arrived educated and skilled, Ethiopian immigrants came from an impoverished agrarian country, and were ill-prepared to work in an industrialized country.

7498:, especially the tribe of Dan; (2) Ethiopian Christians and pagans who assumed a Jewish identity; (3) Jewish immigrants from South Arabia (Yemen) who intermarried with the local population; or (4) Jewish immigrants from Egypt who intermarried with the local population." For more on the Mosaic and Danite claims of traditionalist Beta Israel, see 6142:

authorities should in theory allow immigration to Israel of most of the Falash Mura wishing to do so (who are now acknowledged to be descendants of the Beta Israel community), in practice, however, that immigration remains slow, and the Israeli government continued to limit, from 2003 to 2006, immigration of Falash Mura to about 300 per month.

4924:(or "Yudit", Judith; another name given her was "Esato", Esther), a 10th-century usurping queen, was Jewish, some scholars consider that it is unlikely that this was the case. It is more likely, they say, that she was a pagan southerner or a usurping Christian Aksumite Queen. However, she clearly supported Jews, since she founded the 5011: 5997:, began again to arrive in Sudan in large numbers; and the Mossad had trouble evacuating them quickly. Because of the poor conditions in the Sudanese camps, many Ethiopian refugees, both Christian and Jewish, died of disease and hunger. Among these victims, it is estimated that between 2,000 to 5,000 were Jews. In late 1984, the 3901:(literally, 'house of Christianity', meaning 'church' in Ge'ez). Originally, it did not have any negative connotations, and the community has since used Beta Israel as its official name. Since the 1980s, it has also become the official name used in the scholarly and scientific literature to refer to the community. The term 4279:. Permitted and forbidden animals and their signs appear in Leviticus 11:3–8 and Deuteronomy 14:4–8. Forbidden birds are listed in Leviticus 11:13–23 and Deuteronomy 14:12–20. Signs of permitted fish are written on Leviticus 11:9–12 and Deuteronomy 14:9–10. Insects and larvae are forbidden according to Leviticus 11:41–42. 6524:

were unable to own land and were often persecuted by the Christian majority of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Jews were afraid to touch non-Jews because they believed non-Jews were not pure. They were also ostracized by their Christian neighbors. For this reason, many Ethiopian Jews converted to Christianity to

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In 1996, an event called the "blood bank affair" took place that demonstrated the discrimination and racism against Ethiopians in Israeli society. Blood banks would not use Ethiopian blood out of the fear of HIV being generated from their blood. Discrimination and racism against Israeli Ethiopians is

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In 1991, the Israeli authorities announced that the emigration of the Beta Israel to Israel was about to conclude, because almost all of the community had been evacuated. Nevertheless, thousands of other Ethiopians began leaving the northern region to take refuge in the government controlled capital,

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The Beta Israel are autosomally closer to other populations from the Horn of Africa than to any other Jewish population, including Yemenite Jews. A 2012 study by Ostrer et al. concluded that the Ethiopian Jewish community was founded about 2,000 years ago probably by only a relatively small number of

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was quoted saying, "This practice will develop into a demand to bring more and more family members not included in the Law of Return. It will open the door to an endless extension of a family chain from all over the world," he wrote, according to Kan. "How can the state explain in the High Court the

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Although we don't have a single fine ethnographic research on Beta Israel, and the recent history of this tribe has received almost no attention by researchers, every one who writes about the Jews of Ethiopia feels obliged to contribute his share to the ongoing debate about their origin. Politicians

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As mentioned above, the 9th-century Jewish traveler Eldad ha-Dani claimed he descended from the tribe of Dan. He also reported other Jewish kingdoms around his own or in East Africa during this time. His writings probably represent the first mention of the Beta Israel in Rabbinic literature. Despite

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the son of Nebat, and resettled in Egypt. From there, they moved southwards up the Nile into Ethiopia. The Beta Israel say this confirms that they are descended from these Danites. Some Beta Israel, however, assert that their Danite origins go back to the time of Moses, when some Danites parted from

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eats only meat he has slaughtered himself, which his hosts prepare both for him and themselves. Beta Israel who broke these taboos were ostracized, and had to undergo a purification process. Purification included fasting for one or more days, eating only uncooked chickpeas provided by the Kahen, and

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to Israel, the Ethiopian Jews have had to overcome obstacles to integrate into Israeli society. Initially the main challenges faced by the Ethiopian Jewish community in Israel arose from communication difficulties (most of the Ethiopian population could not read nor write in Hebrew, and many of the

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The Ethiopian Beta Israel community in Israel today comprises more than 159,500 people. This is a little more than 1 percent of the Israeli population. Most of this population are the descendants and the immigrants who came to Israel during Operation Moses (1984) and Operation Solomon (1991). Civil

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During the 1990s, the Israeli government finally allowed most of those who fled to Addis Ababa to immigrate to Israel. Some did so through the Law of Return, which allows an Israeli parent of a non-Jew to petition for his/her son or daughter to be allowed to immigrate to Israel. Others were allowed

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and their supporters and those opposed to a potential massive emigration of the Falash Mura people. The government's position on the matter remained quite restrictive, but it has been subject to numerous criticisms, including criticisms by some clerics who want to encourage these people's return to

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I myself saw two of them in Egypt. They are dark-skinned...and one could not tell whether they keep the teaching of the Karaites, or of the Rabbis, for some of their practices resemble the Karaite teaching...but in other things, they appear to follow the instruction of the Rabbis; and they say they

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Contemporary scholars believe that the Beta Israel emerged comparatively recently and formed a distinct ethnonational group in the context of historical pressures that came to a head from the 14th to the 16th centuries. Many of the Beta Israel's accounts of their own origins state that they stem

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Weil, Shalva 1994 'The Cultural Background of the Ethiopian Immigrantsand the Transfer to Israeli Society', in Gila Noam (ed.), Achievements andChallenges in the Absorption of Ethiopian Immigrants: the Contribution ofResearch to the Evaluation of the Process of Absorption (Lectures andDiscussions

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But those Jews who come from the land of Cush are without doubt from the tribe of Dan, and since they did not have in their midst sages who were masters of the tradition, they clung to the simple meaning of the Scriptures. If they had been taught, however, they would not be irreverent towards the

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We incorporated geographic data into a Bayesian clustering analysis, assuming no admixture (TESS software) (25) and distinguished six clusters within continental Africa (Fig. 5A). Another geographically contiguous cluster extends across northern Africa (blue) into Mali (the Dogon), Ethiopia, and

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Despite progress, Ethiopian Jews are still not well assimilated into Israeli-Jewish society. They remain, on average, on a lower economic and educational level than average Israelis. The rate of Ethiopians who have dropped out of school has increased dramatically as well as the rate of juvenile

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The Israeli government hoped that admitting these Falash Mura would finally bring emigration from Ethiopia to a close, but instead prompted a new wave of Falash Mura refugees fleeing to Addis Ababa and wishing to immigrate to Israel. This led the Israeli government to harden its position on the

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A 2010 study by Behar et al. on the genome-wide structure of Jews observed that "Ethiopian Jews (Beta Israel) and Indian Jews (Bene Israel and Cochini) cluster with neighbouring autochthonous populations in Ethiopia and western India, respectively, despite a clear paternal link between the Bene

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ruled, based on the writings of David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra and other accounts, that the Beta Israel were Jews and should be brought to Israel. Two years later this opinion was confirmed by a number of other authorities who made similar rulings, including the Ashkenazi chief rabbi of Israel

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The Falash Mura did not refer to themselves as members of the Beta Israel, the name for the Ethiopian Jewish community, until after the first wave of immigration to Israel. Beta Israel by ancestry, the Falash Mura believe they have just as much of a right to return to Israel as the Beta Israel

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In February 2003, the Israeli government decided to accept Orthodox religious conversions in Ethiopia of Falash Mura by Israeli Rabbis, after which they can then immigrate to Israel as Jews. Although the new position is more open, and although the Israeli governmental authorities and religious

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Another early reference to the Beta Israel is found in a Christian Ethiopian hagiography known as the Gädl (Life) of Abba Yafqarana Egzi', a 14th century Ethiopian saint. This work contains an account of a Christian monk by the name of Qozmos, who, following a dispute with his abbot, renounced

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to be legend. As its name expresses, "Glory of Kings" (meaning the Christian Aksumite kings), it was written in the 14th century in large part to delegitimize the Zagwe dynasty, to promote instead a rival "Solomonic" claim to authentic Jewish Ethiopian antecedents, and to justify the Christian

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Over the years, there has been significant progress in the integration of young Beta Israels into Israeli society, primarily resulting from serving in the Israeli Defense Forces, alongside other Israelis their age. This has led to an increase in opportunities for Ethiopian Jews after they are

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Traditional Ethiopian savants, on the one hand, have declared that 'We were Jews before we were Christians', while more recent, well-documented, Ethiopian hypotheses, notably by two Ethiopian scholars, Dr Taddesse Tamrat and Dr Getachew Haile...put much greater emphasis on the manner in which

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Today, both Israeli and Ethiopian groups dispute the Falash Mura's religious and political status. The Israeli government fears that these people are just using Judaism as an excuse to leave Ethiopia in efforts to improve their lives in a new country. Right-wing member of the Israeli Knesset

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in Central and Eastern Europe, the Ethiopian government allowed the emigration of 6,000 Beta Israel members to Israel in small groups, mostly in hope of establishing ties with the U.S, a major Israeli ally. Many more Beta Israel members crowded into refugee camps on the outskirts of

4132:"), though some of the Ge'ez works are clearly dependent on those texts. Others appear to have different ancient literary and oral origins. All of the texts are also used by the Orthodox Christian population as well, though with varying levels of importance between the communities. 5459:. In 1829, Marcus Louis wrote that the ancestors of the Beta Israel related to the Asmach, which were also called Sembritae ("foreigners"), an Egyptian regiment numbering 240,000 soldiers and mentioned by Greek geographers and historians. The Asmach emigrated or were exiled from 6166:. In April 2016, they announced that a total of 10,300 people would be included in the latest round of Aliyah, over the following 5 years. By May 2021 300 Falasha had been brought to Israel joining 1,700 who had already immigrated; an estimated 12,000 more are in Ethiopia. 5967:, who often escorted them to the Sudanese border. Small groups of Jews were brought out of Sudan in a clandestine operation that continued until an Israeli newspaper exposed the operation and brought it to a halt stranding Beta Israels in the Sudanese camps. In 1981, the 7476:

Cahiers d'Études Africaines , 1993, Vol. 33, pp. 645-658, p.347:'From a cultural perspective there appears to be little question that the Beta Israel must be understood as the product of processes that took place in Ethiopia between the fourteenth and sixteenth

6122:, who weren't part of the Beta Israel communities in Ethiopia, were not recognized as Jews by the Israeli authorities, and were therefore not initially allowed to immigrate to Israel, making them ineligible for Israeli citizenship under Israel's Law of Return. 11331:

Weil, Shalva 2012 'I am a teacher and beautiful: the feminization of the teaching profession in the Ethiopian community in Israel', in Pnina Morag- Talmon and Yael Atzmon (eds) Immigrant Women in Israeli Society, Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, pp. 207–23.

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In the 1930s, Jones and Monroe argued that the chief Semitic languages of Ethiopia may suggest an antiquity of Judaism in Ethiopia. "There still remains the curious circumstance that a number of Abyssinian words connected with religion, such as the words for

4741:). Though all the available traditions correspond to recent interpretations, they reflect ancient convictions. According to Jon Abbink, three different versions are to be distinguished among the traditions which were recorded by the priests of the community. 5109:

Reflecting the consistent assertions made by Ethiopian Jews they dealt with or knew of, and after due investigation of their claims and their own Jewish behaviour, a number of Jewish legal authorities, in previous centuries and in modern times, have ruled

7494:(Tel Aviv and New York: Beth Hatefutsoth and The Jewish Museum, 1986), p. 11. Kaplan writes that, "Scholars remain divided (about the Beta Israel's origins) ... It has been suggested, for example, that the Jews of Ethiopia are descendants of (1) of the 9934:

Weil, Shalva 1999 'Collective Rights and PerceivedInequality: The Case of Ethiopian Jews in Israel', in Tim Allen and John Eade(eds) Divided Europeans: Understanding Ethnicities in Conflict, The Hague, London, and Boston: Kluwer Law International, pp.

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is loosely based on the events of Operation Moses and Operation Joshua in 1984-1985, in which the Mossad covertly evacuated Jewish Ethiopian refugees to Israel using a base at the once-abandoned holiday resort of Arous Village on the Red Sea coast of

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On November 16, 2015, the Israeli cabinet unanimously voted in favor of allowing the last group of Falash Mura to immigrate over the next five years, but their acceptance will be conditional on a successful Jewish conversion process, according to the

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Herman, Marilyn. "Relating Bet Israel history in its Ethiopian context: Defining, Creating, Constructing Identity". Review article of Quirin (1992) and Kaplan (1992). "Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford". Hilary 1996. 27:1.

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to Ethiopia to escape from the Assyrians, who had devastated the kingdoms of Israel and Judah in the 8th and 7th centuries BCE. She says that a second major wave of Sabeans crossed over to Ethiopia in the 6th and 5th centuries BCE to escape

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to Ethiopia, were led by the sons of Moses, perhaps at the time of the Exodus. Alternative timelines include the later crises in Judea, e. g., the split of the northern Kingdom of Israel from the southern Kingdom of Judah after the death of

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supports this hypothesis, and lists with him G. J. Abbink, Kay K. Shelemay, Taddesse Tamrat and James A. Quirin. Quirin differs from his fellow researchers in the weight he assigns to an ancient Jewish element which the Beta Israel have

6001:, following the intervention of the U.S, allowed the emigration of 7,200 Beta Israel refugees to Europe who then went on to Israel. The first of these two immigration waves, between 20 November 1984 and 20 January 1985, was dubbed 6264:

Many Ethiopian Jews whose ancestors converted to Christianity have been returning to the practice of Judaism. The Israeli government can thus set quotas on their immigration and make citizenship dependent on their conversion to

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are of the Jewish ethnicity, but left the Jewish religion to become Christians (both voluntarily and involuntarily) around the 19th century. However, Israeli officials have claimed that the community reverted to Judaism upon

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camps which they initially lived in and settled in various cities and towns throughout Israel, with the encouragement of the Israeli authorities who grant new immigrants generous government loans or low-interest mortgages.

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Having suffered persecution in Ethiopia, a significant portion of the Beta Israel community was forced into Christianity during the 19th and 20th centuries; those who converted to Christianity then came to be known as the

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are not prepared or eaten, but benefiting from them are not banned either: Haymanot interpreted the verses Exodus 23:19, Exodus 34:26, and Deuteronomy 14:21 "shalt not seethe a kid in its mother's milk" literally, as in

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has been examined in a comprehensive study by Tishkoff et al. (2009) on the genetic affiliations of various populations in Africa. According to Bayesian clustering analysis, the Beta Israel generally grouped with other

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Caesar, the Jews supported her. When she was defeated, it became dangerous for the small minorities to remain in Egypt so there was another migration (between approximately 39–31 BCE). Some of the migrants went to

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Today, Falash Mura who move to Israel must undergo conversion on arrival, making it increasingly more difficult for them to get situated into Israeli society. The Beta Israel who immigrated and made Aliyah through

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Richard Pankhurst summarized the state of knowledge on the subject in 1992 as follows: "The early origins of the Falashas are shrouded in mystery, and, for lack of documentation, will probably remain so for ever."

3920:'), is rarely used in the community, as the Christians had used it as a derogatory term. The community has begun to use it only since strengthening ties with other Jewish communities in the 20th century. The term 7120:

http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/ISN-Insights/Detail?ord538=grp1&ots591=eb06339b-2726-928e-0216-1b3f15392dd8&lng=en&id=129480&contextid734=129480&contextid735=129244&tabid=129244

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during the 19th century and the 20th century. This term consists of Jews who did not adhere to Jewish law, as well as Jewish converts to Christianity, who did so either voluntarily or who were forced to do so.

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Agranat-Tamir, Lily; Waldman, Shamam; Martin, Mario A. S.; Gokhman, David; Mishol, Nadav; Eshel, Tzilla; Cheronet, Olivia; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Adamski, Nicole; Lawson, Ann Marie (2020-05-28).

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Early secular scholars considered the Beta Israel to be the direct descendant of Jews who lived in ancient Ethiopia, whether they were the descendants of an Israelite tribe, or converted by Jews living in

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Weil, Shalva 2012 "Kalkidan Meshashe: An Ethiopian-Israeli Rapper", Culver City, California: Roberts and Tilton, in catalogue for Kehinde Wiley. The WorldStage: Israel exhibition, New York: Jewish Museum.

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Weil, Shalva 2004 Saving the Lost Tribe: The Rescue andRedemption of the Ethiopian Jews by Asher Naim, reviewed in Studies inContemporary Jewry, An Annual, New York and Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press 20:

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Non, Amy L.; Al-Meeri, Ali; Raaum, Ryan L.; Sanchez, Luisa F.; Mulligan, Connie J. (2010-12-09). "Mitochondrial DNA reveals distinct evolutionary histories for Jewish populations in Yemen and Ethiopia".

6539:, roughly 1,000–2,000 families of Beta Israel were found. There may be other such regions in Ethiopia with significant Jewish enclaves, which would raise the total population to more than 50,000 people. 5140:

Ethiopian kingdoms reduced the Jewish kingdom to a small impoverished section. The earliest authority to rule this way was the 16th-century scholar David ibn Zimra (Radbaz), who explained elsewhere in a

5098:, he concludes that if the Ethiopian Jewish community wished to return to rabbinic Judaism, they would be received and welcomed into the fold, just as the Karaites who returned to the teachings of the 7715:

This helped persuade rabbinic authorities of the day regarding the validity of his practices, even if they differed from their own traditional teachings. On this, also see the remarkable testimony of

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An ancient Jewish origin, together with conservation of some ancient Jewish traditions by the Ethiopian Church. Kaplan identifies Simon D. Messing, David Shlush, Michael Corinaldi, Menachem Waldman,

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The original term that the Beta Israel gave to the converts was "Faras Muqra" ("horse of the raven") in which the word "horse" refers to the converts and the word "raven" refers to the missionary

6552:, a major player in the first wave of Beta Israel immigration to Israel, declared in 2002 that the Falash Mura had converted out of fear and persecution and therefore should be considered Jews. 6429:. The museum will include a model of an Ethiopian village, an artificial stream, a garden, classrooms, an amphitheater, and a memorial to Ethiopian Zionist activists and Ethiopian Jews who died 10642: 9859: 13508: 13178: 10093:

Hagar Salamon, "Reflections of Ethiopian Cultural Patterns on the Beta Israel Absorption in Israel: The "Barya" case" in Steven Kaplan, Tudor Parfitt & Emnuela Trevisan Semi (Editors),

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On February 16, 2003, the Israeli government applied Resolution 2958 to the Falash Mura, which grants maternal descendants of Beta Israel the right to immigrate to Israel under the Israeli

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Israel and the Levant. These results cast light on the variegated genetic architecture of the Middle East, and trace the origins of most Jewish Diaspora communities to the Levant."

3971:, among the original inhabitants of northwest Ethiopia, is considered derogatory among the Beta Israel, since it associates the community with the Agaw people, who largely practice 9650: 8120:

Lovell, A.; Moreau, C.; Yotova, V.; Xiao, F.; Bourgeois, S.; Gehl, D.; Bertranpetit, J.; Schurr, E.; Labuda, D. (2005). "Ethiopia: Between Sub-Saharan Africa and Western Eurasia".

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words of our sages, so their status is comparable to a Jewish infant taken captive by non-Jews… And even if you say that the matter is in doubt, it is a commandment to redeem them.

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D’Atanasio, Eugenia; Trombetta, Beniamino; Bonito, Maria; Finocchio, Andrea; Di Vito, Genny; Seghizzi, Mara; Romano, Rita; Russo, Gianluca; Paganotti, Giacomo Maria (2018-02-12).

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Addis Ababa, who were Jewish converts to Christianity and asking to immigrate to Israel. As a result, a new term arose which was used to refer to this group: "Falash Mura". The

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are "unquestionably Jews in every respect". With the consent of Ovadia Yosef, Amar ruled that it is forbidden to question the Jewishness of this community, pejoratively called

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According to another account, the forefathers of the Beta Israel are supposed to have arrived in Ethiopia by coming from the North, independently from Menelik and his company:

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is similar to the Falash Mura, but continued to secretly practice Judaism after nominally converting to Christianity. Both communities are regarded as part of the Beta Israel.

5290:-speaking populations. However, the A branches carried by Ethiopians Jews are principally of the A-Y23865 variety, which formed about 10,000 years ago and is localized to the 5429:

According to a 2020 study by Agranat-Tamir et al., the DNA of the Ethiopian Jews is mostly of East African origin, but about 20% of their genetic makeup is of Middle Eastern

13403: 13203: 9549: 7719:, the Torah scholar and princely Jew of Cordoba, concerning Eldad's learning, in his letter to Joseph, King of the Khazars, around 960 CE., reproduced in Franz Kobler, ed., 4783:

in 586 BCE the time of the Babylonian exile. This group of people was led by the great priest On. They remained in exile in Egypt for a few hundred years until the reign of

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Beta Israel immigrated to Israel. Another 4,000 Ethiopian Jews who had failed to reach the assembly centre in Addis Ababa in time were flown to Israel in subsequent months.

