47:
407:
1088:, this usage mostly "migrated to the right", however because some historical false flag incidents occurred, historians should not fully cede the usage of the term to conspiracy theorists. Perlman says "The real danger is if we use the nonattributive 'false flags' as shorthand for conspiracy theories, without explaining what they are and who is promoting them." At the same time, Perlman writes that "people yelling that any attack attributed to someone on 'their side' was committed by 'the other side' drown out the voices of reason."
576:, involved scenarios such as fabricating the hijacking or shooting down of passenger and military planes, sinking a U.S. ship in the vicinity of Cuba, burning crops, sinking a boat filled with Cuban refugees, attacks by alleged Cuban infiltrators inside the United States, and harassment of U.S. aircraft and shipping and the destruction of aerial drones by aircraft disguised as Cuban MiGs. These actions would be blamed on Cuba, and would be a pretext for an invasion of Cuba and the overthrow of
772:
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931:(UN). Even according to Reid-Daly, most of those killed were unarmed guerrillas standing in formation for a parade. The camp hospital was also set ablaze by the rounds fired by the Scouts, killing all patients. According to David Martin and Phyllis Johnson, who visited the camp shortly before the raid, it was only a refugee camp that did not host any guerrillas. It was staged for UN approval.
768:
intelligence tasks; however, military provide the structure needed to back up such pseudo-ops with military response forces. According to US military expert
Lawrence Cline (2005), "the teams typically have been controlled by police services, but this largely was due to the weaknesses in the respective military intelligence systems."
892:. They succeeded in turning approximately 800 insurgents who were then paid by Special Branch, ultimately reaching the number of 1,500 members. Engaging mainly in long-range reconnaissance and surveillance missions, they increasingly turned to offensive actions, including the attempted assassination of
705:
against Israel. However, the plot was exposed before launch and
Egyptian authorities were able to tail an operative to his target, arrest him and later search his apartment where the entire plan, including the names of other agents and explosive materials, was held. Unknown to Israel Prime Minister
758:
Pseudo-operations are those in which forces of one power disguise themselves as enemy forces. For example, a state power may disguise teams of operatives as insurgents and, with the aid of defectors, infiltrate insurgent areas. The aim of such pseudo-operations may be to gather short or long-term
74:
operation is an act committed with the intent of disguising the actual source of responsibility and pinning blame on another party. The term "false flag" originated in the 16th century as an expression meaning an intentional misrepresentation of someone's allegiance. The term was famously used to
664:. The tactic of a "directed campaign of bombings by Iranians posing as members of the Communist party", involved the bombing of "at least one" well known Muslim's house by CIA agents posing as Communists. The CIA determined that the tactic of false flag attacks added to the "positive outcome" of
1210:
Proponents of political or religious ideologies will sometimes use false flag tactics. This can be done to discredit or implicate rival groups, create the appearance of enemies when none exist, or create the illusion of organized and directed persecution. This can be used to gain attention and
767:
of important enemies. However, they usually involve both, as the risks of exposure rapidly increase with time and intelligence gathering eventually leads to violent confrontation. Pseudo-operations may be directed by military or police forces, or both. Police forces are usually best suited to
685:
In the summer of 1954, a group of
Egyptian Jews recruited by Israeli army intelligence were caught with plans to bomb American, British, and Egyptian civil targets in Egypt. The bombs were timed to detonate several hours after closing time. The bombings were to be blamed on the
733:
were filmed while being arrested. The footage published by the FSB was however found to implicate the FSB as having staged the arrest. Together with weapons, drugs, Ukrainian passports and Nazi memorabilia the footage also prominently showed three expansion packs for the
87:
to deceive other ships into allowing them to move closer before attacking them. It later was deemed an acceptable practice during naval warfare according to international maritime laws, provided the attacking vessel displayed its true flag once an attack had begun.
251:
states in its introduction on the draft: "To a great extent, correspond to the customary rules and general principles underlying treaties on the law of war on land and at sea", and as such these two non-controversial articles were already part of customary law.
616:, with Russian state media promoting false flags on a nearly hourly basis purporting to show Ukrainian forces attacking Russia, in a bid to justify an invasion of Ukraine. Many of the disinformation videos were poor and amateur in quality, with mismatching
95:
for domestic repression or foreign military aggression. Similarly deceptive activities carried out during peacetime by individuals or nongovernmental organizations have been called false flag operations, but the more common legal term is a
276:
included a finding that
Skorzeny was not guilty of a crime by ordering his men into action in American uniforms. He had relayed to his men the warning of German legal experts: if they fought in American uniforms, they would be breaking the
1096:
Political campaigning has a long history of this tactic in various forms, including in person, print media and electronically in recent years. This can involve when supporters of one candidate pose as supporters of another, or act as
2952:
1158:
were part of a false flag effort to discredit
Republicans and supporters of then-President Donald Trump. Cesar Sayoc, motivated by his belief that Democrats were “evil”, was later convicted of mailing the devices to Trump's critics.
281:; however, they probably were not doing so simply by wearing the American uniforms. During the trial, a number of arguments were advanced to substantiate this position and the German and U.S. military seem to have been in agreement.
379:
to
Bismarck regarding certain demands made by the French ambassador. In the version purposefully released to the public, Bismarck instead made it sound like the King had gravely disrespected the ambassador – a ploy to trick Emperor
694:, "unspecified malcontents", or "local nationalists", with the aim of creating a climate of sufficient violence and instability to induce the British government to refrain from evacuating its troops occupying Egypt's
2774:
514:
The operation failed to convince international public opinion of the German claims, and both
Britain and France – Poland's allies – declared war two days after Germany invaded Poland.
3012:
2204:
1026:, the term "false flag" describes the recruiting of agents by operatives posing as representatives of a cause the prospective agents are sympathetic to, or even the agents' own government. For example, during the
388:, with the end goal of unifying the northern and southern German states. This ploy would be successful, as Napoleon III would declare war six days later; and six months later, the Confederation would win and
2131:
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of guerrilla or criminal organizations. In the latter case, infiltration is normally done by individuals. Pseudo teams, on the other hand, are formed as needed from organized units, usually military or
1062:, "Many a right-wing radical had given information to the Soviets under a 'false flag', thinking they were working with a Western ally, such as Israel, when in fact their contact was a KGB operative."
1174:
is opposed to the one that the troll claims to hold. The concern troll posts in web forums devoted to its declared point of view and attempts to sway the group's actions or opinions while claiming to
91:
The term today extends to include countries that organize attacks on themselves and make the attacks appear to be by enemy nations or terrorists, thus giving the nation that was supposedly attacked a
300:
states: "National flags, insignias and uniforms as a ruse – in practice it has been authorized to make use of these as a ruse. The foregoing rule (Article 23 of the Annex of the
2066:
304:), does not prohibit such use, but does prohibit their improper use. It is certainly forbidden to make use of them during a combat. Before opening fire upon the enemy, they must be discarded."
1927:
2099:
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According to a 1978 study by the
Directorate of Military Intelligence, 68% of all insurgent deaths inside Rhodesia could be attributed to the Selous Scouts, who were disbanded in 1980.
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750:. This was again interpreted as a misunderstood instruction, this time taken too literally. The FSB subsequently published a version of the footage with the Sims games blurred out.
1601:"Rules concerning the Control of Wireless Telegraphy in Time of War and Air Warfare. Drafted by a Commission of Jurists at the Hague, December 1922 – February 1923: Introduction"
1143:
If you could employ an associate who pretends to be sympathetic to the unions' cause to physically attack you (or even use a firearm against you), you could discredit the unions
1151:
The press had acquired a court order to access all of Walker's emails and Lam's email was exposed. At first, Lam vehemently denied it, but eventually admitted it and resigned.
2034:
1004:
and Pascal Kropp (1999), the OJAL was reminiscent of "the
Organization of the French Algerian Resistance (ORAF), a group of counter-terrorists created in December 1956 by the
657:. One tactic used to undermine Mosaddegh was to carry out false flag attacks "on mosques and key public figures", to be blamed on Iranian communists loyal to the government.
