Family planning - Knowledge

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40% use contraceptives. The unmet need for modern contraceptives is very high in sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and western Asia. Africa has the lowest rate of contraceptive use (33%) and highest rate of unmet need (22%). Northern America has the highest rate of contraceptive use (73%) and the lowest unmet need (7%). Latin America and the Caribbean follows closely behind with 73% contraceptive use and 11% unmet need. Europe and Asia are on par: Europe has a 69% contraceptive use rate and 10% unmet need, Asia has a 68% contraceptive use and 10% unmet need. Although unmet need is lower in Asia because of the large population in this region, the number of women with unmet need is 443 million, compared to 74 million in Europe Oceania has a 59% contraceptive use rate and 15% unmet need. When comparing the regions within these continents, Eastern Asia ranks the highest rate of contraceptive use (82%) and lowest unmet need (5%). Western Africa ranks the lowest rate of contraceptive use (17%). Middle Africa ranks the highest unmet need (26%). Unmet need is higher among poorer women; in Bolivia and Ethiopia unmet need is tripled and doubled among poor populations. However, in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Liberia the rates of unmet need are different by 1–2 percentage points. This suggests that as wealthier women begin to want smaller families, they will increasingly seek out family planning methods.

1140:. Beginning in 1979 and being officially phased out in 2015, the policy was instated to control the rapid population growth that was occurring in the nation at that time. With the rapid change in population, China was facing many impacts, including poverty and homelessness. As a developing nation, the Chinese government was concerned that a continuation of the rapid population growth that had been occurring would hinder their development as a nation. The process of family planning varied throughout China, as people differed in their responsiveness to the one-child policy, based on location and socioeconomic status. For example, many families in the cities accepted the policy more readily based on the lack of space, money, and resources that often occurs in the cities. Another example can be found in the enforcement of this rule; people living in rural areas of China were, in some cases, permitted to have more than one child, but had to wait several years after the birth of the first one. However, the people in rural areas of China were more hesitant in accepting this policy. China's population policy has been credited with a very significant slowing of China's population growth which had been higher before the policy was implemented. However, the policy has come under criticism that it has resulted in abuse of women and girls. Often implementation of the policy has involved 1029:

to offset high mortality, thus as society modernizes, the costs of raising children increases, reducing their economic value, and resulting in a decline in desired number of children. Under this theory, family planning programs will have a marginal impact. Bongaarts (2014) shows that using a country case study approach, both stronger and weaker family programs reduce the unmet need for contraceptives and increases use by making modern contraceptives more widely available and removing obstacles to use. Also, the demand that is satisfied and the proportion of women using modern methods increased. The programs may have an additional effect of diffusing the ideas related to family planning and thus raising the demand for contraception. As a result, a small decrease in unmet need may be offset by a rise in demand. Nonetheless, even in countries where it is assumed that family programs will make a marginal impact, Bongaarts shows that family planning programs can potentially increase contraceptive use and increase/decrease demand depending on the preexisting attitudes of the community.

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subjected the Muslim minority to forced sterilizations and abortion approved by the highest level in Beijing. Through their investigation they also found evidence that pregnant women were forced to have abortions even at the last stage of pregnancy. Since 2017, births in China's Xinjiang regions have dropped sharply. Between 2015 and 2018, population growth in largely Uyghur areas fell by 84%. This decline is not only attributed to the splitting of couples, but also mass sterilization policies and forced IUD implantation. Between 2014 and 2018, the rate of IUD placements increased by more than 60% in Xinjiang, while it dropped in other areas of China. Uyghur survivors who have made it out of the concentration camps have reported and testified regarding the violence against reproductive rights in the camps. One survivor shares that she was given injections and kicked repeatedly in the stomach, and is no longer able to have children. This is one of countless examples of the violence against women and their rights to family planning within the Uyghur concentration camps.

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quality. The quantity-quality trade-off means that policies that raise benefits of investing in child quality will generate higher levels of human capital, and policies that lower the costs of having children may have unintended adverse consequences on long-run economic growth. When deciding how many children, parents are influenced by their income level, perceived return to human capital investment, and cultural norms related to gender equality. Controlling birth rates allows families to raise the future earnings power of the next generation. Many empirical studies have tested the quantity-quality trade-off and either observed a negative correlation between family size and child quality or did not find a correlation. Most studies treat family size as an exogenous variable because parents choose childbearing and child outcome and therefore cannot establish causality. They are both influenced by typically non-observable parental preferences and household characteristics, but some studies observe proxy variables such as investment in education.

1013: 681:) reflects this international consensus. The 2012 London Summit on Family Planning, hosted by the UK government and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, affirmed political commitments and increased funds for the project, strengthening the role of family planning in global development. Family Planning 2020 (FP2020) is the result of the 2012 London Summit on Family Planning where more than 20 governments made commitments to address the policy, financing, delivery, and socio-cultural barriers to women accessing contraception formation and services. FP2020 is a global movement that supports the rights of women to decide for themselves whether, when and how many children they want to have. The commitments of the program are specific to each country, as compared to the generalized main goals of the 1995 conference program of action. FP2020 is hosted by the United Nations Foundation and operates in support of the UN Secretary-General's Global Strategy for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health. 1249:. In the 1965–2009 period, contraceptive usage has more than tripled (from 13% of married women in 1970 to 48% in 2009) and the fertility rate has more than halved (from 5.7 in 1966 to 2.6 in 2009), but the national fertility rate is still high enough to cause long-term population growth. India adds up to 1,000,000 people to its population every 15 days. However, forecasted growth rate may be inaccurate due to high disparities in education among Indian females and Indian states. An increase in education rates has been associated with a decline in the national fertility rate of India. As of 2015, the national fertility rate among Indian females is 2.2 children per female, which is approximately 3 times less than India's national fertility rate in the 1960s. This shift in national fertility rate may also reflect a marked change in family planning practices within India. 1005: 834: 507:(IUI). This type of surrogacy obviously includes a genetic connection between the surrogate and the child. Legally, the surrogate will have to disclaim any interest in the child to complete the transfer to the intended parents. A gestational surrogacy occurs when the intended mother's or a donor egg is fertilized outside the body and then the embryos are transferred into the uterus. The woman who carries the child is often referred to as a gestational carrier. The legal steps to confirm parentage with the intended parents are generally easier than in a traditional because there is no genetic connection between child and carrier. 1552:, is a U.S. government program dedicated to providing family planning services for those in need. But funding for Title X as a percentage of total public funding to family planning client services has steadily declined from 44% of total expenditures in 1980 to 12% in 2006. Current funding for Title X is less than 40% of what is needed to meet the need for publicly funded family planning. Title X would need $ 737 million annually to meet the need for family planning services. Only 6.2 million women accessed publicly funded services from 10,700 clinics in 2015, despite an estimated 20 million women who could benefit. 1148:, and infanticides. In areas where family-planning regulations were strictly enforced like Guangxi Province, 80% of trafficked babies were girls as parents were more likely to sell their baby girls on the black market than baby boys. The number of girls that die within their first year of birth is twice that of boys. Another drawback of the policy is that China's elderly population is now increasing rapidly. However, while the punishment of "unplanned" pregnancy is a large fine, both forced abortion and forced sterilization can be charged with intentional assault, which is punished with up to ten years' imprisonment. 414: 297: 11943: 42: 1655:

the impact on family planning and transitioning to all transgender individuals Even though many transgender and gender-nonbinary youth express desire to receive fertility counseling and recommendations from professional organization, studies indicate that only a small portion have these conversations with their health care team. Health care professionals attribute lack of knowledge of reproductive health in this community, knowledge limitation due to lack of data on long term effects of hormonal intervention to the inconsistency in discussion around family building

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age about modern contraception methods. The major media channels and products included radio spots, radio series drama, Green Star logo promotional activities (identifies sites where family planning services are available), posters, leaflets, newspapers, and audio cassettes. In conjunction with other non-project interventions sponsored by other Tanzanian and international agencies from 1992 to 1994, contraception use among women ages 15–49 increased from 5.9% to 11.3%. The total fertility rate dropped from 6.3 lifetime births per individual in 1991–1992 to 5.8 in 1994.

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in 1996 to 93% in 2013, but is declining in developed countries from 58% in 1976 to 45% in 2013. Ninety-seven percent of Latin America and the Caribbean, 96% of Africa, and 94% of Oceania governments provided direct support for family planning. In Europe, only 45% of governments directly support family planning. Out of 172 countries with available data in 2012, 152 countries had implemented realistic measures to increase women's access to family planning methods from 2009 to 2014. This data included 95% of developing nations and 65% of developed nations.

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financial difficulty than if they had several children. In order to preserve traditional gender roles, social conservatives seek to reverse the social changes brought by family planning and declining birth rate. They are opposed to most forms of family planning and often advocate for larger families with many children. To this end, they sometimes cite the decline of religion or the family as an institution, but as Hans Rosling notes in his book "Factfulness", this has little to do with religious or family values, and are merely "patriarchal values".

1093: 231: 1664:(especially in the first trimester of pregnancy), becoming a concern for transgender men who conceived while on hormone therapy. Moreover, condoms are one of the most common contraceptive methods in transgender men, while another subset report no contraception use which can lead to unintended pregnancies. Some challenges to adopting a form of family planning method among this population varies depending on the method. For instance, fear of prevention of masculinization with use of estrogen-based contraceptives, and 1570:

incomes. They were also 7% less likely to live in poverty and 12% less likely to live in households receiving public assistance. After accounting for selection, the direct effects of family planning programs on parents' incomes account for roughly two thirds of these gains." A 2021 study found disparity among racial groups in the perceived quality of family planning care received, with white women (72%) more likely to rate their experience with their providers as excellent than Black (60%) and Hispanic women (67%).

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unmet need for contraception will result in 640,000 fewer newborn deaths, 150,000 fewer maternal deaths and 600,000 fewer children who lose their mother. At the same time, societies will experience fewer dependents and more women in the workforce, driving faster economic growth. The costs of universal access to contraceptives will be about $ 3.6 billion/year, but the benefits will be more than $ 400 billion annually and maternal deaths will be reduced by 150,000.

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are $ 350 and $ 385 respectively. For those looking for egg preservation, a study calculated that the median total cost (which includes egg freezing, egg thawing, and annual preservation fee) in United States was around $ 7,444, and the cumulative costs for one live birth of US$ 11,704 for an individual in the age groups ≤ 35 years. Other common concerns that arise when seeking pregnancy include having to stop or delay of hormonal therapy, worsening of

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them. The main problems that preventing access to and use of birth control are unavailability, poor health care services, spousal disapproval, religious concerns, and misinformation about the effects of birth control. The most available type of birth control is condoms. A rapidly growing population coupled with an increase in preventable diseases means countries in Sub-Saharan Africa face an increasingly younger population.

31: 970:. In order to become rich, resources must be re-appropriated to increase income per person rather than supporting larger populations. As populations increase, governments must accommodate increasing investments in health and human capital and institutional reforms to address demographic divides. Reducing the cost of human capital can be implemented by subsidizing education, which raises the earning power of women and the 9334: 7509: 1317:

of 17 per 1,000 persons and a death rate of 6 per 1,000. Reports by the UN show birth control policies in Iran to be effective with the country topping the list of greatest fertility decreases. UN's Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs says that between 1975 and 1980, the total fertility number was 6.5. The projected level for Iran's 2005 to 2010 birth rate is fewer than two.

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contraceptive services, the rates of unintended pregnancies, unplanned births and abortions would have been 67% higher. The rates for teens would have been 102% higher. Title X funded programs saw 1.2 million fewer patients in 2015 compared to 2010 as funding decreased by $ 31 million. In 2015, an estimated 2.4 million additional women received Medicaid-funded contraceptive services from private doctors.

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available services, user or provider bias, or gender-based barriers. In Africa, 24.2% of women of reproductive age do not have access to modern contraction. In Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean, the unmet need is 10–11%. Meeting the unmet need for contraception could prevent 104,000 maternal deaths per year, a 29% reduction of women dying from postpartum hemorrhage or unsafe abortions.

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to support pensions and social programs. Encouraging higher fertility as a solution may risk reversing the benefits for increased child investment and female labor force participation have had on economic growth. Increasing high skill migration may be an effective way to increase the return to education leading to lower fertility and a greater supply of highly skilled individuals.

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building a career). Family planning has become a catch-all phrase for much of the work undertaken in this realm. However, contemporary notions of family planning tend to place a woman and her childbearing decisions at the center of the discussion, as notions of women's empowerment and reproductive autonomy have gained traction in many parts of the world. It is usually applied to a

380:(UNFPA) says, "Contraceptives prevent unintended pregnancies, reduce the number of abortions, and lower the incidence of death and disability related to complications of pregnancy and childbirth." UNFPA states, "If all women with an unmet need for contraceptives were able to use modern methods, an additional 24 million abortions (14 million of which would be unsafe), 6 million 855:(UNFPA) says that "Some 225 million women who want to avoid pregnancy are not using safe and effective family planning methods, for reasons ranging from lack of access to information or services to lack of support from their partners or communities." The UNFPA says that "Most of these women with an unmet need for contraceptives live in 69 of the poorest countries on earth." 883:(MDGs) universal access to family planning is one of the key factors contributing to development and reducing poverty. Family planning creates benefits in areas such as, gender quality and women's health, access to sexual education and higher education, and improvements in maternal and child health. Note that the Millennium Development Goals have been superseded by the 1597:

freezing and embryo freezing. For individuals wanting to conceive very soon, they will need to use donor gametes. The donor gametes can be anonymous or known directed donors. These donors must undergo a mandated Food and Drug Administration (FDA) screenings which include questionnaires, physical examination, and sexually transmitted infection.

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about 46% (29% intrauterine, 17% hormonal). During the Soviet era high quality contraceptives were difficult to obtain, and abortion became the most common way of preventing unwanted births. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union abortion rates have fallen considerably, but they are still higher than rates in many developed countries.

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and STIs as well as sick leave. Contraception use rose from 11% to 90% between 1997 and 2000. In 2016, the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers Export Association partnered with family planning organizations to provide training and free contraceptives to factory clinics, creating the potential to reach thousands of factory employees.

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As of March 2020, there were an estimated 450 million women using modern contraceptives across 114 priority low- and middle-income countries. The COVID-19 pandemic as well as social distancing and other strategies to reduce transmission are anticipated to impact the ability of these women to continue

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The UNFPA states, "Poorer women and those in rural areas often have less access to family planning services. Certain groups — including adolescents, unmarried people, the urban poor, rural populations, sex workers and people living with HIV also face a variety of barriers to family planning. This can

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Substantial unmet need has provoked family planning programs by governments and donors, but the impact of family planning programs on fertility and contraceptive use remains somewhat unsettled. "Demand theory" argues that in traditional agricultural societies, fertility rates are driven by the desire

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214 million women of reproductive age in developing countries who do not want to become pregnant are not using a modern contraceptive method. This could be a result of a limited choice of methods, limited access to contraception, fear of side-effects, cultural or religious opposition, poor quality of

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Historically, the capacity to control one's reproductive abilities has been unequally distributed across society. Long-acting reversible contraception (LARCs), including intrauterine devices and progestin implants, and permanent sterilization have been implemented to limit reproduction in communities

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The private sector includes nongovernmental and faith-based organizations that typically provide free or subsidized services to for-profit medical providers, pharmacies and drug shops. The private sector accounts for approximately two-fifths of contraceptive suppliers worldwide. Private organizations

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Both early and late motherhood have increased risks. Young teenagers face a higher risk of complications and death as a result of pregnancy. Waiting until the mother is at least 18 years old before trying to have children improves maternal and child health. To prevent complications, access to quality

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in the United States is less than 5% while countries such as the Netherlands, Australia and Israel have higher rates; this may be the result of challenges navigating health insurance coverage. According to a study, in the United States the national median initial bank fee and annual price of storage

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Reciprocal or co-IVF is an option where one partner undergoes controlled ovarian hyper-stimulation and oocyte retrieval followed by transfer of a fertilized embryo into the other's uterus. Co-IVF is not considered oocyte donation because the oocyte is considered shared (just as the sperm is "shared"

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has increased from 20% to 71% from 1980 to 2006. In 2006, Medicaid contributed $ 1.3 billion to public family planning. The $ 1.9 billion spent on publicly funded family planning in 2008 saved an estimated $ 7 billion in short-term Medicaid costs. Such services helped women prevent an estimated 1.94

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has been available since the 1970s, a product was specifically licensed for emergency contraception in 1984, and emergency contraceptives became available over the counter in 2001. Since becoming available over the counter it has not reduced the use of other forms of contraception, as some moralists

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While Iran's population grew at a rate of more than 3% per year between 1956 and 1986, the growth rate began to decline in the late 1980s and early 1990s after the government initiated a major population control program. By 2007 the growth rate had declined to 0.7 percent per year, with a birth rate

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Currently, developed countries have experienced rising economic growth and falling fertility. As a result of the demographic transition that takes place when countries become rich, developed countries have an increasing proportion of retired people which raises the burden on the workforce population

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Global consensus that family planning is a human right was secured at the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, in Principle 8 of the Programme of Action: All couples and individuals have the basic right to decide freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children

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In 2013, 160 out of 197 governments provided direct support for family planning. Twenty countries only provided indirect support through private sector or NGOs. Seventeen governments did not support family planning. Direct government support has continued to increase in developing countries from 82%

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When women can pursue additional education and paid employment, families can invest more in each child. Children with fewer siblings tend to stay in school longer than those with many siblings. Leaving school in order to have children has long-term implications for the future of these girls, as well

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United Nations. Department of International Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division; International Union for the Scientific Study of Population. Committee for the Analysis of Family Planning Programmes (1982). "Application of Methods of Measuring the Impact of Family Planning Programmes on

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with the use of contraceptive devises inside cervical/pelvic cavity. Additionally, negative experiences in the health care system related to gender identity, and denial of health care based on gender identity makes it difficult for this community to access health care and family planning resources.