3884:) had their origins in the 4th century CE, when it is claimed that the community refused to convert to Christianity during the rule of Abreha and Atsbeha (identified with 7037: 6013:, and brought the 494 Jewish refugees remaining in Sudan to Israel. The second operation was mainly carried out due to the critical intervention and pressure from the U.S. 5626:

and journalists, Rabbis and political activists, not a single one of them withstood the temptation to play the role of the historian and invent a solution for this riddle.

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1:5). Rather, the narrative records that she was impressed with Solomon's wealth and wisdom, and they exchanged royal gifts, and then she returned to rule her people in

4878:, there is no mention that the Queen of Sheba either married or had any sexual relations with King Solomon (although some identify her with the "black and beautiful" in 1278: 4749:

According to one account, the Beta Israel originated in the kingdom of Israel and they were the contemporaries rather than the descendants of King Solomon and Menelik.

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of the Beta Israel between the 14th to 16th centuries, from a sect of Ethiopian Christians who took on Biblical Old Testament practices, and came to identify as Jews.

6489:. In Hebrew the term "Falash Mura" (or "Falashmura") is probably a result of confusion over the use of the term "Faras Muqra" and its derivatives and on the basis of 6336:

focuses on Operation Moses. The film tells the story of an Ethiopian Christian child whose mother has him pass as Jewish so he can immigrate to Israel and escape the

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Weil, Shalva 1991 One-Parent Families among EthiopianImmigrants in Israel, Jerusalem: NCJW Research Institute for Innovation inEducation, Hebrew University. (Hebrew)

9468: 7352:

Weil, Shalva 1998 'Festivals and Cyclical Events of the Year', (149–160) and 'Elementary School', (174–177) in John Harrison, Rishona Wolfert and Ruth Levitov (eds)

5575:. This wave also included Jews fleeing from the Babylonian takeover of Judah. In both cases, the Sabeans are assumed to have departed later from Ethiopia to Yemen. 8841:

Tishkoff, S. A.; Reed, F. A.; Friedlaender, F. R.; Ehret, C.; Ranciaro, A.; Froment, A.; Hirbo, J. B.; Awomoyi, A. A.; et al. (2009).

8781:

Kivisild, Toomas; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; Rosa, Alexandra; Brehm, Antonio; Pennarun, Erwan; Parik, Jüri; Geberhiwot, Tarekegn; Usanga, Esien (November 2004).

9807: 5314: 5511:

origin. These words must have been derived directly from a Jewish source, for the Abyssinian Church knows the scriptures only in a Ge'ez version made from the

1856: 10880:

Weil, Shalva (2011) 'Ethiopian Jews' (165–166) in Judith Baskin (ed.) Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture, New York: Cambridge University Press

10080: 6151:

stated that it had conducted a survey in Ethiopia, after which it was concluded that tens of thousands of Falash Mura still lived in rural northern Ethiopia.

13579: 9165:(Oxford: University Press for the British Academy, 1968), pp. 16ff, 117. According to Ullendorff, individuals who believed in this origin included President 3885: 1511: 1206: 10328: 10040: 10005: 6220: 13358: 10488: 8040: 8024: 1398: 5549:

Christians over the years converted to the Falasha faith, thus showing that the Falashas were culturally an Ethiopian sect, made up of ethnic Ethiopians.

5383:

between the populations and potentially distinct maternal population histories. The maternal ancestral profile of the Beta Israel is similar to those of

5159: 5033:

Eldad's was not the only medieval testimony about Jewish communities living far to the south of Egypt, which strengthens the credibility of his account.

10062: 6035:, the capital of Ethiopia, to escape the civil war raging in the north of Ethiopia (their region of origin), and await their turn to emigrate to Israel. 5050:

of Egypt (1479–1573), writing similarly, held the Ethiopian Jewish community to be similar in many ways to the Karaites, writing of them on this wise:

2606: 8264:

Tzur, Shay; Rosset, Saharon; Shemer, Revital; Yudkovsky, Guennady; Selig, Sara; Tarekegn, Ayele; Bekele, Endashaw; Bradman, Neil; et al. (2010).

7015: 9357: 4463: 370: 6500:

The actual term "Falash Mura" has no clear origin. It is believed that the term may come from the Agaw and means "someone who changes their faith."

5282:

is the most common paternal lineage among Ethiopian Jews. The clade is carried by around 41% of Beta Israel males, and is primarily associated with

13554: 13218: 12587: 9051: 8982: 8545:

Llorente, M. Gallego; Jones, E. R.; Eriksson, A.; Siska, V.; Arthur, K. W.; Arthur, J. W.; Curtis, M. C.; Stock, J. T.; Coltorti, M. (2015-11-13).

5990: 1393: 9427: 6425:

In 2009, plans to establish an Ethiopian Heritage Museum dedicated to the heritage and culture of the Ethiopian Jewish community were unveiled in

12977: 9138: 8235:

Behar, Doron M.; Shlush, Liran I.; Maor, Carcom; Lorber, Margalit; Skorecki, Karl (2006). "Absence of HIV-Associated Nephropathy in Ethiopians".

6105: 1641: 9979: 7998: 7859: 5693:

which dates to the early 14th century AD. According to this source, the Emperor sent troops to pacify the people "like Jews" in the regions of

8612: 3805:, began a large-scale effort to conduct transport operations and bring the Beta Israel to Israel in multiple waves. These activities included 14097: 11660: 11368: 9625: 6474: 6385:" featured lyrics in Amharic, Arabic and Hebrew. Due to the 2020 contest's cancellation, she represented Israel again in 2021 with the song " 6301:

was practiced in Ethiopia as in much of Africa until it was formally abolished in 1942. After the slave was bought by a Jew, he went through

3146: 2970: 1895: 10238: 5426:

Jews from elsewhere with local people joining to the community, causing Beta Israel to become genetically distant from other Jewish groups.

4867:). The legend relates that Menelik, as an adult, returned to his father in Jerusalem, and later resettled in Ethiopia. He took with him the 11343: 9703: 7538:, Jerusalem: The Ministry of Education & Culture & NCJW Research Institute for Innovation in Education, Hebrew University. (Hebrew) 3566: 10877:

Weil, Shalva (2008) 'Jews in Ethiopia', in M.A. Erlich (ed.) Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC CLIO, 2: 467–475.

10376: 5610:, king of Kush. Sennacherib's campaign failed and Shebna's army was lost "at the mountains of darkness", suggestively identified with the 12937: 9756: 7506:, Second Edition (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, and New York: Columbia University Press, 1983) Vol. XVIII: p. 373. 6456: 3039: 880: 843: 7092: 11455: 9571: 8071: 4932:, Jewish, Christian and pagan kings ruled in harmony at that time. Furthermore, the Zagwe dynasty claimed legitimacy (according to the 8466:"A new topology of the human Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) revealed through the use of newly characterized binary polymorphisms" 8266:"Missense mutations in the APOL1 gene are highly associated with end stage kidney disease risk previously attributed to the MYH9 gene" 5671:

sects, suggesting that Ethiopian Jews may possess a tradition from ancient Jewish groups whose beliefs have become extinct elsewhere.

4999:

tributaries flow into Sudan. Some accounts specify the route taken by their forefathers on their way upriver to the south from Egypt.

13469: 10515: 1819: 10260:"New Campus Initiative Aims to Counteract Anti-Israel Movement's 'Trite, One-Sided' Rhetoric by Showing Jewish State's 'Human Face'" 10142: 9725: 11484: 9325: 9291: 6748: 5951:, called the Jews to come to Sudan where they would eventually be taken to Israel. Posing as Christian Ethiopian refugees from the 5643:

and Ethiopian Jews generally supported one of two conflicting hypotheses for the origin of the Beta Israel, as outlined by Kaplan:

4901:

asserts that the Beta Israel are descended from a battalion of men of Judah who fled southward down the Arabian coastal lands from

2999: 1842: 11363: 10463: 10115: 9541: 6256:

Falash Mura is the name given to those of the Beta Israel community in Ethiopia who converted to Christianity under pressure from

13638: 12983: 8842: 3955:, which means 'landless', 'wanderers', or 'associated with monks', was given to the community in the 15th century by the Emperor 3797:

and constitutional discussions, Israeli authorities decided in 1977 that the Beta Israel qualified on all fronts for the Israeli

3783:

The Beta Israel first made extensive contact with other Jewish communities in the late 20th century, after which a comprehensive

3397: 3083: 1192: 7045: 14421: 14002: 13135: 12083: 11537: 11353: 6341: 5216:

In the 1970s and early 1980s, the Beta Israel were required to undergo a modified conversion ceremony involving immersion in a

3828:

By the end of 2008, there were 119,300 Jews from Ethiopia in Israel, including nearly 81,000 born in Ethiopia and about 38,500

2989: 2599: 1769: 1704: 1586: 7135: 12078: 11326: 11312: 11298: 11284: 11270: 11256: 11242: 11228: 11214: 11200: 11179: 11165: 11141: 11127: 11113: 11099: 11085: 11071: 11057: 11043: 11022: 11008: 10987: 10941: 10920: 10906: 10858: 10844: 10823: 10802: 10788: 10774: 10716: 10699: 10610: 10589: 10575: 10320: 10102: 7448: 6512:, a Jewish convert to Christianity, traveled to Ethiopia in an attempt to convert the Beta Israel community to Christianity. 5379:. However, no identical haplotypes were shared between the Yemenite and Ethiopian Jewish populations, suggesting very little 2807: 890: 8687:"A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes" 7403:

Devens, M. S. 'The Liturgy of the Seventh Sabbath: A Betä Israel (Falasha) Text', p. xx/4.4 (Introduction), Wiesbaden, 1995.

7268:, Hebrew University, 1993, pp. 69–77 (Hebrew); Shalva Weil, "Collective Names and Collective Identity of Ethiopian Jews" in 6068:: In 1997, an irregular emigration began of Falash Mura, which was and still is subject to political developments in Israel. 13547: 13273: 10081:"Israel okays immigration of 2,000 Falash Mura from Ethiopia by end of 2020 | the Jewish Federations of North America" 5993:

was ousted, and his successor removed restrictions on travel out of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Jews, many by this time waiting in

4886:. However, the "royal gifts" are interpreted by some as sexual contact. The loss of the Ark is not mentioned in the Bible. 3596: 3381: 2902: 1328: 11987: 9392: 7266:

Beta Israel and their Christian neighbors in Ethiopia: Analysis of key concepts at different levels of cultural embodiment

6931: 13383: 13373: 12098: 12093: 11517: 10539: 9842:"Coalition crisis averted: 9000 Ethiopian immigrants to be brought to Israel over 5 years - Israel News - Jerusalem Post" 8149:

Luis, J; Rowold, D; Regueiro, M; Caeiro, B; Cinnioglu, C; Roseman, C; Underhill, P; Cavallisforza, L; Herrera, R (2004).

6892: 5924:

collaborated with Israel in order to receive money and arms in exchange for granting the Beta Israel safe passage during

4964: 4906: 3600: 1596: 1413: 1403: 643: 10095:

Between Africa and Zion: Proceedings of the First International Congress of the Society for the Study of Ethiopian Jewry

9811: 14441: 13278: 12910: 11787: 10961: 4808:, where they were helped by Egyptian traders who guided them through the desert. Some of them entered Ethiopia through 4025: 4006: 3424: 2922: 2862: 1992: 1942: 1907: 1601: 1466: 1333: 11160:

Marilyn Herman (2012). "Gondar's Child: Songs, Honor and Identity Among Ethiopian Jews in Israel". Red Sea Press.

11146:

Weil, Shalva 2012 "Longing for Jerusalem Among the Beta Israel of Ethiopia", in Edith Bruder and Tudor Parfitt (eds.)

7099: 7079:

Weil, Shalva 2012 "Longing for Jerusalem Among the Beta Israel of Ethiopia", in Edith Bruder and Tudor Parfitt (eds.)

6912: 3944:-true" was used to refer to the community members; since the 19th century, it has been used in opposition to the term 14436: 14426: 14090: 13333: 13303: 13258: 13193: 11938: 11792: 7702:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1951), p. xliii. Also see Steven Kaplan, "A Brief History of the Beta Israel", in 7490:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1951), p. xliii. Also see Steven Kaplan, "A Brief History of the Beta Israel", in 6729: 5521:

summarized the various theories offered about their origins as of 1950 that the first members of this community were

3649: 3139: 3100: 2912: 2644: 2592: 1684: 1646: 1621: 1541: 1526: 1373: 1313: 1268: 9409: 7581: 14416: 13323: 11847: 11755: 11380: 11249:

Learning In Context: An Ethnographic Investigation of Meditated Learning Experiences Among Ethiopian Jews in Israel

7356:, University of Tel-Aviv: Institute of Social Research and Ministry of Education, PedagogicAdministration. (Hebrew) 6337: 5275:

allows research into paternal (meaning only through fathers) and maternal (meaning only through mothers) ancestry.

4063: 3559: 1977: 1959: 1865: 1759: 1611: 1606: 1531: 1496: 1363: 9512: 6005:(original name "The Lion of Judah’s Cub") and brought 6,500 Beta Israel to Israel. This operation was followed by 5124:. They believe that these people established a Jewish kingdom that lasted for hundreds of years. With the rise of 4959:

Eldad said that the Jews of his own kingdom descended from the tribe of Dan (which included the Biblical war-hero

14366: 14326: 13540: 13423: 13398: 13248: 13243: 13223: 13188: 13173: 13012: 12206: 10660:

Wanderings among the Falashas in Abyssinia: Together with Descriptions of the Country and Its Various Inhabitants

9860:"The Population of Ethiopian Origin in Israel: Selected Data Published on the Occasion of the Sigd Festival 2021" 9065: 7841: 6126: 5680: 2495: 2394: 1949: 1932: 1885: 1784: 1694: 1631: 1581: 1561: 1556: 1476: 1450: 1425: 1303: 1293: 1283: 1263: 1258: 10863:

Don Seeman, "The Question of Kinship: Bodies and Narratives in the Beta Israel-European Encounter (1860-1920)",

10648:

Journal of a three years' residence in Abyssinia: in furtherance of the objects of the Church Missionary Society

9266: 5713:

Christianity, and joined a group of people who followed "the religion of the Jews". Qozmos then led the Jews of

3909:" – which is related to the name Beta Israel – is also used by the community to refer to its members. 3717:, where they were spread out across more than 500 small villages over a wide territory, alongside predominantly 13486: 13408: 13378: 13363: 13348: 13338: 13328: 13288: 13238: 13158: 11888: 11448: 10495: 8047: 8019: 7790: 6997:

Weil, Shalva. (2012) "Ethiopian Jews: the Heterogeneity of a Group", in Grisaru, Nimrod, and Witztum, Eliezer.

2882: 1968: 1954: 1922: 1902: 1870: 1814: 1789: 1764: 1744: 1734: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1689: 1679: 1674: 1651: 1566: 1551: 1471: 1430: 1383: 1378: 1298: 1243: 10658: 10217: 6984:

Weil, Shalva (1997) "Collective Designations and Collective Identity of Ethiopian Jews", in Shalva Weil (ed.)

4952:

To prove the antiquity and authenticity of their claims, the Beta Israel cite the 9th-century CE testimony of

4020:(Holy Scriptures) is the name for the religious literature of the Beta Israel. The language of these texts is 14431: 14032: 13986: 13418: 13413: 13308: 13268: 13163: 13144: 12989: 12310: 8365:"The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages" 6714: 6709: 6386: 6163: 5034: 3671: 2852: 2389: 1927: 1912: 1875: 1837: 1809: 1799: 1794: 1779: 1774: 1754: 1739: 1724: 1699: 1665: 1636: 1536: 1521: 1445: 1435: 1353: 1323: 1248: 1234: 7309: 14083: 13393: 13298: 13283: 13263: 13253: 13228: 13168: 13052: 12920: 12915: 12103: 12088: 11852: 11807: 11552: 9216: 6453: 6374: 5518: 3972: 3436: 3132: 3093: 3088: 3073: 3029: 3009: 2932: 2728: 2624: 1997: 1917: 1880: 1804: 1749: 1616: 1591: 1516: 1491: 1481: 1420: 1343: 1338: 1318: 1308: 1288: 1273: 1166: 870: 634: 629: 5348:

origin. Altogether, this suggests that Ethiopian Jews have diverse patrilineages indicative of indigenous

13944: 13856: 13313: 13017: 13002: 11883: 11743: 10971:

Emanuela Trevisan Semi, "The Conversion of the Beta Israel in Ethiopia: A Reversible "Rite of Passage"",

10580:

Daniel Frieilmann, "The Case of the Falas Mura" in Tudor Parfitt & Emanuela Trevisan Semi (Editors),

7118:

Weil, Shalva. (2011) "Operation Solomon 20 Years On", International Relations and Security Network (ISN).

6896: 5583: 5419: 5408: 4284: 4160: 3552: 3164: 2689: 1987: 1982: 1937: 1890: 1576: 1546: 1506: 1501: 1358: 664: 6988:, Jerusalem: NCJW Research Institute for Innovation in Education, Hebrew University, pp. 35–48. (Hebrew) 6969:

For the meaning of the word "Beta" in the context of social/religious is "community", see James Quirin,

13128: 12971: 12865: 12516: 12410: 12118: 12051: 11612: 11502: 11398: 10965: 5360: 3871: 3499: 3184: 2979: 2775: 2461: 2306: 2014: 1408: 604: 594: 330: 11390: 7298:, 2nd edn, Jerusalem: NCJW Research Institute for Innovation in Education, Hebrew University. (Hebrew) 6052:, with their seats removed to maximize passenger capacity, flew 14,325 Beta Israel non-stop to Israel. 13890: 13643: 13087: 13027: 12925: 12905: 12775: 12700: 12560: 12427: 12113: 12073: 11441: 10758:

Steven Kaplan (1987), "The Beta Israel (Falasha) Encounter with Protestant Missionaries: 1860-1905",

9714: 9316: 9284: 6361: 5659: 5618: 5337: 5325: 5015: 2575: 2268: 2119: 2060: 951: 11385: 8309:"The origin of Eastern European Jews revealed by autosomal, sex chromosomal and mtDNA polymorphisms" 7993: 7961: 7927: 6569:

were not required to undergo conversion because they were accepted as Jews under the Law of Return.

14007: 13821: 13762: 13693: 13007: 12838: 12137: 12012: 11001:

Black Jews, Jews, and Other Heroes: How Grassroots Activism Led to the Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews

9441: 6831: 6180: 5690: 5667:

Some Ethiopian Jewish practices disagree with rabbinic practice but do match the practices of late

5210: 3757: 3718: 3019: 2832: 2278: 2258: 1368: 848: 389: 230: 17: 9469:"Jdl Stages Protests at Hias, Jewish Agency Offices, Claiming 'lack of Action' to Rescue Falashas" 3201: 14411: 13843: 13767: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13720: 13715: 13698: 13648: 12960: 12949: 12543: 12464: 12169: 12068: 12007: 11893: 11866: 9880:

Walsh, Sophie D.; Tuval-Mashiach, Rivka (2011). "Ethiopian Emerging Adult Immigrants in Israel".

9745: 8907:

northern Kenya. With the exception of the Dogon, these populations speak an Afroasiatic language.

6010: 5259: 3741: 2872: 2419: 2409: 2374: 2253: 2243: 2026: 1197: 1139: 973: 652: 609: 324: 260: 13779: 8151:"The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations" 4339:. The years are counted according to the counting of Kushta: "1571 to Jesus Christ, 7071 to the 14306: 13954: 13772: 13735: 13730: 13710: 13703: 13633: 13563: 12996: 12966: 12029: 11348: 10388: 10189: 9235:

Richard Pankhurst, "The Falashas, or Judaic Ethiopians, in Their Christian Ethiopian Setting",

7354:

Culture – Differences in the World and in Israel: A Reader in Sociology for Junior High Schools

6724: 6644: 6257: 6184: 5283: 5198: 5103: 5083: 4217: 4129: 4069: 2842: 2753: 2538: 2273: 2187: 1253: 805: 424: 394: 8783:"Ethiopian Mitochondrial DNA Heritage: Tracking Gene Flow Across and Around the Gate of Tears" 8194:"Ethiopian Mitochondrial DNA Heritage: Tracking Gene Flow Across and Around the Gate of Tears" 7766:, Second Edition (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1983), Vol. XVIII: 372. 7156:

Travels To Discover The Source Of The Nile in the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773

6074:: In August 2018, the Netanyahu government vowed to bring in 1,000 Falasha Jews from Ethiopia. 5302: 5116:(according to Jewish legal code) that the Beta Israel are indeed Jews, the descendants of the 14383: 14131: 13976: 13794: 13665: 13616: 13121: 13022: 12943: 12725: 12432: 12315: 12056: 12046: 12039: 12024: 11910: 10380: 9345: 9045: 8976: 7438: 6302: 6027: 5968: 5921: 5916:

The emigration of the Beta Israel community to Israel was officially banned by the Communist

5364: 5272: 5194: 4780: 4443: 3490: 2429: 2424: 2369: 2157: 1072: 800: 787: 682: 399: 10956:

Steven Kaplan (1988). "Falasha religion: ancient Judaism or evolving Ethiopian tradition?".