128:, while merchant vessels were encouraged to use false flags for protection. Such masquerades promoted confusion not just of the enemy but of historical accounts. In 1914 the
841:
in the 1950s, captured Mau Mau members who switched sides and specially trained
British troops initiated the pseudo-gang concept to successfully counter Mau Mau. In 1960,
2187:
671:
However, as "the C.I.A. burned nearly all of its files on its role in the 1953 coup in Iran," the true extent of the tactic has been difficult for historians to discern.
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supporters and extended them, creating the pseudo-"Monarchist Union of Central Russia" (MUCR) in order to help the OGPU identify real monarchists and anti-Bolsheviks.
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1008:(Territorial Surveillance Directorate, or DST) whose mission was to carry out terrorist attacks with the aim of quashing any hopes of political compromise".
888:. The Selous Scouts were originally composed of 120 members, with all officers being white and the highest rank initially available for black soldiers being
2923:
1895:
Inside the Assassination Records Review Board: The U.S. Government's Final Attempt to Reconcile the Conflicting Medical Evidence in the Assassination of JFK
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608:
In January and February 2022, Western government agencies predicted that Russia would use a false flag operation in Ukraine. In the days leading up to the
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2056:
2355:"Journalists mocked Russia's spy agency after copies of the 'Sims 3' video game were spotted in a clip of agents allegedly foiling an assassination plot"
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sympathy from outsiders, in particular the media, or to convince others within the group that their beliefs are under attack and in need of protection.
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If the action is a police action, then these tactics would fall within the laws of the state initiating the pseudo, but if such actions are taken in a
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is an example of one candidate's creating a false document and attributing it as coming from another candidate in order to discredit that candidate.
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1155:
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857:. Information included how to counter gangs and measures of deception, including the use of defectors, which brought the issue a wider audience.
430:
by blowing up a section of railway. Though the explosion was too weak to disrupt operations on the rail line, the Japanese nevertheless used the
212:, which the British planned to sacrifice in the operation, was provided with cosmetic modifications that involved cutting the ship's funnels and
923:. Using Rhodesian trucks and armored cars disguised as Mozambique military vehicles, 84 scouts killed 1,284 people in the camp, registered as a
2759:
884:. As with all Special Forces in Rhodesia, by 1977 they were controlled by COMOPS (Commander, Combined Operations) Commander Lieutenant General
588:. The surprise discovery of the documents relating to Operation Northwoods was a result of the comprehensive search for records related to the
2981:
722:
Due to its deceptive nature a false flag operation can fail in such a manner as to implicate the perpetrator rather than the intended victim.
301:
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officer, as pseudo-operations, or "the use of organized teams which are disguised as guerrilla groups for long- or short-term penetration of
220:. By this ruse the British were able to get within two miles (3 km) of the harbour before the defences responded, where the explosive-rigged
55:
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1051:", indicating that they also used their sex appeal to manipulate their targets, making this operation a combination of the false flag and "
339:, the Swedish national assembly, who until then had refused to agree to an offensive war against Russia. The Puumala incident allowed King
186:
was fatally damaged in the engagement and its crew captured, the outcome represented a considerable psychological victory for the Germans.
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710:, the exposé caused a scandal in Israel, with Israeli officials blaming one another for the operation and the Israeli defense minister,
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Turtola, Martti (1999). "Kansainvälinen kehitys Euroopassa ja Suomessa 1930-luvulla". In Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti (eds.).
1712:
Weland, James (1994). "Misguided Intelligence: Japanese Military Intelligence Officers in the Manchurian Incident, September 1931".
996:(DRS) security forces disguised themselves as Islamist terrorists and committed false flag terror attacks. Such groups included the
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such a deception is considered permissible, provided the false flag is lowered and the true flag raised before engaging in battle.
79:
whereby a vessel flew the flag of a neutral or enemy country in order to hide its true identity. The tactic was originally used by
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of Sweden, who lacked the constitutional authority to initiate unprovoked hostilities without the Estates' consent, to launch the
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1147:... Employing a false flag operation would assist in undercutting any support the media may be creating in favor of the unions.
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interpreted this to mean that the arrest was in fact staged, with its organizers misunderstanding an instruction "to get 3
17:
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was ordered to undermine the government of Iran over a four-month period, as a precursor to overthrowing Prime Minister
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746:". Further lending credence to the arrest being staged was footage of a note with a Russian phrase, which in fact read
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received an order to sew a number of Russian military uniforms. These were then used by Swedes to stage an attack on
166:
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drafted a set of rules concerning the Control of Wireless Telegraphy in Time of War and Air Warfare. They included:
182:
in 1941 while disguised as a Dutch merchant ship, causing the greatest loss of life on an Australian warship. While
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1101:" for their preferred candidate to debate against. This can happen with or without the candidate's knowledge. The
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researchers, and other independent journalists, showed that the claimed attacks, explosions, and evacuations in
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mid- to junior-grade officers, without the knowledge of the Tokyo government, fabricated a pretext for invading
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1245:, some false flag conspiracy theories (such as claims that mass shootings are hoaxes) are themselves spread by
714:, resigning under pressure. Later, two investigative committees found that Lavon was unaware of the operation.
1228:'s home and then used that stationery to forge bomb threats and have them mailed to a Scientology office. The
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in 1919. The patrol successfully passed several enemy checkpoints in order to assassinate the guerilla leader
644:
240:
Art. 3. A military aircraft must carry an exterior mark indicating its nationality and its military character.
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of Haiti was assassinated in 1919 after checkpoints were passed by military disguised as guerrilla fighters.
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to make it seem that they had been shot by Polish soldiers. This, along with other false flag operations in
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3243:
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911:
Some offensive operations attracted international condemnation, in particular the Selous Scouts' raid on a
2188:"SECRETS OF HISTORY: The C.I.A. in Iran — A Special Report; How a Plot Convulsed Iran in '53 (and in '79)"
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1236:, but several Scientology operatives were arrested in a separate investigation and the plan was exposed.
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In land warfare, such operations are generally deemed acceptable under certain circumstances, such as to
38:
1673:. General Military Government Court of the U.S. zone of Germany 18 August to 9 September 1947.
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968:"Pseudo-operations should be distinguished," notes Cline, "from the more common police or intelligence
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On 19 February 2011, Indiana Deputy Prosecutor Carlos Lam sent a private email to Wisconsin Governor
904:. This mission was finally aborted by the Selous Scouts, and attempted again, unsuccessfully, by the
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1000:(OJAL) or the Secret Organisation for the Safeguard of the Algerian Republic (OSSRA). According to
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2953:"Cesar Sayoc, who mailed explosive devices to Trump's critics, sentenced to 20 years in prison"
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2924:"After 'false flag' narrative takes hold, some conservatives scramble to drown out far right"
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and that all such deceptions are discarded before opening fire upon the enemy. Similarly, in
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331:, a Swedish outpost on the Russo-Swedish border, on 27 June 1788. This caused an outrage in
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Another example of combined police and military oversight of pseudo-operations include the
802:
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In land warfare, the use of a false flag is similar to that of naval warfare: the trial of
217:
59:
51:
2122:"'Dumb and lazy': the flawed films of Ukrainian 'attacks' made by Russia's 'fake factory'"
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was a key organiser of the operation under orders from Heydrich. It led to the deaths of
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133:
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The encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli conflict: a political, social, and military history
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intelligence service pretending to be members of West German peace advocacy groups (the
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Young, P (Ed) (1973) Atlas of the Second World War (London: The Military Book Society)
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and commandos successfully disabled or destroyed the key dock structures of the port.