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and gender affirming surgeries (e.g., genital surgery, and chest surgery) can temporarily or permanently impact the chance of becoming pregnant. The World Professional Organization for Transgender Health (WPATH) and American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRMA) recommend offering counseling on

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For individuals who plan on building a family in the near or distant future, some options available are oocyte cryopreservation, IVF with cryopreservation of embryos using donor gametes, or ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC). The method with the highest likelihood of future pregnancies is oocyte

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According to a 2004 study, current pregnancies were termed "desired and timely" by 58% of respondents, while 23% described them as "desired, but untimely", and 19% said they were "undesired". As of 2004, the share of women of reproductive age using hormonal or intrauterine birth control methods was

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Debate exists regarding the widespread acceptance of family planning practices within India. Some parties argue that longer life expectancy, coupled with lower birth rates, allow working-age individuals to accumulate more wealth since they need to support fewer dependents. Conversely, other studies

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Most of the countries with lowest rates of contraceptive use, highest maternal, infant, and child mortality rates, and highest fertility rates are in Africa. Only about 30% of all women use birth control, although over half of all African women would like to use birth control if it was available to

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According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Population Division, 64% of the world uses contraceptives, and 12% of the world population's need for contraceptives is unmet. In the least developed countries, 22% of the population do not have access to contraceptives, and

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Dang and Rogers (2015) show that in Vietnam, family planning services increased investment in education by lowering the relative cost of child quality and encouraging families to invest in quality. By observing the distance to the nearest family planning center and the general education expenditure

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Workplace policies and programs help expand access to family planning information. The Family Guidance Association of Ethiopia, which works with more than 150 enterprises to improve health services, analyzed health outcomes in one factory over 10 years and found reductions in unintended pregnancies

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Recent research based on nationally representative surveys supports a strong association between family planning mass media campaigns and contraceptive use, even after controlling for social and demographic variables. The 1989 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey found half of the women who recalled

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When, for any reason, a woman is unable to conceive by natural means, she may seek assisted conception. It is recommended to the couple to ask for reproductive counseling after one year of trying to conceive, or after six months of trying if the woman is more than 35 years old, if she has irregular

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is another option used to build a family. There are seven steps that one must make towards adoption. One must decide to pursue an adoption, apply to adopt, complete an adoption home study, get approved to adopt, be matched with a child, receive an adoptive placement, and then legalize the adoption.

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The lifetime opportunity cost related to adolescent pregnancy – a measure of the annual income a young mother misses out on over her lifetime – ranges from 1 per cent of annual gross domestic product in a large country such as China to 30 per cent of annual GDP in a small economy such as Uganda. If

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There are multiple benefits to family planning including spacing births for healthier pregnancies, thus decreasing risks of maternal morbidity, fetal prematurity and low birth. There is also a potential positive impact on the individual's social and economic advancement, as raising a child requires

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and gender diverse individuals face multiple barriers to achieving family planning goals. This community experiences lack of access to reproductive health care settings where they feel accepted, safe, and understood; reproduction help; pregnancy care; and contraception. A barrier that gets in the

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Having children produces a quality-quantity trade-off: parents need to decide how many children to have and how much to invest in the future of each child. The increasing marginal cost of quality (child outcome) with respect to quantity (number of children) creates a trade-off between quantity and

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Compulsory or forced sterilization programs or government policy attempt to force people to undergo surgical sterilization without their freely given consent. People from marginalized communities are at most risk of forced sterilization. Forced sterilization has occurred in recent years in Eastern

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The Health Education Division of the Ministry of Health conducted the Tanzanian Family Planning Communication Project from January 1991 through December 1994, a project funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). The program intended to educate both men and men of reproductive

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produced by Nobel laureates in collaboration with the UN, universal access to contraception ranks as the third-highest policy initiative in social, economic, and environmental benefits for every dollar spent. Providing universal access to sexual and reproductive health services and eliminating the

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is the consideration of the number of children a person wishes to have, including the choice to have no children, and the age at which they wish to have them. Things that may play a role on family planning decisions include marital situation, career or work considerations, financial situations. If

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Family planning has reduced the burden of childbearing from women. Now having to raise fewer children than before, women are no longer as economically dependent on their partners. As such, they are not necessitated to stay in marriages, due to the confidence that they can raise children with less

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There are many reasons as to why women do not use contraceptives. These reasons include logistical problems, scientific and religious concerns, limited access to transportation in order to access health clinics, lack of education and knowledge, and opposition by partners, families or communities.

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Studies have shown that transgender men can still become pregnant even in the absence of menstruation caused by gendered affirming therapy in the form of testosterone. Inconsistent hormonal therapy such as missed doses, incomplete dosing, or switching therapy regimen, mostly due to barriers noted

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In 1970, Thailand's government declared a population policy that would battle the country's rapid population growth rate. This policy set a five-year goal to reduce Thailand's population growth rate from 3 percent to 2.5 percent through methods such as spreading family planning awareness to rural

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Family planning in China had its benefits, and its drawbacks. For example, it helped reduce the population by about 300 million people in its first 20 years. A drawback is that there are now millions of sibling-less people, and in China siblings are very important. Once the parent generation gets

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Some 47 million women in 114 low- and middle-income countries are projected to be unable to use modern contraceptives if the average lockdown, or COVID-19-related disruption, continues for six months with major disruptions to services. For every three months the lockdown continues, assuming high

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In 2020, Chinese academics warn the country's leaders that the country's history of family planning have led to a decline in population growth. The decline in birthrate along with the increase in life expectancy could potentially mean that there will be too few workers to support the large aging

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Serving all women in developing countries that currently have an unmet need for modern contraceptives would prevent an additional 54 million unintended pregnancies, including 21 million unplanned births, 26 million abortions and seven million miscarriages; this would also prevent 79,000 maternal

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Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) may meet the needs of local poor by encouraging self-help and participation, understanding social and cultural subtleties, and working around red tape when governments do not adequately meet the needs of their constituents. A successful NGO can uphold family

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Investing in family planning has clear economic benefits and can also help countries to achieve their "demographic dividend", which means that countries productivity is able to increase when there are more people in the workforce and less dependents. UNFPA says that "For every dollar invested in

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The campaign to conflate contraception and abortion is rooted on the assertion that contraception ends, rather than prevents, pregnancy. This is due to the notion that preventing implantation implies an abortion, when considering fertilization as the initial moment of pregnancy. According to an

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A 2017 paper found that parents' access to family planning programs had a positive economic impact on their subsequent children: "Using the county-level introduction of U.S. family planning programs between 1964 and 1973, we find that children born after programs began had 2.8% higher household

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and medications to woman residing in non-urban areas. Additionally, the expensiveness of modern contraceptives limits women from regularly accessing these resources. Culturally, the use of contraceptives is discouraged and antagonized. However, it is important to note that this sentiment varies

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states that if adequate family planning access resources become available and accessible, India would reduce the number of infant deaths by 1,200,000. Some of the most prevalent forms of contraception used in India today include sterilization, which is the most common method, followed by use of

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for access to and the use of contraception. However, it often involves methods and practices in addition to contraception. Additionally, many might wish to use contraception but are not necessarily planning a family (e.g., unmarried adolescents, young married couples delaying childbearing while

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to decrease unintended pregnancy by 10%. Cost to the user is one factor preventing many American women from using more effective contraceptives. Making contraceptives available without a copay increases use of highly effective methods, reduces unintended pregnancies, and may be instrumental in

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movement of the 20th century, 60,000 people were sterilized in 32 states across the US with state-sanctioned sterilizations peaking in 1930-40's. More recently, unwanted sterilizations have been performed on over a thousand women in California prisons between 1997 and 2010. Protocols have been

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Drug shops and pharmacies provide health care in rural areas and urban slums where there are few public clinics. They account for most of the private sector provided contraception in sub-Saharan Africa, especially for condoms, pills, injectables and emergency contraception. Pharmacy supply and

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health. Methods of identifying infertile days have been known since antiquity, but scientific knowledge gained during the past century has increased the number and variety of methods. Various methods can be used and the Symptothermal method has achieved success rates over 99% if used properly.

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have been shown to influence demand for family planning services and resources. However, more research is necessary to determine other predictive factors to gauge demand for family planning. Economic and cultural barriers also impede the delivery of family planning resources to all women on a

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Clinics funded by Title X served 3.8 million of these women with access to services.In 2015, publicly funded contraceptive services helped women prevent 1.9 million unintended pregnancies; 876,100 of these would have resulted in unplanned births and 628,000 abortions. Without publicly funded

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The ongoing oppression of the Uyghur people and the violence against their reproductive rights started in 2017 in the far west region of Xinjiang, and is leading to what some experts are calling a form of "demographic genocide". In 2021, the Uyghur Tribunal in London concluded that China has

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and other minorities as part of a sweeping campaign to curb its Muslim population, even as it encourages some of the country's Han majority to have more children. While individual women have spoken out before about forced birth control, the practice is far more widespread and systematic than

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of having children, consequently lowering fertility. Access to contraceptives may also yield lower fertility rates: having more children than expected constrains the individual from attaining their desired level of investment in child quantity and quality. In high fertility contexts, reduced

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There is no clear social impact case for or against conceiving a child. Individually, for most people, bearing a child or not has no measurable impact on personal well-being. A review of the economic literature on life satisfaction shows that certain groups of people are much happier without

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which can contribute to increase chances of unintended pregnant, highlighting the need of contraception on transgender men (who have conserved reproductive organs) on testosterone if pregnancy is not desired. Furthermore, testosterone can cause abnormal vaginal development in female fetuses

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older, the children help take care of them, and the work is usually equally split among the siblings. Another benefit of the implementation of the one-child law is that it reduced the fertility rate from about 2.75 children born per woman, to about 1.8 children born per woman in the 1979.

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September 26 is designated as World Contraception Day, devoted to raising awareness of contraception and improving education about sexual and reproductive health, with a vision of "a world where every pregnancy is wanted". It is supported by a group of international NGOs, including:

1412:, and maternal care. While there is general agreement about its provisions on maternal and child health, there is great debate on its mandate that the Philippine government and the private sector will fund and undertake widespread distribution of family planning devices such as 3041:

Karen Hardee (Population Council), David Wofford (Meridien Group International), Nandita Thatte (World Health Organization), "Family Planning Evidence Briefs" prepared for the Family Planning Summit held in London on July 11, 2017. Published: World Health Organization,

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levels of disruption, up to 2 million additional women may be unable to use modern contraceptives. If the lockdown continues for six months and there are major service disruptions due to COVID-19, an additional 7 million unintended pregnancies are expected to occur.

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of color, the lower socioeconomic class, and among individuals with intellectual disabilities. Multiple studies have reported disproportionate recommendations of LARCs to individuals from marginalized communities compared to white, high-income individuals. With the

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For national, international, or local health programs involved in family planning, the use of standard indicators is increasingly encouraged, to track barriers to effective family planning along with the efficacy, uptake, and provision of family planning services.

258:; less than one half occur in sub-Saharan Africa and almost a third in South Asia. Maternal health also faces racial disparity in maternal health outcomes as per CDC 2021 report, where maternal mortality is higher among Hispanics compared to their counterparts. 600:

hearing or seeing family planning messages in radio, print, and television consequently used contraception, compared with 14% who did not recall family planning messages in the media, even after age, residence and socioeconomic status were taken into account.

144:

For many, the purpose of family planning is to make sure that any couple, man, or woman who has a child has the resources that are needed in order to complete this goal. With these resources a couple, man or woman can explore the options of natural birth,

499:, in which a woman agrees to become pregnant and deliver a child for another couple or person (this is not allowed in all countries). There are two types of surrogacy: traditional and gestational. In traditional surrogacy, the surrogate uses her own eggs 339:

estimates that for a child born in 2007, a U.S. family will spend an average of $ 11,000 to $ 23,000 per year for the first 17 years of child's life. (Total inflation-adjusted estimated expenditure: $ 196,000 to $ 393,000, depending on household income.)

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Options for male couples involve both an oocyte donor and gestational carrier. Oocyte donors undergo FDA screening processes and testing. Gestational carriers are individuals who birth a genetically unrelated child for another individual/couple.

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The United Nations Population Fund explicitly states it "never promotes abortion as a form of family planning". The World Health Organization states that "Family planning/contraception reduces the need for abortion, especially unsafe abortion."

578:

These methods are used for various reasons: There are no drug-related side effects, they are free to use and only have a small upfront cost, they work for both achieving and preventing pregnancy, and they may be used for religious reasons. (The

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has been massively popular. Sterilization is popular in older age groups, among those 45–49, 29% of men and 21% of women have been sterilized. Female sterilization has been declining since 1996, when the intrauterine system was introduced.

1359:

and subsequent decline in the fertility rate. In Ireland, the ratio of workers to dependents increased due to lower fertility—the reality of which has been questioned—but was raised further by increased female labor market participation.

634:

Social marketing employs marketing techniques to achieve behavioral change while making contraceptives available. By utilizing private providers, social marketing reduces geographic and socioeconomic disparities and reaches men and boys.

617:

Direct government support for family planning includes providing family planning education and supplies through government-run facilities such as hospitals, clinics, health posts and health centers and through government fieldworkers.

331:

Family planning is among the most cost-effective of all health interventions. "The cost savings stem from a reduction in unintended pregnancy, as well as a reduction in transmission of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV".

265:

Also, if additional children are desired after a child is born, it is healthier for the mother and the child to wait at least two years (but not more than five years) after the previous birth before attempting to conceive. After a

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Table 3–2: Percentage of women experiencing an unintended pregnancy during the first year of typical use and the first year of perfect use of contraception, and the percentage continuing use at the end of the first year. United

655:

planning services even when a national program is threatened by political forces. NGOs can contribute to informing government policy, developing programs, or carry out programs that the government will not or can not implement.

1155:

In 2015, China ended the one-child policy, announcing that all married couples will be allowed to have two children, in a bid to reverse the rapid aging of the labor force. The one-child policy was replaced with a two-child

1624:

The American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) recommends psychosocial evaluation of both the gestational carrier and the intended parents because of the complex stressful process for all parties involved.

387:

In cases where couples may not want to have children just yet, family planning programs help a lot. Federal family planning programs reduced childbearing among poor women by as much as 29 percent, according to a

5344:

Jennifer J. Frost, Lori F. Frohwirth, Nakeisha Blades, Mia R. Zolna, Ayana Douglas-Hall, and Jonathan Bearak, "Publicly Funded Contraceptive Services At U.S. Clinics, 2015" New York: Guttmacher Institute, 2017.

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Manhart, Michael D; Duane, Marguerite; Lind, April; Sinai, Irit; Golden-Tevald, Jean (2013). "Fertility awareness-based methods of family planning: A review of effectiveness for avoiding pregnancy using SORT".

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use. In 2011 just one in five Pakistani women ages 15 to 49 uses modern birth control. Contraception is shunned under traditional social mores that are fiercely defended as fundamentalist Islam gains strength.

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indicate that family planning can reduce the birth rate and cause the country's population to shrink. This debate has garnered national attention, and legislation has been passed and is being considered in the

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adolescent girls in Brazil and India were able to wait until their early twenties to have children, the increased economic productivity would equal more than $ 3.5 billion and $ 7.7 billion, respectively.

1382:

pledged that by 2010 it would provide universal access to family planning. Additionally, Pakistan's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper has set specific national goals for increases in family planning and

765:

established to protect against unwanted permanent contraception through Medicaid Laws, but there has not been a widespread declaration by the Supreme Court ruling forced sterilization unconstitutional.

1517:

In the US, family planning is more expiclitly associated with contraception. It is defined as "the ability of individuals and couples to anticipate and attain their desired number of children and the

587:.) Their disadvantages are that either abstinence or a backup contraception method is required on fertile days, typical use is often less effective than other methods, and they do not protect against 13166: 12961: 4199: 5087: 1184:

previously known, according to an AP investigation based on government statistics, state documents and interviews with 30 ex-detainees, family members and a former detention camp instructor.

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couples need donor sperm to conceive through several options, including therapeutic donor insemination (TDI) with or without ovarian stimulation, autologous IVF, and reciprocal or co-IVF.

13176: 3599: 5349: 12618: 12844: 2186:"Recommendations to improve preconception health and health care — United States: A report of the CDC/ATSDR Preconception Care Work Group and the select panel on Preconception Care" 3819: 13203: 13120: 1682:

lead to higher rates of unintended pregnancy, increased risk of HIV and other STIs, limited choice of contraceptive methods, and higher levels of unmet need for family planning."

934:, while at the same time mitigating the human impact on the climate and the earth system. They note that the richer half of the world's population is responsible for 90% of the CO 4458: 13255: 13240: 13058: 12951: 2956: 3771: 1347:

The sale of contraceptives was illegal in Ireland from 1935 until 1980, when it was legalized with strong restrictions, later loosened. It has been argued that the resulting

2330: 2723: 12547: 5144: 1012: 157:. In the other case, if the person does not wish to have a child at the specific time, they can investigate the resources that are needed to prevent pregnancy, such as 13038: 8053: 1767:, a contraceptive method prevents pregnancy by interfering with fertilization, or implantation. Abortion, separate from contraceptives, ends an established pregnancy. 1401: 677:

Family planning programs are now considered a key part of a comprehensive development strategy. The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (now superseded by the

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In 2021, Chinese officials announced that a Chinese couple can now have three children, as the two-child policy failed to increase the country's declining birthrate.

12690: 12489: 5582:

Agénor, Madina; Murchison, Gabriel R.; Najarro, Jesse; Grimshaw, Alyssa; Cottrill, Alischer A.; Janiak, Elizabeth; Gordon, Allegra R.; Charlton, Brittany M. (2021).

848:. Over the past 50 years, right-based family planning has enabled the cycle of poverty to be broken resulting in millions of women and children's lives being saved. 2680: 1333:) describes as a "major reversal" of its long standing policy. Whether program cuts and high-level appeals for bigger families will be successful is still unclear. 1179:

According to an investigative report by The Associated Press published 28 June 2020, the Chinese government is taking draconian measures to slash birth rates among

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estimate that $ 3 per person per year would provide basic family planning, maternal and neonatal health care to women in developing countries. This would include

2444: 273:

When planning a family, women should be aware that reproductive risks increase with age. Like older men, older women have a higher chance of having a child with

5117: 1220:. In the 1970s, due to the rapidly rising population, it launched the "Two Is Enough" campaign, which reduced the general birth rate through educational means. 12352: 1375: 689: 13137: 6265:

A University of California, Berkeley summary of historical, contemporary and environmental concerns involving women's health, population, and family planning

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United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Population Division, "Trends in Contraceptive Use Worldwide 2015" New York: United Nations, 2015.

12482: 10725: 6206: 5388:

Cleland, Kelly; Peipert, Jeffrey F; Westhoff, Carolyn; Spear, Scott; Trussell, James (2011). "Family Planning as a Cost-Saving Preventive Health Service".