10280: 7158:(in five Volumes), Vol. II, Printed by J. Ruthven for G. G. J. and J. Robinson, 1790, p. 485 6125:

As a result, a lively debate has arisen in Israel about the Falash Mura, mainly between the

4975:

Other sources tell of many Jews who were brought as prisoners of war from ancient Israel by

4365:(religion) are divided into daily, monthly, and annually. The annual holidays by month are: 4331:

which adds a full month (30 days). The calendar is a combination of the ancient calendar of

14406: 13725: 13621: 13589: 13057: 13047: 12550: 11522: 10807:

Marcus, Louis (1829). "Notice sur l'époque de l'établissement des Juifs dans l'Abyssinie".

10704: 10410:

Abbink, Jon (1990). "The Enigma of Beta Esra'el Ethnogenesis. An Anthro-Historical Study".

9009: 8940: 8857: 8558: 8477: 8464:

Trombetta, Beniamino; Cruciani, Fulvio; Sellitto, Daniele; Scozzari, Rosaria (2011-01-06).

7685:

Knud Tage Andersen, "The Queen of Habasha in Ethiopian History, Tradition and Chronology",

7579:

Abbink, Jon (1990). "The Enigma of Beta Esra'el Ethnogenesis. An Anthro-Historical Study".

6753: 6320: 6194: 5971:

protested the "lack of action" to rescue Ethiopian Jews by taking over the main offices of

5738: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5363:

typically found in Africa. The remainder consisted of Eurasian-origin lineages such as 22%

5279: 4113: 4055: 3989: 3870:

Throughout its history, the community has been referred to by numerous names. According to

2661: 2500: 2452: 2192: 2050: 863: 728: 717: 675: 10168: 8996:

Doron M. Behar; Bayazit Yunusbayev; Mait Metspalu; Ene Metspalu; et al. (July 2010).

8927:

Doron M. Behar; Bayazit Yunusbayev; Mait Metspalu; Ene Metspalu; et al. (July 2010).

8086: 4124:. Many of these books differ substantially from the similarly numbered and named texts in 3844:

who left Christianity and began practicing Rabbinic Judaism upon their arrival to Israel.

8: 14269: 14106: 14012: 13949: 13921: 13906: 13626: 12705: 12673: 12599: 12508: 12454: 12061: 11861: 11595: 11560: 10721: 10222: 8995: 8926: 8911: 6441: 6293: 6289: 5952: 5640: 5587: 5500: 5384: 5291: 4868: 4844: 4776: 4722: 4641: 4272: 3730: 3461: 3369: 3365: 3258: 3117: 3078: 2942: 2892: 2633: 2553: 2248: 926: 793: 696: 689: 619: 507: 382: 11015:

Operation Moses: the untold story of the secret exodus of the Falasha Jews from Ethiopia

9781: 9517:

Beit Hatfutsot Open Databases Project, The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot

9320: 9288: 9115: 9080: 9013: 8944: 8861: 8562: 8481: 7210: 6409:

National memorials to the Ethiopian Jews who died on their way to Israel are located in

5090:. War ceases not from amongst them, and every day they take captives from one another... 14356: 14042: 13964: 13928: 13916: 13675: 13670: 13571: 13037: 13032: 12843: 12565: 12442: 12437: 12422: 12392: 12345: 12268: 12174: 12034: 11607: 11512: 11479: 10445: 10348: 10264: 9897: 9033: 8964: 8878: 8815: 8782: 8508: 8465: 8399: 8364: 8335: 8308: 8290: 8265: 8218: 8193: 8175: 8150: 8137: 7953: 7915: 7853: 7716: 7608: 7463:

Weil, Shalva 1987 'An Elegy in Amharic on Dr. Faitlovitch' Pe’amim33: 125–127. (Hebrew)

7310:"The Literature of the Beta Israel (Falasha): A Survey of a Biblical-Hebraic Tradition" 6609: 6147: 5559: 5019: 4336: 4121: 4117: 3806: 3784: 3314: 3173: 3105: 2404: 2354: 2301: 2296: 2210: 2080: 1348: 1177: 936: 856: 710: 276: 12320: 12196: 10683:

Abbink, Jon (1990). "The Enigma of Esra'el Ethnogenesis: An Anthro-Historical Study".

9358:"Israelis of color push back against race-based, anti-Israel narratives spread abroad" 8891: 8711: 8686: 7923: 6971: 6333: 6009:(also referred to as "Operation Sheba") a few weeks later, which was conducted by the 13959: 12821: 12752: 12634: 12619: 12402: 12273: 12238: 11527: 11322: 11308: 11294: 11280: 11266: 11252: 11238: 11224: 11210: 11196: 11175: 11161: 11137: 11134:

The Ethiopian Jewish exodus: narratives of the migration journey to Israel, 1977–1985

11123: 11109: 11095: 11081: 11067: 11053: 11039: 11018: 11004: 10983: 10937: 10916: 10902: 10854: 10840: 10819: 10798: 10784: 10770: 10712: 10695: 10654: 10606: 10585: 10571: 10449: 10437: 10316: 10098: 9901: 9272: 9120: 9102: 9025: 8956: 8883: 8820: 8802: 8763: 8755: 8716: 8594: 8586: 8513: 8495: 8404: 8386: 8340: 8295: 8252: 8223: 8180: 8133: 8065: 7873: 7612: 7444: 7232: 6812: 6566: 6536: 6509: 6155: 6040: 5998: 5607: 5572: 5359:

study focused on maternal ancestry sampling 41 Beta Israel found them to carry 51.2%

5356: 5336:

and Semitic-speaking populations in Northeast Africa. Further analysis show that the

5329: 5306: 5298:. The difference with some Khoisan is 54,000 years, and with others - 125,000 years. 5295: 5287: 5186: 4821: 4719: 4672: 4664: 4332: 4328: 4268: 3998: 3822: 3726: 3722: 3631: 3298: 3110: 2718: 2548: 2490: 2470: 2287: 1847: 1486: 946: 817: 747: 624: 537: 404: 178: 11184:

Kay Kaufman Shelemay & Steven Kaplan (2010). "Creating the Ethiopian Diaspora".

10951:

The Ethiopian Jews : a case study in the functioning of the Jewish legal system

9389:

Immigrants, by Period of Immigration, Country of Birth and Last Country of Residence

8997: 8928: 8141: 6956: 5062:, and part of which to the Christians, and part of which to the Israelites from the 14346: 14238: 14233: 14017: 13584: 12887: 12855: 12816: 12787: 12770: 12720: 12521: 12330: 12263: 12216: 12164: 12132: 12123: 12108: 11982: 11957: 11933: 11817: 11748: 11665: 11532: 10851:

The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jews: a History of the Beta Israel (Falasha) to 1920

10767:

The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopia: From Earliest Times to the Twentieth Century

10427: 10419: 9889: 9178:

Louis Marcus, "Notice sur l'époque de l'établissement des Juifs dans l'Abyssinie",

9110: 9092: 9037: 9017: 8968: 8948: 8873: 8865: 8810: 8794: 8747: 8706: 8698: 8576: 8566: 8503: 8485: 8394: 8376: 8330: 8320: 8285: 8277: 8244: 8213: 8205: 8170: 8162: 8129: 7598: 7590: 7425: 7222: 7133: 6935: 6860: 6590: 6266: 6006: 5611: 5579: 5476: 5404: 5333: 5318: 5222: 4711: 4293: 4276: 4059: 3837: 3818: 3683: 3679: 3520: 3511: 3449: 3286: 3242: 2787: 2763: 2698: 2518: 2399: 2359: 2323: 2021: 1571: 1082: 838: 742: 657: 547: 339: 190: 4987:). Another tradition asserts that the Jews arrived either via the old district of 14027: 14022: 13885: 13880: 13866: 13851: 13655: 13611: 13599: 12797: 12792: 12604: 12531: 12364: 12335: 12258: 12248: 12211: 12186: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11977: 11972: 11962: 11947: 11738: 11655: 11622: 11580: 11570: 11402: 10646: 10384: 10310: 9396: 9329: 9295: 9199: 9166: 8547:"Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture in Eastern Africa" 8490: 8028: 8002: 7972: 7794: 7495: 7139: 7103: 6849: 6800: 6719: 6562: 6325: 6158:

approved a plan to allow an additional 8,000 Falash Mura to immigrate to Israel.

6002: 5956: 5925: 5714: 5706: 5694: 5433:

origin and shows similarity to modern Jewish and Arab populations and Bronze Age

5313:

isolated from a 4,500 year old Ethiopian fossil. Such haplotypes are frequent in

5227: 5202: 5121: 5087: 5075: 5055: 5047: 4883: 4680: 4352: 4344: 4289: 3814: 3788: 3753: 3675: 3590: 3353: 2797: 2480: 2439: 2434: 2414: 2336: 2330: 2263: 2215: 2055: 2036: 1187: 916: 828: 811: 355: 256: 252: 202: 57: 13113: 11193:

From Falashas to Ethiopian Jews: the external influences for change c. 1860–1960

9346:

Ethiopian Judaism nearly identical to that practiced during Second Temple Period

7227: 14336: 14291: 14248: 14151: 14037: 13784: 13757: 13594: 13101: 13076: 12897: 12804: 12762: 12742: 12730: 12710: 12624: 12614: 12582: 12575: 12555: 12526: 12498: 12493: 12459: 12369: 12293: 12283: 12221: 12019: 11967: 11878: 11873: 11635: 11630: 11565: 11494: 9954: 9097: 8636:

Variation in Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA and labels of identity on Ethiopia

8248: 7536:

The Changing Religious Tradition of Ethiopian Jews in Israel: a Teachers’ Guide

6758: 6673: 6521: 6110: 6059: 5472: 5430: 5349: 5341: 5178: 4988: 4891: 4856: 4809: 4734: 4660: 4585: 4358: 4324: 4097: 4077: 4047: 4043: 3856: 3829: 3777: 3542: 2580: 2379: 2234: 2114: 2093: 2070: 2065: 2043: 2031: 1626: 1107: 1041: 1006: 984: 921: 759: 737: 599: 578: 554: 320: 302: 234: 8381: 8281: 7893:, Tel-Aviv: Beth Hatefutsoth, the Nahum Goldman Museum of the Jewish Diaspora. 6189: 4864: 4860: 14400: 14351: 14166: 14075: 13871: 12870: 12715: 12642: 12449: 12383: 12356: 12305: 12253: 12226: 12201: 12191: 11952: 11898: 11832: 11812: 11802: 11797: 11770: 11716: 11645: 11590: 10946: 10892:

The Falashas: An Analysis of Their History, Religion and Transitional Society

10666: 10441: 10006:"Study: Children of Soviet Immigrants Fully Assimilated Into Israeli Society" 9893: 9679: 9106: 8806: 8759: 8590: 8499: 8390: 7779:, 1773, which repeats these accounts of Mosaic antiquity for the Beta Israel. 7706:(Tel Aviv and New York: Beth Hatefutsoth and The Jewish Museum, 1986), p. 11. 7236: 6734: 6701: 6687: 6621: 6573: 6549: 6490: 5668: 5648: 5418:

According to the study of Behar et al. Ethiopian Jews are clustered with the

4953: 4925: 4879: 4817: 4684: 4656: 4652: 4499: 4340: 4109: 4105: 3968: 3889: 3802: 3798: 3691: 3687: 3341: 3270: 2708: 2528: 2523: 1729: 1656: 1182: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1011: 989: 941: 703: 542: 447: 409: 360: 264: 198: 194: 182: 155: 9428:"Airlift Culminates 17 Years of Secret Israeli Links to Mengistu Government" 8869: 8571: 8546: 7687:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

7066:

Weil, Shalva. (2008) "Zionism among Ethiopian Jews", in Hagar Salamon (ed.)

7016:"Jewish community in Ethiopia celebrates 70 years in solidarity with Israel" 6999:

Cultural, Social and Clinical Perspectives on Ethiopian Immigrants in Israel

4824:

and conquered it. And as a result, another group of Jews, led by Azonos and

4683:

in their schools. Those Beta Israel residing in the State of Israel now use

4307:

Unlike other Ethiopians, the Beta Israel do not eat raw meat dishes such as

4001:: ሃይማኖት) is the colloquial term for "faith" which is used as a term for the 14341: 14331: 14286: 13814: 13809: 13789: 13685: 13660: 12850: 12647: 12609: 12570: 12159: 11903: 11842: 11822: 11782: 11765: 11733: 11721: 11682: 11600: 11575: 9808:"8,000 more Falash Mura to come to Israel | JTA - Jewish & Israel News" 9124: 9029: 8960: 8887: 8824: 8767: 8720: 8598: 8517: 8408: 8344: 8325: 8299: 8256: 8227: 8184: 7413: 6787: 6653: 6603: 6398: 6278: 5948: 5655: 5190: 5164: 5155: 5125: 5117: 5063: 5007: 4992: 4839: 4793: 4707: 4702: 4592:

Monthly holidays are mainly memorial days to the annual holiday; these are

4419: 4327:

of 12 months, each 29 or 30 days alternately. Every four years, there is a

4280: 4051: 3773: 3385: 3210: 2558: 2384: 2225: 2220: 2178: 2131: 1225: 1092: 1077: 1036: 1001: 614: 456: 11319:

Beta Israel: the Jews of Ethiopia and beyond History, Identity and Borders

10423: 9487:

From Tragedy to Triumph: The Politics Behind the Rescue of Ethiopian Jewry

9387: 7877: 7732:

See, in Eldad's letter recounting his experiences in Elkan N. Adler, ed.,

7594: 7547:

Abbink, "The Enigma of Esra'el Ethnogenesis: An Anthro-Historical Study",

6204:

Over time, the Ethiopian Jews in Israel moved out of the government owned

6100: 5955:, Jews began to arrive in the refugee camps in Sudan. Most Jews came from 5054:...Lo! the matter is well-known that there are perpetual wars between the 3852: 3832:(about 32% of the community) with at least one parent born in Ethiopia or 14361: 14301: 14274: 14264: 13831: 13804: 13799: 13532: 12860: 12375: 12300: 12278: 12181: 11775: 11704: 11699: 11687: 10622: 10243: 10239:"Bruins for Israel and Hillel partner with Jerusalem U for Israeli event" 9602:"Forty-three Falashmura Arrive in Israel, Accompanied by Likud Lawmakers" 6778: 6738: 6627: 6612:, Minister of Aliyah and Integration in thirty-sixth government of Israel 6414: 6251: 6205: 6119: 6032: 5994: 5603: 5527: 5460: 5456: 5310: 5247: 5239: 5206: 5175: 5071: 5059: 4608:("fifteen") on the fifteenth day to commemorate Passover and Sukkot, and 4312: 4125: 3964: 3841: 3769: 2543: 2485: 2150: 1056: 1051: 1046: 31: 13861: 9572:"Rabbi of 8,000 stranded Ethiopian Jews fights to complete their exodus" 9458:, Nijmegen, Institute for Cultural and Social Anthropology, 1984, p. 114 9456:

The Falashas In Ethiopia And Israel – The Problem of Ethnic Assimilation

9021: 8952: 8581: 6090:: In May 2022 340 Jews from Ethiopia were scheduled to arrive in Israel. 6076:

In April 2019 an estimated 8,000 Falasha were waiting to leave Ethiopia.

5324:

The rest of the Beta Israel mainly belong to haplotypes linked with the

4843:

relates that Ethiopians are descendants of Israelite tribes who came to

14296: 14212: 14136: 13969: 13911: 12954: 12661: 12243: 11837: 11585: 11507: 11420: 11407: 11078:

The Dream Behind Bars: the Story of the Prisoners of Zion from Ethiopia

10312:

The Falashas in Ethiopia and Israel: the problem of ethnic assimilation

9651:"Israel Will Bring 3,000 Ethiopians Of Questionable Heritage To Israel" 9520: 8751: 8422: 7759: 7723:, Second Edition (London: East and West Library, 1953), vol. 1: p. 105. 7499: 7096: 6477:

who used to wear black clothes. This term derived the additional names

6410: 6403: 6382: 6370: 6352: 5920:

government of Ethiopia during the 1980s, although it is now known that

5512: 5492: 5468: 5434: 5133: 5023: 4768: 4507: 4453: 4343:, and 6642 to the Hebrews"; according to this counting, the year 5771 ( 3906: 3049: 2952: 2201: 1215: 1144: 1102: 931: 911: 470: 377: 297: 11207:

Immigrants and bureaucrats: Ethiopians in an Israeli absorption center

11092:

Saving the lost tribe: the rescue and redemption of the Ethiopian Jews

10725: 10516:"Cabinet approves immigration of 1,000 Ethiopian Falashmura to Israel" 9139:"Jews and Arabs share genetic link to ancient Canaanites, study finds" 8634: 7630: 7627: 7516: 3740:

The Beta Israel appear to have been isolated from the more mainstream

14321: 14196: 12875: 12340: 12231: 12142: 11760: 11694: 10432: 9183: 8843:"The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans" 8661: 8531: 7980: 7603: 7169: 6378: 5976: 5903: 5464: 5380: 5220:(ritual bath), a declaration accepting Rabbinic law, and, for men, a 5099: 5067: 4976: 4848: 4825: 4784: 4715: 4207: 4035: 3624: 2364: 2349: 1439: 1387: 1149: 1097: 1087: 768: 764: 754: 669: 429: 11711: 11120:

Mossad Exodus: The Daring Undercover Rescue of the Lost Jewish Tribe

9925:

from a National Conference, 8–9 November 1993) Jerusalem. (Hebrew).

7805:

See also the reference already cited from Hasdai ibn Shaprut, above.

7788: 7211:"Between Heretics and Jews: Inventing Jewish Identities in Ethiopia" 6888: 6886: 6884: 4372:

Ethiopian Jews holding religious ceremony on Mount Zion after Aliyah

3725:

populations. Most of them were concentrated mainly in what is today

1117: 14171: 13604: 12594: 12536: 12481: 12476: 12147: 11433: 10603:

One People, One Blood: Ethiopian-Israelis and the Return to Judaism

10494:(in Hebrew). Israeli Association for Ethiopian Jews. Archived from 8798: 8702: 8209: 8166: 6742: 6615: 6049: 5986: 5595: 5578:

According to Menachem Waldman, a major wave of emigration from the

5563: 5396: 5142: 4968: 4910: 4887: 4805: 4788: 4738: 4521: 4397: 4385: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4054:. The rest of the Bible has secondary importance. They possess the 3984: 3956: 3892:), the monarchs of the Kingdom of Aksum who embraced Christianity. 3881: 3761: 3734: 3714: 3695: 2533: 2143: 2075: 906: 414: 365: 137: 10315:. Institute for Cultural and Social Anthropology. pp. 81–82. 9248:

Pirenne, "La Grèce et Saba après 32 ans de nouvelles recherches",

8362: 8192:

Kivisild, T; Reidla, M; Metspalu, E; et al. (November 2004).

7745:

Eldad's letter recounting his experiences in Elkan N. Adler, ed.,

4676: 4612:

a fast on the last day of every month. Daily holidays include the

4021: 206: 69: 14281: 14191: 14156: 14146: 13981: 12809: 12693: 12688: 12678: 12666: 12486: 12471: 12415: 12350: 12325: 12288: 12152: 11827: 11726: 11650: 11542: 11468: 11291:

The Beta Israel in Ethiopia and Israel: studies on Ethiopian Jews

10582:

The Beta Israel in Ethiopia and Israel: Studies on Ethiopian Jews

10285: 10194: 9250:

L'Arabie préislamique et son environnement historique et culturel

9077: 8463: 8006: 7869: 6913:"Work goes on: Efforts to bring last of Ethiopian Jews to Israel" 6881: 6745:, whose members traditionally practiced an early Hebraic religion 6577: 6529: 6449: 6426: 6298: 6078:

On February 25, 2020, 43 Falasah arrived in Israel from Ethiopia.

5960: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5702: 5698: 5591: 5567: 5422:

speakers Amhara and Tigrayans rather than the Cushitic-speakers.

5205:. Similar doubts were raised within the same circles towards the 5112: 5079: 4852: 4813: 4726: 4714:. Other Beta Israel take as their basis the Christian account of 4668: 4629: 4491: 4437: 4368: 4264: 4258: 4224: 4002: 3925: 3833: 3793: 3749: 3481: 2509: 2475: 2344: 2138: 1127: 1122: 994: 885: 780: 776: 772: 521: 516: 493: 475: 350: 345: 335: 313: 288: 222: 174: 11050:

From Falasha to Freedom: An Ethiopian Jew's Journey to Jerusalem

7651:. Binghamton State University of New York, Binghamton, New York. 6356:

opens with Ethiopian Jewish miners retrieving an opal in Africa.

6347:

Several prominent musicians and rappers are of Ethiopian origin.