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Deep undercover : my secret life and tangled allegiances as a KGB spy in America
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pipe bombs that were sent to prominent Democrats prior to the 2018 mid-term elections
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The Sea As Our Country's Security: Phases of Finnish Sea Defense During Swedish Rule
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comments claiming to be from supporters of a political candidate were traced to the
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In 2006, individuals practicing false flag behavior were discovered and "outed" in
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Bass staffer in D.C. poses as blogger: Bogus posts aimed at his political opponent
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in naval warfare, the true battle flag being run up immediately before engaging" (
957:). Some false flag operations have been described by Lawrence E. Cline, a retired
534:
for the attack and used the incident as a pretext to invade Finland, starting the
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The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB
2504:
2474:"Excerpt – Pseudo Operations and Counterinsurgency: Lessons from Other Countries"
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in the mid-1990s. Information about Operation Northwoods was later publicized by
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2413:"Russia Bizarrely Includes Sims 3 Among Evidence of 'Staged' Assassination Plot"
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civil servants were tricked into stealing classified documents by agents of the
507:, would be used to mobilize support from the German population for the start of
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1984:"Russia's 'Idiotic' Disinformation Campaign Could Still Lead to War in Ukraine"
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United States of America v. Jane Kember, Morris Budlong, Sentencing Memorandum
2901:"Indiana prosecutor resigns for encouraging fake attack on Wisconsin governor"
2330:
Ben-Gurion's spy: the story of the political scandal that shaped modern Israel
2057:"Russia says it prevented border breach from Ukraine, Kyiv calls it fake news"
1843:
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Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals. United Nations War Crimes Commission.
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3387:
2291:
2126:
1823:
1685:
Meri maamme turvana: Suomen meripuolustuksen vaiheita Ruotsin vallan aikana
1246:
1175:
1035:
1031:
974:
924:
897:
842:
787:
771:
760:
711:
707:
680:
577:
484:
381:
372:
191:
162:
63:
4809:
2725:
2622:
1395:
6171:
6131:
5982:
5889:
5884:
5753:
5743:
5728:
5554:
5524:
5506:
5371:
4937:
4771:
4637:
4483:
4234:
3714:
3699:
3543:
3258:
3209:
3179:
2161:
2158:
Covert Action in the Cold War: US Policy, Intelligence and CIA Operations
1309:
1273:
1221:
1059:
989:
885:
815:
284:
In the transcript of the trial, it is mentioned that Paragraph 43 of the
278:
92:
31:
3047:
6252:
6151:
6108:
5992:
5932:
5826:
5763:
5582:
5466:
5456:
5381:
5366:
5361:
5336:
4766:
4746:
4739:
4626:
4361:
3811:
3787:
3518:
3377:
3367:
3330:
3263:
2702:
2614:
2420:
2094:
1993:
1727:
1241:
1121:
1113:
962:
916:
795:
695:
691:
622:
557:
535:
530:, a Russian village near the Finnish border. Soviet authorities blamed
340:
113:
84:
3847:
2383:"Alleged Russian sting operation uncovers 'The Sims 3,' guns, grenade"
6305:
5972:
5952:
5927:
5806:
5778:
5691:
5628:
5514:
5376:
5346:
5291:
4991:
4986:
4924:
4761:
4574:
4503:
4427:
4356:
4346:
4065:
3756:
3278:
3194:
3169:
3164:
2448:
Pseudo Operations and Counterinsurgency: Lessons from other countries
2090:"Documenting and Debunking Dubious Footage from Ukraine's Frontlines"
1988:
1929:
Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency
1746:
1586:, December 1922 to February 1923, this convention was never adopted (
1202:
1191:
1167:
1098:
1023:
977:. The use of pseudo teams has been a hallmark of a number of foreign
969:
938:
819:
729:
operation where would-be Ukrainian assassins of Russian propagandist
439:
427:
332:
233:
1792:
1232:
also had a plan for further operations to discredit Cooper known as
410:
Japanese experts inspect the scene of the "railway sabotage" on the
232:
Between December 1922 and February 1923, a commission of jurists at
6103:
5879:
5703:
5686:
5623:
5486:
5404:
5396:
4995:
4609:
4381:
4371:
4267:
4096:
2931:
1424:
Modern Aspects of the Laws of Naval Warfare and Maritime Neutrality
1027:
869:
865:
846:
805:
743:
617:
524:
1691:] (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: Suomi Merellä-säätiö. p. 142.
1518:"the use of a false flag has always been accepted as a legitimate
461:
247:
This draft was never adopted as a legally binding treaty, but the
6219:
6204:
6088:
6005:
5723:
5491:
5421:
4695:
4061:
Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
3926:
3797:
3216:
3189:
3127:
2297:
Israel's secret wars: a history of Israel's intelligence services
2061:
1304:
1298:
1288:
1131:
suggesting that he run a "'false flag' operation" to counter the
531:
500:
499:
victims who were dressed as German soldiers and then shot by the
328:
213:
97:
3026:"Why do some people think mass shootings are staged every time?"
1828:. Johnny Shumate. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 9.
6419:
6146:
4366:
2831:"Bass aide resigns after posing as opponent's supporter online"
2609:
Cline (2005), pp. 8–13. For 1978 study, quotes J. K. Cilliers,
1474:
901:
735:
665:
661:
633:
627:
125:
80:
876:
until 1980. The Selous Scouts were formed at the beginning of
30:"False colors" redirects here. For the imaging technique, see
6414:
6186:
5786:
4160:
2087:
1825:
The Finnish-Soviet Winter War 1939-40 Stalin's Hollow Victory
1079:
1039:
854:
812:
487:
to mobilize German public opinion for war and to justify the
4396:
2775:"Five things to know about 'false flag' conspiracy theories"
2025:"Four Russian false flags that are comically easy to debunk"
1135:
against Walker's proposed restrictions on public employees'
953:
is usually applied for pseudo-teams. (See the above section
5668:
3273:
2596:
Cline (2005), who quotes David Martin and Phyllis Johnson,
1604:
1117:
573:
203:
1396:"False flags: What are they and when have they been used?"
984:
Similar false flag tactics were also employed during the
650:
2859:, 21 September 2006 (URL last accessed 24 October 2006).
2838:, 26 September 2006 (URL last accessed 24 October 2006).
2819:, 26 September 2006 (URL last accessed 24 October 2006).
2617:, 1985, pp. 60–77. Cline also quotes Ian F. W. Beckett,
945:
then those who participate in such actions would not be
880:, in November 1973, by Major (later Lieutenant Colonel)
5281:
Counterintelligence and counter-terrorism organizations
834:
and was commissioned a Second Lieutenant for his deed.
1861:"Pentagon Proposes Pretexts for Cuba Invasion in 1962"
1342:
O'Conner, Patricia; Kellerman, Stewart (11 May 2018).
853:, an account of his experiences with the technique in
243:
Art. 19. The use of false exterior marks is forbidden.
124:
operated in such a fashion in both World Wars, as did
3458:
After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News
3090:
1451:
Privateering: Patriots and Profits in the War of 1812
1341:
4327:
Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
3655:
2600:, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1981, pp. 241–242.
1663:
Vol IX, 1949: Trial of Otto Skorzeny and others
1475:
Donald R. Hickey; Connie D. Clark (8 October 2015).
1178:, but with professed "concerns". The goal is to sow
2922:Collins, Ben; Abbruzzese, Jason (26 October 2018).
2638:, (Franco-Algeria, Crimes and Lies of the States).
790:set up such an operation from 1921 to 1926. During
62:undertaken by the CIA-sponsored paramilitary group
3430:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
2850:"Blog Thinks Aide to Kean Posted Jabs At Menendez"
2186:
2088:Bellingcat Investigation Team (23 February 2022).
580:'s communist government. It was authorised by the
438:in the form of the nominally independent state of
3982:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
3534:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
2921:
1371:"How the term 'false flag' migrated to the right"
763:or to engage in active operations, in particular
568:, a 1962 plot proposed but never executed by the
132:was fought between the British auxiliary cruiser
6471:
3877:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos
2634:Lounis Aggoun and Jean-Baptiste Rivoire (2004).
2619:The Rhodesian Army: Counter-Insurgency 1972–1979
1124:of paid staffers for that candidate's opponent.