1016:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, "Trends in Contraceptive Use Worldwide 2015", New York: United Nations, 2015

3288: 13033: 12897: 12887: 12505: 7547: 3667: 1764: 4203: 2516: 449:(IUD) and implant are highly effective and convenient, requiring little user action, but do come with risks. When cost of failure is included, IUDs and 13143: 12628: 10661: 9372: 9115: 6262: 5060: 3477: 1742: 672: 4559: 2360: 9105: 821:, the National Population Office has estimated that between 2,000 and 5,000 children were born as a result of sexual violence perpetrated during the 5099: 13131: 12530: 12525: 3016: 13023: 12608: 6136:"Hans Rosling, Ola Rosling, Anna Rosling Ronnlund: Factfulness; Ten Reasons We're Wrong About the World and Why Things Are Better Than You Think" 246:. While motherhood is often a positive and fulfilling experience, for too many women it is associated with suffering, ill-health and even death." 4890:

Ghule, Mohan; Raj, Anita; Palaye, Prajakta; Dasgupta, Anindita; Nair, Saritha; Saggurti, Niranjan; Battala, Madhusudana; Balaiah, Donta (2015).

3795: 3596: 3538: 1967: 13171: 13125: 12643: 12638: 12592: 12575: 10686: 4826:

Ewerling, Fernanda; McDougal, Lotus; Raj, Anita; Ferreira, Leonardo Z.; Blumenberg, Cauane; Parmar, Divya; Barros, Aluisio J. D. (2021-08-21).

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Gregory Casey and Oded Galor, "Population and Demography Perspective Paper" Copenhagen Consensus Center, Post-2015 Consensus, October 3, 2014.

1327:

described Iran's contraceptive services as "wrong", and Iranian authorities are slashing birth-control programs in what one Western newspaper (

975:

fertility may contribute to economic development by improving child outcomes, reducing maternal mortality and increasing female human capital.

5346: 4828:"Modern contraceptive use among women in need of family planning in India: an analysis of the inequalities related to the mix of methods used" 4226: 13043: 12926: 12892: 12882: 12788: 9985: 6156: 3967:

Cleland, K.; Peipert, J. F.; Westhoff, C.; Spear, S.; Trussell, J. (May 2011). "Family Planning as a Cost-Saving Preventive Health Service".

2237: 1941: 872: 838: 5447:"Does Parents' Access to Family Planning Increase Children's Opportunities? Evidence from the War on Poverty and the Early Years of Title X" 13198: 12872: 11268: 2219: 1209: 1197: 2596:

Mushinski, M (1998). "Average charges for uncomplicated vaginal, cesarean and VBAC deliveries: Regional variations, United States, 1996".

844:

Some consider access to safe, voluntary family planning to be a human right and to be central to gender equality, women's empowerment and

13250: 13245: 12809: 12377: 10598: 8116: 8101: 6331: 4136: 3827: 1860: 1725: 1704:

using contraception. The number of unintended pregnancies will increase as the lockdown continues and services disruptions are extended.

1224: 880: 664: 1720:

Asian Pacific Council on Contraception, Centro Latinamericano Salud y Mujer, European Society of Contraception and Reproductive Health,

12931: 12877: 12819: 12290: 10345: 9155: 7954: 7407: 6188: 4968: 4949: 3313: 5752:

Yang, Ih-Jane; Wu, Ming-Yih; Chao, Kuang-Han; Wei, Shin-Yi; Tsai, Yi-Yi; Huang, Ting-Chi; Chen, Mei-Jou; Chen, Shee-Uan (2022-08-16).

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significant amounts of resources: time, social, financial, and environmental. Planning can help assure that resources are available.

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What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights

8043: 7466: 6157:"Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Family Planning and Ending Gender-based Violence, Female Genital Mutilation and Child Marriage" 4960: 1897: 1342: 3458: 3120: 2727: 2338: 13260: 12976: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12664: 12555: 9624: 9188: 9160: 8200: 8066: 7540: 7513: 7389: 6081: 5270: 3742: 2488: 631:

are able to provide sustainable markets for contraceptive services through social marketing, social franchising, and pharmacies.

4162: 1536:, are underused in the United States. Increasing use of highly effective contraceptives could help meet the goal set forward in 13270: 13265: 13148: 10295: 9425: 9365: 9165: 8481: 8078: 7427: 5813:"Access, barriers, and decisional regret in pursuit of fertility preservation among transgender and gender-diverse individuals" 5703:

Su, Johnny S.; Farber, Nicholas J.; Cai, Yida; Doolittle, Johnathan; Gupta, Sajal; Agarwal, Ashok; Vij, Sarah C. (2020-09-01).

1902: 1870: 1721: 6135: 5141: 548:

can give an individual prognosis about future chances of pregnancy, facilitating an informed choice of when to have children.

13000: 12941: 12829: 12824: 12814: 12565: 11913: 10714: 9223: 9130: 6300: 6246: 4513: 4056: 2828: 1356: 1253: 4431: 3289:"Forced sterilization policies in the US targeted minorities and those with disabilities – and lasted into the 21st century" 13230: 13183: 13078: 12867: 12700: 12613: 11980: 9593: 9213: 8073: 5320: 3149: 2006: 1453:

Population control in Singapore spans two distinct phases: first to slow and reverse the boom in births that started after

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national level. A lack of cohesive infrastructure in developing countries poses one great hurdle to physically delivering

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families, or integrating family planning activities into maternal and child healthcare education. Public figures such as

426: 133:(CDC) issued a recommendation, encouraging men and women to formulate a reproductive life plan, to help them in avoiding 5584:"Mapping the scientific literature on reproductive health among transgender and gender diverse people: a scoping review" 4618: 3693:"The Decision to Invest in Child Quality over Quantity: Household Size and Household Investment in Education in Vietnam" 13316: 13115: 12956: 12936: 12452: 10697: 10575: 10495: 10335: 10310: 8238: 8083: 7533: 7501: 7471: 3176:"Racial and ethnic differences in patterns of long-acting reversible contraceptive use in the United States, 2011–2015" 2853: 1887: 1512: 1272:

There is also a wide variation in the demand for family planning services and methods in different Indian states, with

979:

on each child, Dang and Rogers provide evidence that parents in Vietnam are making a child quality-quantity trade-off.

571: 377: 4486: 3233:"Provider Bias in Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC) Promotion and Removal: Perceptions of Young Adult Women" 2441: 1457:; and then, from the 1980s onwards, to encourage parents to have more children because birth numbers had fallen below 722:

infection rates in persons aged 15–24 years by 25% in the most-affected countries by 2005, and by 25% globally by 2010

13235: 13063: 13048: 12274: 11844: 11043: 10244: 9358: 9228: 8754: 8337: 7810: 7366: 6514: 5476:"Two Thirds or Less of Black and Hispanic Women Rate Their Experiences with Family Planning Providers as "Excellent"" 4892:"Barriers to use contraceptive methods among rural young married couples in Maharashtra, India: Qualitative findings" 4602: 4540: 3418: 1892: 1733: 1612:

between heterosexual couples). Studies suggest that co-IVF can lessen emotional insecurities in lesbian households.

12028: 10623: 10580: 9820: 8058: 7747: 7732: 6699: 6268: 3565: 3055:

Lubin, D (1987). "Role of voluntary and non-governmental organizations in the national family planning programme".

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amicus brief submitted to the U.S. Supreme Court in October 2013 led by Physicians for Reproductive Health and the

478: 465:(STI). Condoms may be used alone, or in addition to other methods, as backup or to prevent STIs. Surgical methods ( 370: 262:

health care is imperative, including contraception, skilled medical professionals, and abortion services and care.

903:

is directly proportional to the number of humans, family planning has a significant impact on climate change. The

642:

low-cost emergency contraception in South Africa and many low-income countries increased access to contraception.

12990: 12971: 12834: 12423: 12357: 11896: 10618: 10300: 10229: 10168: 9961: 9853: 8871: 8499: 8476: 7068: 6891: 6665: 6324: 5290:"Issues - Title X - Budget & Appropriations - National Family Planning & Reproductive Health Association" 4999: 3338: 2264:"The climate mitigation gap: Education and government recommendations miss the most effective individual actions" 743: 17: 5027: 1796: 1638:

way of becoming parents is the cost involved with fertility preservation options. For example, the use of sperm

13284: 13110: 12995: 12372: 11416: 11060: 10943: 10540: 10438: 9973: 9757: 9654: 9410: 9326: 9145: 9095: 8907: 8804: 8565: 8466: 8379: 8000: 7782: 7556: 6354: 6207:"Contraception Is Not Abortion: The Strategic Campaign of Antiabortion Groups to Persuade the Public Otherwise" 2652: 1500: 1004: 852: 685: 588: 545: 462: 336: 69: 4304: 2819:

Trussell, James (2011). "Contraceptive efficacy". In Hatcher, Robert A.; Trussell, James; et al. (eds.).

1579: 12986: 12633: 11715: 11378: 11107: 10818: 10784: 10763: 10731: 10608: 10535: 9338: 8978: 8749: 7449: 7417: 7315: 3796:

http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/family/trendsContraceptiveUse2015Report.pdf

3597:

http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/sites/default/files/population_and_demography_perspective_-galor_casey.pdf

3085:

Bongaarts, John (2014). "The Impact of Family Planning Programs on Unmet Need and Demand for Contraception".

3011: 2520: 1129: 884: 678: 5064: 4626:, U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census, archived from 1223:

The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong, Hong Kong's national family planning association, founded the

788:

was intended to limit the rise in population numbers, but in some situations involved forced sterilisation.

335:

Childbirth and prenatal health care cost averaged $ 7,090 for normal delivery in the United States in 1996.

13225: 13220: 11881: 11551: 11406: 11240: 11130: 10520: 9788: 9694: 8843: 8570: 7980: 7865: 7855: 7394: 7310: 6648: 5347:

https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/publicly_funded_contraceptive_services_2015_3.pdf

4568: 3914: 3870: 3848: 3474: 2371: 1842: 1448: 684:

The world's largest international source of funding for population and reproductive health programs is the

513:

is another form of assisted conception. It involves donated sperm being used to fertilise a woman's ova by

12397: 12387: 12300: 12206: 11225: 10923: 10628: 10560: 9936: 9520: 9430: 8990: 8883: 8794: 8607: 8595: 8504: 8193: 8048: 7990: 6923: 6866: 6430: 3668:"Post-2015 Consensus: Population and Demography Assessment, Kohler Behrman | Copenhagen Consensus Center" 1369: 960: 785: 738:, prenatal, delivery, and post-natal care in addition to postpartum family planning and the promotion of 489: 130: 34: 5527:"Assisted reproductive technology: considerations for the nonheterosexual population and single parents" 4547:... In 1997, 36% of married women used modern contraceptives; in 1970, only 13% of married women had ... 4271: 3936: 3892: 3620:"The quantity-quality trade-off of children in a developing country: Identification using Chinese twins" 2395: 1496:

feared it might. In any year only 5% of women of childbearing age use emergency hormonal contraception.

638:

Social franchising designs a brand for contraceptives in order to expand the market for contraceptives.

13095: 12966: 12695: 12560: 12269: 11660: 11212: 10827: 10330: 9951: 9830: 9397: 9060: 8985: 8890: 8426: 7949: 7597: 7489: 7454: 7444: 6484: 6366: 6317: 5289: 2985:"The Impact of Multimedia Family Planning Promotion On the Contraceptive Behavior of Women in Tanzania" 1729: 1588:, the government has pushed for uteruses to be removed from women in order to forcibly sterilize them. 1499:

Despite widespread availability of contraceptives, almost half of pregnancies were unintended in 2005.

1424:, as the government continues to disseminate information on their use through all health care centers. 668: 518: 5972: 5811:

Vyas, Nina; Douglas, Christopher R.; Mann, Christopher; Weimer, Amy K.; Quinn, Molly M. (April 2021).

3499:"Scientists' Warning: Remove the Barriers to Contraception Access, for Health of Women and the Planet" 1351:

played a role in the economic boom in Ireland that began in the 1990s and ended abruptly in 2008 (the

12537: 12179: 12003: 11386: 11092: 11070: 10530: 10325: 10163: 9815: 9742: 9684: 9182: 9177: 9045: 8744: 8451: 8409: 8373: 8280: 7630: 7592: 7587: 7247: 7117: 7075: 6936: 3542: 2907:

Trussell, James; Lalla, Anjana M; Doan, Quan V; Reyes, Eileen; Pinto, Lionel; Gricar, Joseph (2009).

2049: 1978: 1817: 1549: 1458: 907:

estimates that family planning is the seventh most efficient action against climate change (ahead of

727: 504: 112:

couple who wish to limit the number of children they have or control pregnancy timing (also known as

89: 73: 11529: 11524: 5648:"Reproductive health risks and clinician practices with gender diverse adolescents and young adults" 1544:

In the United States, contraceptive use saves about $ 19 billion in direct medical costs each year.

13311: 12184: 11973: 11891: 11464: 11411: 10463: 10340: 10305: 10054: 10044: 10018: 9699: 9664: 9609: 9495: 9020: 8719: 8431: 8327: 8033: 7722: 7577: 7459: 6983: 6799: 6766: 6658: 5916: 5704: 5526: 4230: 4004:"Does Discussion of Family Planning Improve Knowledge of Partner's Attitude Toward Contraceptives?" 1865: 1827: 1236: 2245: 1945: 121:

Family planning has been shown to reduce teenage birth rates and birth rates for unmarried women.

45:

A community health worker explains to a woman in Madagascar different methods for family planning.

13193: 13105: 13005: 12126: 11903: 11876: 11730: 10751: 10525: 10368: 10178: 10150: 9873: 9863: 9781: 9405: 9291: 9218: 9050: 8111: 8038: 7964: 7755: 7648: 7412: 7266: 7058: 6751: 6292: 5915:

Vyas, Nina; Douglas, Christopher; Csw, Chris Mann; Weimer, Amy K.; Quinn, Molly M. (2020-04-01).

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About 3 out of 10 women in the United States have an abortion by the time they are 45 years old.

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since 1974, and 74% of reproductive-age women use some form of contraception. The levonorgestrel

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carries the child for her intended parents. This procedure is done in a doctor's office through

285:

increases, which cause further late-pregnancy risk; they have an increased chance of developing

37:. Introduced in 1960, "the Pill" has played an instrumental role in family planning for decades. 12659: 12509: 12295: 12253: 12248: 12131: 12008: 11947: 11832: 11828: 11818: 11534: 11368: 11358: 10777: 10770: 10590: 10545: 10500: 10315: 10279: 10269: 10064: 10039: 10023: 10008: 9990: 9435: 9420: 9314: 9286: 9065: 8789: 8275: 8186: 7760: 7742: 7697: 7582: 7325: 7193: 7183: 7048: 6771: 6704: 6679: 6615: 6489: 5754:"Usage and cost-effectiveness of elective oocyte freezing: a retrospective observational study" 3150:"Promises to Keep: The Toll of Unintended Pregnancies on Women's Lives in the Developing World" 1639: 1433: 1124: 438: 389: 134: 12474: 4140: 4048: 4042: 13158: 12362: 12226: 12065: 11886: 11459: 11444: 11426: 11328: 11255: 10981: 10976: 10668: 10613: 10570: 10453: 10428: 10393: 10069: 9747: 9555: 9545: 9510: 9271: 9055: 8590: 8491: 8384: 8233: 7939: 7926: 7602: 7305: 7107: 6911: 6586: 5917:"Family Planning Counseling and Preferences Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Individuals" 4946: 4799: 3406: 1848: 1832: 1291: 570:. These methods may be used to avoid pregnancy, to achieve pregnancy, or as a way to monitor 6192: 1474:

helped spread family planning awareness through public speakings and charitable activities.

208:

which drains resources from the environment, and national and regional development efforts.

12392: 12347: 12315: 12310: 12236: 12211: 12167: 11854: 11670: 11469: 11160: 11033: 10633: 10603: 10555: 10550: 10473: 10378: 10274: 10097: 9956: 9941: 9916: 9901: 9858: 9674: 9634: 9515: 9246: 9030: 8895: 8861: 8809: 8634: 8629: 8575: 8531: 8421: 8359: 8248: 8243: 8160: 8005: 7840: 7572: 7320: 7271: 6591: 6581: 6509: 6504: 6479: 6464: 6459: 4663: 4345: 2275: 1812: 1529: 1348: 1145: 774: 357: 286: 6256: 4372:"China forced Muslims in Xinjiang to be sterilised and have abortions, concludes tribunal" 3387: 469:, vasectomy) provide long-term contraception for those who have completed their families. 413: 296: 8: 13215: 12463: 12241: 12072: 12023: 11966: 11908: 11759: 11742: 11697: 11561: 11519: 11474: 11200: 10971: 10933: 10565: 10448: 10443: 10188: 10107: 9926: 9906: 9896: 9724: 9445: 9440: 9415: 9256: 9251: 9025: 8824: 8814: 8649: 8258: 7860: 7800: 7717: 7564: 6824: 6781: 6746: 6653: 6633: 4957: 3566:"Socially just population policies can mitigate climate change and advance global equity" 3174:

Kramer, Renee D.; Higgins, Jenny A.; Godecker, Amy L.; Ehrenthal, Deborah B. (May 2018).

2315: 1487: 1299: 1266: 1246: 807: 797: 697: 557: 446: 6289:

The global family planning revolution: three decades of population policies and programs

5172:

Evaluation of the impact of family planning programmes on fertility: sources of variance

4667: 3191: 2924: 2279: 2220:"Expenditures on Children by Families, 2007; Miscellaneous Publication Number 1528-2007" 1106:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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https://www.popcouncil.org/uploads/pdfs/FP2020_brief_private_sector_FINAL_07.10.17.pdf

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High fertility countries have 18% of the world's population but contribute 38% of the

955: 529:

with a woman for the purpose of achieving conception. This method is known as natural

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Public funding for family planning, sterilization and abortion services, FY 1980–2006

5233: 4929: 4911: 4867: 4849: 4787: 4769: 4699: 4681: 4598: 4536: 4509: 4411: 4399: 4391: 4312: 4279: 4173: 4103: 4052: 4023: 3984: 3649: 3520: 3414: 3270: 3252: 3213: 3195: 3102: 3098: 3064: 2938: 2842: 2834: 2824: 2801: 2605: 2578: 2293: 2185: 2158: 2135: 2116: 2077: 2069: 1471: 1281: 967: 927: 845: 802:

Rape can result in a pregnancy. Rape can occur in a variety of situations, including

293:

is greater; and the risk of prolonged labor is higher, putting the baby in distress.