5928:. Other Beta Israel sought alternative ways of immigration, via 5685:

The earliest recorded mention of the Beta Israel comes from the

4936:) by saying it was descended from Moses and his Ethiopian wife. 3226: 2671: 14316: 14311: 14217: 14181: 14176: 14161: 14141: 12880: 12747: 12683: 10143:"'Uncut Gems' puts age-old Jewish stereotypes front and center" 10033:"Black and Jewish: Young Ethiopian Israelis Fight for Equality" 9980:"Survey: 90% of Ethiopian Israelis Resist Interracial Marriage" 9268:גולים ויורדים מארץ יהודה אל פתרוס וכוש – לאור המקרא ומדרשי חז'ל 9191: 8446: 7296:

The Religious Beliefs and Practices of Ethiopian Jews in Israel

6783: 6532: 6413:, and at the National Civil Cemetery of the State of Israel in 6213: 5944: 5748: 5744: 5599: 5508: 5496: 5480: 5345: 5243: 5217: 5137: 4960: 4820:, who wished to enlarge his kingdom, so he declared war on the 4730: 4567: 4543: 4515: 4228: 4073: 3864: 3745: 3707: 3703: 3699: 2169: 2164: 2124: 2109: 1220: 1112: 532: 498: 484: 419: 119: 85: 79: 11396:

Chassida Shmella – Ethiopian Jewish Community of North America

11221:

Surviving salvation: the Ethiopian Jewish family in transition

11186:

Special issue of Diaspora – A Journal of Transnational Studies

9680:"Jewish immigration to Israel up by 30% compared to last year" 9289:"The Origins of the Beta Israel: Five Methodological Cautions" 9252:, Colloquium Univ. of Strasbourg, 1987; cf. Stuart Munro-Hay, 7977:

Surviving Salvation: The Ethiopian Jewish Family in Transition

4296:, any benefit from mixing dairy products with meat is banned. 14243: 14186: 14126: 14121: 12831: 12826: 12780: 12735: 12656: 12651: 11915: 11670: 11640: 11235:

Ethiopian Jewish immigrants in Israel: the homeland postponed

10190:"Museum on history of Ethiopian Jewry to be built in Rehovot" 8840: 6046: 5933: 5929: 5452: 5171: 5132:, schisms arose and three kingdoms competed. Eventually, the 5129: 4984: 4980: 4921: 4902: 4875: 4801: 4797: 4772: 4557: 4529: 4525: 4425: 4377: 4308: 4300: 4299:

Ethiopian Jews were forbidden to eat the food of non-Jews. A

4039: 3941: 3860: 3810: 3713:

Historically, Beta Israel lived in northern and northwestern

1132: 561: 465: 434: 11395: 11150:, Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 204–17. 10063:"The Jews from Ethiopia who confound Israel's law of return" 9369: 9367: 9066:

Genetic study offers clues to history of North Africa's Jews

8685:

Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P, et al. (May 2002).

7814:

Steven Kaplan, "Eldad Ha-Dani", in Siegbert von Uhlig, ed.,

5167:. In 1977, the law was passed granting the right of return. 4928:, who governed from around 937 to 1270 CE. According to the 12930: 11464: 10737:

Hess, Robert L. (1969). "Toward a History of the Falasha".

10116:"Five of the Most Celebrated French-Language African Films" 9373:

Steven Kaplan, "Betä Əsraʾel", in Siegbert von Uhlig, ed.,

8092: 7747:

Jewish Travellers in the Middle Ages: 19 Firsthand Accounts

7734:

Jewish Travellers in the Middle Ages: 19 Firsthand Accounts

7068:

Jewish Communities in the 19th and 20th Centuries: Ethiopia

5972: 5964: 5917: 5504: 5488: 5264:

A number of DNA studies have been done on the Beta Israel.

5058:, which has three kingdoms; part of which belonging to the 4996: 4577: 4537: 4469: 4411: 4030: 3917: 284: 248: 11423:

Additional notes on "the three calendars of ancient Israel

11036:

Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews

9769:

Operation Solomon: the daring rescue of the Ethiopian Jews

8780: 8544: 7577:(Cambridge: Clare Hall, Cambridge University). Quoted in 5729:

who dispatched troops from Tigray to crush the rebellion.

5301:

Additionally, around 18% of Ethiopian Jews are bearers of

4920:

and some traditional Ethiopian histories have stated that

9542:"Israel vows to take in 1,000 Falasha Jews from Ethiopia" 9364: 8263: 6134:

to immigrate to Israel as part of a humanitarian effort.

5399: 5340:

carried by Ethiopian Jews is primarily indigenous to the

5189:

of the Beta Israel. Such dissenting voices include Rabbi

4763: 9626:"Hundreds in Israel protest for rescue of Ethiopia Jews" 9161:

For a discussion of this theory, see Edward Ullendorff,

8684: 8148: 7083:, Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 204–217. 6932:"Focus U.S.A.-Israel News – Haaretz Israeli News source" 5483:'s party from Rabbinic accounts was part of the Asmach. 10540:"Give football a chance to break the cycle of violence" 9081:"The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant" 8736: 7194:

The Hyena People – Ethiopian Jews in Christian Ethiopia

7014:

Rosen, Jonathan Weber; Zieve, Tamara (April 19, 2018).

6340:. The film was awarded the 2005 Best Film Award at the 6101:

The Falash Mura's difficulties in immigrating to Israel

4816:. ...Later in time, there was an Abyssinian king named 4744: 4718:'s return to Ethiopia. Menelik is considered the first 4701:

from the very ancient migration of some portion of the

4596:("new moon festival") on the first day of every month, 4528:

saw the face of God on 1, holiday for the reception of

4335:, Book of Jubilees, Book of Enoch, Abu Shaker, and the 3896: 3875: 3710:

through several initiatives by the Israeli government.

11172:

The Hyena People: Ethiopian Jews in Christian Ethiopia

10748:. Dillard University Scholar Statesman Lecture Series. 8191: 8119: 7204: 7202: 5242:

has ruled that descendants of Ethiopian Jews who were

4909:

into two kingdoms in the 10th century BCE (while King

4812:(near the Sudanese border), and some of them came via 4604:("twelve") on the twelfth day to commemorate Shavuot, 3801:. Thus, the Israeli government, with support from the 11369:

A New Light for Ethiopian Jews at Tel Aviv University

8613:"Plaster et al. Y-DNA E subclades predicted by Passa" 8234: 7891:

Beyond the Sambatyon: the Myth of the Ten Lost Tribes

7070:, Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute, pp. 187–200. (Hebrew) 6212:

Similarly to other groups of immigrant Jews who made

6026:: After losing Soviet military support following the 5411:-speaking populations inhabiting the Horn of Africa. 5332:

haplogroups, which are more commonly associated with

9782:"Israel to allow in 8,000 Falash Mura from Ethiopia" 7440:

The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History

6663: 4600:("ten") on the tenth day to commemorate Yom Kippur, 2148: 2129: 552: 27:

Jewish community associated with modern-day Ethiopia

11303:Tudor Parfitt & Emanuela Trevisan Semi (2005). 11289:Tudor Parfitt & Emanuela Trevisan Semi (1999). 11219:Ruth Karola Westheimer & Steven Kaplan (1992). 10795:

The Falashas: a short history of the Ethiopian Jews

10343: 10341: 10209: 10166: 9879: 7700:

Falasha Anthology, Translated from Ethiopic Sources

7488:

Falasha Anthology, Translated from Ethiopic Sources

7199: 7001:, Beersheba: Ben-Gurion University Press, pp. 1–17. 5651:

and David Kessler as supporters of this hypothesis.

5535:

immigrant Yemeni Arabs who had converted to Judaism

10816:The Story of the Falashas "Black Jews of Ethiopia" 9399:from the Statistical Abstract of Israel 2007-No.58 7943:, Transaction Publishers, 1987, p. 30, footnote 4. 7676:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972), pp. 38–39 7036:van de Kamp-Wright, Annette (September 17, 2015). 7035: 5725:. Eventually, this revolt was defeated by Emperor 5455:, or by the Jewish community in southern Egypt at 5234:stipulation, which is only a requirement when the 4679:, also Semitic. Since the 1950s, they have taught 4058:from the traditional Hebrew canon, as part of the 13143: 11381:Beta Israel: Society and Culture – Ethiopian Jews 11317:Emanuela Trevisan Semi & Shalva Weil (2011). 10870:Shapiro, Mark (1987). "The Falasha of Ethiopia". 10651:, Hatchard & Son; and Seeley & Sons, 1834 10281:"קפה שחור חזק הראפרים שלא מתביישים להיות מאושרים" 9410:"Total Immigration, from Ethiopia (1948-Present)" 9322:On the Changes in the Research of Ethiopian Jewry 7196:, the University of California Press, 1999, p. 21 5598:'s command, whereas about 130,000 Judeans led by 4752: 4725:, and is traditionally believed to be the son of 4466:: fixed as the fourth Sabbath of the fifth month. 4304:ritual purification before entering the village. 14398: 10867:, Vol. 30, Fasc. 1 (Feb., 2000), pp. 86–120 10338: 9254:Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity 9231: 9229: 8998:"The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people" 8929:"The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people" 8306: 8021:דו"ח מעקב – סוגיית זכאותם לעלייה של בני הפלשמורה 6957:"The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people" 10927:The Jews of Ethiopia: the Beta Israel community 9377:(Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2003), p. 553. 8836: 8834: 7905:, Part 7. No. 5, cited in Corinaldi, 1998: 196. 7575:The Falashas of Ethiopia: An Ethnographic Study 7038:"Iron Lions of Zion: The Origin of Beta Israel" 6820: 5305:; in Ethiopia, most of such lineages belong to 5209:and to Russian immigrants to Israel during the 5066:. In all likelihood, they are from the sect of 4024:, which is also the liturgical language of the 3809:, which evacuated the Beta Israel community in 3744:for at least a millennium, and practiced a non- 62: 14105: 11275:Michael Ashkenazi & Alex Weingrod (1987). 10999:Jerry L. Weaver and Howard M. Lenhoff (2007). 10304: 10302: 10300: 10298: 10296: 7474:The Invention of Ethiopian Jews: Three Models, 7129: 7127: 7114: 7112: 5747:from Ethiopia compared to the total Aliyah to 5145:concerning the status of a Beta Israel slave: 5018:to save the Jews of Ethiopia, 1921, signed by 4979:and settled on the border of his kingdom with 4009:also use it as a term for their own religion. 3932:('free man') in the community, in contrast to 14091: 13548: 13129: 11449: 10837:The Lost Jews: Last of the Ethiopian Falashas 10594:Steven Kaplan & Shoshana Ben-Dor (1988). 10236: 10215: 9226: 8358: 8356: 7840: 6839:, "House of Israel" or "Community of Israel") 6576:and to obtain citizenship if they convert to 6515: 6017: 5586:in the beginning of the seventh century BCE. 5532:Jewish immigrants who intermarried with Agaws 4832: 3560: 3140: 2600: 10913:Jewish Identity: The Case of Ethiopian Jewry 10781:The Falashas: the Forgotten Jews of Ethiopia 10692:The Jews of Ethiopia: A People in Transition 10568:Jewish identity: the case of Ethiopian Jewry 9198:, Book XVI, Chap. 4 and Book XVII, Chap. 1; 9050:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8981:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8922: 8920: 8831: 8732: 8730: 8678: 7903:Responsum of the Radbaz on the Falasha Slave 7704:The Jews of Ethiopia: A People in Transition 7567: 7492:The Jews of Ethiopia: A People in Transition 6420: 5590:of the siege assert that only about 110,000 4804:and continued to migrate until they reached 48: 14066:from Christian Arabs in Israel, since 2014. 12938:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 11029:Secret exodus: the story of Operation Moses 10727:The Queen of Sheba and her only son Menelik 10293: 9312: 9310: 9308: 9256:(Edinburgh: University Press, 1991), p. 65. 9239:, 91 (October 1992), pp. 567–582 at p. 567. 8628: 8626: 7208: 7124: 7109: 6174: 844:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 14098: 14084: 13562: 13555: 13541: 13136: 13122: 11456: 11442: 11104:Micha Odenheimer& Ricki Rosen (2006). 10709:A Social and Religious History of the Jews 10627:Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile 10596:Ethiopian Jewry: An Annotated Bibliography 10257: 9489:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, p. 137 8989: 8353: 8088:הרב עמאר:הלוואי ויעלו מיליוני אתיופים לארץ 7858:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7443:. Cambridge University Press. p. 92. 7013: 5037:wrote in a letter from Jerusalem in 1488: 4241:(place of worship), it is also called the 4190:("Homily on Abraham and Sarah in Egypt"), 3567: 3553: 3147: 3133: 2607: 2593: 78: 10431: 10188:Sanbetu, Ayanawu Farada (July 13, 2005). 9114: 9096: 8917: 8877: 8814: 8740:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 8727: 8710: 8580: 8570: 8507: 8489: 8398: 8380: 8334: 8324: 8289: 8217: 8174: 7602: 7226: 7167: 7031: 7029: 6929: 6906: 6904: 6448:"; קפה שחור חזק) is an Ethiopian-Israeli 6113:greets new immigrants from Ethiopia, 1991 4135:Important non-Biblical writings include: 3686:, which is currently divided between the 3650:Learn how and when to remove this message 14059:from Muslim Arabs in Israel, since 1957. 11485:Index of Jewish history-related articles 11106:Transformations: From Ethiopia to Israel 9305: 8654: 8623: 8415: 7764:Social and Religious History of the Jews 7504:Social and Religious History of the Jews 7252: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7009: 7007: 6749:Freedom of religion in Africa by country 6630:(born 1992) — Israeli Olympic marathoner 6597: 6397: 6219: 6188: 6104: 5902: 5732: 5553: 5250:in reference to their having converted. 5006: 4787:. When she was engaged in a war against 4532:by the Israelites on 10, fast on 12 and 4367: 4318: 4072:that also make up part of the canon are 3988: 3851: 84:Religious ceremony of Ethiopian Jews in 12984:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 11621: 11305:Jews of Ethiopia: the birth of an elite 10510: 10508: 10370: 10368: 10187: 9223:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1935), p. 40. 8106:Jews of Ethiopia: The Birth of an Elite 8104:Emanuela Trevisan Semi, Tudor Parfitt. 8018:Israel Association for Ethiopian Jews, 7775:Also see the testimony of James Bruce, 7674:Church and State in Ethiopia: 1270–1527 7436: 7097:Ethiopian Immigrants and the Mossad Met 6606:, Queen mother of the Abyssinian Empire 6389:", placing 17th out of 26 in the final. 5566:left south Arabia and crossed over the 5267: 4837:The Ethiopian history described in the 4828:, arrived in Ethiopia during his reign. 4005:by the Beta Israel community, although 3959:; its use is now considered offensive. 3951:The colloquial Ethiopian/Eritrean term 3780:offshoot of the Beta Israel community. 3601:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 14399: 11359:Abstract of the Lucotte-Smets article. 11263:For our soul: Ethiopian Jews in Israel 11148:African Zion: Studies in Black Judaism 10830:Ethiopian Jews: the story of a mission 10489:"Falashmura aliyah - follow-up report" 10409: 10374: 10308: 10030: 9875: 9873: 9871: 9869: 9726:The jewish news of Northern California 9569: 9386:Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, 8155:The American Journal of Human Genetics 8070:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 7578: 7307: 7093:The Rescue of Ethiopian Jews 1978–1990 7081:African Zion: Studies in Black Judaism 7026: 6901: 6342:Copenhagen International Film Festival 5963:, regions that were controlled by the 4767:] migrated like many of the other 3737:, Dembia, Segelt, Quara, and Belesa. 14079: 13536: 13117: 11437: 11410:The three calendars of ancient Israel 11391:Israel Association for Ethiopian Jews 10663:, Wertheim, Macintosh, and Hunt, 1862 9599: 7243: 7004: 6910: 6312: 6309:, and became property of his master. 5947:agents operating in Sudan, including 5911: 5390: 5278:According to Cruciani et al. (2002), 5238:doubt is significant. More recently, 4991:in northwestern Ethiopia, or via the 4939:Most of the Beta Israel consider the 11463: 11354:The Jews of Ethiopia and their Names 11344:Construction of Beta Israel Identity 11064:Ethiopian exodus: a practice journal 10853:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 10505: 10365: 10278: 9757:The Times of Israel August 27, 2023 8632: 7698:Wolf Leslau, "Introduction", to his 7486:Wolf Leslau, "Introduction", to his 7272:, Hebrew University, 1997, pp. 35–48 6634: 6624:– Israeli rabbi, lecturer and writer 6542: 6452:duo. The duo were a nominee for the 6436: 5078:, since they know only a few of the 4963:) who had fled the civil war in the 4890:later makes reference to the Ark in 4745:Companions of Menelik from Jerusalem 4267:law is based mainly on the books of 3752:that is similar in some respects to 3607: 3603: instead of Ethiopic characters. 106:Regions with significant populations 10901:. Michigan State University Press. 10899:Music, Ritual, and Falasha History 10746:The Falasha: Black Jews of Ethiopia 10216:Marissa Stern (November 22, 2016). 9955:"Ethiopian Jews struggle in Israel" 9866: 8307:Zoossmann-Diskin, Avshalom (2010). 8237:American Journal of Kidney Diseases 7749:(New York: Dover, 1987), pp. 12–14. 7392:The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jews 7258:The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jews 6972:The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jews 6893:Israel Central Bureau of Statistics 6853: 6804: 6555: 6373:was set to represent Israel at the 6350:The plot of the 2019 American film 6329: 6185:Racism in Israel § Beta Israel 5582:to Kush and Abyssinia dates to the 4967:between Solomon's son Rehoboam and 4355:is the year 7082 in this calendar. 4348: 49: 24: 12931:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 12911:American Jewish Historical Society 11174:. University of California Press. 10962:Center for Advanced Judaic Studies 10605:, Rutgers University Press, 2010, 10554: 10237:Andrew Warner (November 8, 2016). 10218:"But First, (Strong Black) Coffee" 9513:"The Jewish Community of Ethiopia" 8787:American Journal of Human Genetics 8691:American Journal of Human Genetics 7939:Michael Ashkenazi, Alex Weingrod. 7872:1652; reprinted in Israel, n.d.) ( 7457: 7384:Music, Ritual, and Falasha History 7209:Dege-Müller, Sophia (2018-04-17). 6402:The Beta Israel Memorial Aliya in 5440: 4695: 4198:("In the Beginning God Created"). 25: 14453: 11374: 11321:. Libreria Editrice Cafoscarina. 7848:(in Hebrew). Vol. 2. Warsaw. 6930:Mozgovaya, Natasha (2008-04-02). 6897:The Ethiopian Community in Israel 6730:List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia 6618:, Israeli professional footballer 5594:remained in Jerusalem under King 5244:forced to convert to Christianity 5174:(religious law authorities) from 5002: 4624:(Friday fast), and the very holy 4151:("Commandments of the Sabbath"), 3880:(literally, 'house of Israel' in 3813:between 1979 and 1990 (including 3702:in 1948, most of the Beta Israel 635:Historical population comparisons 13444:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 13214:Democratic Republic of the Congo 13095: 13082: 13081: 11337: 11265:. Wayne State University Press. 10973:Journal of Modern Jewish Studies 10637:The Falashas (Jews) of Abyssinia 10532: 10481: 10456: 10403: 10375:Berger, Miriam (9 August 2013). 10272: 10251: 10230: 10181: 10160: 10135: 10126: 10108: 10087: 10073: 10055: 10024: 9998: 9972: 9947: 9938: 9928: 9918: 9908: 9852: 9834: 9825: 9800: 9774: 9761: 9750: 9739: 9736:The Jerusalem Post May 23, 2023] 9730: 9719: 9708: 9704:The Times of Israel May 27, 2022 9697: 9672: 9643: 9618: 9600:Yaron, Lee (February 25, 2020). 9593: 9570:Dichek, Bernard (5 April 2019). 9563: 9534: 9505: 9492: 9479: 9461: 9448: 9434: 9420: 9402: 9380: 9336:58 (1994), pp. 137–150. (Hebrew) 8134:10.1046/J.1469-1809.2005.00152.x 7721:Letters of Jews Through the Ages 7551:, 120, XXX-4, 1990, pp. 412–420. 7382:, pp. 62–70 (Hebrew); Shelemay, 6694: 6680: 6666: 6493:it was given the Hebrew meaning 6468: 6462: 5042:are related to the tribe of Dan. 4859:(or Makeda, in the legend) (see 4851:, alleged to be the son of King 4283:is forbidden per Genesis 32:33. 4223:Modern Synagogue in the city of 4216: 4201: 4064:Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon 3863:(High priest) of Beta Israel in 3776:community is considered to be a 3612: 3581: 3536: 3183: 2643: 1279:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1193:Historical population by country 148: 130: 112: 14367:Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion 10894:. University of Minnesota. 1966 10753:Die Königin von Saba und Salomo 10687:, 120, XXX-4, pp. 393–449. 10279:הראל, עמוס (January 22, 2014). 10258:Lea Speyer (November 8, 2016). 9661:from the original on 2021-11-29 9582:from the original on 2019-04-07 9552:from the original on 2018-10-09 9350: 9339: 9278: 9259: 9242: 9209: 9172: 9155: 9131: 9071: 9058: 8774: 8605: 8538: 8524: 8457: 8439: 8111: 8098: 8079: 8033: 8012: 7986: 7966: 7946: 7933: 7908: 7896: 7883: 7834: 7821: 7808: 7799: 7782: 7769: 7752: 7739: 7726: 7709: 7692: 7689:, Vol. 63, No. 1 (2000), p. 20. 7679: 7666: 7661:The complete guide to the Bible 7654: 7641: 7619: 7554: 7541: 7528: 7509: 7480: 7466: 7430: 7418: 7406: 7397: 7372: 7359: 7346: 7337: 7324: 7301: 7288: 7275: 7270:Ethiopian Jews in the Limelight 7186: 7161: 7148: 7086: 7073: 7060: 6991: 6986:Ethiopian Jews in the Limelight 6272: 6127:Beta Israel community in Israel 5681:History of the Jews in Ethiopia 5634: 5544:successive waves of Yemeni Jews 4947: 4675:. Their liturgical language is 4252: 4147:("The Conversation of Moses"), 3840:), and to a smaller extent, of 3398:British Military Administration 3308:Late 13th century–18th century) 13145:History of the Jews in Africa 13003:Relations with other religions 11038:. Oxford University Press US. 11003:. Gefen Publishing House Ltd. 10958:Jewish Quarterly Review LXXXIX 10464:"The Plight of Ethiopian Jews" 10147:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 9475:. New York. September 9, 1981. 9442:"Ethiopia Virtual Jewish Tour" 9302:33 (1987), pp. 33–49. (Hebrew) 7816:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha 7736:(New York: Dover, 1987), p. 9. 6978: 6963: 6949: 6923: 6911:Rudee, Eliana (May 24, 2021). 6842: 6793: 6771: 6583: 6469:Beta Israel § Terminology 6318:The 2005 Israeli-French film " 6245: 6224:A bride and groom in Jerusalem 5445: 5352:, not Middle Eastern, origin. 5160:Sephardi chief rabbi of Israel 5082:, but are unfamiliar with the 4753:Migrants by the Egyptian route 4642:Habesha peoples § Culture 4323:The Beta Israel calendar is a 4194:("The Story of Susanna"), and 3847: 34:, a Jewish community in India. 13: 1: 14422:History of the Jews in Africa 12990:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 11251:. Goteborg University Press. 11108:. Reality Check Productions. 10897:Kay Kaufman Shelemay (1989). 10890:Jeffrey Lewis Halper (1966). 10865:Journal of Religion in Africa 10769:. New York University Press. 10169:"Rotterdam 2020 Participants" 9375:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A–C 7844:(1882). Aharon Wolden (ed.). 6934:. Haaretz.com. Archived from 6874: 6715:History of the Jews in Africa 6332:), directed by Romanian-born 6169: 5941:Late 1979 – beginning of 1984 5035:Obadiah ben Abraham Bartenura 4775:after the destruction of the 4188:Dərsanä Abrəham Wäsara Bägabs 4159:("Apocalypse of Gorgorios"), 4007:Ethiopian Orthodox Christians 3756:. The religious practices of 3305: 3277: 3249: 3233: 3217: 850:Christianity and Judaism 12921:Leo Baeck Institute New York 12916:American Sephardi Federation 11426:Hebrew Union College Annual 11413:Hebrew Union College Annual 10975:1 (1), 2002, pp. 90–103 9810:. 2010-11-18. Archived from 9414:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 8633:C.A., Plaster (2011-09-28). 8491:10.1371/journal.pone.0016073 7663:by Stephan M. Miller, p. 175 7649:Beta Israel: A House Divided 7390:, pp. xxviii–xxxvi; Quirun, 6821: 6643:Maryam Wodet (The Lovers of 6503: 6454:2015 MTV Europe Music Awards 6393: 6375:Eurovision Song Contest 2020 5907:Migration Map of Beta Israel 5721:to attack the Christians of 5639:By 1994, modern scholars of 4646: 4237:The synagogue is called the 3973:traditional African religion 3897: 3876: 3698:. After the founding of the 3437:Eritrean War of Independence 30:Not to be confused with the 7: 11744:Constantinopolitan Karaites 11386:Yopi – The Ethiopian Portal 11191:Daniel Summerfield (2003). 11052:. Gefen Publishing. House. 10982:. Oxford University Press. 10685:Cahiers d'Etudes africaines 10412:Cahiers d'études africaines 10377:"The Last Jews of Ethiopia" 10309:Abbink, Gerrit Jan (1984). 10097:, Ben-Zvi Institute, 1995, 7582:Cahiers d'Études africaines 7549:Cahiers d'Etudes africaines 7228:10.46586/er.v6.2018.247-308 6659: 6240: 5584:Assyrian siege of Jerusalem 5253: 5226:(symbolic recircumcision). 4651:The Beta Israel once spoke 4450:(Tammuz fast) between 1–10. 3993:Beta Israel women in Israel 3978: 3928:" was used to refer to the 2149: 2130: 1857:Latin America and Caribbean 553: 10: 14458: 12972:National Library of Israel 11613:Zionism, race and genetics 11279:. Transaction Publishers. 11122:. Gefen Publishing House. 11080:. Gefen Publishing House. 11066:. Gefen Publishing House. 10978:Edward Ullendorff (1968). 10966:University of Pennsylvania 10911:Michael Corinaldi (1988). 10814:Messing, Simon D. (1982). 9098:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.024 9068:. Reuters, August 7, 2012. 8249:10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.09.023 8108:, Routledge, 2005, p. 139. 7846:The Responsa of the Radbaz 7573:Schoenberger, M. (1975). 7264:, pp. 1–3; Hagar Salamon, 6816: 6737:, a small subgroup of the 6516:Conversion to Christianity 6466: 6381:. The chorus of her song " 6338:famine looming in Ethiopia 6287: 6276: 6249: 6229:discharged from the army. 6178: 6138:matter in the late 1990s. 6058:: During these years, the 6018:Emigration via Addis Ababa 5985:– In 1983 the governor of 5736: 5678: 5674: 5309:, which has been found in 5257: 4833:Ethiopian national history 4690: 4639: 4635: 4564:(Tevet fast) between 1–10. 4554:on 11 and 12 respectively. 4484:(our atonement) on 10 and 4353:Rabbinical Hebrew calendar 4256: 4205: 4170:("Apocalypse of Baruch"), 4028:. The holiest book is the 3982: 2883:Second Italo–Ethiopian War 2462:Jewish political movements 2159:Conversion to Judaism 63: 29: 14442:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia 14375: 14257: 14226: 14205: 14114: 14051: 13995: 13937: 13899: 13842: 13684: 13570: 13457: 13432: 13151: 13070: 12926:Yeshiva University Museum 12906:Center for Jewish History 12896: 12761: 12633: 12507: 12401: 11932: 11551: 11493: 11475: 11364:History of Ethiopian Jews 11277:Ethiopian Jews and Israel 11261:Teshome G. Wagaw (1993). 10936:. Yale University Press. 10849:Quirin, James A. (1992). 10751:Jankowski, Alice (1987). 10167:Eurovision Song Contest. 9831:Reuters November 16, 2015 9473:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 8382:10.1186/s13059-018-1393-5 8282:10.1007/s00439-010-0861-0 7941:Ethiopian Jews and Israel 7437:Spolsky, Bernard (2014). 6710:Ethiopia–Israel relations 6421:Ethiopian Heritage Museum 6362:The Red Sea Diving Resort 6283: 6154:On 14 November 2010, the 5016:Chief Rabbinate of Israel 4905:after the breakup of the 4480:(Elul fast) between 1–9, 4432:(Harvest fast) on 11 and 4285:Mixtures of milk and meat 4196:Baqadāmi Gabra Egzi'abḥēr 4026:Ethiopian Orthodox Church 3895:This name contrasts with 2933:Eritrean Independence War 2853:First Italo–Ethiopian War 865:Hinduism and Judaism 246: 241: 217: 212: 169: 164: 146: 128: 110: 105: 98: 93: 77: 50: 45: 14437:Semitic-speaking peoples 14427:Jewish Ethiopian history 14003:African-American Hebrews 13938:Other non-Semitic groups 13199:Central African Republic 11518:Ancient Israel and Judah 11062:Alisa Poskanzer (2000). 11034:Stephen Spector (2005). 10925:Menahem Valdman (1985). 10874:. Washington Times Corp. 10835:Rapoport, Louis (1980). 10755:, Hamburg, H. Buske Vlg. 10468:www.culturalsurvival.org 9894:10.1177/0044118X10393484 8122:Annals of Human Genetics 7793:August 20, 2005, at the 7285:, p. 135, n. 20 (Hebrew) 6764: 6497:("converted Falashas"). 6181:Ethiopian Jews in Israel 6175:Ethiopian Jews in Israel 5273:Genealogical DNA testing 5211:1990s Post-Soviet aliyah 5086:, nor do they light the 4408:(fermented dough) on 22. 4112:, and the testaments of 4012: 3678:. They coalesced in the 3425:Autonomy within Ethiopia 3040:Ethiopian civil conflict 2990:Eritrean border conflict 691:Temple in Jerusalem 384:Bar and bat mitzvah 46: 14417:Ethnic groups in Israel 11894:North African Sephardim 11867:Jewish tribes of Arabia 11205:Esther Hertzog (1999). 10793:Kessler, David (1996). 10779:Kessler, David (1985). 10765:Kaplan, Steven (1995). 10744:Isaac, Ephraim (1974). 10739:Eastern African history 10671:Die Juden in Abessinien 10544:blogs.timesofisrael.com 9500:From Tragedy to Triumph 8870:10.1126/science.1172257 8572:10.1126/science.aad2879 8076:, 21 January 2008, p. 9 7638:Kebra Negast, chap. 61. 7308:Kaplan, Steven (1999). 6865:yä-Itəyop'əya Yəhudiwoč 5943:– Aliyah activists and 5463:to Kush in the time of 5321:-speaking populations. 5260:Genetic studies on Jews 5185:(legal doubt) over the 4800:. Some of them went to 4761:The Falashas [ 4514:(Tabernacles holiday – 4460:(Av fast) between 1–17. 4392:(Passover fast) on 14, 3772:. The larger Christian 3706:or were evacuated from 2923:Federation with Eritrea 2808:Ottoman border conflict 2729:Amda Seyon's Expansions 653:Twelve Tribes of Israel 13564:Demographics of Israel 12997:Holocaust Encyclopedia 12967:Jewish Virtual Library 11247:Girma Berhanu (2001). 11233:Tanya Schwarz (2001). 11170:Hagar Salamon (1999). 11132:Gadi Ben-Ezer (2002). 11027:Claire Safran (1987). 11013:Tudor Parfitt (1986). 10980:Ethiopia and the Bible 10762:49 (1), pp. 27–42 10570:, Magnes Press, 1998, 10353:Jewish Virtual Library 10031:Fanack (13 May 2015). 9163:Ethiopia and the Bible 8326:10.1186/1745-6150-5-57 7973:Ruth Karola Westheimer 7868:# 9 (first printed in 7260:, pp. 11–15; Aešcoly, 6854:יְהוּדֵי אֶתְיוֹפְּיָה 6725:Jews of Bilad el-Sudan 6406: 6379:Rotterdam, Netherlands 6258:Christian missionaries 6225: 6197: 6114: 5908: 5628: 5551: 5479:. It is possible that 5199:Shlomo Zalman Auerbach 5152: 5104:Abraham ben Maimonides 5092: 5044: 5026: 4830: 4733:, and Makeda, ancient 4524:: holiday for the day 4373: 4164:("Apocalypse of Ezra") 4070:Deuterocanonical books 3994: 3867: 3589:This article contains 3500:Eritrean–Ethiopian War 2980:Eritrean–Ethiopian War 2719:Early Solomonic period 261:South Semitic speakers 14384:The Sign and the Seal 14357:Cathedral of Chartres 14132:High Priest of Israel 13359:São Tomé and Príncipe 13219:Republic of the Congo 12944:Encyclopaedia Judaica 12726:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 11911:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 11661:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 11076:Baruch Meiri (2001). 