849:and is now a retired British general, published
2877:. Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism
2579:, 1999, p. 10 (republished by Covos Day, 2001,
2280:
2151:
2149:
1495:
1337:
1335:
561:Operation Northwoods memorandum (13 March 1962)
2871:"Indiana prosecutor resigns over Walker email"
2657:. Extract in English with mention of the OJAL
1977:
1975:
1955:"False-Flag Invasions Are a Russian Specialty"
1528:, Centre for Business and Public, p. 80,
1468:
1206:A bomb threat forged by Scientology operatives
1154:Some conservative commentators suggested that
994:Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité
603:
6370:
6321:
5307:
4825:
4412:
4190:Election denial movement in the United States
3076:
2598:The Struggle for Zimbabwe: the Chimurenga War
801:An example of a successful assassination was
6389:
2868:
2573:Pamwe Chete: The Legend of the Selous Scouts
2146:
1550:HMAS Sydney found off Australia's west coast
1414:
1332:
634:As a tactic to undermine political opponents
4839:
3410:
2862:
2286:
1972:
620:showing incorrect dates, and evidence from
395:
6328:
6314:
5314:
5300:
4832:
4818:
4419:
4405:
3862:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines
3083:
3069:
2758:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2228:"C.I.A. Destroyed Files on 1953 Iran Coup"
1743:The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis
1006:Direction de la surveillance du territoire
610:Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February
590:assassination of President John F. Kennedy
2898:
2894:
2892:
2772:
2670:Luonis Aggoun and Jean-Baptiste Rivoire,
2636:Françalgérie, crimes et mensonges d'Etats
2332:. Columbia University Press. p. 81.
2327:
2178:
1740:
1478:The Routledge Handbook of the War of 1812
1447:
1420:
913:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army
612:, the Russian government intensified its
4215:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection
2945:
2695:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2155:
1891:
1625:Gómez, Javier Guisández (20 June 1998).
1201:
1091:
770:
556:
460:
405:
249:International Committee of the Red Cross
45:
5246:Scientific & Technical intelligence
4014:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
2973:
1981:
1925:
1798:
1682:
1441:
1427:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 281–.
1182:within the group often by appealing to
546:
14:
6472:
6335:
5321:
4669:Chinese espionage in the United States
4141:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election
3932:Soviet influence on the peace movement
3529:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war
2889:
2723:
2502:
2321:
2225:
1952:
1821:
1769:
1711:
1523:
919:in August 1976. ZANLA was then led by
350:
307:
146:, which had been altered to look like
6309:
5295:
4813:
4400:
4288:
3866:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign
3654:
3567:
3475:
3409:
3106:
3064:
2773:Usckinski, Joseph (27 October 2018).
2434:
2380:
2246:from the original on 16 November 2020
2184:
2134:from the original on 21 February 2022
2102:from the original on 23 February 2022
2069:from the original on 21 February 2022
2037:from the original on 22 February 2022
2019:
2017:
2015:
2000:from the original on 21 February 2022
1855:
1853:
1632:International Review of the Red Cross
1624:
1365:
1363:
1361:
738:video game. Investigative journalist
674:
296:, on 1 October 1940, under the entry
154:had not been altered to resemble the
5068:By alliances, nations and industries
4664:Chinese intelligence activity abroad
2915:
2531:"Ex-Marine Corps Gen. Hanneken Dies"
2404:
2374:
2156:Callanan, James (30 November 2009).
1772:Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg
1565:Guinness World Records (2009), p.155
998:Organisation of Young Free Algerians
894:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army
753:
717:
450:
318:
27:Covert operation designed to deceive
4730:Interpersonal (HUMINT) intelligence
4136:1995 CIA disinformation controversy
3346:State-sponsored Internet propaganda
2980:Cox, Ana Marie (16 December 2006).
2979:
2911:from the original on 12 April 2012.
2698:"Victims of Cold War 'Romeo spies'"
2509:. Basic Books. pp. 33–35, 42.
2496:
2352:
1982:Gilbert, David (21 February 2022).
1078:of various governments and claimed
725:A notable example is an April 2022
638:
541:
58:livery depicting those used in the
24:
3607:Misinformation related to abortion
2899:Montopoli, Brian (25 March 2011).
2575:, Weltevreden Park, South Africa:
2410:
2012:
1953:Walton, Calder (4 February 2022).
1850:
1805:The Little Giant of the Winter War
1774:(illustrated ed.). Westport:
1526:Teaching Ethics: Government ethics
1358:
988:, starting in the middle of 1994.
915:(ZANLA) camp at Nyadzonya Pungwe,
594:Assassination Records Review Board
150:. (Contrary to some accounts, the
25:
6551:
4565:Computer and network surveillance
3824:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea
3437:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
3040:
2696:Crawford, Angus (20 March 2009).
2571:Cline (2005), quoting Reid-Daly,
2207:from the original on 22 July 2016
1524:Thomas, Rosamund M., ed. (1993),
1344:"The True History of False Flags"
1065:
698:zone, a move that would embolden
660:The CIA operation was code-named
584:, but then rejected by President
363:Causes of the Franco-Prussian War
139:and the German auxiliary cruiser
103:
6500:Psychological warfare techniques
4600:Short-range agent communications
4377:United States Information Agency
3656:Operations and events by country
3046:
1932:. Anchor Books. pp. 82–91.
1220:, some members of the Church of
954:
845:, who was later involved in the
434:to seize Manchuria and create a
375:, an internal message from King
323:In 1788, the head tailor at the
161:Another notable example was the
112:, provided the deception is not
6485:Intelligence operations by type
5958:Party platforms (or manifestos)
5216:Words of estimative probability
5078:Operational platforms by nation
3977:Information war against Ukraine
3524:International Jewish conspiracy
3492:Congo Free State propaganda war
3018:
3006:
2841:
2822:
2794:
2766:
2717:
2689:
2664:
2628:
2603:
2590:
2565:
2556:
2523:
2466:
2346:
2258:
2219:
2114:
2081:
2049:
1946:
1919:
1885:
1869:. 30 April 2001. Archived from
1815:
1763:
1734:
1715:The Journal of Military History
1705:
1676:
1655:
1618:
1593:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1448:Faye Kert (30 September 2015).
1186:. This is a particular case of
1170:created by a user whose actual
1047:agents were also described as "
943:belligerent military occupation
445:
255:
216:the edges to resemble a German
4289:
4205:Information Operations Roadmap
4115:Psychological Warfare Division
3685:Chinese information operations
3634:Water fluoridation controversy
2869:Golden, Kate (24 March 2011).
2611:Counter-insurgency in Rhodesia
2185:Risen, James (16 April 2000).
1584:The Hague Rules of Air Warfare
1542:
1512:
1388:
1197:
794:, they used loose networks of
314:Pretext § Uses in warfare
227:
13:
1:
4426:
4312:Active Measures Working Group
3970:during the Russo-Georgian War
3937:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
3051:The dictionary definition of
2353:Teh, Cheryl (26 April 2022).
1501:deHaven-Smith, Lance (2013).
1421:Politakis, George P. (2018).
1325:
1224:stole stationery from author
1058:According to ex-KGB defector
906:Rhodesian Special Air Service
518:
345:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
175:the Australian light cruiser
6046:Rally 'round the flag effect
4195:The Freedom Fighter's Manual
3872:Fake news in the Philippines
3476:
3244:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
2982:"Making Mischief on the Web"
2503:Andrew, Christopher (2001).
2300:. Grove Press. p. 111.
1809:Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö
1503:Conspiracy Theory in America
1180:fear, uncertainty, and doubt
1070:The term is popular amongst
1011:
264:, who planned and commanded
100:", "stitch up", or "setup".
7:
6371:
5264:Intelligence cycle security
4322:Counter Misinformation Team
4317:Counter disinformation unit
3767:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
3254:Forgery as covert operation
2461:Strategic Studies Institute
2226:Weiner, Tim (29 May 1997).
1801:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen
1741:Lightbody, Bradley (2004).
1481:. Routledge. pp. 64–.
1454:. JHU Press. pp. 62–.
1257:
1252:
1214:In retaliation for writing
830:. Hanneken was awarded the
784:State Political Directorate
604:Russian invasion of Ukraine
509:World War II in Europe
39:False Flag (disambiguation)
10:
6556:
4332:The Disinformation Project
3762:Propaganda in Nazi Germany
3118:Algorithmic radicalization
2445:Cline, Lawrence E. (2005)
2272:. ABC-CLIO. 2008. p.
1892:P. Horne, Douglas (2009).