290: 243: 225: 205: 191:

However, both adoptees and the adopters report that they are happier after adoption.

5705:"Assessing Transparency of Costs of Sperm Cryopreservation Across the United States" 5646:

Quinn, Gwendolyn P.; Tishelman, Amy C.; Chen, Diane; Nahata, Leena (November 2021).

2677:"Family planning: Federal program reduced births to poor women by nearly 30 percent" 2170: 930:, Christopher Wolf and Eileen Crist argue that population policies can both advance 242:"Maternal health refers to the health of women during pregnancy, childbirth and the 230: 13289: 12517: 12418: 12413: 12199: 12194: 12077: 12033: 11942: 11869: 11633: 11479: 11434: 11338: 11273: 11074: 11055: 10643: 10515: 10490: 10383: 10209: 10183: 10135: 10130: 10112: 10049: 10000: 9921: 9891: 9886: 9843: 9659: 9575: 9540: 9205: 8958: 8917: 8729: 8704: 8516: 8446: 8290: 8137: 8132: 8028: 8012: 6804: 6571: 6566: 6280: 6039: 5984: 5928: 5881: 5824: 5783: 5765: 5716: 5675: 5659: 5611: 5595: 5538: 5454: 5423: 5397: 5223: 5215: 4919: 4907: 4903: 4857: 4839: 4777: 4759: 4689: 4671: 4383: 4093: 4085: 4015: 3976: 3639: 3631: 3510: 3260: 3244: 3203: 3187: 3094: 2928: 2920: 2884: 2791: 2783: 2568: 2560: 2283: 2150: 2112: 2108: 2065: 2061: 1665: 1644: 1409: 1203: 1137: 971: 904: 822: 710: 541: 322: 6082:"Family Planning and Reproductive Health Indicators Database — MEASURE Evaluation" 5599: 13100: 12859: 12428: 11454: 11195: 11170: 11117: 11097: 11087: 11050: 10831: 10478: 10388: 10373: 10239: 10204: 9689: 9649: 9550: 9500: 9266: 8968: 8771: 8764: 8699: 8639: 8521: 8441: 8414: 8399: 8354: 8344: 8295: 7959: 7896: 7830: 7790: 7772: 7525: 7300: 7156: 7020: 6978: 6839: 6814: 6628: 6610: 6556: 6440: 5971:

Krempasky, Chance; Harris, Miles; Abern, Lauren; Grimstad, Frances (2020-02-01).

5366: 5353: 5274: 5148: 5006: 4987: 4964: 4953: 4592: 4530: 3802: 3603: 3481: 3462: 2861: 2448: 2096: 2010: 2003: 1651: 1141: 580: 567: 537: 453:

are much less costly than other methods. In addition to providing birth control,

251: 217: 6309: 6110: 5252: 5088:"Population, Fertility and Family Planning in Pakistan: A Program in Stagnation" 3153: 2396:"92 percent of families with adopted children are satisfied with their decision" 1528:

Despite the availability of highly effective contraceptives, about half of U.S.

300:

Placard showing negative effects of lack of family planning and having too many

77: 12433: 11628: 11489: 11348: 11323: 11313: 11190: 11175: 11125: 11038: 10918: 10857: 10403: 10320: 10254: 10249: 9968: 9946: 9881: 9804: 9679: 9604: 9560: 8953: 8739: 8676: 8661: 8644: 8602: 8404: 8285: 7343: 7170: 7146: 7090: 6968: 6963: 6953: 6941: 6819: 6603: 6474: 6420: 5988: 5770: 5219: 5019: 4980: 4844: 4656:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4001: 3434: 3411:

Born of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones

2888: 2288: 2263: 1791: 1537: 1321: 1277: 931: 900: 510: 466: 282: 221: 85: 7352:

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

6043: 5885: 4764: 4627: 3966: 982: 825:, but victims' groups gave a higher estimated number of over 10,000 children. 13305: 12172: 12121: 11608: 11499: 11353: 11082: 11017: 11008: 10956: 10948: 10908: 10898: 10796: 10708: 10433: 10418: 10413: 10398: 10219: 10173: 9931: 9709: 9644: 9525: 9261: 9140: 8948: 8922: 8799: 8759: 8724: 8714: 8694: 8436: 8394: 8369: 8317: 8305: 8300: 8209: 8155: 7870: 7689: 7657: 7652: 7620: 7381: 7295: 7256: 7232: 7141: 7025: 6958: 6829: 6733: 6694: 6551: 6386: 6051: 5996: 5942: 5838: 5779: 5730: 5671: 5607: 5552: 5502: 5023: 4915: 4853: 4773: 4685: 4395: 4316: 4283: 4089: 3524: 3256: 3248: 3199: 2846: 2838: 2297: 2162: 2073: 1807: 1747: 1522: 1518: 1405: 1384: 1280:

has the highest (93.6%). Levels of social independence and attitudes towards

1213: 1076: 916: 912: 735: 485: 458: 408: 278: 201: 158: 113: 65: 54: 6028:"Preconception, Pregnancy, Birthing, and Lactation Needs of Transgender Men" 6027: 5870:"Preconception, Pregnancy, Birthing, and Lactation Needs of Transgender Men" 4676: 4371: 4272:"From One Child to Three: How China's Family Planning Policies Have Evolved" 2787: 2564: 749: 12221: 11808: 11747: 11737: 11707: 11623: 11618: 11546: 11363: 11155: 10862: 10804: 10681: 10079: 9838: 9619: 9614: 9505: 9382: 9350: 9281: 8709: 8558: 8548: 8526: 8456: 8349: 8263: 8167: 8150: 7210: 7205: 6946: 6846: 6791: 6519: 6398: 6393: 6273: 6059: 6004: 5893: 5846: 5797: 5689: 5625: 5560: 5480: 5409: 5237: 4933: 4871: 4791: 4703: 4650:

KC, Samir; Wurzer, Marcus; Speringer, Markus; Lutz, Wolfgang (2018-08-14).

4490: 4403: 4107: 4027: 4002:

DeRose, Laurie; F. Nii-Amoo Dodoo; Alex C. Ezeh; Tom O. Owuor (June 2004).

3988: 3653: 3274: 3217: 3106: 3068: 2942: 2805: 2582: 2183: 2120: 2081: 1786: 1454: 1352: 1324: 1063:

Family planning has been practiced since the 16th century by the people of

811: 530: 5525:

Raja, Nicholas Saleem; Russell, Colin B.; Moravek, Molly B. (2022-07-01).

3635: 2749: 2609: 1741: 703:

Universal primary education and ending the gender gap in education by 2015

137:

and to improve the health of women and reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes.

12674: 12104: 11837: 11769: 11725: 11690: 11680: 11581: 11318: 11013: 10991: 10891: 10264: 10259: 10224: 10087: 9485: 9276: 8973: 8671: 8580: 8543: 7985: 7944: 7911: 7679: 7672: 7200: 7136: 6973: 6916: 6856: 6851: 6689: 6638: 6499: 6236: 5401: 3980: 3515: 3498: 3372: 2154: 1634: 1397: 1068: 1037: 908: 867: 754: 583:

promotes this as the only acceptable form of family planning, calling it

381: 344:

contraception, the cost of pregnancy-related care is reduced by $ 1.47."

267: 81: 6341: 3314:"Belly of the Beast: California's dark history of forced sterilizations" 3231:

Higgins, Jenny A.; Kramer, Renee D.; Ryder, Kristin M. (November 2016).

2027: 384:, 70,000 maternal deaths and 500,000 infant deaths would be prevented." 12918: 11989: 11803: 11786: 11598: 11303: 11220: 10839: 10423: 10408: 10234: 10214: 9490: 8902: 8624: 8145: 7845: 7835: 7767: 6598: 6538: 6469: 5663: 2634: 1585: 1159: 731: 562:

Fertility awareness refers to a set of practices used to determine the

204:

of their families and communities. Family planning slows unsustainable

4387: 4044:

The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay Life in Medieval Africa

3893:"Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births)" 986:

Demand for Private Tutoring with and without access to family planning

12159: 11925: 11675: 11665: 11613: 11591: 11576: 11514: 11509: 11308: 11288: 11150: 10986: 10913: 10692: 10638: 10092: 9470: 9000: 8819: 8389: 8270: 7934: 7822: 7662: 6988: 6861: 6721: 6711: 6546: 6524: 6451: 5042: 2214: 1660: 1329: 1217: 1072: 563: 496: 450: 430: 146: 100: 96:

is not typically recommended as a primary method of family planning.

4019: 1208:

In Hong Kong, the Eugenics League was founded in 1936, which became

1064: 12669: 12231: 12154: 12115: 11796: 11764: 11685: 11643: 11586: 11566: 11439: 11293: 11283: 11023: 11003: 10903: 10867: 10485: 9732: 9570: 8866: 8619: 8253: 8223: 7906: 7850: 7707: 7667: 7371: 7188: 7102: 7080: 7000: 6901: 6809: 6716: 6643: 6561: 6381: 5459: 5446: 5118:"As Pakistan's population soars, contraceptives remain a hard sell" 2823:(20th revised ed.). New York: Ardent Media. pp. 779–863. 2544: 1782: 1724:, International Federation of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 1559: 1379: 1042: 803: 761: 395: 309: 154: 93: 5445:

Bailey, Martha J.; Malkova, Olga; McLaren, Zoë M. (October 2017).

5374:. Occasional Report. Vol. 38. New York: Guttmacher Institute. 4338: 64:

Other aspects of family planning aside from contraception include

30: 11920: 11791: 11720: 11603: 11539: 11494: 11484: 11298: 11260: 10996: 10844: 10458: 9773: 9535: 9480: 9465: 9450: 8538: 7290: 7261: 7237: 7219: 7015: 6995: 6234: 5364: 1801: 1605: 1545: 1413: 1273: 1180: 1174: 1008:

Demand for family planning satisfied by modern methods as of 2017

739: 13121:

Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies

8178: 5474:

Finocharo, Jane; Welti, Kate; Manlove, Jennifer (24 June 2021).

4305:"China Says It Will Allow Couples to Have 3 Children, Up From 2" 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 425:. There are natural methods and various chemical-based methods, 13015: 12504: 12136: 11655: 11140: 10961: 10882: 10872: 10122: 8833: 7712: 7128: 7010: 6834: 6756: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6238:

Populate and perish: Australian women's fight for birth control

3871:"Contraceptive prevalence, any methods (% of women ages 15-49)" 1258: 818: 454: 305: 274: 105: 6286: 5581: 5321:"Publicly Funded Contraceptive Services at U.S. Clinics, 2015" 5284: 5282: 4594:

Brothers and sisters in India: a study of urban adult siblings

4432:"China's genocide against the Uyghurs, in 4 disturbing charts" 3173: 2238:"MsMoney.com - Marriage, Kids & College - Family Planning" 417:

Placard showing positive effects of family planning (Ethiopia)

11958: 11864: 8995: 6890: 6425: 6376: 4341:"China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization" 2653:"Health - Women & Children | Copenhagen Consensus Center" 2402: 1797:

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis for avoiding birth defects

1294:, social classes, education status, and geographic location. 1242: 301: 234:

Global maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births (2010)

5970: 5251:

Butler, Adrienne Stith; Clayton, Ellen Wright, eds. (2009).

4717: 4652:"Future population and human capital in heterogeneous India" 4008:

International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health

959:

Map of countries by fertility rate (2020), according to the

441:, which have little upfront cost and are readily available. 11504: 11449: 11165: 9121:

Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety

8927: 7095: 6263:

The Environmental Politics of Population and Overpopulation

5387: 5279: 5152: 4947:

MSN Encarta Encyclopedia entry on Iran - People and Society

4896:

Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities

4825: 2909:"Cost effectiveness of contraceptives in the United States" 2136:"The Impact of Women's Health Clinic Closures on Fertility" 1650:

Interventions used to facilitate gender transition such as

1212:

in 1950. The organisation provides family planning advice,

863:

and to have the information, education, and means to do so.

781: 525:), but insemination may also be achieved by a donor having 421:

A number of contraceptive methods are available to prevent

109: 3017:

Abortion Policies and Reproductive Health around the World

2549:"Family Planning and the Burden of Unintended Pregnancies" 2025: 1521:

and timing of their births. It is achieved through use of

1402:

Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012

1163:

Map of population density by country, per square kilometer

270:

or abortion, it is healthier to wait at least six months.

6906: 6183: 6181: 6134:

Analitika, Poslovna; Svetovanje, Poslovno (17 Apr 2020).

5142:

National Human Development Report Russian Federation 2008

4459:"History of the Family Planning Association of Hong Kong" 4200:"China copes with promise and perils of one child policy" 2415: 2222:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from 2097:"Investigating recent trends in the U.S. teen birth rate" 1533: 1421: 750:

Injustices and coercive interference with family planning

719: 522: 376:

In regard to the use of modern methods of contraception,

369:

Modern methods of family planning include birth control,

161:, contraceptives, or physical protection and prevention. 7357:

Declaration on the elimination of violence against women

5645: 4487:"History of International Planned Parenthood Federation" 3885: 3863: 3718:"Demand for family planning satisfied by modern methods" 3388:"Peru women fight for justice over forced sterilisation" 3013:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

2543: 2517:"Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancy: HTSP Messages" 2314:. California Department of Public Health. Archived from 828: 53:

sexually active, family planning may involve the use of

10663:

UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)

3929: 3563: 2979: 2977: 1968:"National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System Glossary" 1525:

methods and the treatment of involuntary infertility."

12353:

International Conference on Population and Development

6178: 4889: 4746:

Muttreja, Poonam; Singh, Sanghamitra (December 2018).

4506:

Socio-cultural dimensions of reproductive child health

3339:"Could Forced Sterilization Still be Legal in the US?" 2906: 2772:"The ageing ovary and uterus: New biological insights" 1563:

million unintended pregnancies and 810,000 abortions.

1376:

International Conference on Population and Development

755:

Inequities in family planning within the United States

690:

International Conference on Population and Development

13138:

Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study

7047: 5810: 5473: 4649: 2873: 2489:"Maternal Mortality Rates in the United States, 2021" 521:

or IUI) and less commonly by in vitro fertilization (

5914: 5702: 5444: 5061:"ESRI says fertility rate is greatly underestimated" 5000:

Iran urges baby boom, slashes birth-control programs

2974: 2769: 2750:"What is a Surrogate Mother or Gestational Carrier?" 2184:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006).

2050:"Family planning funding cuts and teen childbearing" 1482:

Contraception has been available for free under the

1245:

is based on efforts largely sponsored by the Indian

172:

Fathers who both work and raise the children equally

6133: 5503:"Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women" 3691:Dang, Hai-Anh H.; Rogers, F. Halsey (August 2015). 3361:

http://www.stopvaw.org/forced_coerced_sterilization

1942:"What services do family planning clinics provide?" 1765:

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

472: 13059:Health expenditure by country by type of financing 9743:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation 7555: 5973:"Contraception across the transmasculine spectrum" 5524: 4503: 4040: 3230: 2867: 2210: 2208: 2206: 1216:, birth control services to the general public of 673:United States Agency for International Development 492:, or if a problem related to the male is present. 99:Family planning is sometimes used as a synonym or 6339: 5520: 5518: 5516: 4804:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 4453: 4451: 4041:McKissack, Patricia; McKissack, Fredrick (1995). 3937:"Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births)" 2021: 2019: 649: 427:each with particular advantages and disadvantages 92:, encompasses services leading up to conception. 13303: 13132:Progress in International Reading Literacy Study 6257:Genetic feedback and human population regulation 5383: 5381: 5254:Overview of Family Planning in the United States 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5181: 4990:, payvand.com 04/17/09, access-date = 2010-03-23 3496: 2770:Nelson, S.M; Telfer, E.E; Anderson, R.A (2013). 1227:with its counterparts in seven other countries. 1041:A family planning facility in Kuala Terengganu, 692:set the main goals of its Program of Action as: 5268:U.S. Office of Population Affairs — Legislation 4339:AP's global investigative team (28 June 2020). 3613: 3611: 3080: 3078: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2539: 2537: 2203: 1672: 495:Some families or women seek assistance through 84:management. Family planning, as defined by the 13126:Programme for International Student Assessment 10826: 10687:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 5513: 5426:. Planned Parenthood Federation of America Inc 5365:Sonfield, A.; Alrich, C.; Gold, R. B. (2008). 4448: 3907: 3356: 3354: 2016: 1804:(World's largest reproductive health database) 1175:Xinjiang and the genocide of the Uyghur people 484:or infrequent menses, if she has a history of 57:and other techniques to control the timing of 12490: 11974: 10812: 9789: 9366: 8194: 7541: 6325: 6283:JHPIEGO affiliate of Johns Hopkins University 5977:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 5751: 5378: 5250: 5178: 5111: 5109: 4745: 4616: 4610: 4528: 4365: 4363: 4172:. Population Reference Bureau. Archived from 3492: 3490: 2261: 2094: 999: 941: 784:(during the 1990s against indigenous women). 433:that involve vaginal intercourse include the 13029:Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza 9380: 6235:Siedlecky, Stefania; Wyndham, Diana (1990). 5018: 4065: 3820:"Fact Sheet: Unmet Need for Family Planning" 3608: 3497:Greguš, Jan; Guillebaud, John (2023-09-11). 3407:"Caring for Children Born of Rape in Rwanda" 3075: 3048: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3007: 3005: 2895: 2763: 2534: 2511: 2509: 2331:"Think having children will make you happy?" 1210:The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong 1198:The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong 612: 12378:United Nations world population conferences 9411:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention 8117:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation 8102:Birth control movement in the United States 5085: 5058: 4748:"Family planning in India: The way forward" 4552: 4522: 4481: 4479: 3351: 3312:Washington, Shilpa Jindia in (2020-06-30). 2589: 2442:Country Comparison: Maternal Mortality Rate 2134:Lu, Yao; Slusky, David J. G. (2018-06-28). 1960: 1861:International Planned Parenthood Federation 1726:International Planned Parenthood Federation 1532:. Highly effective contraceptives, such as 1225:International Planned Parenthood Federation 881:United Nations Millennium Development Goals 665:International Planned Parenthood Federation 238:The WHO states about maternal health that: 13074:Total healthcare spending as % of GDP 13054:Percentage suffering from undernourishment 12497: 12483: 12291:Population and housing censuses by country 11981: 11967: 10819: 10805: 10758: 9796: 9782: 9373: 9359: 9156:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 8201: 8187: 7955:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 7548: 7534: 7408:International Center for Research on Women 6332: 6318: 6026:MacLean, Lori Rebecca-Diane (April 2021). 5868:MacLean, Lori Rebecca-Diane (April 2021). 5106: 4360: 4265: 4263: 3995: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3915:"Fertility rate, total (births per woman)" 3841: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3690: 3617: 3487: 3404: 3311: 2547:; McDonald-Mosley, R; Burke, A. E (2010). 2465: 2463: 2461: 2328: 1975:Administration for Children & Families 1711: 1628: 1404:guarantees universal access to methods on 706:Reducing maternal mortality by 75% by 2015 658: 10698:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) 9116:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 9106:Center for Disease Control and Prevention 6287:Warren C. Robinson; John A. Ross (2007). 6151: 6149: 5932: 5828: 5787: 5769: 5720: 5679: 5615: 5542: 5458: 5227: 5115: 4923: 4861: 4843: 4781: 4763: 4693: 4675: 4590: 4584: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4097: 3643: 3514: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3264: 3207: 3084: 3026: 3002: 2961:Brown University Health Education Website 2932: 2795: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2595: 2572: 2506: 2287: 2216:Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion 1909:National Alliance for Optional Parenthood 184:Those whose children are older than three 13177:Official Development Assistance received 12014:Estimates of historical world population 10726:UN Conference on Sustainable Development 5500: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5208:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 5201: 5174:. New York: United Nations. p. 183. 5086:Hardee, Karen; Leahy, Elizabeth (2007). 4476: 4334: 4332: 4197: 4191: 4071: 2818: 2257: 2255: 2133: 1898:Family Planning Association of Hong Kong 1689: 1541:achieving the Healthy People 2020 goal. 1343:Contraception in the Republic of Ireland 1158: 1036: 1011: 1003: 981: 954: 890:UNFPA and the Guttmacher Institute say, 866: 832: 412: 295: 229: 40: 29: 9625:Right to an adequate standard of living 9161:Health departments in the United States 6111:"Indicators - Program Evaluation - CDC" 6025: 5867: 4269: 4260: 4256:. Philadelphia: Mason Crest Publishers. 3951: 3807: 3475:Family planning, health and development 3385: 2458: 2047: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1659:earlier, may also lead to breakthrough 1591: 1276:having the lowest demand (23.6%) while 950: 768: 14: 13304: 13149:World Intellectual Property Indicators 10296:Corporate environmental responsibility 9426:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment 9166:Council on Education for Public Health 6259:." Human Ecology 37.5 (2009): 643-651. 6146: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5758:Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5588:Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4752:The Indian Journal of Medical Research 4561:India and Family Planning: An Overview 4429: 4418: 3849:"Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people)" 3564:Oregon State University (2021-04-28). 3440: 2616: 2095:Kearney, M. S.; Levine, P. B. (2015). 1903:German Foundation for World Population 1871:Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition 1722:German Foundation for World Population 1580:Compulsory sterilization in Uzbekistan 1032: 990: 551: 13039:Infant and under-five mortality rates 12478: 11962: 10800: 9777: 9354: 9224:Professional degrees of public health 9131:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 8182: 7529: 7127: 6313: 5306: 5116:Brulliard, Karin (15 December 2011). 4885: 4883: 4881: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4329: 4224: 4198:FlorCruz, Jaime (27 September 2010). 3706:: 104–142 – via The World Bank. 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3054: 2252: 2193:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1647:with treatment related to pregnancy. 1357:legalisation of contraception in 1979 1254:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 895:deaths and 1.1 million infant deaths. 829:Human rights, development and climate 12447: 10669:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983) 9321: 9214:Bachelor of Science in Public Health 7496: 7390:Office of Research on Women's Health 5135: 5028:"Contraception and the Celtic Tiger" 4993: 4369: 4120: 2949: 2143:American Journal of Health Economics 1996: 1929: 1136:forced couples to have no more than 1086: 780:Europe (against Roma women), and in 443:Long-acting reversible contraceptive 13251:Number of billionaires (US dollars) 13246:Number of millionaires (US dollars) 13069:Total health expenditure per capita 12952:Ethnic and cultural diversity level 12383:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement 9333: 8482:Workers' right to access the toilet 8323:Human right to water and sanitation 7508: 7428:Society for Women's Health Research 7362:International Day of the Girl Child 5957: 5632: 5501:Antelava, Natalia (12 April 2012). 4812: 4302: 4251: 4139:. All Girls Allowed. Archived from 4125:. Marshall Cavendish International. 3772:"Universal Access to Contraception" 3405:Mukangendo, Marie Consolée (2007). 3386:Cabitza, Mattia (6 December 2011). 3192:10.1016/j.contraception.2018.01.006 2925:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.08.003 2435: 2002:World Health Organization. (n.d.). 1615: 715:Increasing life expectancy at birth 24: 12789:Past and future population density 10311:Environmental full-cost accounting 9803: 7472:Birth control in the United States 6228: 5170:Fertility: The Case of Thailand". 5059:O'Brien, Carl (19 December 2011). 4878: 4734: 4014:(2). Guttmacher Institute: 87–93. 3582: 3413:. Kumarian Press. pp. 40–52. 2724:"Birth control methods fact sheet" 2422:World Health Organization Newsroom 2416:World Health Organization (2018). 2262:Wynes, S.; Nicholas, K.A. (2017). 1888:British Pregnancy Advisory Service 1600: 1513:Birth control in the United States 791: 566:and infertile phases of a woman's 378:The United Nations Population Fund 25: 13333: 12275:Population and Development Review 10245:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity 9546:Right to refuse medical treatment 8755:Commercial determinants of health 8208: 7811:self-report sexual risk behaviors 7367:Commission on the Status of Women 6377:External female genitalia (vulva) 5063:. The Irish Times. Archived from 4074:"China's one child family policy" 3409:. In Carpenter, R. Charli (ed.). 3373:"Czech regret over sterilisation" 3336: 3237:American Journal of Public Health 2335:The British Psychological Society 1893:Family Planning Association India 1734:Population Services International 1477: 625: 594: 364: 13209:planetary pressures–adjusted HDI 12459: 12458: 12446: 12323:Population concern organizations 12029:Projections of population growth 11941: 10757: 10746: 10745: 10715:UN Millennium Declaration (2000) 9332: 9320: 9309: 9308: 8338:National public health institute 7881:Precocious puberty and pregnancy 7507: 7495: 7484: 7483: 6700:Assisted reproductive technology 6340: 6199: 6127: 6103: 6074: 6019: 5934:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.02.057 5908: 5861: 5830:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.09.007 5804: 5745: 5722:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.08.337 5696: 5575: 5544:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.04.012 5494: 5467: 5438: 5416: 5358: 5338: 5261: 5257:. National Academies Press (US). 5244: 5162: 5079: 5052: 5012: 4981:Iran tops world in birth control 3618:Li, H; Zhang, J; Zhu, Y (2008). 3099:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2014.00387.x 3057:Population Manager: ICOMP Review 2026:United Nations Population Fund. 1506: 1269:(IUD's) remains markedly lower. 1091: 479:Assisted reproductive technology 473:Assisted reproductive technology 402: 371:assisted reproductive technology 12424:Human impact on the environment 12358:Population Action International 11897:LGBT-affirming religious groups 10301:Corporate social responsibility 10230:Ocean thermal energy conversion 10169:Community-supported agriculture 9854:Human impact on the environment 8735:Open-source healthcare software 8477:Sociology of health and illness 8001:Sexually transmitted infections 6666:Breastfeeding and mental health 5390:New England Journal of Medicine 5092:Population Action International 4974: 4940: 4710: 4643: 4597:, University of Toronto Press, 4497: 4296: 4270:Goldman, Russell (2021-05-31). 4245: 4218: 4155: 4129: 4114: 4034: 3969:New England Journal of Medicine 3788: 3764: 3743:"Family planning/Contraception" 3735: 3710: 3684: 3660: 3557: 3531: 3468: 3427: 3398: 3379: 3365: 3330: 3305: 3281: 3224: 3167: 3142: 3113: 2812: 2742: 2716: 2704:. 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Retrieved on 30 October 2019. 1845:(campaign for smaller families) 744:sexually transmitted infections 463:sexually transmitted infections 70:sexually transmitted infections 68:, prevention and management of 13285:List of international rankings 13111:International Innovation Index 13034:HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate 12373:United Nations Population Fund 11988: 11061:Sexually transmitted infection 10541:Socially responsible marketing 9758:Sexual and reproductive health 9655:Right to a healthy environment 9096:Caribbean Public Health Agency 8908:Sexually transmitted infection 8805:Statistical hypothesis testing 8566:Occupational safety and health 8467:Sexual and reproductive health 8380:Occupational safety and health 7557:Sexual and reproductive health 5294:www.nationalfamilyplanning.org 5159:, Retrieved on 10 October 2009 4908:10.5958/2249-7315.2015.00132.X 4535:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 4508:. 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Behavioral methods to avoid 373:and family planning programs. 337:U.S. Department of Agriculture 27:Planning when to have children 13: 1: 13144:Tertiary education attainment 11108:Women who have sex with women 10732:Sustainable Development Goals 10536:Socially responsible business 9675:Right to public participation 8750:Social determinants of health 7316:Social determinants of health 5600:10.1080/26410397.2021.1886395 4532:Encyclopedia of birth control 1922: 1573: 885:Sustainable Development Goals 679:Sustainable Development Goals 187:Those whose children are sick 55:contraception (birth control) 13256:Percentage living in poverty 13167:Access to financial services 11241:History of erotic depictions 11131:Criminal transmission of HIV 9695:Right to science and culture 8810:Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 8571:Human factors and ergonomics 7981:Disorders of sex development 7311:Gender disparities in health 6649:Mother-to-child transmission 5451:NBER Working Paper No. 23971 5204:"Contraception and abortion" 4617:Arjun Adlakha (April 1997), 4430:Samuel, Sigal (2021-03-10). 4072:Kane, P; Choi, C. Y (1999). 2957:"Fertility Awareness Method" 2877:Osteopathic Family Physician 1673:Obstacles to family planning 1449:Family planning in Singapore 1442: 1191: 607: 194: 35:Combined oral contraceptives 7: 12794:Person-to-arable land ratio 12398:World Population Foundation 12388:World Population Conference 12301:World population milestones 11226:Counterculture of the 1960s 10561:Sustainability organization 10346:Standards and certification 9937:Social return on investment 9521:Right to keep and bear arms 9431:Freedom from discrimination 8991:Good manufacturing practice 8795:Randomized controlled trial 7991:Reproductive system disease 6924:Pelvic inflammatory disease 6867:Hormone replacement therapy 6431:Reproductive system disease 4504:Rabindra Nath Pati (2003). 4303:Wee, Sui-Lee (2021-05-31). 4229:. About.com. Archived from 4163:"Today's Research on Aging" 4123:Cultures of the World China 3672:www.copenhagenconsensus.com 2657:www.copenhagenconsensus.com 2312:"Office of Family Planning" 2101:Journal of Health Economics 2054:Journal of Health Economics 1855:International organizations 1770: 1753: 1698: 1464: 1374:In agreement with the 1994 1370:Family planning in Pakistan 1363: 961:Population Reference Bureau 490:pelvic inflammatory disease 316: 131:Centers for Disease Control 124: 10: 13338: 13096:Bloomberg Innovation Index 13024:Antidepressant consumption 12696:World population estimates 12691:Past and future population 12270:Population and Environment 11948:Human sexuality portal 9986:Systemic change resistance 9061:Theory of planned behavior 8986:Good agricultural practice 8891:Public health surveillance 8783:epidemiological statistics 8427:Public health intervention 7950:Obstetrics and gynaecology 7418:Black Women's Health Study 6485:Complications of pregnancy 6269:A World too Full of People 6032:Nursing for Women's Health 5989:10.1016/j.ajog.2019.07.043 5874:Nursing for Women's Health 5771:10.1186/s12958-022-00996-1 5220:10.1177/014107680710001015 5035:Economic and Social Review 4845:10.1186/s12978-021-01220-w 4370:Dyer, Clare (2021-12-20). 4227:"China's One Child Policy" 3541:. Drawdown. Archived from 3125:www.familyplanning2020.org 3087:Studies in Family Planning 2889:10.1016/j.osfp.2012.09.002 1730:Marie Stopes International 1577: 1530:pregnancies are unintended 1510: 1446: 1431: 1367: 1340: 1336: 1309: 1234: 1201: 1195: 1122: 1052: 1000:Demand for family planning 942:Quality-quantity trade-off 795: 772: 669:Marie Stopes International 662: 555: 519:intracervical insemination 476: 406: 320: 215: 13317:Human population planning 13279: 13241:Share of income of top 1% 13157: 13088: 13014: 12916: 12858: 12802: 12774: 12683: 12652: 12601: 12546: 12538:Demographics of the world 12516: 12442: 12406: 12331: 12283: 12262: 12180:Human population planning 12145: 12091: 12042: 12004:Demographics of the world 11996: 11936: 11817: 11706: 11425: 11377: 11254: 11211: 11116: 11093:Men who have sex with men 11069: 10942: 10838: 10741: 10652: 10589: 10361: 10288: 10197: 10164:Climate-smart agriculture 10149: 10121: 10078: 10032: 9999: 9872: 9829: 9811: 9718: 9685:Right to rest and leisure 9591: 9396: 9389: 9304: 9239: 9198: 9183:World Toilet Organization 9178:World Health Organization 9085: 9074: 9011: 8936: 8852: 8780: 8745:Public health informatics 8685: 8490: 8452:Right to rest and leisure 8281:Globalization and disease 8216: 8125: 8094: 8021: 7973: 7925: 7889: 7866:Pregnant patients' rights 7821: 7781: 7731: 7688: 7639: 7631:Pre-conception counseling 7613: 7588:Abortion-rights movements 7563: 7479: 7436: 7395:Women's Health Initiative 7380: 7342: 7333: 7282: 7248:Major depressive disorder 7116: 7076:Intimate partner violence 7038: 6937:Female genital mutilation 6932: 6881: 6790: 6732: 6678: 6624: 6537: 6450: 6439: 6365: 6352: 6281:Reproline-Family Planning 6189:"World Contraception Day" 6086:www.measureevaluation.org 6044:10.1016/j.nwh.2021.01.006 5886:10.1016/j.nwh.2021.01.006 5098:(1): 1–12. Archived from 5041:: 229–247. Archived from 5009:usatoday.com 30 July 2012 4765:10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_2067_17 3747:World Health Organization 3022:(Report). United Nations. 2776:Human Reproduction Update 2475:World Health Organization 1818:Human population planning 1550:Public Health Service Act 1427: 1355:) was in part due to the 1302:to resolve these issues. 1100:This section needs to be 1079:at three-year intervals. 1048: 919:and many other actions). 905:research project Drawdown 728:World Health Organization 613:Direct government support 505:intrauterine insemination 211: 90:World Health Organization 74:pre-conception counseling 13089:Education and innovation 12185:Compulsory sterilization 10306:Environmental accounting 10055:Sustainable architecture 10045:Environmental technology 9700:Right to social security 9665:Right to Internet access 9610:Equal pay for equal work 9496:Presumption of innocence 9229:Schools of public health 9021:Diffusion of innovations 8720:Health impact assessment 8432:Public health laboratory 8328:Management of depression 7752:Gamete Cryopreservation 7598:Circumcision controversy 7578:Compulsory sterilization 6984:Gynaecological disorders 6800:Culture and menstruation 6767:Contraceptive prevalence 6659:Compulsory sterilization 4620:Population Trends: India 4090:10.1136/bmj.319.7215.992 3249:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303393 2963:. Brown University. 2012 2821:Contraceptive technology 2289:10.1088/1748-9326/aa7541 1866:MSI Reproductive Choices 1263:oral contraceptive pills 1237:Family planning in India 1230: 1082: 873:carbon dioxide emissions 839:GDP (nominal) per capita 786:China's one-child policy 544:dynamics and associated 281:; the chances of having 256:less developed countries 13194:Human Development Index 13106:Global Innovation Index 13044:Maternal mortality rate 12619:Commonwealth of Nations 12127:Malthusian growth model 10179:Sustainable agriculture 9576:right to be a candidate 9406:Equality before the law 9292:Social hygiene movement 9219:Doctor of Public Health 9051:Social cognitive theory 8853:Infectious and epidemic 8635:Fecal–oral transmission 8112:Social hygiene movement 7965:Transgender health care 7267:Urinary tract infection 7059:Abuse during childbirth 6293:World Bank Publications 5921:Fertility and Sterility 5817:Fertility and Sterility 5709:Fertility and Sterility 5531:Fertility and Sterility 4958:CIA World factbook 2007 4768:(inactive 2024-09-12). 