11048:Shmuel Yilma (1996). 10953:. New York University 10760:Jewish Social Studies 10690:Avner, Yossi (1986). 10424:10.3406/cea.1990.1592 9221:A History of Ethiopia 9190:, Book II, Chap. 30; 7595:10.3406/cea.1990.1592 7386:, pp. 44–57; Leslau, 7294:Weil, Shalva. (1989) 6784:immigrating to Israel 6598:Notable Beta Israelis 6401: 6223: 6192: 6108: 6028:collapse of Communism 5983:1983 – March 28, 1985 5969:Jewish Defense League 5906: 5733:Immigration to Israel 5623: 5554:1980s and early 1990s 5538:immigrant Yemeni Jews 5523: 5344:rather than being of 5315:Southwestern Ethiopia 5258:Further information: 5195:Yosef Shalom Eliashiv 5147: 5102:in the time of Rabbi 5080:biblical commandments 5052: 5039: 5010: 4913:reigned over Judah). 4759: 4687:as a daily language. 4400:) between 15–21, and 4371: 4319:Calendar and holidays 4128:and Hebrew (such as " 3992: 3855: 3382:East African Campaign 2913:Italian guerrilla war 1399:São Tomé and Príncipe 1394:Republic of the Congo 788:Second Temple Judaism 659:Kingdom of Judah 630:Modern historiography 242:Related ethnic groups 14432:Jewish ethnic groups 14270:Biblical Mount Sinai 13572:Israelis by religion 11523:Second Temple period 11118:Gad Shimron (2007). 11094:. Ballantine Books. 10932:Wolf Leslau (1951). 10915:. The Magnes Press. 10705:Salo Wittmayer Baron 10694:. Beth Hatefutsoth. 10639:, W. Macintosh, 1869 10598:. Ben-Zvi Institute. 9275:E (1992), pp. 39–44. 9182:, 3, 1829. see also 9091:(5): 1146–1157.e11. 7842:Ibn Abi-Zimra, David 7777:Travels in Abyssinia 7380:Book of the Falashas 7367:Book of the Falashas 7262:Book of the Falashas 6754:Religion in Ethiopia 6369:Israeli-born singer 6321:Go, Live, and Become 5739:Aliyah from Ethiopia 5606:'s campaign against 5395:The Ethiopian Jews' 5268:Uniparental lineages 4659:, both of which are 4506:(Day of Atonement – 4476:(Year rotate) on 1, 4245:(Holy house) or the 4186:("Book of Angels"), 4143:("Death of Moses"), 4139:("Death of Aaron"), 4056:Book of Lamentations 3936:('slave'). The term 3704:immigrated to Israel 3632:improve this article 2746:Early modern history 2501:World Agudath Israel 1642:United Arab Emirates 729:Second Temple period 719:Babylonian captivity 14107:Ark of the Covenant 13857:Madani and Fellahin 13434:States with limited 12961:Jewish Encyclopedia 12706:Hekhalot literature 12517:Religious movements 12052:Judeo-Tripolitanian 11421:Julian Morganstern 11408:Julian Morganstern 11349:Jewish Encyclopedia 11090:Asher Naim (2003). 10828:Eric Payne (1972), 10722:Budge, E. A. Wallis 10584:, Routledge, 1999, 10566:Michael Corinaldi, 10223:The Jewish Exponent 9882:Youth & Society 9576:The Times of Israel 9454:Gerrit Jan Abbink, 9215:A. H. M. Jones and 9206:, Book VI, Chap. 30 9022:10.1038/nature09103 9014:2010Natur.466..238B 8953:10.1038/nature09103 8945:2010Natur.466..238B 8862:2009Sci...324.1035T 8641:discovery.ucl.ac.uk 8563:2015Sci...350..820L 8482:2011PLoSO...616073T 7992:איינאו פרדה סנבטו, 7889:Weil, Shalva. 1991 7829:Igrot Eretz Yisrael 7647:Weil, Shalva. 1989 7534:Weil, Shalva. 1991 7314:Xristianskij Vostok 7215:Entangled Religions 7048:on October 19, 2018 6442:Strong Black Coffee 6294:Slavery in Ethiopia 6290:Judaism and slavery 5999:Sudanese government 5953:Ethiopian Civil War 5751: 5317:, especially among 5292:Ethiopian highlands 4869:Ark of the Covenant 4865:2 Chronicles 9:1–12 4723:Emperor of Ethiopia 4498:(blowing holiday – 4488:(eighteenth) on 28. 4418:(Second Passover – 4182:("Father Elijah"), 4174:("Book of Hours"), 4040:Five Books of Moses 4034:(meaning "law") or 3963:, referring to the 3760:are referred to as 3758:Israeli Beta Israel 3731:Shire Inda Selassie 3462:Ethiopian Civil War 3370:Italian East Africa 3366:Eritrea Governorate 3259:Sultanate of Dahlak 3020:East Africa drought 2943:Ethiopian Civil War 2893:Italian East Africa 2843:Menelik's Invasions 794:Hellenistic Judaism 372:Land of Israel 331:Principles of faith 42: 13102:Judaism portal 13038:Jews and Halloween 13033:Jews and Christmas 12423:Rabbinic authority 12175:Judaeo-Piedmontese 11608:Xueta Christianity 11513:Origins of Judaism 11480:Outline of Judaism 11401:2011-02-02 at the 11209:. Berghahn Books. 11031:. Reader's Digest. 10783:. Schocken Books. 10633:Johann Martin Flad 10470:. 11 February 2010 10327:Can also be found 10265:Algemeiner Journal 10122:. 9 February 2014. 9630:Al Arabiya English 9485:Mitchell G. Bard, 9395:2007-11-24 at the 9360:. Times of Israel. 9328:2011-07-21 at the 9294:2011-07-21 at the 9265:Menachem Waldman, 8912:Supplementary Data 8752:10.1002/ajpa.21360 8662:"E-FGC14382 YTree" 8027:2012-11-09 at the 8001:2008-01-22 at the 7983:, 1992, pp. 38–39. 7954:Eliezer Waldenberg 7916:Eliezer Waldenberg 7831:, Ramat Gan: 1971. 7717:Hasdai ibn Shaprut 7343:Quirun 1992, p. 71 7138:2010-02-25 at the 7102:2013-12-03 at the 7042:Jewish Press Omaha 7020:The Jerusalem Post 6805:בֵּיתֶא יִשְׂרָאֵל 6610:Pnina Tamano-Shata 6548:themselves. Rabbi 6407: 6313:In popular culture 6226: 6198: 6148:The Jerusalem Post 6115: 5912:Beta Israel Exodus 5909: 5743: 5560:Jacqueline Pirenne 5391:Autosomal ancestry 5385:highland Ethiopian 5361:macro-haplogroup L 5181:circles, placed a 5074:, who are called 5027: 5020:Abraham Isaac Kook 4663:. Now, they speak 4584:(Fast of Esther – 4374: 4178:("Philosophers"), 3995: 3953:Falasha or Felasha 3868: 3807:Operation Brothers 3787:ensued over their 3742:Jewish communities 3625:tenses incorrectly 3543:Eritrea portal 3448:Annexation as the 3315:Sultanate of Aussa 3094:Army of the Empire 2781:1557 – 17th cent. 2769:1543 – 17th cent. 2754:Ethiopian–Adal War 2355:Jewish Koine Greek 1897:Dominican Republic 1178:Judaism by country 857:Jews and Christmas 712:Assyrian captivity 51:בֵּיתֶא יִשְׂרָאֵל 40: 14394: 14393: 14073: 14072: 13996:Foreign nationals 13945:African Americans 13530: 13529: 13461:other territories 13234:Equatorial Guinea 13111: 13110: 13077:extinct languages 12978:YIVO Encyclopedia 12753:Hebrew literature 12721:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 12561:Reconstructionist 12239:Judaeo-Portuguese 11928: 11927: 11884:Eastern Sephardim 11528:Synagogal Judaism 11327:978-88-7543-286-7 11313:978-0-415-31838-9 11299:978-0-7007-1092-8 11285:978-0-88738-133-1 11271:978-0-8143-2458-5 11257:978-91-7346-411-6 11243:978-0-7007-1238-0 11229:978-0-8147-9253-7 11215:978-1-57181-941-3 11201:978-0-7007-1218-2 11180:978-0-520-21901-4 11166:978-1-56902-328-0 11142:978-0-415-27363-3 11128:978-965-229-403-6 11114:978-965-229-377-0 11100:978-0-345-45081-4 11086:978-965-229-221-6 11072:978-965-229-217-9 11058:978-965-229-169-1 11044:978-0-19-517782-4 11023:978-0-8128-3059-0 11017:. Stein and Day. 11009:978-965-229-365-7 10988:978-0-19-726076-0 10942:978-0-300-03927-6 10934:Falasha Anthology 10921:978-965-223-993-8 10907:978-0-87013-274-2 10859:978-0-8122-3116-8 10845:978-0-8128-2720-0 10839:. Stein and Day. 10824:978-0-9615946-9-5 10809:Journal Asiatique 10803:978-0-7146-4646-6 10789:978-0-8052-0791-0 10775:978-0-8147-4664-6 10717:978-0-231-08855-8 10700:978-0-87334-039-7 10655:Henry Aaron Stern 10611:978-0-8135-4936-1 10590:978-0-7007-1092-8 10576:978-965-223-993-8 10501:on March 5, 2009. 10391:on 17 August 2020 10349:"The Falash Mura" 10322:978-90-90-00820-2 10149:. 15 January 2020 10103:978-965-235-058-9 10043:on 8 January 2016 9767:Stephen Spector, 9655:The Yeshiva World 9180:Journal Asiatique 8856:(5930): 1035–44. 8557:(6262): 820–822. 8198:Am. J. Hum. Genet 8095:, 16 January 2008 7975:, Steven Kaplan. 7864:, s.v. Part VII, 7672:Taddesse Tamrat, 7450:978-1-107-05544-5 7388:Falasha Anthology 7174:www.himchurch.org 6858:Yehudey Etyopyah; 6635:Affiliated groups 6567:Operation Solomon 6543:Return to Judaism 6537:Mirab Gojjam Zone 6510:Henry Aaron Stern 6446:Café Shahor Hazak 6437:Café Shahor Hazak 6164:Interior Ministry 6041:Operation Solomon 6039:May 24–25, 1991 ( 5901: 5900: 5763:Total Immigration 5641:Ethiopian history 5588:Rabbinic accounts 5573:Nebuchadnezzar II 5519:Richard Pankhurst 5357:mitochondrial DNA 5350:Northeast African 5296:Arabian peninsula 5230:later waived the 5187:Jewish peoplehood 4965:Kingdom of Israel 4907:Kingdom of Israel 4673:Semitic languages 4620:(Thursday fast), 4384:(Nisan holiday – 4333:Alexandrian Jewry 4292:; whereas, under 4090:Books of Meqabyan 3823:Operation Solomon 3727:North Gondar Zone 3672:African community 3660: 3659: 3652: 3597:rendering support 3577: 3576: 3528: 3527: 3472: 3471: 3408: 3407: 3325: 3324: 3299:Dankali Sultanate 3157: 3156: 3058: 3057: 2961: 2960: 2816: 2815: 2737: 2736: 2680: 2679: 2617: 2616: 2566: 2565: 2314: 2313: 2061:Reconstructionist 2005: 2004: 1157: 1156: 964: 963: 801:Jewish–Roman wars 749:Hasmonean dynasty 665:Kingdom of Israel 569: 568: 270: 269: 16:(Redirected from 14449: 14347:Dome of the Rock 14239:Ten Commandments 14234:Tablets of Stone 14100: 14093: 14086: 14077: 14076: 14062:Arameans have a 13639:Eastern Orthodox 13557: 13550: 13543: 13534: 13533: 13522: 13521:(United Kingdom) 13517:Tristan da Cunha 13513:Ascension Island 13505: 13492: 13483: 13459:Dependencies and 13152:Sovereign states 13138: 13131: 13124: 13115: 13114: 13100: 13099: 13098: 13085: 13084: 12217:Judeo-Golpaygani 11818:Palestinian Jews 11793:Alexandrian Jews 11749:Crimean Karaites 11666:Unterlander Jews 11619: 11618: 11533:Rabbinic Judaism 11458: 11451: 11444: 11435: 11434: 10711:. 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3615: 3608: 3585: 3584: 3569: 3562: 3555: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3521:2010s in Eritrea 3512:2000s in Eritrea 3506: 3491:1990s in Eritrea 3487: 3486: 3482:State of Eritrea 3468: 3456: 3450:Eritrea Province 3443: 3431: 3421: 3420: 3404: 3392: 3376: 3360: 3348: 3338: 3337: 3321: 3309: 3307: 3293: 3287:Ethiopian Empire 3281: 3279: 3265: 3253: 3251: 3237: 3235: 3227:Kingdom of Dəmot 3221: 3219: 3198: 3197: 3187: 3177: 3159: 3158: 3149: 3142: 3135: 3074:Economic history 2976: 2975: 2829: 2828: 2788:Gondarine period 2782: 2770: 2764:Oromo migrations 2750: 2749: 2695: 2694: 2658: 2657: 2647: 2637: 2619: 2618: 2609: 2602: 2595: 2458: 2457: 2339: 2160: 2154: 2135: 2099: 2098: 2046: 1993:New Zealand 1945: 1908:El Salvador 1898: 1830:Northern America 1822: 1416: 1172: 1171: 1083:Crimean Karaites 979: 978: 957: 955: 876: 874: 866: 860: 851: 839:Rabbinic Judaism 820: 814: 808: 796: 784: 750: 743:Maccabean Revolt 720: 713: 707: 699: 692: 686: 678: 660: 584: 583: 558: 453: 452: 385: 373: 272: 271: 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Machine 7787: 7783: 7774: 7770: 7757: 7753: 7744: 7740: 7731: 7727: 7714: 7710: 7697: 7693: 7684: 7680: 7671: 7667: 7659: 7655: 7646: 7642: 7624: 7620: 7572: 7568: 7559: 7555: 7546: 7542: 7533: 7529: 7514: 7510: 7496:Ten Lost Tribes 7485: 7481: 7471: 7467: 7462: 7458: 7451: 7435: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7411: 7407: 7402: 7398: 7377: 7373: 7364: 7360: 7351: 7347: 7342: 7338: 7329: 7325: 7306: 7302: 7293: 7289: 7280: 7276: 7255: 7244: 7207: 7200: 7192:Hagar Salamon, 7191: 7187: 7178: 7176: 7168:Malchijah-MRC. 7166: 7162: 7153: 7149: 7140:Wayback Machine 7132: 7125: 7117: 7110: 7104:Wayback Machine 7091: 7087: 7078: 7074: 7065: 7061: 7051: 7049: 7034: 7027: 7012: 7005: 6996: 6992: 6983: 6979: 6968: 6964: 6955: 6954: 6950: 6941: 6939: 6928: 6924: 6909: 6902: 6891: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6871: 6847: 6843: 6798: 6794: 6776: 6772: 6767: 6720:Jewish diaspora 6700: 6695: 6693: 6686: 6681: 6679: 6672: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6637: 6600: 6586: 6563:Operation Moses 6558: 6545: 6518: 6506: 6471: 6465: 6439: 6423: 6396: 6334:Radu Mihăileanu 6315: 6296: 6288:Main articles: 6286: 6281: 6275: 6254: 6248: 6243: 6187: 6179:Main articles: 6177: 6172: 6156:Israeli cabinet 6145:In April 2005, 6103: 6077: 6075: 6020: 6003:Operation Moses 5926:Operation Moses 5914: 5764: 5759: 5741: 5735: 5687:Royal Chronicle 5683: 5677: 5637: 5556: 5541:Jews from Egypt 5471:and settled in 5448: 5443: 5441:Scholarly views 5393: 5270: 5262: 5256: 5228:Avraham Shapira 5203:Moshe Feinstein 5122:Ten Lost Tribes 5048:David ibn Zimra 5005: 4950: 4861:1 Kings 10:1–13 4835: 4796:and settled in 4755: 4747: 4698: 4696:Oral traditions 4693: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4616:(Monday fast), 4512:ba'āla maṣallat 4464:Seventh Sabbath 4321: 4290:Karaite Judaism 4261: 4255: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4221: 4210: 4204: 4172:Mäṣḥafä Sa'atat 4155:("Disciples"), 4149:Te'ezaza Sanbat 4015: 4003:Jewish religion 3987: 3981: 3850: 3815:Operation Moses 3785:rabbinic debate 3754:Karaite Judaism 3700:State of Israel 3676:Jewish diaspora 3656: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3629: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3595:Without proper 3586: 3582: 3573: 3537: 3535: 3530: 3529: 3504: 3484: 3474: 3473: 3466: 3454: 3441: 3429: 3418: 3410: 3409: 3402: 3390: 3374: 3358: 3354:Italian Eritrea 3346: 3335: 3327: 3326: 3319: 3303: 3291: 3275: 3263: 3247: 3243:Aksumite Empire 3231: 3215: 3195: 3175: 3168: 3153: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3068: 3060: 3059: 3000:Police massacre 2973: 2963: 2962: 2826: 2818: 2817: 2798:Zemene Mesafint 2780: 2768: 2747: 2739: 2738: 2692: 2682: 2681: 2655: 2635: 2628: 2613: 2568: 2567: 2455: 2445: 2444: 2435:Judeo-Malayalam 2415:Judaeo-Georgian 2335: 2326: 2316: 2315: 2216:Yiddish theatre 2158: 2096: 2086: 2085: 2044: 2017: 2007: 2006: 1943: 1896: 1820: 1414: 1198:Genetic studies 1169: 1159: 1158: 976: 966: 965: 953: 952: 872: 871: 864: 854: 849: 831:and Middle Ages 829:Rabbinic period 816: 810: 803: 791: 762: 748: 718: 711: 702: 694: 690: 681: 676:in Judaism 673: 658: 581: 571: 570: 450: 440: 439: 383: 371: 316: 257:Jewish Israelis 253:Jewish diaspora 229: 225: 221: 203:Biblical Hebrew 189: 185: 173: 149: 147: 131: 129: 113: 111: 89: 73: 61: 47: 38: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14455: 14445: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14412:Ethiopian Jews 14409: 14392: 14391: 14389: 14388: 14379: 14377: 14373: 14372: 14370: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14337:Kiriath-Jearim 14334: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14292:Holy of Holies 14289: 14284: 14279: 14278: 14277: 14272: 14261: 14259: 14255: 14254: 14252: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14230: 14228: 14224: 14223: 14221: 14220: 14215: 14209: 14207: 14203: 14202: 14200: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14152:Tribe of Judah 14149: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14129: 14124: 14118: 14116: 14112: 14111: 14103: 14102: 14095: 14088: 14080: 14071: 14070: 14068: 14067: 14060: 14052: 14049: 14048: 14046: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14025: 14020: 14015: 14010: 14005: 13999: 13997: 13993: 13992: 13990: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13973: 13972: 13962: 13957: 13952: 13947: 13941: 13939: 13935: 13934: 13932: 13931: 13926: 13925: 13924: 13914: 13909: 13903: 13901: 13897: 13896: 13894: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13877: 13876: 13875: 13874: 13869: 13859: 13848: 13846: 13840: 13839: 13837: 13836: 13835: 13834: 13829: 13819: 13818: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13802: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13776: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13755: 13754: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13708: 13707: 13706: 13701: 13690: 13688: 13682: 13681: 13679: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13652: 13651: 13646: 13641: 13631: 13630: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13609: 13608: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13576: 13574: 13568: 13567: 13560: 13559: 13552: 13545: 13537: 13528: 13527: 13524: 13523: 13506: 13493: 13484: 13470:Canary Islands 13466: 13465: 13463: 13458: 13455: 13454: 13452: 13451: 13446: 13440: 13438: 13433: 13430: 13429: 13427: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13411: 13406: 13401: 13396: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13331: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13236: 13231: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13176: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13155: 13153: 13149: 13148: 13141: 13140: 13133: 13126: 13118: 13109: 13108: 13106: 13105: 13091: 13071: 13068: 13067: 13065: 13064: 13063: 13062: 13061: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13044:non-Christian 13042: 13041: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13000: 12993: 12986: 12981: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12940: 12935: 12934: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12902: 12900: 12894: 12893: 12891: 12890: 12885: 12884: 12883: 12878: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12847: 12846: 12836: 12835: 12834: 12829: 12819: 12814: 12813: 12812: 12802: 12801: 12800: 12790: 12785: 12784: 12783: 12778: 12767: 12765: 12759: 12758: 12756: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12743:Shulchan Aruch 12740: 12739: 12738: 12733: 12731:Sefer Yetzirah 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12711:Pardes Rimonim 12708: 12701:Kabbalah texts 12698: 12697: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12671: 12670: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12645: 12639: 12637: 12631: 12630: 12628: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12591: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12579: 12578: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12547: 12546: 12541: 12540: 12539: 12534: 12513: 12511: 12505: 12504: 12502: 12501: 12496: 12494:Land of Israel 12491: 12490: 12489: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12468: 12467: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12446: 12445: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12419: 12418: 12407: 12405: 12399: 12398: 12396: 12395: 12390: 12389: 12388: 12387: 12386: 12381: 12380: 12379: 12372: 12370:Judeo-Alsatian 12362: 12361: 12360: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12297: 12296: 12291: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12235: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12222:Judeo-Hamedani 12219: 12214: 12209: 12199: 12197:Judaeo-Occitan 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12178: 12177: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12156: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12138:Jewish English 12135: 12130: 12129: 12128: 12127: 12126: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12069:Judaeo-Aramaic 12066: 12065: 12064: 12059: 12057:Judeo-Tunisian 12054: 12049: 12047:Judeo-Moroccan 12044: 12043: 12042: 12040:Judeo-Baghdadi 12027: 12022: 12017: 12016: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11944: 11942: 11930: 11929: 11926: 11925: 11923: 11922: 11921: 11920: 11919: 11918: 11908: 11907: 11906: 11896: 11891: 11889:Livornese Jews 11886: 11876: 11871: 11870: 11869: 11859: 11858: 11857: 11856: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11780: 11779: 11778: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11752: 11751: 11746: 11736: 11731: 11730: 11729: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11708: 11707: 11702: 11692: 11691: 11690: 11685: 11675: 11674: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11636:Afrikaner-Jode 11627: 11625: 11616: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11557: 11555: 11549: 11548: 11546: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11499: 11497: 11491: 11490: 11488: 11487: 11482: 11476: 11473: 11472: 11461: 11460: 11453: 11446: 11438: 11432: 11431: 11418: 11405: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11376: 11375:External links 11373: 11372: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11333: 11329: 11315: 11301: 11287: 11273: 11259: 11245: 11231: 11217: 11203: 11189: 11182: 11168: 11152: 11151: 11144: 11130: 11116: 11102: 11088: 11074: 11060: 11046: 11032: 11025: 11011: 10991: 10990: 10976: 10969: 10954: 10944: 10930: 10923: 10909: 10895: 10882: 10881: 10878: 10875: 10868: 10861: 10847: 10833: 10832:, Olive Press. 10826: 10812: 10805: 10797:. Frank Cass. 10791: 10777: 10763: 10756: 10749: 10742: 10735: 10731: 10719: 10702: 10688: 10675: 10674: 10664: 10652: 10640: 10630: 10617:Early accounts 10614: 10613: 10599: 10592: 10578: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10550: 10549: 10531: 10504: 10480: 10455: 10402: 10364: 10337: 10321: 10292: 10271: 10250: 10229: 10208: 10180: 10159: 10134: 10125: 10107: 10086: 10072: 10054: 10023: 9997: 9971: 9946: 9937: 9927: 9917: 9907: 9865: 9851: 9833: 9824: 9799: 9773: 9760: 9749: 9738: 9729: 9718: 9707: 9696: 9671: 9657:. 2021-11-29. 9642: 9617: 9592: 9562: 9548:. 2018-10-08. 9546:Anadolu Agency 9533: 9504: 9491: 9478: 9460: 9447: 9433: 9419: 9401: 9379: 9363: 9349: 9338: 9304: 9277: 9258: 9241: 9225: 9208: 9171: 9154: 9130: 9070: 9057: 8988: 8916: 8830: 8799:10.1086/425161 8793:(5): 752–770. 8773: 8726: 8703:10.1086/340257 8677: 8653: 8622: 8604: 8537: 8532:"E-M329 YTree" 8523: 8456: 8438: 8414: 8369:Genome Biology 8352: 8350: 8349: 8313:Biology Direct 8304: 8270:Human Genetics 8261: 8232: 8210:10.1086/425161 8189: 8167:10.1086/382286 8146: 8128:(3): 275–287. 8110: 8097: 8078: 8032: 8011: 7985: 7965: 7945: 7932: 7926:, subject 48, 7907: 7895: 7882: 7833: 7820: 7807: 7798: 7781: 7768: 7751: 7738: 7725: 7708: 7691: 7678: 7665: 7653: 7640: 7631:Queen of Sheba 7618: 7566: 7553: 7540: 7527: 7518:Queen of Sheba 7508: 7479: 7472:Steve Kaplan, 7465: 7456: 7449: 7429: 7417: 7405: 7396: 7371: 7358: 7345: 7336: 7323: 7300: 7287: 7274: 7242: 7198: 7185: 7160: 7147: 7123: 7108: 7085: 7072: 7059: 7025: 7003: 6990: 6977: 6975:, 2010, p. xxi 6962: 6948: 6922: 6900: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6841: 6809:Bēteʾ Yīsrāʾēl 6792: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6691: 6677: 6674:Judaism portal 6661: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6648: 6641: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6607: 6599: 6596: 6585: 6582: 6557: 6554: 6544: 6541: 6522:Ethiopian Jews 6517: 6514: 6505: 6502: 6464: 6461: 6438: 6435: 6422: 6419: 6417:in Jerusalem. 