1375:Columbia Journalism Review
1301:, a similar online concept
1217:The Scandal of Scientology
1085:Columbia Journalism Review
1074:promoters in referring to
1015:
678:
642:
570:U.S. Department of Defense
550:
479:fabricating evidence of a
454:
399:
386:North German Confederation
384:into declaring war on the
360:
354:
311:
36:
29:
6453:
6428:
6402:
6343:
6240:
6185:
6117:
6059:
5991:
5908:
5825:
5777:
5667:
5578:
5505:
5395:
5387:Manipulation (psychology)
5329:
5254:
5196:
5156:
5101:
5058:
4923:
4885:
4865:
4856:
4847:
4656:
4625:
4535:
4512:
4434:
4295:
4284:
4255:
4249:Bolivarian Army of Trolls
4243:
4225:Tobacco industry playbook
4156:CIA Kennedy assassination
4128:
4074:
4048:
4036:
3950:
3897:
3885:
3854:
3842:
3830:
3818:
3806:
3775:
3749:
3737:
3677:
3665:
3661:
3650:
3482:
3471:
3416:
3405:
3289:Manipulation (psychology)
3113:
3107:
3102:
1866:National Security Archive
1645:10.1017/S0020860400091075
1507:University of Texas Press
523:On 26 November 1939, the
5565:Criticism of advertising
4337:East StratCom Task Force
4151:9/11 conspiracy theories
3148:List of cognitive biases
2455:16 November 2016 at the
1683:Mattila, Tapabi (1983).
1627:"The Law of Air Warfare"
811:leading a patrol of his
645:1953 Iranian coup d'Ă©tat
412:South Manchurian Railway
396:Second Sino-Japanese War
206:book. The old destroyer
6525:16th-century neologisms
6227:Promotional merchandise
5938:Character assassination
5875:Narcotizing dysfunction
5749:Photograph manipulation
5462:Guerrilla communication
5231:Intelligence assessment
5221:All-source intelligence
4841:Intelligence management
4550:Covert listening device
4520:Intelligence assessment
4263:Public opinion brigades
4220:Niger uranium forgeries
4210:Litter boxes in schools
3580:COVID-19 misinformation
3502:Free energy suppression
3411:Books and documentaries
3185:Euphemistic misspeaking
1926:Bamford, James (2002).
1770:Zaloga, Steve (2004) .
947:privileged belligerents
851:Gangs and Counter-gangs
847:Northern Irish conflict
630:were staged by Russia.
614:disinformation campaign
497:Nazi concentration camp
390:unify the German states
165:German commerce raider
6390:
6210:Product demonstrations
5639:Historical negationism
4915:Operational techniques
4870:Special reconnaissance
4009:2016 Brexit referendum
3358:Scientific fabrication
3269:Historical negationism
2640:Editions La DĂ©couverte
2478:ssi.armywarcollege.edu
1822:Murphy, David (2021).
1745:. Abingdon-on-Thames:
1669:2 October 2008 at the
1207:
1149:
864:in the former country
828:Grande-Rivière-du-Nord
779:
562:
468:
415:
337:Riksdag of the Estates
202:and captured a German
67:
6495:Propaganda techniques
6480:False flag operations
6385:Psychological warfare
6142:Reputation management
6061:Psychological warfare
5910:Political campaigning
5719:Firehose of falsehood
4799:Targeted surveillance
4305:Fact-checking website
4110:Operation Mass Appeal
4092:Clockwork Orange plot
3602:Mental illness denial
3497:Climate change denial
3314:Psychological warfare
3284:Internet manipulation
3249:Firehose of falsehood
3175:Disinformation attack
2811:12 March 2007 at the
2724:Barsky, Jack (2017).
1205:
1141:
1137:collective bargaining
1092:Political campaigning
1018:False flag penetrator
951:plausible deniability
774:
649:On 4 April 1953, the
582:Joint Chiefs of Staff
560:
464:
409:
312:Further information:
298:Rules of Land Warfare
52:Douglas A-26C Invader
49:
6490:Diversionary tactics
6351:Denial and deception
6177:Corporate propaganda
5236:Medical intelligence
5206:Competing hypotheses
5016:Industrial espionage
5001:Denial and deception
4725:Industrial espionage
4525:competing hypotheses
3444:Who's Who in the CIA
2730:. Carol Stream, IL.
2562:Cline (2005), p. 11.
2381:Klimentov, Mikhail.
2130:. 21 February 2022.
2065:. 21 February 2022.
2033:. 21 February 2022.
1279:Denial and deception
965:-controlled areas".
959:US Army intelligence
803:United States Marine
566:Operation Northwoods
553:Operation Northwoods
547:Operation Northwoods
218:Type 23 torpedo boat
60:Bay of Pigs Invasion
37:For other uses, see
18:False flag operation
6380:Military camouflage
6366:Information warfare
6265:Media concentration
6137:Non-apology apology
6127:Cult of personality
5855:Emotive conjugation
5609:Burying of scholars
5269:Counterintelligence
5184:Technical (TECHINT)
5179:Open-source (OSINT)
5169:Geospatial (GEOINT)
5143:Casualty estimation
4146:Conspiracy theories
4087:Double-Cross System
4056:Conspiracy theories
3917:Operation INFEKTION
3705:Internet Water Army
3559:Strategy of tension
3424:by Ion Mihai Pacepa
3309:Post-truth politics
2958:The Washington Post
2780:The Washington Post
2680:DST, Police Secrète
2391:The Washington Post
2030:The Daily Telegraph
1346:. Grammarphobia.com
1320:Strategy of tension
1162:On the internet, a
949:. The principle of
878:Operation Hurricane
874:white minority rule
824:Charlemagne PĂ©ralte
818:disguised as enemy
776:Charlemagne PĂ©ralte
538:, four days later.
418:In September 1931,
357:Franco-Prussian War
351:Franco-Prussian War
325:Royal Swedish Opera
308:As pretexts for war
302:IV Hague Convention
189:The British used a
75:describe a ruse in
6535:Flag controversies
6520:Military deception
6337:Military deception
6248:Influence-for-hire
6041:National mythology
6011:Crowd manipulation
5900:Tabloid journalism
5769:Video manipulation
5714:Fictitious entries
5437:Civil disobedience
5323:Media manipulation
5241:Military geography
5226:Basic intelligence
5164:Financial (FININT)
5105:signature (MASINT)
5031:One-way voice link
4967:Concealment device
4676:Cold War espionage
4643:Front organization
4617:Surveillance tools
4595:Phone surveillance
4590:One-way voice link
4545:Concealment device
4042:HIV/AIDS denialism
4019:Trolls from Olgino
3793:Paid news in India
3783:Fake news in India
3597:HIV/AIDS denialism
3451:Merchants of Doubt
3324:Military deception
3299:Media manipulation
3138:Circular reporting
2994:on 13 January 2007
2856:The New York Times
2847:Miller, Jonathan,
2537:. 27 August 1986.
2387:washingtonpost.com
2328:S. Teveth (1996).
2232:The New York Times
2193:The New York Times
1898:. self-published.
1776:Praeger Publishers
1402:. 18 February 2022
1294:Front organization
1234:Operation Freakout
1208:
986:Algerian civil war
809:Herman H. Hanneken
780:
700:Egyptian President
688:Muslim Brotherhood
675:Operation Susannah
655:Mohammad Mosaddegh
563:
469:
416:
367:On July 13, 1870,
335:and impressed the
294:United States Army
173:surprised and sank
130:Battle of Trindade
122:Auxiliary cruisers
68:
6467:
6466:
6303:
6302:
6069:Airborne leaflets
5948:Election promises
5802:Product placement
5677:Alternative facts
5417:Alternative media
5289:
5288:
5192:
5191:
5083:Direction finding
5073:In modern history
5054:
5053:
4807:
4806:
4461:Agent provocateur
4394:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4230:Operation Shocker
4032:
4031:
3912:K-1000 battleship
3743:Operation Neptune
3646:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3467:
3466:
3401:
3400:
3393:Yellow journalism
3341:counterpropaganda
3222:List of fallacies
3155:Conspiracy theory
3123:Alternative facts
2800:Steele, Allison,
2737:978-1-4964-1686-5
2678:and Pascal KROP,
2585:978-1-919874-33-3
2535:Los Angeles Times
2339:978-0-231-10464-7
2307:978-0-8021-3286-4
1939:978-0-385-49907-1
1835:978-1-4728-4394-4
1811:. pp. 44–45.