4677:10.1073/pnas.1722359115 4137:"Infanticides in China" 2519:. USAID. Archived from 2329:Powdthavee, N. (n.d.). 1778:Natural family planning 1712:World Contraception Day 1629:Transgender individuals 1503:was legalized in 1967. 1493:Emergency contraception 1484:National Health Service 1312:Family planning in Iran 1305: 1055:Birth control in Africa 659:International oversight 585:Natural Family Planning 515:artificial insemination 327:Cost of raising a child 151:artificial insemination 13172:Development aid donors 12810:Population growth rate 12254:Zero population growth 12249:Sustainable population 12173:Malthusian catastrophe 12132:Overshoot (population) 12009:Demographic transition 11369:Split attraction model 11359:Sexual objectification 11269:Anarchism and love/sex 10722:(Rio+10, Johannesburg) 10591:Sustainable management 10576:Urban drainage systems 10316:Environmental planning 10280:Water recycling shower 10270:Tidal stream generator 10065:Sustainable industries 10024:Sustainable population 10009:Demographic transition 9991:Tragedy of the commons 9436:Freedom of information 9421:Freedom of association 9287:Germ theory of disease 9066:Transtheoretical model 7940:Genitourinary medicine 7743:In vitro fertilization 7698:Hormonal contraception 7583:Contraceptive security 7184:Cardiovascular disease 6772:Contraceptive security 6705:In vitro fertilization 6616:Postpartum confinement 6490:Hyperemesis gravidarum 6255:Hopfenberg, Russell. " 4529:Marian Rengel (2000), 3121:"Family Planning 2020" 2453:The CIA World Factbook 2361:"Linköping University" 1977:. 2000. Archived from 1882:National organizations 1434:Demographics of Russia 1265:. However, the use of 1164: 1134:Family planning policy 1125:Family planning policy 1045: 1017: 1009: 987: 963: 924:Sustainability Science 897: 876: 865: 841: 688:(UNFPA). In 1994, the 439:calendar-based methods 418: 390:University of Michigan 354: 313: 235: 135:unintended pregnancies 46: 38: 12932:Age at first marriage 12820:Net reproduction rate 12766:Population milestones 12548:Continents/subregions 12510:population statistics 12363:Population Connection 12227:Mere addition paradox 12066:Physiological density 11329:Sex-positive movement 10982:Reproductive medicine 10977:Obesity and sexuality 10924:Sexual response cycle 10614:Humanistic capitalism 10429:Environmental finance 10070:Sustainable packaging 9748:Intersex human rights 9556:Right of self-defense 9511:Right to a fair trial 9171:Public Health Service 9056:Social norms approach 9046:PRECEDE–PROCEED model 8492:Preventive healthcare 8385:Pharmaceutical policy 8234:Chief Medical Officer 7603:Intersex human rights 7306:Healthcare inequality 7108:Gender discrimination 6912:Human papilloma virus 6587:Vesicovaginal fistula 6241:. Allen & Unwin. 4233:on September 16, 2008 4202:. CNN. Archived from 4121:Chan, Elaine (2005). 4047:. Macmillan. p. 3636:10.1353/dem.2008.0006 2788:10.1093/humupd/dms043 2565:10.1093/epirev/mxq012 2553:Epidemiologic Reviews 1944:. NHS. Archived from 1849:Reproductive coercion 1690:Social conservativism 1408:, fertility control, 1162: 1040: 1015: 1007: 985: 958: 892: 870: 860: 836: 536:Mapping of a woman's 416: 349: 299: 233: 44: 33: 12982:Number of households 12967:Linguistic diversity 12962:Immigrant population 12908:past life expectancy 12393:World Population Day 12348:Church of Euthanasia 12237:Non-identity problem 12212:Political demography 12168:Human overpopulation 11855:Buddhist monasticism 11845:Christian demonology 11671:Urethral intercourse 11470:Erotic sexual denial 11161:Cybersex trafficking 11034:Erectile dysfunction 10581:Urban infrastructure 10275:Water heat recycling 10098:Conservation biology 9942:Steady-state economy 9917:Micro-sustainability 9902:Ecological footprint 9859:Planetary boundaries 9635:Right to development 9516:Right to family life 9466:Freedom from torture 9451:Freedom from slavery 9247:Sara Josephine Baker 9146:Public Health Agency 9031:Health communication 8896:Disease surveillance 8862:Asymptomatic carrier 8844:Statistical software 8532:Preventive nutrition 8360:Medical anthropology 8249:Environmental health 8161:tax on childlessness 7917:Genital modification 7841:Unintended pregnancy 7573:Reproductive Justice 7413:Nurses' Health Study 7321:Reproductive justice 7272:Urinary incontinence 6892:Sexually transmitted 6747:Intrauterine devices 6592:Rectovaginal fistula 6582:Obstetrical fistulae 6510:Gestational diabetes 6505:Obstetrical bleeding 6480:Adolescent pregnancy 6465:Gravidity and parity 6460:Unintended pregnancy 6271:by Mary Fitzgerald, 6211:Guttmacher Institute 5402:10.1056/NEJMp1104373 5325:Guttmacher Institute 5202:Rowlands, S (2007). 4346:The Associated Press 4252:Lin, Zhimin (2006). 3981:10.1056/NEJMp1104373 3516:10.3390/world4030036 2989:Guttmacher Institute 2598:Statistical Bulletin 2471:"Maternal mortality" 2341:on 28 September 2018 2155:10.1162/ajhe_a_00123 1813:Human overpopulation 1592:LGBT family planning 1349:demographic dividend 1267:intrauterine devices 1146:forced sterilization 951:Developing countries 922:In a 2021 paper for 775:Forced sterilization 769:Forced sterilization 696:Universal access to 358:Copenhagen Consensus 287:gestational diabetes 13216:Human Poverty Index 13204:inequality-adjusted 13189:Irrigated land area 12927:Age at childbearing 12850:Past fertility rate 12242:Reproductive rights 12073:Population dynamics 12024:Population momentum 11909:Sacred prostitution 11698:Wet T-shirt contest 11562:Non-penetrative sex 11520:Mammary intercourse 11201:Revenge pornography 10972:Masters and Johnson 10934:Vaginal lubrication 10682:Earth Summit (1992) 10336:Metrics and indices 10189:Sustainable fishery 10108:Holocene extinction 9927:Product stewardship 9897:Earth Overshoot Day 9446:Freedom of religion 9441:Freedom of movement 9416:Freedom of assembly 9398:Civil and political 9257:Carl Rogers Darnall 9252:Samuel Jay Crumbine 9026:Health belief model 8879:Notifiable diseases 8815:Regression analysis 8650:Waterborne diseases 8239:Cultural competence 7861:Pregnancy from rape 7718:Intrauterine device 7326:Women's empowerment 7194:Alzheimer's disease 6825:Cloth menstrual pad 6782:Fertility awareness 6752:Oral contraceptives 6634:Perinatal mortality 5122:The Washington Post 5067:on 19 December 2011 4832:Reproductive Health 4668:2018PNAS..115.8328K 4493:on August 13, 2009. 4143:on November 1, 2012 3375:. 24 November 2009. 2280:2017ERL....12g4024W 1948:on 11 November 2014 1843:Pledge two or fewer 1538:Healthy People 2020 1488:intrauterine system 1418:birth control pills 1320:In late July 2012, 1287:oral contraceptives 1241:Family planning in 1033:Regional variations 991:Developed countries 808:forced prostitution 798:Pregnancy from rape 698:reproductive health 558:Fertility awareness 552:Fertility awareness 447:intrauterine device 12977:Net migration rate 12957:Ethnic composition 12776:Population density 12653:Cities/urban areas 12526:Current population 12506:Lists of countries 12368:Population Matters 12083:Population pyramid 12061:Population density 12056:Population decline 11755:Red-light district 11651:Sexual penetration 11639:Sexual intercourse 11557:Nipple stimulation 11236:Golden Age of Porn 11136:Child sexual abuse 11103:Sexual orientation 11029:Sexual dysfunction 10967:Male contraceptive 10929:Sexual stimulation 10878:Nocturnal emission 10141:Sustainable energy 10103:Endangered species 10060:Sustainable design 9974:Consumer behaviour 9763:Right to sexuality 9640:Right to education 9566:Security of person 9461:Freedom of thought 8855:disease prevention 8790:Case–control study 8462:Security of person 8311:Health care reform 8107:History of condoms 7996:Sexual dysfunction 7902:Sexual orientation 7856:Options counseling 7703:Male contraception 7626:Genetic counseling 7423:Cartwright Inquiry 7334:Politics, research 7152:Endometrial cancer 7006:Sexual intercourse 6777:Planned parenthood 6762:Male contraceptive 5664:10.1111/andr.13026 5352:2022-04-22 at the 5273:2008-09-20 at the 5147:2021-04-18 at the 5005:2016-04-09 at the 4986:2017-06-27 at the 4963:2021-01-10 at the 4952:2009-10-28 at the 4758:(Suppl 1): S1–S9. 4591:G.N. Ramu (2006), 4309:The New York Times 4276:The New York Times 4254:China Under Reform 4179:on 10 January 2011 3939:. World Bank. 2017 3917:. World Bank. 2017 3895:. World Bank. 2015 3851:. World Bank. 2016 3801:2021-01-15 at the 3602:2019-02-16 at the 3480:2022-06-25 at the 3461:2015-09-06 at the 3456:Choices not chance 2860:2017-02-15 at the 2447:2015-04-18 at the 2009:2016-03-18 at the 1984:on 20 October 2020 1915:Planned Parenthood 1876:MEASURE Evaluation 1823:Birth in Sri Lanka 1738:Population Council 1459:replacement levels 1165: 1077:space their births 1046: 1018: 1010: 988: 964: 877: 842: 837:Countries by 2019 527:sexual intercourse 423:unwanted pregnancy 419: 314: 236: 47: 39: 13299: 13298: 13271:Wealth inequality 13266:Unemployment rate 12803:Growth indicators 12665:National capitals 12472: 12471: 12343:7 Billion Actions 12217:Population ethics 12110:Carrying capacity 12019:Population growth 11956: 11955: 11865:Hindu monasticism 11850:Clerical celibacy 11716:Adult video games 11427:Sexual activities 11344:Sexual attraction 11334:Sexual abstinence 11246:Sexual revolution 11231:Feminist sex wars 11186:Sexual misconduct 11181:Sexual harassment 11146:Indecent exposure 10853:Clitoral erection 10794: 10793: 10720:Earth Summit 2002 10703:Lisbon Principles 10675:Our Common Future 10353:Sustainable yield 10159:Civic agriculture 9912:Green consumption 9849:Global governance 9771: 9770: 9670:Right to property 9630:Right to clothing 9615:Fair remuneration 9583:Right to homeland 9531:Right to petition 9456:Freedom of speech 9348: 9347: 9300: 9299: 9210:Higher education 9041:Positive deviance 9036:Health psychology 9012:Health behavioral 8939:safety management 8913:Social distancing 8687:Population health 8667:Smoking cessation 8615:Pharmacovigilance 8586:Injury prevention 8554:Infection control 8472:Social psychology 8422:Prisoners' rights 8365:Medical sociology 8333:Public health law 8229:Biological hazard 8176: 8175: 7876:Teenage pregnancy 7593:Genital integrity 7523: 7522: 7403: 7402: 7228: 7227: 7179: 7178: 7162:Papanicolaou test 7118:Non-communicable 7086:Sexual harassment 7064:Domestic violence 7034: 7033: 6877: 6876: 6674: 6673: 6577:Retained placenta 6495:Ectopic pregnancy 6302:978-0-8213-6951-7 6277:, August 30, 2010 6248:978-0-04-442220-4 5507:BBC World Service 4662:(33): 8328–8333. 4515:978-81-7648-510-4 4388:10.1136/bmj.n3124 4225:Rosseberg, Matt. 4058:978-0-8050-4259-7 3753:on April 18, 2011 3722:Our World in Data 3545:on 31 August 2019 3539:"FAMILY PLANNING" 3337:Manas, Kimberly. 3243:(11): 1932–1937. 2830:978-1-59708-004-0 2635:"Family planning" 2248:on July 24, 2008. 2028:"Family planning" 1472:Mechai Viravaidya 1300:Indian Parliament 1282:domestic violence 1121: 1120: 1075:advised women to 968:population growth 928:William J. Ripple 846:poverty reduction 445:methods, such as 291:Caesarian section 289:; the need for a 244:postpartum period 226:teenage pregnancy 206:population growth 16:(Redirected from 13329: 13290:Lists by country 13001:Urban population 12942:Dependency ratio 12830:Number of deaths 12825:Number of births 12815:Natural increase 12602:Intercontinental 12499: 12492: 12485: 12476: 12475: 12462: 12461: 12450: 12449: 12419:Green Revolution 12200:Two-child policy 12195:One-child policy 12118: 12078:Population model 12034:World population 11983: 11976: 11969: 11960: 11959: 11946: 11945: 11870:Jain monasticism 11634:Sexual fetishism 11552:Mechanics of sex 11435:Conventional sex 11339:Sexual addiction 11274:Extramarital sex 11056:Sexual surrogate 10892:male ejaculation 10821: 10814: 10807: 10798: 10797: 10761: 10760: 10749: 10748: 10693:Agenda 21 (1992) 10664: 10629:Natural resource 10516:Organic movement 10491:Impact investing 10210:Hydroelectricity 10184:Sustainable diet 10136:Renewable energy 10131:Carbon footprint 10113:Invasive species 10050:Natural building 10001:World population 9962:Marketing myopia 9922:Over-consumption 9892:Circular economy 9887:Anti-consumerism 9844:Environmentalism 9798: 9791: 9784: 9775: 9774: 9660:Right to housing 9594:Economic, social 9541:Right to protest 9536:Right to privacy 9375: 9368: 9361: 9352: 9351: 9336: 9335: 9324: 9323: 9312: 9311: 9206:Health education 9083: 9082: 8937:Food hygiene and 8918:Tropical disease 8730:Infant mortality 8705:Community health 8581:Controlled Drugs 8517:Health promotion 8447:Right to housing 8291:Health economics 8203: 8196: 8189: 8180: 8179: 8138:Two-child policy 8133:One-child policy 8013:Gender dysphoria 7550: 7543: 7536: 7527: 7526: 7511: 7510: 7499: 7498: 7487: 7486: 7340: 7339: 7125: 7124: 7045: 7044: 7039:Non-reproductive 6888: 6887: 6805:Feminine hygiene 6572:Cesarian section 6567:Obstructed labor 6448: 6447: 6363: 6362: 6344: 6334: 6327: 6320: 6311: 6310: 6306: 6252: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6191:. 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Archived from 2234: 2228: 2227: 2212: 2201: 2200: 2190: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2140: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2023: 2014: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1983: 1972: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1938: 1828:Women in Bolivia 1745: 1666:gender dysphoria 1645:gender dysphoria 1640:cryopreservation 1616:Gay male couples 1410:sexual education 1204:Two-child policy 1142:forced abortions 1116: 1113: 1107: 1095: 1094: 1087: 972:opportunity cost 858:The UNFPA says, 711:infant mortality 700:services by 2015 461:protect against 323:Family economics 129:In 2006, the US 115:spacing children 21: 13337: 13336: 13332: 13331: 13330: 13328: 13327: 13326: 13312:Family planning 13302: 13301: 13300: 13295: 13294: 13275: 13231:Income equality 13184:Employment rate 13153: 13101:Education Index 13084: 13079:Body mass index 13010: 12912: 12860:Life expectancy 12854: 12798: 12784:Current density 12770: 12684:Past and future 12679: 12648: 12597: 12542: 12512: 12503: 12473: 12468: 12438: 12402: 12336: 12334: 12327: 12279: 12258: 12207:Overconsumption 12190:Family planning 12147: 12141: 12114: 12098: 12095: 12087: 12049: 12046: 12038: 11992: 11987: 11957: 11952: 11940: 11932: 11860:Catholic Church 11820: 11813: 11702: 11421: 11373: 11279:Family planning 11258: 11250: 11207: 11196:Sexual violence 11171:Sex trafficking 11112: 11098:Sexual identity 11088:Gender identity 11065: 11051:Sexual medicine 10947: 10938: 10904:Penile erection 10858:Erogenous zones 10842: 10834: 10832:human sexuality 10825: 10795: 10790: 10737: 10662: 10654: 10653:Agreements and 10648: 10585: 10389:Climate finance 10357: 10284: 10240:Reclaimed water 10193: 10145: 10117: 10074: 10028: 10014:Family planning 9995: 9868: 9825: 9807: 9802: 9772: 9767: 9738:Family planning 9723: 9714: 9690:Right of return 9650:Right to health 9598: 9595: 9587: 9551:Right to resist 9501:Right of asylum 9392: 9385: 9379: 9349: 9344: 9296: 9267:Margaret Sanger 9235: 9194: 9078: 9076: 9070: 9013: 9007: 8979:Safety scandals 8938: 8932: 8854: 8848: 8782: 8776: 8772:Social medicine 8765:Race and health 8700:Child mortality 8681: 8640:Open defecation 8522:Human nutrition 8512:Family planning 8500:Behavior change 8486: 8442:Right to health 8355:Maternal health 8345:Health politics 8296:Health literacy 8212: 8207: 8177: 8172: 8121: 8090: 8063:United Kingdom 8017: 7969: 7960:Sexual medicine 7921: 7897:Gender identity 7885: 7831:Maternal health 7817: 7777: 7773:fertility fraud 7734: 7727: 7684: 7635: 7609: 7559: 7554: 7524: 7519: 7475: 7460:Family planning 7438: 7432: 7399: 7376: 7335: 7329: 7301:Gender equality 7284: 7278: 7224: 7175: 7157:Cervical cancer 7119: 7112: 7050: 7040: 7030: 7021:Sex differences 6979:Forced marriage 6928: 6893: 6883: 6873: 6815:Menstrual cycle 6786: 6739:Family planning 6737: 6728: 6681: 6670: 6629:Maternal deaths 6620: 6611:Postpartum care 6557:Multiple births 6533: 6442: 6435: 6368: 6359: 6356: 6348: 6338: 6303: 6249: 6231: 6229:Further reading 6226: 6225: 6216: 6214: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6187: 6186: 6179: 6169: 6167: 6166:. 27 April 2020 6159: 6155: 6154: 6147: 6132: 6128: 6119: 6117: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6095: 6093: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6024: 6020: 5969: 5958: 5913: 5909: 5866: 5862: 5809: 5805: 5750: 5746: 5701: 5697: 5644: 5633: 5580: 5576: 5523: 5514: 5499: 5495: 5486: 5484: 5472: 5468: 5443: 5439: 5429: 5427: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5386: 5379: 5371: 5363: 5359: 5354:Wayback Machine 5343: 5339: 5330: 5328: 5319: 5318: 5307: 5298: 5296: 5288: 5287: 5280: 5275:Wayback Machine 5266: 5262: 5249: 5245: 5200: 5179: 5167: 5163: 5149:Wayback Machine 5140: 5136: 5126: 5124: 5114: 5107: 5084: 5080: 5070: 5068: 5057: 5053: 5045: 5030: 5020:Bloom, David E. 5017: 5013: 5007:Wayback Machine 4998: 4994: 4988:Wayback Machine 4979: 4975: 4965:Wayback Machine 4954:Wayback Machine 4945: 4941: 4888: 4879: 4824: 4813: 4797: 4796: 4744: 4735: 4726: 4724: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4648: 4644: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4589: 4585: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4558: 4557: 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2011:Wayback Machine 2001: 1997: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1961: 1951: 1949: 1940: 1939: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1773: 1756: 1714: 1701: 1692: 1675: 1652:hormone therapy 1631: 1618: 1603: 1601:Lesbian couples 1594: 1582: 1576: 1515: 1509: 1480: 1467: 1451: 1445: 1436: 1430: 1394: 1372: 1366: 1345: 1339: 1314: 1308: 1239: 1233: 1206: 1200: 1194: 1177: 1127: 1117: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1096: 1092: 1085: 1057: 1051: 1035: 1002: 993: 953: 944: 937: 879:As part of the 875:by jurisdiction 831: 800: 794: 792:Sexual violence 777: 771: 757: 752: 675: 661: 652: 628: 615: 610: 597: 581:Catholic Church 568:menstrual cycle 560: 554: 538:ovarian reserve 481: 475: 411: 405: 367: 329: 319: 283:multiple births 252:maternal deaths 228: 218:Maternal health 214: 197: 127: 50:Family planning 28: 23: 22: 18:Family Planning 15: 12: 11: 5: 13335: 13325: 13324: 13319: 13314: 13297: 13296: 13293: 13292: 13287: 13281: 13280: 13277: 13276: 13274: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13212: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13180: 13179: 13169: 13163: 13161: 13155: 13154: 13152: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13135: 13129: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13092: 13090: 13086: 13085: 13083: 13082: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13020: 13018: 13012: 13011: 13009: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12923: 12921: 12914: 12913: 12911: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12864: 12862: 12856: 12855: 12853: 12852: 12847: 12845:Fertility rate 12842: 12840:Mortality rate 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12806: 12804: 12800: 12799: 12797: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12780: 12778: 12772: 12771: 12769: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12687: 12685: 12681: 12680: 12678: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12656: 12654: 12650: 12649: 12647: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12629:European Union 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12605: 12603: 12599: 12598: 12596: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12584: 12583: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12552: 12550: 12544: 12543: 12541: 12540: 12535: 12534: 12533: 12531:United Nations 12522: 12520: 12514: 12513: 12502: 12501: 12494: 12487: 12479: 12470: 12469: 12467: 12466: 12456: 12443: 12440: 12439: 12437: 12436: 12434:Sustainability 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12410: 12408: 12407:Related topics 12404: 12403: 12401: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12339: 12337: 12332: 12329: 12328: 12326: 12325: 12320: 12319: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12298: 12296:Largest cities 12293: 12287: 12285: 12281: 12280: 12278: 12277: 12272: 12266: 12264: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12245: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12203: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12177: 12176: 12175: 12165: 12157: 12151: 12149: 12143: 12142: 12140: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12116:I = P × A × T 12112: 12107: 12101: 12099: 12092: 12089: 12088: 12086: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12069: 12068: 12058: 12052: 12050: 12043: 12040: 12039: 12037: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12000: 11998: 11994: 11993: 11986: 11985: 11978: 11971: 11963: 11954: 11953: 11951: 11950: 11937: 11934: 11933: 11931: 11930: 11929: 11928: 11918: 11917: 11916: 11914:Ancient Greece 11906: 11901: 11900: 11899: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11873: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11847: 11842: 11841: 11840: 11825: 11823: 11815: 11814: 11812: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11800: 11799: 11789: 11784: 11783: 11782: 11777: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11751: 11750: 11745: 11735: 11734: 11733: 11723: 11718: 11712: 11710: 11704: 11703: 11701: 11700: 11695: 11694: 11693: 11688: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11647: 11646: 11636: 11631: 11629:Sexual fantasy 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11595: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11543: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11530:Anal