6395: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6367: 6359:The 2019 film 6357: 6348: 6345: 6314: 6311: 6285: 6282: 6277:Main article: 6274: 6271: 6250:Main article: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6111:Yitzhak Shamir 6102: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6069: 6063: 6053: 6036: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6011:U.S. Air Force 5991:Melaku Teferra 5989:region, Major 5980: 5913: 5910: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5758:Ethiopian-born 5756: 5737:Main article: 5734: 5731: 5679:Main article: 5676: 5673: 5665: 5664: 5652: 5636: 5633: 5555: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5530: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5431:semitic people 5392: 5389: 5342:Horn of Africa 5269: 5266: 5255: 5252: 5088:Sabbath candle 5004: 5003:Rabbinic views 5001: 4977:Ptolemy I 4949: 4946: 4857:Queen of Sheba 4849:Menelik I 4834: 4831: 4769:sons of Israel 4754: 4751: 4746: 4743: 4735:Queen of Sheba 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4661:Agaw languages 4648: 4645: 4640:Main article: 4637: 4634: 4594:yačaraqā ba'āl 4590: 4589: 4575: 4565: 4555: 4541: 4519: 4489: 4482:anākel astar'i 4467: 4461: 4451: 4441: 4423: 4409: 4404:(grow fat) or 4337:Ge'ez calendar 4325:lunar calendar 4320: 4317: 4257:Main article: 4254: 4251: 4222: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4206:Main article: 4203: 4200: 4014: 4011: 3983:Main article: 3980: 3977: 3898:Beta Kristiyan 3872:late tradition 3857:Raphael Hadane 3849: 3846: 3830:born in Israel 3821:in 1985), and 3694:in modern-day 3668:Ethiopian Jews 3658: 3657: 3621:This article 3620: 3618: 3611: 3599:, you may see 3587: 3580: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3564: 3557: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3485: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3469: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3445: 3444: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3406: 3405: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3342:Eyalet-i Habeş 3336: 3333: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3322: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252:150 BC–AD 960) 3245: 3239: 3238: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3180: 3179: 3170: 3169: 3162: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3151: 3144: 3137: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3120: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3103: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3030:Oromo protests 3026: 3025: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3012: 3010:War in Somalia 3006: 3005: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2982: 2974: 2971:Recent history 2969: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2835: 2827: 2825:Modern history 2824: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2756: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2701: 2693: 2688: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2677: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2664: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2640: 2639: 2630: 2629: 2622: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2611: 2604: 2597: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2513: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2496:Territorialism 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2465: 2464: 2456: 2451: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2380:Judaeo-Spanish 2377: 2375:Judaeo-Iranian 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2341: 2340: 2327: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2291: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2238: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2182: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2155: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2104: 2103: 2097: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2018: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2003: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1972: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1860: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1821:United Kingdom 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1669: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1254:Bilad-el-Sudan 1251: 1246: 1238: 1237: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1210: 1209: 1207:Land of Israel 1203: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1170: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1067: 1066: 1065:Related groups 1062: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 998: 997: 992: 977: 972: 971: 968: 967: 962: 961: 960: 959: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 922:Jewish atheism 919: 914: 909: 901: 900: 896: 895: 894: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873:Islamic–Jewish 868: 861: 846: 841: 833: 832: 825: 824: 823: 822: 798: 785: 757: 752: 745: 740: 738:Yehud Medinata 732: 731: 725: 724: 723: 722: 715: 708: 700: 687: 679: 667: 662: 655: 647: 646: 644:Ancient Israel 640: 639: 638: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 600:Land of Israel 597: 589: 588: 582: 577: 576: 573: 572: 567: 566: 565: 564: 559: 555:Shulchan Aruch 550: 545: 540: 535: 527: 526: 525: 524: 519: 511: 510: 504: 503: 502: 501: 496: 488: 487: 481: 480: 479: 478: 473: 468: 460: 459: 451: 446: 445: 442: 441: 438: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 380: 375: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 333: 328: 321:God in Judaism 317: 312: 311: 308: 307: 306: 305: 300: 292: 291: 281: 280: 268: 267: 244: 243: 239: 238: 235:Crypto-Judaism 215: 214: 210: 209: 167: 166: 162: 161: 158: 144: 143: 140: 126: 125: 124:160,500 (2021) 122: 108: 107: 103: 102: 96: 95: 91: 90: 83: 75: 74: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14454: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14404: 14402: 14386: 14385: 14381: 14380: 14378: 14374: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14352:Well of Souls 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14267: 14266: 14263: 14262: 14260: 14256: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14231: 14229: 14225: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14210: 14208: 14204: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14167:Tribe of Levi 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14119: 14117: 14113: 14108: 14101: 14096: 14094: 14089: 14087: 14082: 14081: 14078: 14065: 14064:status aparte 14061: 14058: 14057:status aparte 14055:Druze have a 14054: 14053: 14050: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 14000: 13998: 13994: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13971: 13968: 13967: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13943: 13942: 13940: 13936: 13930: 13927: 13923: 13920: 13919: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13904: 13902: 13900:Other Semitic 13898: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13864: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13854: 13853: 13850: 13849: 13847: 13845: 13841: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13824: 13823: 13820: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13797: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13760: 13759: 13756: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13746:Mountain Jews 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13713: 13712: 13709: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13696: 13695: 13692: 13691: 13689: 13687: 13683: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13636: 13635: 13632: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13614: 13613: 13610: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13582: 13581: 13578: 13577: 13575: 13573: 13569: 13565: 13558: 13553: 13551: 13546: 13544: 13539: 13538: 13535: 13518: 13514: 13510: 13507: 13501: 13497: 13494: 13488: 13485: 13479: 13475: 13471: 13468: 13467: 13464: 13456: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13441: 13439: 13431: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13274:Guinea-Bissau 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13156: 13154: 13150: 13146: 13139: 13134: 13132: 13127: 13125: 13120: 13119: 13116: 13104: 13103: 13092: 13090: 13089: 13080: 13079: 13078: 13074: 13069: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13045: 13043: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13028:Protestantism 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13010: 13009: 13006: 13005: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12998: 12994: 12992: 12991: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12979: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12962: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12945: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12908: 12907: 12904: 12903: 12901: 12899: 12895: 12889: 12886: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12873: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12845: 12842: 12841: 12840: 12837: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12824: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12811: 12808: 12807: 12806: 12803: 12799: 12796: 12795: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12773: 12772: 12769: 12768: 12766: 12764: 12760: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12716:Sefer HaBahir 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12703: 12702: 12699: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12676: 12675: 12672: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12654: 12653: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12643:Sifrei Kodesh 12641: 12640: 12638: 12636: 12632: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12577: 12574: 12573: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12545: 12542: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12529: 12528: 12525: 12524: 12523: 12520: 12519: 12518: 12515: 12514: 12512: 12510: 12506: 12500: 12499:Who is a Jew? 12497: 12495: 12492: 12488: 12485: 12484: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12466: 12463: 12462: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12444: 12441: 12440: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12428:Chosen people 12426: 12424: 12421: 12417: 12414: 12413: 12412: 12409: 12408: 12406: 12404: 12400: 12394: 12391: 12385: 12384:Scots-Yiddish 12382: 12378: 12377: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12367: 12366: 12363: 12359: 12358: 12357:Klezmer-loshn 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12338: 12337: 12334: 12333: 12332: 12329: 12328: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12286: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12227:Judeo-Shirazi 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12204: 12203: 12202:Judeo-Persian 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12192:Judeo-Marathi 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12176: 12173: 12172: 12171: 12170:Judeo-Italian 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12140: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12125: 12122: 12121: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12071: 12070: 12067: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12041: 12038: 12037: 12036: 12033: 12032: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12025:Judeo-Amazigh 12023: 12021: 12018: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11950: 11949: 11946: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11935: 11931: 11917: 11914: 11913: 11912: 11909: 11905: 11902: 11901: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11881: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11868: 11865: 11864: 11863: 11860: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11848:Hadhrami Jews 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11835: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11813:Mountain Jews 11811: 11809: 11808:Egyptian Jews 11806: 11804: 11803:Bukharan Jews 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11785: 11784: 11781: 11777: 11774: 11773: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11741: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11728: 11725: 11724: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11697: 11696: 11693: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11680: 11679: 11676: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11633: 11632: 11629: 11628: 11626: 11624: 11620: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11602: 11599: 11598: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11591:Lists of Jews 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11558: 11556: 11554: 11550: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11500: 11498: 11496: 11492: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11477: 11474: 11470: 11466: 11459: 11454: 11452: 11447: 11445: 11440: 11439: 11436: 11430:(1926) 77-107 11429: 11425: 11424: 11419: 11416: 11412: 11411: 11406: 11404: 11400: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11378: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11341: 11338:Other reading 11330: 11328: 11324: 11320: 11316: 11314: 11310: 11307:. Routledge. 11306: 11302: 11300: 11296: 11293:. Routledge. 11292: 11288: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11272: 11268: 11264: 11260: 11258: 11254: 11250: 11246: 11244: 11240: 11237:. Routledge. 11236: 11232: 11230: 11226: 11223:. NYU Press. 11222: 11218: 11216: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11202: 11198: 11195:. Routledge. 11194: 11190: 11187: 11183: 11181: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11158: 11157: 11156: 11149: 11145: 11143: 11139: 11136:. Routledge. 11135: 11131: 11129: 11125: 11121: 11117: 11115: 11111: 11107: 11103: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11089: 11087: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11073: 11069: 11065: 11061: 11059: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11045: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11030: 11026: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11010: 11006: 11002: 10998: 10997: 10996: 10995: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10974: 10970: 10967: 10963: 10959: 10955: 10952: 10948: 10947:Menachem Elon 10945: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10931: 10928: 10924: 10922: 10918: 10914: 10910: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10896: 10893: 10889: 10888: 10887: 10886: 10879: 10876: 10873: 10869: 10866: 10862: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10831: 10827: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10810: 10806: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10761: 10757: 10754: 10750: 10747: 10743: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10729: 10728: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10686: 10682: 10681: 10680: 10679: 10672: 10668: 10667:Carl Rathjens 10665: 10662: 10661: 10656: 10653: 10650: 10649: 10644: 10641: 10638: 10634: 10631: 10628: 10624: 10621: 10620: 10619: 10618: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10597: 10593: 10591: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10577: 10573: 10569: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10562: 10545: 10541: 10535: 10521: 10517: 10511: 10509: 10497: 10490: 10484: 10469: 10465: 10459: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10406: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10371: 10369: 10354: 10350: 10344: 10342: 10334: 10331:and archived 10330: 10324: 10318: 10314: 10313: 10305: 10303: 10301: 10299: 10297: 10288: 10287: 10282: 10275: 10267: 10266: 10261: 10254: 10246: 10245: 10240: 10233: 10225: 10224: 10219: 10212: 10197: 10196: 10191: 10184: 10170: 10163: 10148: 10144: 10138: 10129: 10121: 10117: 10111: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10090: 10082: 10076: 10068: 10067:The Economist 10064: 10058: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10027: 10011: 10007: 10001: 9985: 9981: 9975: 9960: 9956: 9950: 9941: 9931: 9921: 9911: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9876: 9874: 9872: 9870: 9861: 9855: 9847: 9846:www.jpost.com 9843: 9837: 9828: 9814:on 2010-11-18 9813: 9809: 9803: 9787: 9783: 9777: 9770: 9764: 9758: 9753: 9747: 9742: 9733: 9727: 9722: 9716: 9711: 9705: 9700: 9685: 9681: 9675: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9646: 9631: 9627: 9621: 9607: 9603: 9596: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9566: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9537: 9523:on 2019-07-23 9522: 9518: 9514: 9508: 9501: 9495: 9488: 9482: 9474: 9470: 9464: 9457: 9451: 9443: 9437: 9429: 9423: 9415: 9411: 9405: 9398: 9394: 9391: 9390: 9383: 9376: 9370: 9368: 9359: 9353: 9347: 9342: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9318: 9317:Steven Kaplan 9313: 9311: 9309: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9290: 9286: 9285:Steven Kaplan 9281: 9274: 9270: 9269: 9262: 9255: 9251: 9245: 9238: 9232: 9230: 9222: 9218: 9212: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9175: 9168: 9164: 9158: 9144: 9140: 9134: 9126: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9074: 9067: 9061: 9053: 9047: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8992: 8984: 8978: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8923: 8921: 8913: 8908: 8897:on 2017-08-08 8893: 8889: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8844: 8837: 8835: 8826: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8777: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8733: 8731: 8722: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8681: 8667: 8666:www.yfull.com 8663: 8657: 8642: 8638: 8637: 8629: 8627: 8618: 8614: 8608: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8541: 8533: 8527: 8519: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8476:(1): e16073. 8475: 8471: 8467: 8460: 8452: 8448: 8442: 8428: 8427:www.yfull.com 8424: 8418: 8410: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8359: 8357: 8346: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8276:(3): 345–50. 8275: 8271: 8267: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8204:(5): 752–70. 8203: 8199: 8195: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8161:(3): 532–44. 8160: 8156: 8152: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8118: 8117: 8114: 8107: 8101: 8094: 8090: 8089: 8082: 8073: 8067: 8053:on 2012-11-09 8049: 8042: 8036: 8030: 8026: 8023: 8022: 8015: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7989: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7969: 7963: 7959: 7958:Tzitz Eliezer 7955: 7949: 7942: 7936: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7920:Tzitz Eliezer 7917: 7911: 7904: 7899: 7892: 7886: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7861: 7855: 7847: 7843: 7837: 7830: 7824: 7817: 7811: 7802: 7796: 7792: 7789: 7785: 7778: 7772: 7765: 7761: 7755: 7748: 7742: 7735: 7729: 7722: 7718: 7712: 7705: 7701: 7695: 7688: 7682: 7675: 7669: 7662: 7657: 7650: 7644: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7629: 7628: 7622: 7614: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7583: 7576: 7570: 7563: 7557: 7550: 7544: 7537: 7531: 7524: 7520: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7475: 7469: 7460: 7452: 7446: 7442: 7441: 7433: 7427: 7421: 7415: 7409: 7400: 7394:, pp. 146–150 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7375: 7368: 7362: 7355: 7349: 7340: 7333: 7327: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7304: 7297: 7291: 7284: 7278: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7238: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7205: 7203: 7195: 7189: 7175: 7171: 7164: 7157: 7154:James Bruce, 7151: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7134: 7130: 7128: 7121: 7115: 7113: 7105: 7101: 7098: 7094: 7089: 7082: 7076: 7069: 7063: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7032: 7030: 7021: 7017: 7010: 7008: 7000: 6994: 6987: 6981: 6974: 6973: 6966: 6958: 6952: 6938:on 2010-02-05 6937: 6933: 6926: 6918: 6914: 6907: 6905: 6898: 6894: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6880: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6851: 6845: 6838: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6827:Bēte 'Isrā'ēl 6823: 6822:Beta ʾƏsrāʾel 6814: 6810: 6802: 6796: 6789: 6785: 6780: 6774: 6770: 6760: 6759:Who is a Jew? 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6735:Qemant people 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6703: 6702:Africa portal 6692: 6689: 6688:Israel portal 6678: 6675: 6664: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6622:Sharon Shalom 6620: 6617: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6595: 6592: 6581: 6579: 6575: 6574:Law of Return 6570: 6568: 6564: 6553: 6551: 6550:Ovadiah Yosef 6540: 6538: 6534: 6531: 6526: 6523: 6513: 6511: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6491:false cognate 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6470: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6418: 6416: 6412: 6405: 6400: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6316: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6300: 6295: 6291: 6280: 6270: 6268: 6262: 6259: 6253: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6210: 6207: 6202: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6182: 6167: 6165: 6159: 6157: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6128: 6123: 6121: 6112: 6107: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6044: 6042: 6037: 6034: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5905: 5896: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5762: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5682: 5672: 5670: 5669:Second Temple 5661: 5660:Steven Kaplan 5657: 5653: 5650: 5649:Menachem Elon 5646: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5620: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5576: 5574: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5558:According to 5550: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5421: 5420:Ethio-Semitic 5416: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5401: 5398: 5388: 5387:populations. 