1756:978-0-415-22405-5
1651:on 25 April 2013.
1488:978-1-317-70198-9
1461:978-1-4214-1747-9
1434:978-1-136-88577-8
1264:Agent provocateur
1230:Guardian's Office
1176:share their goals
1076:covert operations
1072:conspiracy theory
1030:, several female
979:counterinsurgency
754:Pseudo-operations
748:signature unclear
731:Vladimir Solovyov
718:Failed operations
505:Operation Himmler
477:Reinhard Heydrich
475:in 1939 involved
473:Gleiwitz incident
457:Gleiwitz incident
451:Gleiwitz incident
436:puppet government
369:Otto von Bismarck
319:Russo-Swedish War
288:published by the
270:military tribunal
54:painted in false
16:(Redirected from
6547:
6530:History of flags
6395:
6376:
6330:
6323:
6316:
6307:
6306:
6295:Media proprietor
6119:Public relations
6099:Public diplomacy
6084:Information (IT)
5963:Name recognition
5588:Media regulation
5570:Annoyance factor
5427:Call-out culture
5342:Crowd psychology
5316:
5309:
5302:
5293:
5292:
5088:Traffic analysis
5060:Signals (SIGINT)
4895:Asset recruiting
4863:
4862:
4854:
4853:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4811:
4810:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4398:
4397:
4286:
4285:
4105:MMR autism fraud
3988:On US elections
3922:Operation Toucan
3895:
3894:
3663:
3662:
3652:
3651:
3617:anti-vaccination
3565:
3564:
3512:Holocaust denial
3487:Bermuda Triangle
3473:
3472:
3407:
3406:
3336:black propaganda
3304:Potemkin village
3229:False accusation
3205:list of websites
3104:
3103:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3050:
3034:
3033:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2990:. Archived from
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2866:
2860:
2845:
2839:
2836:The Boston Globe
2828:Saunders, Anne,
2826:
2820:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2749:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2693:
2687:
2668:
2662:
2648:
2632:
2626:
2607:
2601:
2594:
2588:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2480:. Archived from
2470:
2464:
2443:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2360:Business Insider
2350:
2344:
2343:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2190:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2021:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1680:
1674:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1647:. Archived from
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1597:
1591:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1556:, 17 March 2008.
1548:Squires, Nick. "
1546:
1540:
1538:
1516:
1510:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1367:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1339:
1269:Black propaganda
1166:is a false flag
1146:
1055:" techniques).
921:Josiah Tongogara
882:Ronald Reid-Daly
839:Mau Mau uprising
639:Operation TPAJAX
542:Cuban Revolution
420:SeishirĹŤ Itagaki
21:
6555:
6554:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6544:
6470:
6469:
6468:
6463:
6449:
6424:
6398:
6339:
6334:
6304:
6299:
6290:Media influence
6285:Media franchise
6270:Media democracy
6236:
6181:
6113:
6055:
6036:Loaded language
5987:
5904:
5821:
5773:
5663:
5592:
5574:
5501:
5442:Culture jamming
5391:
5325:
5320:
5290:
5285:
5250:
5188:
5174:Imagery (IMINT)
5152:
5113:Electro-optical
5104:
5103:Measurement and
5097:
5050:
5026:Numbers station
4955:Black operation
4919:
4881:
4843:
4838:
4808:
4803:
4777:Sting operation
4686:Black operation
4652:
4648:Limited hangout
4630:
4621:
4585:Numbers station
4537:
4531:
4508:
4448:
4430:
4425:
4395:
4386:
4291:
4272:
4251:
4239:
4124:
4120:Zinoviev letter
4070:
4044:
4028:
3952:Post-Soviet era
3946:
3907:Active Measures
3890:
3881:
3850:
3838:
3826:
3814:
3802:
3771:
3745:
3733:
3673:
3671:Jihadunspun.com
3657:
3638:
3563:
3539:New World Order
3507:Genocide denial
3478:
3463:
3412:
3397:
3319:Memetic warfare
3109:
3098:
3089:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2961:. 5 August 2019
2951:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2920:
2916:
2897:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2867:
2863:
2846:
2842:
2827:
2823:
2817:Concord Monitor
2813:Wayback Machine
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2771:
2767:
2751:
2750:
2738:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2694:
2690:
2686:, 1999, p. 174.
2669:
2665:
2642:
2633:
2629:
2608:
2604:
2595:
2591:
2577:Covos-Day Books
2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:Wayback Machine
2444:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2411:Childs, Simon.
2409:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2294:(1 June 1992).
2285:
2281:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2164:. p. 115.
2154:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2023:
2022:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1980:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1836:
1820:
1816:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1739:
1735:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1681:
1677:
1671:Wayback Machine
1660:
1656:
1639:(323): 347–63.
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1517:
1513:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1328:
1315:State terrorism
1260:
1255:
1226:Paulette Cooper
1200:
1184:outrage culture
1144:
1094:
1082:. According to
1068:
1020:
1014:
890:colour sergeant
872:), governed by
792:Operation Trust
756:
720:
683:
677:
647:
641:
636:
606:
586:John F. Kennedy
572:for a war with
555:
549:
544:
528:shelled Mainila
521:
493:Alfred Naujocks
489:war with Poland
483:attack against
466:Alfred Naujocks
459:
453:
448:
432:Mukden incident
404:
402:Mukden incident
398:
365:
359:
353:
341:Gustav III
321:
316:
310:
266:Operation Greif
258:
230:
200:St Nazaire Raid
110:deceive enemies
106:
56:Cuban Air Force
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6553:
6543:
6542:
6540:Flag practices
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6465:
6464:
6460:The Art of War
6457:
6455:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6410:Military dummy
6406:
6404:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6392:Ruse de guerre
6387:
6382:
6377:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6356:Disinformation
6353:
6347:
6345:
6341:
6340:
6333:
6332:
6325:
6318:
6310:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6250:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6191:
6189:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6167:Understatement
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6123:
6121:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6065:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6031:Indoctrination
6028:
6023:
6018:
6016:Disinformation
6013:
6008:
6003:
5997:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5980:
5978:Smear campaign
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5914:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5897:
5895:Sensationalism
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5835:Agenda-setting
5831:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5783:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5709:False document
5706:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5673:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5614:Catch and kill
5611:
5606:
5601:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5511:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5447:Demonstrations
5444:
5439:
5434:
5432:Cancel culture
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5401:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5326:
5319:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5296:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5266:
5260:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5211:Target-centric
5208:
5202:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5140:
5135:
5133:Radiofrequency
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5109:
5107:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5064:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4952:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4929:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4891:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4866:
4860:
4858:Human (HUMINT)
4851:
4845:
4844:
4837:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4814:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4632:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4541:
4539:
4538:communications
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4464:
4457:
4455:Agent handling
4451:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4424:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4401:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4200:Habbush letter
4197:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4175:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4082:Bell Pottinger
4078:
4076:
4075:United Kingdom
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3956:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3892:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3803:
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3779:
3777:
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3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3739:
3738:Czechoslovakia
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3710:PLA Unit 61398
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3659:
3658:
3648:
3647:
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3640:
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3631:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3585:by governments
3577:
3571:
3569:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
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3499:
3494:
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3479:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3422:Disinformation
3417:
3414:
3413:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
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3338:
3328:
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3321:
3311:
3306:
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3296:
3291:
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3256:
3251:
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3207:
3202:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3143:Cognitive bias
3140:
3135:
3133:Cherry picking
3130:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3099:
3096:misinformation
3092:Disinformation
3088:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3042:
3041:External links
3039:
3036:
3035:
3017:
3005:
2972:
2944:
2914:
2888:
2861:
2840:
2821:
2793:
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2688:
2663:
2659:available here
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2515:
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2433:
2403:
2373:
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2177:
2171:978-0857711663
2170:
2145:
2113:
2080:
2048:
2011:
1971:
1959:Foreign Policy
1945:
1938:
1918:
1905:978-0984314447
1904:
1884:
1849:
1834:
1814:
1791:
1785:978-0275982782
1784:
1778:. p. 39.