fingering 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11490:Foot fetishism 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11431: 11429: 11423: 11422: 11420: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11383: 11381: 11375: 11374: 11372: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11349:Sexual capital 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11314:Premarital sex 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11265: 11263: 11252: 11251: 11249: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11217: 11215: 11209: 11208: 11206: 11205: 11204: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11191:Sexual slavery 11188: 11183: 11178: 11176:Sexual assault 11173: 11168: 11163: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11126:Age of consent 11122: 11120: 11114: 11113: 11111: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11079: 11077: 11067: 11066: 11064: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11047: 11046: 11041: 11039:Hypersexuality 11036: 11026: 11021: 11011: 11006: 11001: 11000: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10953: 10951: 10940: 10939: 10937: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10919:Sexual arousal 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10895: 10894: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10849: 10847: 10836: 10835: 10824: 10823: 10816: 10809: 10801: 10792: 10791: 10789: 10788: 10781: 10774: 10767: 10755: 10742: 10739: 10738: 10736: 10735: 10729: 10728:(Rio+20, 2012) 10723: 10717: 10712: 10706: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10684: 10679: 10671: 10666: 10658: 10656: 10650: 10649: 10647: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10595: 10593: 10587: 10586: 10584: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10482: 10481: 10476: 10474:Infrastructure 10471: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10404:Eco-capitalism 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10365: 10363: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10355: 10350: 10349: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10321:Sustainability 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10292: 10290: 10289:Accountability 10286: 10285: 10283: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10201: 10199: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10155: 10153: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10127: 10125: 10119: 10118: 10116: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10084: 10082: 10076: 10075: 10073: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10036: 10034: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10005: 10003: 9997: 9996: 9994: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9982: 9981: 9976: 9966: 9965: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9947:Sustainability 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9882:Anthropization 9878: 9876: 9870: 9869: 9867: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9835: 9833: 9827: 9826: 9824: 9823: 9818: 9812: 9809: 9808: 9805:Sustainability 9801: 9800: 9793: 9786: 9778: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9729: 9727: 9716: 9715: 9713: 9712: 9707: 9705:Right to water 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9680:Right of reply 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9605:Digital rights 9601: 9599: 9592: 9589: 9588: 9586: 9585: 9580: 9579: 9578: 9568: 9563: 9561:Right to truth 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9402: 9400: 9394: 9393: 9390: 9387: 9386: 9378: 9377: 9370: 9363: 9355: 9346: 9345: 9343: 9342: 9330: 9318: 9305: 9302: 9301: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9243: 9241: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9232: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9208: 9202: 9200: 9196: 9195: 9193: 9192: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9174: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9150: 9149: 9148: 9143: 9135: 9134: 9133: 9125: 9124: 9123: 9118: 9110: 9109: 9108: 9100: 9099: 9098: 9089: 9087: 9080: 9075:Organizations, 9072: 9071: 9069: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9017: 9015: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9005: 9004: 9003: 8998: 8988: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8942: 8940: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8899: 8898: 8888: 8887: 8886: 8876: 8875: 8874: 8864: 8858: 8856: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8846: 8841: 8840: 8839: 8831: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8786: 8784: 8781:Biological and 8778: 8777: 8775: 8774: 8769: 8768: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8747: 8742: 8740:Multimorbidity 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8691: 8689: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8679: 8677:Vector control 8674: 8669: 8664: 8662:School hygiene 8659: 8658: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8645:Sanitary sewer 8642: 8637: 8632: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8611: 8610: 8603:Patient safety 8600: 8599: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8563: 8562: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8536: 8535: 8534: 8529: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8508: 8507: 8496: 8494: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8418: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8341: 8340: 8335: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8286:Harm reduction 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8261: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8220: 8218: 8214: 8213: 8206: 8205: 8198: 8191: 8183: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8170: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8140: 8135: 8129: 8127: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8098: 8096: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8088: 8087: 8086: 8081: 8079:teen pregnancy 8071: 8070: 8069: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8025: 8023: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8015: 8010: 8009: 8008: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7977: 7975: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7931: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7893: 7891: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7827: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7815: 7814: 7813: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7793: 7787: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7750: 7745: 7739: 7737: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7694: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7682: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7670: 7660: 7655: 7645: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7607: 7606: 7605: 7600: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7569: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7553: 7552: 7545: 7538: 7530: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7517: 7505: 7493: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7440: 7437:Women's health 7434: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7397: 7392: 7386: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7348: 7346: 7344:United Nations 7337: 7336:& advocacy 7331: 7330: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7286: 7283:Sociocultural 7280: 7279: 7277: 7276: 7275: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7254: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7240: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7213: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7186: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7173: 7171:Ovarian cancer 7168: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7164: 7154: 7147:Uterine cancer 7144: 7139: 7133: 7131: 7122: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7091:Sexual assault 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7061: 7055: 7053: 7042: 7036: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6992: 6991: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6969:Child marriage 6966: 6964:Breast ironing 6961: 6956: 6954:Breast binding 6951: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6942:Clitoridectomy 6933: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6909: 6904: 6898: 6896: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6820:Menstrual aids 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6796: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6743: 6741: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6686: 6684: 6676: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6604:Husband stitch 6596: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6543: 6541: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6482: 6477: 6475:Antenatal care 6472: 6467: 6462: 6456: 6454: 6445: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6421:Fallopian tube 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6373: 6371: 6367:Reproductive 6360: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6346:Women's health 6337: 6336: 6329: 6322: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6301: 6284: 6278: 6266: 6260: 6253: 6247: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6198: 6195:on 2014-08-18. 6177: 6145: 6126: 6102: 6073: 6038:(2): 129–138. 6018: 5983:(2): 134–143. 5956: 5927:(4): e25–e26. 5907: 5880:(2): 129–138. 5860: 5803: 5744: 5695: 5631: 5574: 5512: 5493: 5466: 5460:10.3386/w23971 5437: 5415: 5377: 5357: 5337: 5305: 5278: 5260: 5243: 5177: 5161: 5134: 5105: 5102:on 2013-04-26. 5078: 5051: 5048:on 2011-11-17. 5024:Canning, David 5011: 4992: 4973: 4939: 4877: 4811: 4733: 4718:"MoHFW | Home" 4709: 4642: 4609: 4603: 4583: 4551: 4541: 4521: 4514: 4496: 4475: 4447: 4417: 4359: 4328: 4295: 4259: 4244: 4217: 4190: 4154: 4128: 4113: 4064: 4057: 4033: 3994: 3950: 3928: 3906: 3884: 3862: 3840: 3806: 3787: 3763: 3734: 3709: 3683: 3659: 3607: 3581: 3556: 3530: 3509:(3): 589–597. 3486: 3467: 3439: 3435:United Nations 3433:Data from the 3426: 3419: 3397: 3378: 3364: 3350: 3329: 3304: 3293:ihpi.umich.edu 3280: 3223: 3186:(5): 399–404. 3166: 3141: 3112: 3074: 3047: 3025: 3001: 2973: 2948: 2894: 2866: 2829: 2811: 2762: 2741: 2715: 2702:"How to Adopt" 2693: 2668: 2644: 2615: 2588: 2533: 2505: 2480: 2457: 2434: 2401: 2387: 2368:www.iei.liu.se 2352: 2321: 2318:on 2012-03-08. 2303: 2251: 2229: 2226:on 2008-03-08. 2202: 2176: 2149:(3): 334–359. 2126: 2087: 2040: 2015: 1995: 1959: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1852: 1851: 1846: 1840: 1835: 1833:Birth in Benin 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1799: 1794: 1792:Parental leave 1789: 1780: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1755: 1752: 1713: 1710: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1688: 1674: 1671: 1630: 1627: 1617: 1614: 1602: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1578:Main article: 1575: 1572: 1511:Main article: 1508: 1505: 1479: 1478:United Kingdom 1476: 1466: 1463: 1447:Main article: 1444: 1441: 1429: 1426: 1393: 1390: 1368:Main article: 1365: 1362: 1341:Main article: 1338: 1335: 1322:Supreme Leader 1310:Main article: 1307: 1304: 1290:greatly among 1278:Andhra Pradesh 1235:Main article: 1232: 1229: 1196:Main article: 1193: 1190: 1176: 1173: 1123:Main article: 1119: 1118: 1099: 1097: 1090: 1084: 1081: 1053:Main article: 1050: 1047: 1034: 1031: 1001: 998: 992: 989: 952: 949: 943: 940: 935: 932:social justice 901:climate change 830: 827: 796:Main article: 793: 790: 773:Main article: 770: 767: 756: 753: 751: 748: 724: 723: 716: 713: 707: 704: 701: 660: 657: 651: 648: 627: 626:Private sector 624: 614: 611: 609: 606: 596: 595:Media campaign 593: 556:Main article: 553: 550: 511:Sperm donation 477:Main article: 474: 471: 467:tubal ligation 459:female condoms 407:Main article: 404: 401: 366: 365:Modern methods 363: 347:UNFPA states, 318: 315: 248: 247: 222:Maternal death 213: 210: 196: 193: 189: 188: 185: 182: 179: 176: 173: 170: 169:Single parents 126: 123: 86:United Nations 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13334: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13309: 13307: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13282: 13278: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13261:Public sector 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13196: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13178: 13175: 13174: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13164: 13162: 13160: 13156: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13139: 13136: 13133: 13130: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13116:Literacy rate 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13093: 13091: 13087: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13021: 13019: 13017: 13013: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12937:Age structure 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12924: 12922: 12920: 12915: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12903:world regions 12901: 12899: 12898:South America 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12888:North America 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12865: 12863: 12861: 12857: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12807: 12805: 12801: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12781: 12779: 12777: 12773: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12688: 12686: 12682: 12676: 12675:Megalopolises 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12657: 12655: 12651: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12639:Latin America 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12606: 12604: 12600: 12594: 12593:South America 12591: 12589: 12586: 12582: 12579: 12578: 12577: 12576:North America 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12553: 12551: 12549: 12545: 12539: 12536: 12532: 12529: 12528: 12527: 12524: 12523: 12521: 12519: 12515: 12511: 12507: 12500: 12495: 12493: 12488: 12486: 12481: 12480: 12477: 12465: 12457: 12455: 12454: 12445: 12444: 12441: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12414:Bennett's law 12412: 12411: 12409: 12405: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12340: 12338: 12335:organizations 12330: 12324: 12321: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12303: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12288: 12286: 12282: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12267: 12265: 12261: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12219: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12182: 12181: 12178: 12174: 12171: 12170: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12162: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12152: 12150: 12144: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12122:Kaya identity 12120: 12117: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12090: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12067: 12064: 12063: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12041: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12001: 11999: 11995: 11991: 11984: 11979: 11977: 11972: 11970: 11965: 11964: 11961: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11938: 11935: 11927: 11924: 11923: 11922: 11919: 11915: 11912: 11911: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11898: 11895: 11894: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11852: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11839: 11836: 11835: 11834: 11830: 11827: 11826: 11824: 11822: 11816: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11798: 11795: 11794: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11772: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11740: 11739: 11736: 11732: 11729: 11728: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11713: 11711: 11709: 11705: 11699: 11696: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11683: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11645: 11642: 11641: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11624:Sex positions 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11569: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11527: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11500:Forced orgasm 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11432: 11430: 11428: 11424: 11418: 11417:United States 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11384: 11382: 11380: 11376: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11354:Sexual ethics 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11266: 11264: 11262: 11257: 11256:Relationships 11253: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11218: 11216: 11214: 11210: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11158: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11123: 11121: 11119: 11115: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11083:Gender binary 11081: 11080: 11078: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11045: 11044:Hyposexuality 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11031: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11019: 11018:PLISSIT model 11015: 11012: 11010: 11009:Sex education 11007: 11005: 11002: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10984: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10957:Birth control 10955: 10954: 10952: 10950: 10945: 10941: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10909:Pre-ejaculate 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10899:Pelvic thrust 10897: 10893: 10889: 10886: 10885: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10850: 10848: 10846: 10841: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10822: 10817: 10815: 10810: 10808: 10803: 10802: 10799: 10787: 10786: 10782: 10780: 10779: 10775: 10773: 10772: 10768: 10766: 10765: 10756: 10754: 10753: 10744: 10743: 10740: 10733: 10730: 10727: 10724: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10710: 10709:Earth Charter 10707: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10676: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10660: 10659: 10657: 10651: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10599:Environmental 10597: 10596: 10594: 10592: 10588: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10531:Refurbishment 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10521:Organizations 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10466: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10434:Green economy 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10419:Eco-socialism 10417: 10415: 10414:Eco-investing 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10399:Disinvestment 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10366: 10364: 10360: 10354: 10351: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10323: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10293: 10291: 10287: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10220:Marine energy 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10202: 10200: 10196: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10174:Cultured meat 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10148: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10128: 10126: 10124: 10120: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10081: 10077: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10031: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10006: 10004: 10002: 9998: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9971: 9970: 9967: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9949: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9932:Simple living 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9875: 9871: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9832: 9828: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9813: 9810: 9806: 9799: 9794: 9792: 9787: 9785: 9780: 9779: 9776: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9730: 9728: 9726: 9721: 9717: 9711: 9710:Right to work 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9645:Right to food 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9590: 9584: 9581: 9577: 9574: 9573: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9526:Right to life 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9403: 9401: 9399: 9395: 9388: 9384: 9376: 9371: 9369: 9364: 9362: 9357: 9356: 9353: 9341: 9340: 9331: 9329: 9328: 9319: 9317: 9316: 9307: 9306: 9303: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9262:Joseph Lister 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9238: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9197: 9190: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9141:Health Canada 9139: 9138: 9136: 9132: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9107: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9097: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9086:Organizations 9084: 9081: 9073: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9010: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8993: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8935: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8923:Vaccine trial 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8897: 8894: 8893: 8892: 8889: 8885: 8882: 8881: 8880: 8877: 8873: 8870: 8869: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8851: 8845: 8842: 8838: 8836: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8807: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8800:Relative risk 