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5274: 5265: 5261: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5170:Some notable 5168: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5146: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5120:, one of the 5119: 5115: 5114: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5056:kings of Kush 5051: 5049: 5043: 5038: 5036: 5031: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5012:Public appeal 5009: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4955: 4954:Eldad ha-Dani 4945: 4942: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4926:Zagwe dynasty 4923: 4919: 4916:Although the 4914: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4893: 4892:2 Kings 19:15 4889: 4885: 4881: 4880:Song of Songs 4877: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4841: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4758: 4750: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4688: 4686: 4685:Modern Hebrew 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4587: 4586:Ta'anit Ester 4583: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4572:wamashi brobu 4569: 4566: 4563: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4354: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4302: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4209: 4202:Prayer houses 4199: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4018:Mäṣḥafä Kedus 4010: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3991: 3986: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3969:Zagwe dynasty 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3866: 3862: 3859:, the former 3858: 3854: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3803:United States 3800: 3799:Law of Return 3796: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3778:crypto-Jewish 3775: 3771: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3692:Tigray Region 3689: 3688:Amhara Region 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3654: 3651: 3643: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3619: 3610: 3609: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3592: 3591:Ethiopic text 3570: 3565: 3563: 3558: 3556: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3547: 3544: 3534: 3533: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3477: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3417:Post-Colonial 3414: 3413: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3331: 3330: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3271:Zagwe Dynasty 3269: 3268: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3160: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3138: 3136: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3127: 3119: 3116: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3064: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2864: 2863:Modernization 2861: 2860: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2822: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2779: 2777: 2776:Habesh Eyalet 2774: 2773: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2743: 2742: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2710: 2709:Zagwe dynasty 2707: 2706: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2685: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2654:Early history 2651: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2620: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2598: 2596: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2571: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2448: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2420:Judeo-Aramaic 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2410:Judeo-Italian 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2390:Ghardaïa Sign 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2089: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2015:Denominations 2011: 2010: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1843:United States 1841: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1329:Guinea-Bissau 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1183:Lists of Jews 1181: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1162: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 996: 993: 991: 988: 987: 986: 983: 982: 981: 980: 975: 970: 969: 958: 950: 948: 945: 943: 942:The Holocaust 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 904: 903: 902: 898: 897: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 869: 867: 862: 858: 852: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 836: 835: 834: 830: 827: 826: 819: 813: 807: 802: 799: 795: 789: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 735: 734: 733: 730: 727: 726: 721: 716: 714: 709: 705: 701: 698: 693: 688: 684: 680: 677: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 656: 654: 651: 650: 649: 648: 645: 642: 641: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 592: 591: 590: 586: 585: 580: 575: 574: 563: 560: 557: 556: 551: 549: 546: 544: 543:Mishneh Torah 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 530: 529: 528: 523: 520: 518: 515: 514: 513: 512: 509: 506: 505: 500: 497: 495: 492: 491: 490: 489: 486: 483: 482: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 463: 462: 461: 458: 455: 454: 449: 444: 443: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 381: 379: 376: 374: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 341: 337: 334: 332: 329: 326: 322: 319: 318: 315: 310: 309: 304: 303:Who is a Jew? 301: 299: 296: 295: 294: 293: 290: 286: 283: 282: 278: 274: 273: 266: 265:Qemant people 262: 258: 254: 250: 245: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 211: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 183:Modern Hebrew 180: 176: 172: 168: 163: 159: 157: 156:United States 145: 142:12,000 (2021) 141: 139: 127: 123: 121: 109: 104: 101: 97: 92: 87: 81: 76: 71: 59: 44: 33: 19: 14382: 14342:Temple Mount 14332:Beth Shemesh 14287:Jordan River 14063: 14056: 14038:Doms (Gypsy) 14033:Palestinians 13852:Arab Muslims 13826: 13815:Bene Ephraim 13810:Bnei Menashe 13661:Samaritanism 13634:Christianity 13590:Conservative 13509:Saint Helena 13480: 13384:South Africa 13374:Sierra Leone 13179:Burkina Faso 13093: 13086: 13072: 12995: 12988: 12976: 12959: 12942: 12776:perspectives 12610:Samaritanism 12571:Neo-Hasidism 12551:Conservative 12465:Names of God 12374: 12355: 12165:Judaeo-Greek 12160:Judeo-Gascon 12099:Lishán Didán 12094:Lishana Deni 12062:Judeo-Yemeni 12030:Judeo-Arabic 11904:Meshuchrarim 11823:Persian Jews 11756:Kurdish Jews 11734:Kaifeng Jews 11683:Beta Abraham 11677: 11646:Galitzianers 11601:Antisemitism 11576:Israeli Jews 11561:Assimilation 11427: 11422: 11417:(1924) 13-78 11414: 11409: 11318: 11304: 11290: 11276: 11262: 11248: 11234: 11220: 11206: 11192: 11185: 11171: 11154: 11153: 11147: 11133: 11119: 11105: 11091: 11077: 11063: 11049: 11035: 11028: 11014: 11000: 10993: 10992: 10979: 10972: 10957: 10950: 10933: 10926: 10912: 10898: 10891: 10884: 10883: 10871: 10864: 10850: 10836: 10829: 10818:. Brooklyn. 10815: 10808: 10794: 10780: 10766: 10759: 10752: 10745: 10738: 10726: 10708: 10691: 10684: 10677: 10676: 10670: 10659: 10647: 10643:Samuel Gobat 10636: 10626: 10616: 10615: 10602: 10601:Don Seeman, 10595: 10581: 10567: 10560: 10559: 10543: 10534: 10523:. Retrieved 10519: 10496:the original 10483: 10472:. Retrieved 10467: 10458: 10415: 10411: 10405: 10393:. Retrieved 10389:the original 10356:. Retrieved 10352: 10311: 10284: 10274: 10263: 10253: 10242: 10232: 10221: 10211: 10199:. Retrieved 10193: 10183: 10172:. Retrieved 10162: 10151:. Retrieved 10146: 10137: 10128: 10120:GlobalVoices 10119: 10110: 10105:, pp. 126–27 10094: 10089: 10075: 10066: 10057: 10045:. Retrieved 10041:the original 10036: 10026: 10016:12 September 10014:. Retrieved 10012:. 2011-12-26 10009: 10000: 9990:12 September 9988:. Retrieved 9986:. 2009-11-16 9983: 9974: 9963:. Retrieved 9961:. 1999-11-17 9958: 9949: 9940: 9930: 9920: 9910: 9885: 9881: 9854: 9845: 9836: 9827: 9816:. Retrieved 9812:the original 9802: 9792:12 September 9790:. Retrieved 9788:. 2010-11-14 9785: 9776: 9768: 9763: 9752: 9741: 9732: 9721: 9710: 9699: 9688:. Retrieved 9686:. 2021-12-22 9683: 9674: 9663:. Retrieved 9654: 9645: 9634:. Retrieved 9632:. 2021-11-14 9629: 9620: 9609:. Retrieved 9605: 9595: 9584:. Retrieved 9575: 9565: 9554:. Retrieved 9545: 9536: 9525:. Retrieved 9521:the original 9516: 9507: 9499: 9494: 9486: 9481: 9472: 9463: 9455: 9450: 9436: 9422: 9413: 9404: 9388: 9382: 9374: 9352: 9341: 9333: 9321: 9299: 9280: 9267: 9261: 9253: 9249: 9244: 9236: 9220: 9211: 9203: 9195: 9187: 9179: 9174: 9162: 9157: 9146:. Retrieved 9142: 9133: 9088: 9084: 9073: 9060: 9046:cite journal 9005: 9001: 8991: 8977:cite journal 8936: 8932: 8905: 8899:. Retrieved 8892:the original 8853: 8849: 8790: 8786: 8776: 8743: 8739: 8694: 8690: 8680: 8669:. Retrieved 8665: 8656: 8645:. Retrieved 8640: 8635: 8616: 8607: 8582:2318/1661894 8554: 8550: 8540: 8526: 8473: 8469: 8459: 8450: 8447:"A1b1 YTree" 8441: 8430:. Retrieved 8426: 8417: 8372: 8368: 8316: 8312: 8273: 8269: 8243:(1): 88–94. 8240: 8236: 8201: 8197: 8158: 8154: 8125: 8121: 8113: 8105: 8100: 8087: 8085:Netta Sela, 8081: 8055:. Retrieved 8048:the original 8035: 8020: 8014: 7994: 7988: 7976: 7968: 7957: 7948: 7940: 7935: 7919: 7910: 7902: 7898: 7890: 7885: 7865: 7845: 7836: 7828: 7823: 7815: 7810: 7801: 7784: 7776: 7771: 7763: 7754: 7746: 7741: 7733: 7728: 7720: 7711: 7703: 7699: 7694: 7686: 7681: 7673: 7668: 7660: 7656: 7648: 7643: 7635: 7632: 7625: 7621: 7586: 7580: 7574: 7569: 7561: 7556: 7548: 7543: 7535: 7530: 7523:Kebra Negast 7522: 7517: 7511: 7503: 7491: 7487: 7482: 7473: 7468: 7459: 7439: 7432: 7420: 7414:Rosh Chodesh 7408: 7399: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7374: 7366: 7361: 7353: 7348: 7339: 7331: 7326: 7320:(7): 99–123. 7317: 7313: 7303: 7295: 7290: 7282: 7277: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7218: 7214: 7193: 7188: 7177:. Retrieved 7173: 7163: 7155: 7150: 7143: 7088: 7080: 7075: 7067: 7062: 7050:. Retrieved 7046:the original 7041: 7019: 6998: 6993: 6985: 6980: 6970: 6965: 6951: 6940:. Retrieved 6936:the original 6925: 6916: 6864: 6857: 6844: 6837:Betä Ǝsraʾel 6836: 6830: 6826: 6808: 6795: 6788:Beta Abraham 6773: 6654:Beta Abraham 6604:Seble Wongel 6587: 6571: 6559: 6546: 6527: 6519: 6507: 6499: 6494: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6472: 6445: 6440: 6430: 6424: 6408: 6360: 6351: 6330:תחייה ותהייה 6319: 6304: 6303:conversion ( 6297: 6279:Beta Abraham 6273:Beta Abraham 6263: 6255: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6211: 6203: 6199: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6124: 6116: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6071: 6066:1997–present 6065: 6055: 6038: 6023: 5982: 5949:Ferede Aklum 5940: 5915: 5711: 5686: 5684: 5666: 5656:ethnogenesis 5638: 5635:Recent views 5629: 5624: 5619:Steve Kaplan 5616: 5577: 5557: 5547: 5517: 5501:purification 5485: 5449: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5413: 5409:Ethiosemitic 5394: 5354: 5323: 5300: 5284:Nilo-Saharan 5280:haplogroup A 5277: 5271: 5263: 5235: 5231: 5221: 5215: 5201:, and Rabbi 5191:Elazar Shach 5182: 5169: 5165:Shlomo Goren 5156:Ovadia Yosef 5153: 5148: 5126:Christianity 5118:tribe of Dan 5113:halakhically 5111: 5108: 5095: 5094:In the same 5093: 5064:tribe of Dan 5053: 5045: 5040: 5032: 5028: 4995:, where the 4993:Atbara River 4974: 4958: 4951: 4948:Tribe of Dan 4941:Kebra Negast 4940: 4938: 4934:Kebra Nagast 4933: 4930:Kebra Nagast 4929: 4918:Kebra Nagast 4917: 4915: 4899:Kebra Negast 4898: 4896: 4873: 4840:Kebra Nagast 4838: 4836: 4794:South Arabia 4777:First Temple 4771:to exile in 4762: 4760: 4756: 4748: 4727:King Solomon 4708:King Solomon 4703:Tribe of Dan 4699: 4650: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4591: 4581: 4571: 4561: 4551: 4547: 4533: 4511: 4510:) on 10 and 4503: 4500:Zikhron Trua 4495: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4457: 4447: 4433: 4429: 4420:Pesach Sheni 4415: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4381: 4362: 4357: 4322: 4306: 4298: 4281:Gid hanasheh 4263:Beta Israel 4262: 4253:Dietary laws 4246: 4242: 4238: 4236: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4134: 4068: 4062:, as in the 4029: 4017: 4016: 3996: 3960: 3952: 3950: 3948:(converts). 3945: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3913: 3911: 3902: 3894: 3869: 3861:Liqa Kahenat 3827: 3817:in 1984 and 3792: 3791:. Following 3782: 3774:Beta Abraham 3766: 3739: 3733:, Wolqayit, 3712: 3667: 3663: 3661: 3646: 3640:January 2024 3637: 3630:Please help 3622: 3588: 3386:World War II 3220:2500–980 BC) 3211:Land of Punt 3194:Pre-colonial 3044:2018–present 2903:World War II 2703:100 – 940 AD 2676:980 – 400 BC 2559:Post-Zionism 2430:Judeo-Berber 2425:Judeo-Arabic 2385:Judeo-Gascon 2132:Pidyon haben 2051:Conservative 1597:Saudi Arabia 1415:South Africa 1404:Sierra Leone 1226:Israeli Jews 1140:Mosaic Arabs 1093:Kaifeng Jews 1016: 954:Arab–Israeli 927:Emancipation 806:Great Revolt 615:Anti-Judaism 610:Antisemitism 605:Name "Judea" 400:Baal teshuva 231:Christianity 226: 218: 186: 171:Predominant: 170: 160:1,000 (2008) 99: 37:Ethnic group 14407:Beta Israel 14387:(1992 book) 14362:Tana Qirqos 14275:Mount Horeb 14265:Mount Sinai 14249:Aaron's rod 13977:Circassians 13832:Falash Mura 13827:Beta Israel 13805:Bene Israel 13436:recognition 13389:South Sudan 13279:Ivory Coast 13018:Catholicism 12600:Hellenistic 12438:Eschatology 12376:Lachoudisch 12301:Lotegorisch 12279:Lachoudisch 12269:Koiné Greek 12182:Judeo-Latin 12119:Palestinian 12013:Palestinian 11862:Mustaʿravim 11788:Afghan Jews 11776:Berber Jews 11700:Bene Israel 11688:Falash Mura 11678:Beta Israel 11596:Persecution 11538:Middle Ages 10929:. Ami-Shav. 10673:. W. Gente. 10623:James Bruce 10244:Daily Bruin 10010:Haaretz.com 9984:Haaretz.com 9196:Geographica 8746:(1): 1–10. 8617:Google Docs 7560:Jankowski, 7525:, §§ 38–64. 7477:centuries.' 7283:Beta Israel 7221:: 247–308. 7095:(Hebrew); " 7052:October 18, 6779:Falash Mura 6739:Agaw people 6640:Faras Muqra 6628:Maru Teferi 6584:Controversy 6520:For years, 6479:Falas Muqra 6475:Martin Flad 6463:Terminology 6433:to Israel. 6415:Mount Herzl 6387:Set Me Free 6252:Falash Mura 6246:Falash Mura 6206:mobile home 6120:Falash Mura 6109:Israeli PM 6033:Addis Ababa 5995:Addis Ababa 5689:of Emperor 5604:Sennacherib 5602:had joined 5562:, numerous 5461:Elephantine 5457:Elephantine 5446:Early views 5375:, and 2.5% 5311:ancient DNA 5248:Falash Mura 5240:Shlomo Amar 5207:Bene Israel 5176:non-Zionist 5060:Ishmaelites 4781:Babylonians 4737:(in modern 4729:of ancient 4610:ṣomä mälěya 4606:asrã ammest 4548:ṣomä mã'rar 4496:ba'āl Matqe 4436:(Harvest – 4430:ṣomä mã'rar 4390:ṣomä fāsikā 4382:ba'āl lisan 4313:gored gored 4273:Deuteronomy 4192:Gadla Sosna 4145:Nagara Muse 4126:Koine Greek 3965:Agaw people 3946:Falash Mura 3877:Beta Israel 3848:Terminology 3842:Falash Mura 3770:Falash Mura 3664:Beta Israel 3505:(1998–2000) 3467:(1974–1991) 3455:(1962–1993) 3442:(1961–1991) 3430:(1952–1962) 3403:(1941–1952) 3391:(1940–1941) 3375:(1936–1941) 3359:(1882–1936) 3347:(1554–1872) 3320:(1734–1936) 3292:(1270–1974) 3236:980–400 BC) 3174:History of 3084:Aristocracy 2873:World War I 2833:Unification 2690:Middle Ages 2634:History of 2554:Revisionist 2544:Neo-Zionism 2151:Zeved habat 1944:Puerto Rico 1770:Netherlands 1602:South Korea 1587:Philippines 1467:Afghanistan 1334:Ivory Coast 1108:Crypto-Jews 1073:Bnei Anusim 1052:Bene Israel 1017:Beta Israel 974:Communities 881:Middle Ages 620:Persecution 395:Bereavement 187:Historical: 41:Beta Israel 32:Bene Israel 14401:Categories 14297:Tabernacle 14213:Mercy seat 14137:Israelites 13987:Vietnamese 13970:Subbotniks 13912:Samaritans 13785:Romaniotes 13694:Ashkenazim 13649:Protestant 13491:(Portugal) 13449:Somaliland 13369:Seychelles 13334:Mozambique 13319:Mauritania 13304:Madagascar 13259:The Gambia 13194:Cape Verde 13013:Anabaptism 12955:Jew (word) 12822:Leadership 12635:Literature 12620:Secularism 12566:Humanistic 12433:Conversion 12403:Philosophy 12244:Judeo-Urdu 12008:Babylonian 11853:Saada Jews 11838:Adeni Jews 11631:Ashkenazim 11586:Samaritans 11553:Population 11508:Israelites 10741:. Praeger. 10525:2018-12-01 10474:2020-05-26 10385:1474180933 10358:2018-12-01 10174:2021-03-06 10153:2020-04-05 10037:Fanack.com 9965:2010-05-05 9818:2020-10-13 9690:2022-01-15 9665:2022-01-15 9636:2022-01-15 9611:2022-01-15 9586:2022-01-15 9556:2022-01-15 9527:2019-07-23 9169:of Israel. 9148:2021-03-05 8901:2017-08-18 8671:2019-07-16 8647:2018-06-27 8643:(Doctoral) 8432:2018-12-23 8057:2009-02-16 7760:Salo Baron 7500:Salo Baron 7330:Shelemay, 7179:2016-07-14 7106:" (Hebrew) 6942:2010-12-25 6875:References 6487:Falas Mura 6483:Faras Mura 6467:See also: 6411:Kiryat Gat 6404:Kiryat Gat 6383:Feker Libi 6371:Eden Alene 6353:Uncut Gems 6170:Population 5765:to Israel 5760:Immigrants 5691:Amda Seyon 5663:conserved. 5526:converted 5513:Septuagint 5469:Psamtik II 5435:Canaanites 5128:and later 5100:Rabbanites 5024:Jacob Meir 4614:ṣomä säňňo 4602:asrã hulat 4582:ṣomä astēr 4546:: another 4508:Yom Kippur 4448:ṣomä tomos 4414:: another 4243:bet maqdas 4180:Abba Elias 4130:Maccabbees 3997:Haymanot ( 3907:Israelites 3903:Esra'elawi 3789:Jewishness 3280:1137–1270) 3264:(960–1557) 3202:Prehistory 3050:Tigray war 2953:Ogaden War 2662:Prehistory 2539:Maximalism 2491:Secularism 2471:Autonomism 2288:Literature 2081:Humanistic 1685:Azerbaijan 1647:Uzbekistan 1622:Tajikistan 1542:Kyrgyzstan 1527:Kazakhstan 1374:Mozambique 1349:Madagascar 1269:Cape Verde 1221:New Yishuv 1216:Old Yishuv 1167:Population 1145:Subbotniks 1103:Samaritans 1042:Romanyotim 985:Ashkenazim 932:Old Yishuv 912:Sabbateans 899:Modern era 891:Golden Age 818:Bar Kokhba 538:Beit Yosef 405:Philosophy 14327:Philistia 14322:Eben-Ezer 14258:Locations 14197:Menelik I 14013:Filipinos 13950:Armenians 13922:Maronites 13907:Assyrians 13822:Ethiopian 13763:Bulgarian 13758:Sephardim 13627:Ahmadiyya 13324:Mauritius 13075:indicate 13023:Mormonism 13008:Christian 12888:Symbolism 12876:Synagogue 12856:Mythology 12817:Education 12788:Astronomy 12771:Astrology 12588:relations 12393:Zarphatic 12341:Galitzish 12143:Yeshivish 12020:Catalanic 11983:Samaritan 11958:Ashkenazi 11939:Diasporic 11934:Languages 11879:Sephardim 11874:Romaniote 11761:Krymchaks 11695:Desi Jews 11571:Buddhists 10730:, London. 10450:162453091 10442:0008-0055 10433:1887/9021 10201:March 25, 9902:145674713 9888:: 49–75. 9771:, p. 190. 9188:Histories 9184:Herodotus 9107:0092-8674 8910:Also see 8807:0002-9297 8760:0002-9483 8591:0036-8075 8500:1932-6203 8451:yfull.com 8391:1474-760X 8375:(1): 20. 8009:11.3.2006 7981:NYU Press 7924:Volume 17 7878:233235313 7866:responsum 7854:cite book 7613:162453091 7604:1887/9021 7424:see also 7378:Aešcoly, 7365:Aešcoly, 7281:Salamon, 7237:2363-6696 6825:, modern 6508:In 1860, 6394:Monuments 6130:Judaism. 6072:2018–2020 6056:1992–1999 6024:1990–1991 5977:Manhattan 5617:In 1987, 5507:, are of 5477:Abyssinia 5465:Psamtik I 5397:autosomal 5381:gene flow 5346:Levantine 5179:Ashkenazi 5154:In 1973, 5143:responsum 5134:Christian 5096:responsum 4785:Cleopatra 4720:Solomonic 4647:Languages 4622:ṣomä 'arb 4618:ṣomä amus 4562:ṣomä tibt 4504:astasreyo 4351:) in the 4329:leap year 4269:Leviticus 4247:ṣalot bet 4208:Synagogue 4157:Gorgoryos 4141:Mota Musé 4137:Mota Aron 4096:, Baruch 4080:, Esdras 4036:Octateuch 3912:The name 3825:in 1991. 3719:Christian 3670:, are an 3101:Expansion 3054:2020–2022 3034:2014–2016 3024:2011–2012 3014:2006–2009 2994:1998–2018 2984:1998–2000 2957:1977–1978 2947:1974–1991 2937:1961–1991 2927:1952–1962 2917:1941–1943 2897:1936–1941 2887:1935–1936 2877:1914–1918 2867:1913–1974 2857:1895–1896 2847:1878–1904 2837:1855–1913 2812:1832–1848 2802:1769–1855 2792:1632–1769 2758:1527–1543 2733:1314–1344 2723:1270–1529 2549:Religious 2405:Zarphatic 2395:Bukharian 2365:Judeo-Tat 2350:Yeshivish 2324:Languages 2279:Sephardic 2269:Israelite 2259:Ethiopian 2249:Ashkenazi 2188:Religious 1978:Australia 1960:Venezuela 1866:Argentina 1848:Greenland 1760:Lithuania 1612:Sri Lanka 1607:Singapore 1532:Kurdistan 1497:Indonesia 1487:Hong Kong 1440:Abayudaya 1364:Mauritius 1098:Igbo Jews 1088:Krymchaks 1007:Sephardim 875:relations 769:Sadducees 765:Pharisees 755:Sanhedrin 670:Jerusalem 430:Synagogue 298:Etymology 227:Minority: 219:Majority: 165:Languages 14227:Contents 14172:Jeremiah 14043:Sudanese 13982:Bosniaks 13965:Russians 13929:Lebanese 13917:Arameans 13891:Lebanese 13780:Karaites 13768:Moroccan 13751:Yemenite 13741:Moroccan 13721:Georgian 13716:Bukharan 13711:Mizrahim 13699:Romanian 13676:Buddhism 13671:Hinduism 13644:Catholic 13605:Haymanot 13585:Rabbinic 13515: / 13511: / 13504:(France) 13498: / 13476: / 13472: / 13424:Zimbabwe 13399:Tanzania 13249:Ethiopia 13244:Eswatini 13224:Djibouti 13189:Cameroon 13174:Botswana 13088:Category 13058:Hinduism 13048:Buddhism 12950:Genetics 12866:Politics 12839:Marriage 12798:Holidays 12793:Calendar 12674:Rabbinic 12650:/Hebrew 12595:Haymanot 12522:Orthodox 12509:Branches 12482:Kabbalah 12477:Haskalah 12455:Holiness 12331:dialects 12311:Shassagh 12274:Krymchak 12254:Kayliñña 12148:Yinglish 12124:Galilean 12114:Talmudic 12109:Biblical 12084:Betanure 12003:Biblical 11998:Mishnaic 11993:Medieval 11978:Tiberian 11973:Yemenite 11963:Sephardi 11899:Paradesi 11843:Ḥabbanim 11833:Teimanim 11798:Baghdadi 11771:Maghrebi 11739:Karaites 11717:Gruzínim 11705:Kochinim 11623:Diaspora 11581:Karaites 11566:Atheists 11503:Timeline 11399:Archived 11332:(Hebrew) 10949:(1987). 10885:Religion 10724:(1932). 10707:(1983). 10669:(1921). 10625:(1790). 10381:ProQuest 9959:BBC News 9786:BBC News 9684:Ynetnews 9659:Archived 9580:Archived 9550:Archived 9502:, p. 139 9393:Archived 9326:Archived 9292:Archived 9125:32470400 9116:10212583 9030:20531471 8961:20531471 8888:19407144 8825:15457403 8768:20623605 8721:11910562 8599:26449472 8518:21253605 8470:PLOS ONE 8409:29433568 8345:20925954 8300:20635188 8257:16377389 8228:15457403 8185:14973781 8142:90214561 8066:cite web 8025:Archived 7999:Archived 7928:page 105 7791:Archived 7564:, 65–71. 7256:Quirun, 7144:Ha'aretz 7136:Archived 7100:Archived 6817:ቤተ እስራኤል 6743:Ethiopia 6660:See also 6616:Eli Dasa 6431:en route 6241:Converts 6193:Israeli 5842:181,505 5831:956,319 5820:153,833 5809:267,580 5798:427,828 5787:297,138 5776:687,624 5608:Tirhakah 5596:Hezekiah 5564:Sabaeans 5405:Cushitic 5367:, 19.5% 5334:Cushitic 5294:and the 5254:Genetics 5236:halakhic 5197:, Rabbi 5193:, Rabbi 5084:Oral Law 5076:Karaites 4969:Jeroboam 4911:Rehoboam 4888:Hezekiah 4855:and the 4845:Ethiopia 4806:Ethiopia 4789:Augustus 4739:Ethiopia 4665:Tigrinya 4540:) on 29. 4534:měhlělla 4522:Cheshvan 4502:) on 1, 4478:ṣomä lul 4474:awd amet 4440:) on 12. 4398:Passover 4388:) on 1, 4386:New Year 4363:Haymanot 4359:Holidays 4341:Gyptians 4277:Jubilees 4094:Jubilees 3985:Haymanot 3979:Religion 3957:Yeshaq I 3886:Se'azana 3794:halakhic 3762:Haymanot 3748:form of 3746:Talmudic 3735:Tselemti 3715:Ethiopia 3696:Ethiopia 3682:and the 3623:may use 3334:Colonial 3165:a series 3163:Part of 3111:Aksumite 3106:Currency 3089:Military 2713:900–1270 2636:Ethiopia 2625:a series 2623:Part of 2576:Category 2534:Kahanism 2481:Feminism 2453:Politics 2337:Biblical 2307:American 2254:Bukharan 2244:American 2144:Shidduch 2120:Clothing 2076:Haymanot 2022:Orthodox 1950:Suriname 1933:Paraguay 1886:Colombia 1785:Portugal 1695:Bulgaria 1632:Thailand 1582:Pakistan 1562:Mongolia 1557:Malaysia 1477:Cambodia 1451:Zimbabwe 1426:Tanzania 1304:Eswatini 1294:Ethiopia 1284:Djibouti 1264:Cameroon 1259:Botswana 1188:Diaspora 1150:Noahides 1123:Marranos 1047:Cochinim 1032:Bukharim 1022:Gruzinim 1012:Teimanim 1002:Mizrahim 990:Galician 956:conflict 917:Hasidism 907:Haskalah 812:Diaspora 683:timeline 595:Timeline 508:Rabbinic 415:Kabbalah 390:Marriage 366:Tzedakah 356:Holidays 314:Religion 277:a series 275:Part of 213:Religion 179:Tigrinya 138:Ethiopia 64:ቤተ እስራኤል 18:Falashas 14376:Related 14282:Jericho 14192:Solomon 14157:Oholiab 14147:Bezalel 14142:Levites 14127:Kohanim 14008:Chinese 13960:Indians 13867:Galilee 13862:Bedouin 13790:Italkim 13773:Turkish 13736:Kurdish 13731:Iranian 13704:Russian 13656:Druzism 13600:Karaite 13580:Judaism 13500:Réunion 13496:Mayotte 13487:Madeira 13482:(Spain) 13478:Melilla 13409:Tunisia 13379:Somalia 13364:Senegal 13349:Nigeria 13339:Namibia 13329:Morocco 13294:Liberia 13289:Lesotho 13239:Eritrea 13209:Comoros 13184:Burundi 13159:Algeria 13073:Italics 12898:Studies 12844:Divorce 12810:Kashrut 12805:Cuisine 12763:Culture 12694:Midrash 12689:Tosefta 12679:Mishnah 12667:Ketuvim 12662:Nevi'im 12625:Schisms 12615:Science 12605:Karaite 12576:Renewal 12537:Litvaks 12532:Hasidic 12487:Sefirot 12472:Halakha 12443:Messiah 12416:Mitzvah 12411:Beliefs 12365:Western 12351:Poylish 12346:Litvish 12336:Eastern 12326:Yiddish 12321:Shuadit 12306:Qwareña 12294:Tetuani 12289:Haketia 12264:Knaanic 12259:Kivruli 12207:Bukhori 12153:Heblish 12089:Hulaulá 12079:Barzani 12035:Yahudic 11968:Mizrahi 11828:Urfalim 11783:Mizrahi 11727:Neofiti 11722:Italkim 11651:Lita'im 11543:Zionism 11495:History 11469:Judaism 11155:Society 10678:History 10561:General 10395:2 April 10286:Haaretz 10195:Haaretz 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