1762:
1755:
1749:. p. 39.
1733:
1722:(3): 445–460.
1704:
1697:
1675:
1654:
1617:
1592:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1541:
1534:
1520:ruse de guerre
1511:
1494:
1487:
1467:
1460:
1440:
1433:
1413:
1387:
1357:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1284:Fear mongering
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1199:
1196:
1093:
1090:
1067:
1066:Civilian usage
1064:
1016:Main article:
1013:
1010:
929:United Nations
832:Medal of Honor
786:(OGPU) of the
765:assassinations
755:
752:
719:
716:
679:Main article:
676:
673:
643:Main article:
640:
637:
635:
632:
605:
602:
551:Main article:
548:
545:
543:
540:
520:
517:
455:Main article:
452:
449:
447:
444:
400:Main article:
397:
394:
371:published the
355:Main article:
352:
349:
320:
317:
309:
306:
290:War Department
257:
254:
245:
244:
241:
229:
226:
105:
104:Use in warfare
102:
66:in April 1961.
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6552:
6541:
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6275:Media ecology
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6258:United States
6256:
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6232:Telemarketing
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6087:
6085:
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6077:
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6067:
6066:
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6058:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6021:Fearmongering
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
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5949:
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5936:
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5915:
5913:
5911:
5907:
5901:
5898:
5896:
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5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5860:False balance
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5818:
5817:Word of mouth
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
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5732:
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5727:
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5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
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5702:
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5690:
5688:
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5680:
5678:
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5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5604:Broadcast law
5602:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5571:
5568:
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5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
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5512:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5452:Deplatforming
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5357:False balance
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5317:
5312:
5310:
5305:
5303:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5282:
5279:
5275:
5274:organizations
5272:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5256:Dissemination
5253:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5100:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5041:Steganography
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5021:Interrogation
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5006:Eavesdropping
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4910:Direct action
4908:
4906:
4905:Covert action
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4876:
4875:organizations
4873:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4835:
4830:
4828:
4823:
4821:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4735:interrogation
4733:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4703:Eavesdropping
4701:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4605:Steganography
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4580:Invisible ink
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4534:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4499:Sleeper agent
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4422:
4417:
4415:
4410:
4408:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4342:FactCheck.org
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4300:Fact-checking
4298:
4297:
4294:
4287:
4283:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
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4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
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4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:United States
4127:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
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3915:
3913:
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3904:
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3900:
3896:
3893:
3888:
3884:
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3875:
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3870:
3867:
3863:
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3849:
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3841:
3837:
3833:
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3825:
3821:
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3813:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
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3774:
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3740:
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3730:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:50 Cent Party
3688:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3649:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
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3590:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
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3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3474:
3470:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3419:
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3415:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
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3334:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3294:Media culture
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:False dilemma
3232:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
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3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
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3057:at Wiktionary
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2677:
2676:Roger Faligot
2673:
2667:
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2655:2-7071-4747-8
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2516:0-465-00312-5
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2499:
2484:on 2 May 2017
2483:
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2293:
2292:Morris, Benny
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1873:on 1 May 2024
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1554:The Telegraph
1551:
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1237:
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1189:
1188:sockpuppeting
1185:
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1173:
1172:point of view
1169:
1165:
1164:concern troll
1160:
1157:
1152:
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1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
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1111:
1110:New Hampshire
1106:
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1103:Canuck letter
1100:
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1002:Roger Faligot
999:
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867:
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862:Selous Scouts
858:
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749:
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741:
740:Eliot Higgins
737:
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598:James Bamford
595:
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274:Dachau Trials
271:
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262:Otto Skorzeny
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156:Cap Trafalgar
153:
149:
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143:Cap Trafalgar
138:
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131:
127:
123:
119:
118:naval warfare
115:
111:
101:
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89:
86:
82:
78:
77:naval warfare
73:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
6458:
6434:World War II
6360:
6280:Media ethics
6200:Door-to-door
6195:Cold calling
6172:Weasel words
6079:Fifth column
6073:
5973:Push polling
5923:Astroturfing
5885:Pseudo-event
5865:Infotainment
5840:Broadcasting
5759:Urban legend
5682:April Fools'
5555:Testimonials
5525:Infomercials
5352:Dumbing down
5046:Surveillance
5036:Resident spy
5010:
4977:Cryptography
4782:Surveillance
4719:
4570:Cyber spying
4555:Cryptography
4494:Resident spy
4479:Double agent
4459:
4102:
4037:South Africa
4024:Web brigades
3960:Cyberwarfare
3942:Useful idiot
3891:Soviet Union
3836:Fintas Group
3728:Global Times
3726:
3695:cyberwarfare
3456:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3429:
3421:
3388:Whataboutism
3383:Urban legend
3353:Quote mining
3238:
3053:
3029:
3020:
3015:; pp. 23–25.
3008:
2996:. Retrieved
2992:the original
2985:
2975:
2963:. Retrieved
2956:
2947:
2935:. Retrieved
2927:
2917:
2904:
2879:. Retrieved
2875:WisWatch.org
2874:
2864:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2830:
2824:
2803:
2796:
2784:. Retrieved
2778:
2768:
2726:
2719:
2707:. Retrieved
2701:
2691:
2679:
2671:
2666:
2635:
2630:
2623:selousscouts
2618:
2610:
2605:
2597:
2592:
2572:
2567:
2558:
2546:. Retrieved
2534:
2525:
2505:
2498:
2486:. Retrieved
2482:the original
2477:
2468:
2447:
2424:. Retrieved
2417:www.vice.com
2416:
2406:
2394:. Retrieved
2386:
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2358:
2348:
2329:
2323:
2311:. Retrieved
2296:
2282:
2267:
2260:
2248:. Retrieved
2231:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2192:
2180:
2157:
2136:. Retrieved
2127:The Guardian
2125:
2116:
2104:. Retrieved
2093:
2083:
2071:. Retrieved
2060:
2051:
2039:. Retrieved
2028:
2002:. Retrieved
1987:
1962:. Retrieved
1958:
1948:
1928:
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1894:
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1871:the original
1864:
1824:
1817:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1771:
1765:
1742:
1736:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1657:
1649:the original
1636:
1630:
1620:
1608:. Retrieved
1595:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1544:
1525:
1519:
1514:
1502:
1497:
1477:
1470:
1450:
1443:
1423:
1416:
1404:. Retrieved
1399:
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1374:
1348:. Retrieved
1247:astroturfing
1240:
1238:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1192:safe-baiting
1161:
1153:
1150:
1142:
1129:Scott Walker
1126:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1069:
1057:
1044:
1038:
1021:
992:composed of
990:Death squads
983:
981:campaigns."
975:paramilitary
970:infiltration
967:
941:or during a
936:
933:
925:refugee camp
910:
898:Joshua Nkomo
859:
850:
843:Frank Kitson
836:
800:
788:Soviet Union
781:
761:intelligence
757:
747:
724:
721:
712:Pinhas Lavon
708:Moshe Sharet
684:
681:Lavon Affair
670:
659:
648:
621:
607:
578:Fidel Castro
564:
522:
513:
470:
446:World War II
417:
382:Napoleon III
373:Ems Dispatch
366:
322:
297:
286:Field Manual
283:
268:, by a U.S.