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8779: 8773: 8770: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8760:Health equity 8758: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8725:Health system 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8715:Global health 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8695:Biostatistics 8693: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8684: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8627: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8609: 8606: 8605: 8604: 8601: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8567: 8564: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8541: 8540: 8537: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8524: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8506: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8489: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8437:Right to food 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8375: 8371: 8370:Mental health 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8318:Housing First 8316: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8306:Health system 8304: 8303: 8302: 8301:Health policy 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8256: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8210:Public health 8204: 8199: 8197: 8192: 8190: 8185: 8184: 8181: 8169: 8166: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8156:child benefit 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8124: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8093: 8085: 8084:birth control 8082: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8075: 8074:United States 8072: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8020: 8014: 8011: 8007: 8004: 8003: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7972: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7924: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7871:Prenatal care 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7820: 7812: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7780: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7730: 7724: 7723:Sterilization 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7690:Contraception 7687: 7681: 7678: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7658:Birth spacing 7656: 7654: 7653:childlessness 7650: 7649:Childfreeness 7647: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7621:Sex education 7619: 7618: 7616: 7612: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7595: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7551: 7546: 7544: 7539: 7537: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7516: 7515: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7482: 7481: 7478: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7435: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7382:United States 7379: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7341: 7338: 7332: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7296:Disadvantaged 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7281: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7258: 7257:Urinary tract 7255: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7234: 7233:Mental health 7231: 7230: 7221: 7218: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7202: 7199: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7172: 7169: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7149: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7142:Breast cancer 7140: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7051:against women 7046: 7043: 7037: 7027: 7026:Sex education 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6959:Breast health 6957: 6955: 6952: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6931: 6925: 6922: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6889: 6886: 6880: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6830:Menstrual cup 6828: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6735: 6734:Contraception 6731: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6710: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6695:Childlessness 6693: 6692: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6680:Reproductive 6677: 6667: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6655: 6654:Sterilization 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6552:Preterm birth 6550: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6388: 6387:Clitoral hood 6385: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6355:Reproductive 6351: 6347: 6343: 6335: 6330: 6328: 6323: 6321: 6316: 6315: 6312: 6304: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6240: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6184: 6182: 6165: 6158: 6152: 6150: 6141: 6137: 6130: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6092:on 2019-08-06 6091: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6022: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5911: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5864: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5699: 5691: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5627: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5470: 5461: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5425: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5382: 5370: 5369: 5361: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5341: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5283: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5264: 5256: 5255: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5214:(10): 465–8. 5213: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5173: 5165: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5138: 5123: 5119: 5112: 5110: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5082: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5008: 5004: 5001: 4996: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4977: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4948: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4807: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4633:on 2013-10-10 4629: 4622: 4621: 4613: 4606: 4604:0-8020-9077-X 4600: 4596: 4595: 4587: 4574:on 2009-12-21 4570: 4563: 4562: 4555: 4548: 4544: 4542:1-57356-255-6 4538: 4534: 4533: 4525: 4517: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4480: 4465:on 2009-03-27 4464: 4460: 4454: 4452: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4364: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4335: 4333: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4299: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4264: 4255: 4248: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4158: 4142: 4138: 4132: 4124: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4060: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4045: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3938: 3932: 3916: 3910: 3894: 3888: 3872: 3866: 3850: 3844: 3830:on 2018-03-03 3829: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3804: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3694: 3687: 3673: 3669: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3630:(1): 223–43. 3629: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3612: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3476: 3471: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3436: 3430: 3422: 3420:9781565492370 3416: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3357: 3355: 3340: 3333: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3180:Contraception 3177: 3170: 3156:on 2008-12-06 3155: 3151: 3145: 3131:on 2018-08-25 3130: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3093:(2): 247–62. 3092: 3088: 3081: 3079: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3045: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3018: 3014: 3008: 3006: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2913:Contraception 2910: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2851:Table 26–1 = 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2766: 2751: 2745: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2703: 2697: 2683:on 2011-10-08 2682: 2678: 2672: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2640: 2639:www.unfpa.org 2636: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2559:(1): 152–74. 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2538: 2523:on 2018-10-04 2522: 2518: 2512: 2510: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2438: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2397: 2391: 2377:on 2018-06-12 2373: 2369: 2362: 2356: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2274:(7): 074024. 2273: 2269: 2265: 2258: 2256: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2198: 2194: 2187: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2044: 2029: 2022: 2020: 2012: 2008: 2005: 1999: 1980: 1976: 1969: 1963: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1928: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1808:Sex selection 1806: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1768: 1766: 1760: 1751: 1749: 1748:Women Deliver 1744: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1709: 1705: 1696: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1670: 1667: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1626: 1622: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1598: 1589: 1587: 1581: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1523:contraceptive 1520: 1514: 1507:United States 1504: 1502: 1497: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1475: 1473: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1450: 1440: 1435: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1406:contraception 1403: 1399: 1389: 1386: 1385:contraceptive 1381: 1377: 1371: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1344: 1334: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1303: 1301: 1295: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1238: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1214:sex education 1211: 1205: 1199: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1172: 1169: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1115: 1103: 1098: 1089: 1088: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1044: 1039: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1014: 1006: 997: 984: 980: 976: 973: 969: 962: 957: 948: 939: 933: 929: 925: 920: 918: 917:afforestation 914: 913:nuclear power 910: 906: 902: 896: 891: 888: 886: 882: 874: 869: 864: 859: 856: 854: 849: 847: 840: 835: 826: 824: 820: 815: 813: 809: 805: 799: 789: 787: 783: 776: 766: 763: 747: 745: 741: 737: 736:contraception 733: 729: 721: 717: 714: 712: 708: 705: 702: 699: 695: 694: 693: 691: 687: 682: 680: 674: 670: 666: 656: 647: 643: 639: 636: 632: 623: 619: 605: 601: 592: 590: 586: 582: 576: 573: 572:gynecological 569: 565: 559: 549: 547: 543: 539: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 506: 502: 498: 493: 491: 487: 486:endometriosis 480: 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 415: 410: 409:Birth control 403:Contraception 400: 397: 393: 391: 385: 383: 379: 374: 372: 362: 359: 353: 348: 345: 341: 338: 333: 328: 324: 311: 307: 303: 298: 294: 292: 288: 284: 280: 279:Down syndrome 276: 271: 269: 263: 259: 257: 253: 250:About 99% of 245: 241: 240: 239: 232: 227: 223: 219: 209: 207: 203: 202:human capital 192: 186: 183: 180: 177: 174: 171: 168: 167: 166: 162: 160: 159:birth control 156: 152: 148: 142: 138: 136: 132: 122: 119: 117: 116: 111: 107: 102: 97: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 66:sex education 62: 60: 56: 51: 43: 36: 32: 19: 13236:Labour force 13064:Suicide rate 13049:Obesity rate 13006:Urbanization 12947:Divorce rate 12919:demographics 12660:World cities 12451: 12263:Publications 12222:Antinatalism 12189: 12160: 12137:World3 model 11997:Major topics 11819:Religion and 11809:Webcam model 11748:Survival sex 11738:Prostitution 11708:Sex industry 11619:Sex in space 11547:Masturbation 11387:Ancient Rome 11364:Sexual slang 11278: 11156:Sexual abuse 10863:Insemination 10783: 10776: 10769: 10762: 10750: 10674: 10439:Construction 10362:Applications 10080:Biodiversity 10013: 9839:Anthropocene 9737: 9725:reproductive 9620:Labor rights 9596:and cultural 9506:Right to die 9383:human rights 9381:Substantive 9337: 9325: 9313: 9282:Radium Girls 9277:Typhoid Mary 8964:Microbiology 8834: 8826: 8710:Epidemiology 8608:Organization 8559:Oral hygiene 8549:Hand washing 8527:Healthy diet 8511: 8457:Right to sit 8350:Labor rights 8168:Abortion law 8151:bachelor tax 7801:vulvovaginal 7735:reproduction 7640: 7512: 7500: 7488: 7211:Hip fracture 7206:Osteoporosis 6947:Infibulation 6847:Dysmenorrhea 6840:Sanitary pad 6792:Menstruation 6738: 6520:Preeclampsia 6515:Hypertension 6399:Labia majora 6394:Labia minora 6288: 6274:NewStatesman 6272: 6237: 6215:. Retrieved 6213:. 2014-12-12 6210: 6201: 6193:the original 6168:. Retrieved 6163: 6139: 6129: 6118:. Retrieved 6114: 6105: 6094:. Retrieved 6090:the original 6085: 6076: 6035: 6031: 6021: 5980: 5976: 5924: 5920: 5910: 5877: 5873: 5863: 5820: 5816: 5806: 5761: 5757: 5747: 5712: 5708: 5698: 5655: 5651: 5594:(1): 57–74. 5591: 5587: 5577: 5537:(1): 47–53. 5534: 5530: 5506: 5496: 5485:. Retrieved 5481:Child Trends 5479: 5469: 5450: 5440: 5428:. Retrieved 5418: 5393: 5389: 5367: 5360: 5340: 5329:. Retrieved 5327:. 2017-04-21 5324: 5297:. Retrieved 5293: 5263: 5253: 5246: 5211: 5207: 5171: 5164: 5156: 5137: 5125:. Retrieved 5121: 5100:the original 5095: 5091: 5081: 5069:. Retrieved 5065:the original 5054: 5043:the original 5038: 5034: 5014: 4995: 4976: 4942: 4902:(6): 18–33. 4899: 4895: 4835: 4831: 4800:cite journal 4755: 4751: 4725:. Retrieved 4721: 4712: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4635:, retrieved 4628:the original 4619: 4612: 4593: 4586: 4576:, retrieved 4569:the original 4560: 4554: 4546: 4531: 4524: 4505: 4499: 4491:the original 4467:. Retrieved 4463:the original 4439:. Retrieved 4435: 4379: 4375: 4350:. Retrieved 4344: 4320:. Retrieved 4308: 4298: 4287:. Retrieved 4275: 4253: 4247: 4235:. Retrieved 4231:the original 4220: 4208:. Retrieved 4204:the original 4193: 4181:. Retrieved 4174:the original 4169: 4157: 4145:. Retrieved 4141:the original 4131: 4122: 4116: 4081: 4077: 4067: 4043: 4036: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3972: 3968: 3941:. Retrieved 3931: 3919:. Retrieved 3909: 3897:. Retrieved 3887: 3875:. Retrieved 3873:. World Bank 3865: 3853:. Retrieved 3843: 3832:. Retrieved 3828:the original 3823: 3790: 3779:. Retrieved 3776:www.apha.org 3775: 3766: 3755:. Retrieved 3751:the original 3746: 3737: 3725:. Retrieved 3721: 3712: 3703: 3699: 3686: 3675:. Retrieved 3671: 3662: 3627: 3623: 3573:. Retrieved 3569: 3559: 3547:. Retrieved 3543:the original 3533: 3506: 3502: 3470: 3429: 3410: 3400: 3391: 3381: 3367: 3342:. Retrieved 3332: 3321:. Retrieved 3318:The Guardian 3317: 3307: 3296:. Retrieved 3292: 3283: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3183: 3179: 3169: 3158:. Retrieved 3154:the original 3144: 3133:. Retrieved 3129:the original 3124: 3115: 3090: 3086: 3063:(2): 49–52. 3060: 3056: 3050: 2993:. Retrieved 2991:. 2005-07-11 2988: 2965:. Retrieved 2960: 2951: 2916: 2912: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2820: 2814: 2782:(1): 67–83. 2779: 2775: 2765: 2753:. Retrieved 2744: 2732:. Retrieved 2728:the original 2718: 2706:. Retrieved 2696: 2685:. Retrieved 2681:the original 2671: 2660:. Retrieved 2656: 2647: 2638: 2604:(3): 17–28. 2601: 2597: 2591: 2556: 2552: 2525:. Retrieved 2521:the original 2497:. Retrieved 2495:. 2023-03-16 2492: 2483: 2474: 2437: 2425:. Retrieved 2421: 2390: 2379:. Retrieved 2372:the original 2367: 2355: 2343:. Retrieved 2339:the original 2334: 2324: 2316:the original 2306: 2271: 2267: 2246:the original 2241: 2232: 2224:the original 2196: 2192: 2179: 2146: 2142: 2129: 2104: 2100: 2090: 2057: 2053: 2043: 2031:. Retrieved 1998: 1986:. Retrieved 1979:the original 1974: 1962: 1950:. Retrieved 1946:the original 1881: 1880: 1854: 1853: 1838:Opata people 1787:antinatalism 1761: 1757: 1719: 1715: 1706: 1702: 1693: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1657: 1649: 1632: 1623: 1619: 1610: 1604: 1595: 1583: 1568: 1565: 1558: 1554: 1546:Title X 1543: 1527: 1516: 1498: 1481: 1468: 1455:World War II 1452: 1437: 1395: 1373: 1353:Celtic tiger 1346: 1328: 1325:Ali Khamenei 1319: 1315: 1296: 1271: 1251: 1240: 1222: 1207: 1186: 1178: 1170: 1168:population. 1166: 1154: 1150: 1133: 1128: 1109: 1101: 1062: 1058: 1027: 1023: 1019: 994: 977: 965: 945: 923: 921: 898: 893: 889: 878: 861: 857: 850: 843: 816: 812:marital rape 801: 778: 758: 725: 683: 676: 653: 644: 640: 637: 633: 629: 620: 616: 602: 598: 577: 561: 535: 531:insemination 509: 500: 494: 482: 420: 394: 386: 382:miscarriages 375: 368: 355: 350: 346: 342: 334: 330: 272: 264: 260: 249: 237: 198: 190: 178:The divorced 163: 143: 139: 128: 120: 114: 98: 63: 59:reproduction 49: 48: 12644:Middle East 12146:Society and 12105:Biocapacity 11892:LGBT people 11838:Tantric sex 11770:Sex tourism 11726:Pornography 11691:Erotic talk 11681:Virtual sex 11582:Cunnilingus 11412:South Korea 11407:Philippines 11319:Promiscuity 11014:Sex therapy 10992:Gynaecology 10655:conferences 10526:Procurement 10469:Development 10369:Advertising 10331:Measurement 10265:Tidal power 10260:Small hydro 10225:Micro hydro 10088:Biosecurity 10040:Appropriate 9969:Sustainable 9952:Advertising 9874:Consumption 9864:Development 9753:LGBT rights 9486:Nationality 9476:LGBT rights 9339:WikiProject 9079:and history 8959:Engineering 8672:Vaccination 8544:Food safety 8054:Philippines 7986:Infertility 7945:Gynaecology 7912:Transgender 7680:Sperm theft 7673:foster care 7514:WikiProject 7201:Bone health 7137:Lung cancer 6974:Dyspareunia 6917:HPV vaccine 6857:Amenorrhoea 6852:Menorrhagia 6690:Infertility 6639:Stillbirths 6500:Miscarriage 6115:www.cdc.gov 5715:(3): e112. 5430:11 November 5396:(18): e37. 5157:pages 47–49 5071:20 February 4971:2009-10-31. 3975:(18): e37. 3824:www.prb.org 2919:(1): 5–14. 2493:www.cdc.gov 2060:: 168–185. 1635:transgender 1398:Philippines 1392:Philippines 1069:West Africa 938:emissions. 909:solar farms 742:to prevent 517:(either by 268:miscarriage 82:infertility 13306:Categories 13199:by country 12991:Irreligion 12972:Median age 12835:Birth rate 12670:Megacities 12614:Arab world 12561:Antarctica 12333:Events and 12148:population 12094:Population 12045:Population 11990:Population 11804:Strip club 11787:Sex worker 11760:Sex museum 11731:Film actor 11599:Paraphilia 11525:Manual sex 11379:By country 11304:Orgasm gap 11221:Blue Movie 10840:Physiology 10546:Sanitation 10501:Livelihood 10424:Ecovillage 10409:Eco-cities 10326:Accounting 10235:Pico hydro 10215:Hydropower 10033:Technology 9831:Principles 9491:Personhood 9092:Caribbean 8969:Processing 8903:Quarantine 8825:Student's 8625:Sanitation 8259:History of 8146:baby bonus 8142:Financial 8022:By country 7846:childbirth 7836:Obstetrics 7768:Sperm bank 7439:by country 7243:Depression 6894:infections 6599:Episiotomy 6539:Childbirth 6470:Obstetrics 6217:2018-03-06 6120:2018-08-23 6096:2018-08-23 5764:(1): 123. 5487:2021-06-27 5424:"Abortion" 5331:2018-03-06 5299:2018-03-06 4838:(1): 173. 4727:2022-09-11 4637:2009-12-05 4578:2009-11-25 4469:2009-08-31 4441:2022-09-12 4322:2022-09-12 4289:2022-09-12 3834:2018-03-07 3781:2018-03-06 3757:2018-03-06 3677:2018-03-06 3624:Demography 3575:2021-11-23 3344:2022-09-12 3323:2022-09-12 3298:2022-09-12 3160:2009-02-03 3135:2018-03-06 2995:2018-03-06 2967:2012-12-11 2687:2012-03-19 2662:2018-03-06 2545:Tsui, A. O 2527:2008-05-13 2499:2024-04-22 2381:2018-04-14 1988:30 October 1923:References 1586:Uzbekistan 1574:Uzbekistan 1432:See also: 1378:in Cairo, 1247:government 1202:See also: 1073:physicians 732:World Bank 730:(WHO) and 663:See also: 546:biomarkers 542:follicular 435:withdrawal 321:See also: 216:See also: 165:children: 78:management 13322:Parenting 12996:Sex ratio 12581:Caribbean 12429:Migration 12306:6 billion 11926:Sex magic 11904:Mormonism 11821:sexuality 11676:Urolagnia 11666:Tribadism 11614:Sexercise 11592:Irrumatio 11577:Anilingus 11535:Fingering 11515:Group sex 11510:Gang bang 11480:Fetishism 11455:Child sex 11309:Polyamory 11289:Free love 11151:Obscenity 11075:diversity 10987:Andrology 10949:education 10914:Pregnancy 10639:Recycling 10634:Planetary 10624:Materials 10619:Landscape 10604:Fisheries 10571:Transport 10496:Landscape 10479:Marketing 10454:Gardening 10394:Community 10341:Reporting 10205:Footprint 10093:Biosphere 9471:Legal aid 9272:John Snow 9199:Education 9189:Full list 9077:education 9001:ISO 22000 8954:Chemistry 8867:Epidemics 8820:ROC curve 8630:Emergency 8410:Radiation 8390:Pollution 8374:Ministers 8271:Euthenics 8059:Singapore 7974:Disorders 7935:Andrology 7823:Pregnancy 7807:Research 7663:Parenting 7614:Education 7069:Pregnancy 7049:Violence 6989:Vaginitis 6862:Menopause 6722:Fostering 6712:Parenting 6682:life plan 6547:Midwifery 6525:Eclampsia 6452:Pregnancy 6441:Maternal 6140:Principus 6068:232101013 6052:1751-486X 6013:199504002 5997:0002-9378 5951:225965126 5943:0015-0282 5902:232101013 5855:227296656 5839:1556-5653 5780:1477-7827 5739:225342022 5731:0015-0282 5672:2047-2919 5652:Andrology 5608:2641-0397 5569:248974718 5553:0015-0282 4916:2250-1665 4854:1742-4755 4774:0971-5916 4686:0027-8424 4412:245330194 4396:1756-1833 4382:: n3124. 4317:0362-4331 4284:0362-4331 4147:March 27, 3943:12 August 3921:12 August 3899:12 August 3877:12 August 3855:12 August 3525:2673-4060 3257:0090-0036 3200:0010-7824 2847:781956734 2839:0091-9721 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