259:
256:Land warfare
246:
231:
221:
208:
192:Kriegsmarine
190:
188:
183:
178:
167:
163:World War II
160:
155:
151:
147:
142:
135:
107:
90:
71:
69:
64:Brigade 2506
43:
6152:Sound bites
6132:Doublespeak
5983:Wedge issue
5943:Dog whistle
5918:Advertising
5744:Lying press
5729:Gaslighting
5507:Advertising
5482:Occupations
5372:Obfuscation
5362:Half-truths
5118:Geophysical
4900:Cell system
4887:Clandestine
4772:Stay-behind
4681:Recruitment
4638:Canary trap
4536:Devices and
4484:Field agent
4235:Yellow rain
3855:Philippines
3715:Spamouflage
3700:Little Pink
3554:Rothschilds
3544:Red mercury
3259:Gaslighting
3210:Lying press
3180:Doublespeak
3030:@politifact
2928:nbcnews.com
2643: [
2162:I.B. Tauris
2138:22 February
2106:24 February
2073:21 February
2041:22 February
2004:22 February
1588:backup site
1380:23 December
1310:Red herring
1274:Casus belli
1222:Scientology
1198:Ideological
1060:Jack Barsky
1036:East German
1032:West German
955:Laws of war
886:Peter Walls
837:During the
816:Gendarmerie
690:, Egyptian
525:Soviet army
279:laws of war
228:Air warfare
222:Campbeltown
209:Campbeltown
32:False color
6505:Law of war
6474:Categories
6429:Operations
6373:Maskirovka
6361:False flag
6344:Techniques
6253:Media bias
6109:Subversion
6074:False flag
6051:Techniques
5993:Propaganda
5953:Lawn signs
5933:Canvassing
5827:News media
5583:Censorship
5515:Billboards
5467:Hacktivism
5457:Grassroots
5382:Persuasion
5147:earthquake
5011:False flag
4849:Collection
4767:Sexpionage
4747:COINTELPRO
4740:safe house
4720:False flag
4657:Operations
4631:techniques
4627:Tradecraft
4362:PolitiFact
4290:Opposition
4166:Sandy Hook
3965:on Estonia
3899:Soviet era
3812:Team Jorge
3788:Godi-media
3549:Reptilians
3519:Illuminati
3378:Truthiness
3368:Social bot
3331:Propaganda
3264:Half-truth
3239:False flag
3054:false flag
2703:BBC Online
2684:Flammarion
2674:, quoting
2615:Croom Helm
2613:, London:
2548:7 November
2488:16 October
2421:Vice Media
2288:Black, Ian
2160:. London:
2095:Bellingcat
1994:Vice Media
1911:30 October
1844:1261364794
1610:30 October
1505:. Austin:
1326:References
1242:PolitiFact
1122:IP address
1114:New Jersey
1053:honey trap
917:Mozambique
820:guerrillas
796:White Army
696:Suez Canal
692:Communists
623:Bellingcat
536:Winter War
519:Winter War
422:and other
361:See also:
214:chamfering
114:perfidious
85:privateers
72:false flag
6515:Deception
6445:Bodyguard
6403:Equipment
6215:Promotion
6094:Political
6001:Bandwagon
5928:Attack ad
5807:Publicity
5779:Marketing
5692:Fake news
5654:Religious
5649:Political
5629:Euphemism
5624:Cover-ups
5619:Corporate
5487:Petitions
5377:Orwellian
5347:Deception
5138:Materials
4992:Defection
4987:Dead drop
4960:black bag
4925:Espionage
4691:black bag
4575:Dead drop
4504:Spymaster
4428:Espionage
4357:NewsGuard
4352:Logically
4347:Full Fact
4244:Venezuela
4178:Fake news
4066:AK Trolls
3757:Funkspiel
3279:Infodemic
3195:Fake news
3170:Denialism
3165:Deception
2754:cite book
2746:979545331
2543:0458-3035
2426:14 August
2396:14 August
2366:14 August
2250:14 August
2240:0362-4331
2211:14 August
2201:0362-4331
1989:Vice News
1877:14 August
1747:Routledge
1168:pseudonym
1099:straw men
1024:espionage
1012:Espionage
963:insurgent
939:civil war
440:Manchukuo
428:Manchuria
377:Wilhelm I
333:Stockholm
234:the Hague
6162:Transfer
6104:Sedition
5968:Negative
5880:Newspeak
5870:Managing
5812:Research
5787:Branding
5739:Literary
5704:Fakelore
5697:websites
5687:Deepfake
5644:Internet
5535:Modeling
5492:Protests
5472:Internet
5405:Advocacy
5397:Activism
5198:Analysis
4996:Turncoat
4943:handling
4757:SHAMROCK
4610:microdot
4513:Analysis
4382:USAFacts
4372:StopFake
4268:Force 47
4173:COVID-19
4097:Euromyth
3848:Peñabots
3722:COVID-19
3627:COVID-19
3612:Vaccines
3477:Examples
3363:Smearing
2998:24 March
2965:7 August
2932:NBC News
2909:Archived
2905:CBS News
2809:Archived
2709:10 April
2453:Archived
2244:Archived
2205:Archived
2132:Archived
2100:Archived
2067:Archived
2035:Archived
1998:Archived
1964:14 March
1667:Archived
1509:. p. 225
1400:BBC News
1258:Concepts
1253:See also
1139:rights:
1133:protests
1028:Cold War
870:Zimbabwe
866:Rhodesia
806:Sergeant
618:metadata
424:Japanese
184:Kormoran
171:, which
168:Kormoran
152:Carmania
148:Carmania
136:Carmania
6440:Bertram
6241:Related
6220:Spaving
6205:Pricing
6147:Slogans
6089:Lawfare
6026:Framing
6006:Big lie
5797:Product
5792:Loyalty
5724:Forgery
5669:Hoaxing
5550:Slogans
5530:Mobiles
5422:Boycott
5330:Context
5145: (
5123:Nuclear
5093:TEMPEST
4752:MINARET
4696:wetwork
4256:Vietnam
3927:Seat 12
3798:OpIndia
3750:Germany
3217:Fallacy
3190:Factoid
3128:Big lie
3032:. 2019.
2881:21 June
2313:19 June
2062:Reuters
1807:].
1728:2944134
1305:Mimicry
1299:Joe job
1289:Frameup
927:by the
896:leader
813:Haitian
592:by the
532:Finland
501:Gestapo
485:Germany
329:Puumala
272:at the
198:in the
126:Q-ships
98:frameup
93:pretext
81:pirates
50:A U.S.
6510:Piracy
6420:Q-ship
5845:Circus
5754:Racial
4982:Cutout
4933:Agents
4787:Global
4713:MASINT
4708:SIGINT
4560:Cutout
4444:Assets
4439:Agents
4367:Snopes
4183:online
4103:Lancet
4049:Turkey
3887:Russia
3843:Mexico
3831:Kuwait
3807:Israel
3666:Canada
3622:autism
3568:Health
3200:online
2937:9 July
2786:9 June
2744:
2734:
2653:
2583:
2541:
2513:
2336:
2304:
2238:
2199:
2168:
1936:
1902:
1842:
1832:
1782:
1753:
1726:
1695:
1532:
1485:
1458:
1431:
1406:20 May
1350:9 June
1145:
1116:after
1080:cabals
1049:Romeos
902:Zambia
736:Sims 3
703:Nasser
666:TPAJAX
662:TPAJAX
628:Donbas
481:Polish
196:ensign
179:Sydney
6454:Texts
6415:Decoy
6187:Sales
5890:Scrum
5850:Cycle
5764:Virus
5634:Films
5599:Books
5540:Radio
5520:False
5497:Youth
5477:Media
5410:group
5367:Media
5157:Other
5128:Radar
4972:Cover
4950:Asset
4938:field
4472:Agent
4467:Cover
4161:QAnon
3819:Korea
3776:India
3678:China
3592:Ebola
3108:Types
2672:ibid.
2647:]
1803:[
1724:JSTOR
1687:[
1045:Stasi
1040:Stasi
868:(now
855:Kenya
826:near
177:HMAS
6157:Spin
5734:List
5659:Self
5337:Bias
4792:Mass
4762:FVEY
4489:Mole
4002:2020
3997:2018
3992:2016
3373:Spin
3274:Hoax
3159:list
3094:and
3000:2009
2987:Time
2967:2019
2939:2021
2883:2016
2788:2020
2760:link
2742:OCLC
2732:ISBN
2711:2009
2651:ISBN
2581:ISBN
2550:2017
2539:ISSN
2511:ISBN
2490:2019
2428:2024
2398:2024
2368:2024
2334:ISBN
2315:2011
2302:ISBN
2252:2024
2236:ISSN
2213:2024
2197:ISSN
2166:ISBN
2140:2022
2108:2022
2075:2022
2043:2022
2006:2022
1966:2022
1934:ISBN
1913:2018
1900:ISBN
1879:2024
1840:OCLC
1830:ISBN
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