137:
19:
1272:(NRHM) in effort to address some of these issues amongst others. The objective of the NRHM includes the provision of effective healthcare to rural areas, especially to poor and vulnerable populations. Through the NRHM, special provisions have been made to address concerns for reproductive health, especially for adolescents who are more likely to participate in risky sexual behaviors and less likely to visit health facilities than adults. Ultimately, the NRHM aims to push India towards the Millennium Development Goal targets for reproductive health.
1218:
are raised to be assertive and independent figures, while females are raised to put others before themselves, particularly their family. Families tend to encourage childbearing and expect to provide an environment of support for any new members of the family, raising the children based on Indian family practices and beliefs. Children are not encouraged to be independent or assist the family from an early age, rather the family expects to support and provide for the child until they reach adolescence.
104:
contraceptives is a problem for people in India. In 2009, 48.4% of married women were estimated to use a contraceptive method. About three-fourths of these were using female sterilization which is by far the most prevalent birth-control method in India. Condoms, at a mere 3%, were the next most prevalent method. Meghalaya, at 20%, had the lowest usage of contraception among all Indian states. Bihar and Uttar
Pradesh were the other two states that reported usage below 30%.
189:, the replacement rate is approximately 2.1 in most industrialised nations and about 2.5 in developing nations (due to higher mortality). The fertility rates in India have dropped rapidly in rural areas, but are dropping at a stable rate in urban and populated areas. Although this seems promising, two-thirds of India's population resides in rural areas, adding to the decreased fertility rate. Discounting immigration and
65:
29:
120:
were under the age of 26, who seem to have many options available in regards to protection. The preoccupation with birth limitation by India's family planning programme has meant that it has not been able to successfully reach young married women who are in the process of building their family and enable them to meet their family planning intentions.
185:(average number of children born per woman during her lifetime) in India has been declining, though it has still not reached the average replacement rate yet. The average replacement rate is 2.1. (This rate is said to stabilize a population) Replacement rate can be defined as the rate at which the population exactly replaces itself. Factoring in
1329:
Since the beginning, India's family planning program was marred by a "vertical approach" rather than working on additional factors. These factors affecting population growth include poverty, education, public health care. Owing to the foreign aid flowing in for the family planning programs, there has
111:
Comparative studies have indicated that increased female literacy is correlated strongly with a decline in fertility. Studies have indicated that female literacy levels are an independent strong predictor of the use of contraception, even when women do not otherwise have economic independence. Female
107:
Sterilization is a common practice in India. Contraceptive practices in India are heavily skewed towards terminal methods like sterilization, which means that contraception is practiced primarily for birth limitation rather than birth planning. It is common to use camps to enforce sterilization. This
51:
rate of 47.0 abortions per 1000 women aged between 15 and 49 years. With high abortions rates follows a high number of unintended pregnancies, with a rate of 70.1 unintended pregnancies per 1000 women aged 15–49 years. Overall, the abortions occurring in India make up for one third of pregnancies and
1342:
programme, but failed. Officially, men with two children or more had to submit to sterilisation, but many unmarried young men, political opponents and ignorant, poor men were also believed to have been sterilised. This program is still remembered and criticised in India, and is blamed for creating a
1217:
India carries a pronatalist attitude towards fertility, with the large family structure creating an environment for new children to learn and grow in Indian culture. In many parts of India, male children are favored over female children, however efforts are being taken to change this attitude. Males
202:
The fertility rate in India has been in long-term decline, and more than halved from 1960 to 2009. From 5.7 births per woman in 1966, it declined to 3.3 births per woman by 1997 and 2.7 births per woman in 2009. In 2005 the TFR, (total fertility rate), was listed as 2.9 births per women. Since this
1359:
births. This is due in part to government intervention which established many clinics as well as the enforcement of fines for those who avoided family planning. Additionally, there was high variance between regions in the use of family planning. However, maternal and infant morbidity and mortality
172:
Family planning program benefits not only parents and children but also to society and nation, by being able to keep the number of new births under control allows for less population growth. With less population growth this will allow for more resources towards those already existing in the Indian
119:
are seen among women who hold less education than those with more education. Those with higher education have lower rates due to the delay of getting married and childbirth. 77% of the women who underwent sterilization had not used an alternative contraception prior to the procedure and most women
39:
is based on efforts largely sponsored by the Indian government. From 1965 to 2009, contraceptive usage has more than tripled (from 13% of married women in 1970 to 48% in 2009) and the fertility rate has more than halved (from 5.7 in 1966 to 2.4 in 2012), but the national fertility rate in absolute
1248:
The policy was geared mainly towards politicians, future and aspiring, to limit their number of children to two or less. Those who held politicians have stricter policies in hopes that they will set an example for the community, if one were to exceed the limit of two children while employed, they
164:
In 2017, Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare launched Mission Pariwar Vikas, a central family planning initiative. The key strategic focus of this initiative is on improving access to contraceptives through delivering assured services, ensuring commodity security and accelerating access to high
160:
services in India. In addition to the newly implemented government campaign, improved healthcare facilities, increased education for women, and higher participation among women in the workforce have helped lower fertility rates in many Indian cities. The objectives of the program are positioned
1283:
published a
Marathi-language magazine Samaj Swasthya (समाज स्वास्थ्य) starting from July 1927 until 1953. In it, he continually discussed issues of society's well-being involving population control through use of contraceptives. He explained the use of contraception would help prevent unwanted
193:
effects, a nation that crosses below the replacement rate is on the path to population stabilisation and, eventually, population reduction. There have been several factors influencing recent trends in Indian fertility including, but not limited to: limitation of family planning ability, age at
1263:
Progress on reproductive health and family planning has been limited. As of 2016, India's infant mortality rate is 34.6 per 1000 livebirths, and as of 2015, maternal mortality sits at 174 per 100,000 livebirths. Leading causes of maternal mortality include hemorrhage, sepsis, complications of
103:
Awareness of contraception is near-universal among married women in India. However, the vast majority of married
Indians (76% in a 2009 study) reported significant problems in accessing a choice of contraceptive methods. The above table clearly indicates more evidence that the availability of
40:
numbers remains high, causing concern for long-term population growth. India adds up to 1,000,000 people to its population every 20 days. Extensive family planning has become a priority in an effort to curb the projected population of two billion by the end of the twenty-first century.
1288:
was the main opponent of birth control. His opposition was the result of his belief that self-control is the best contraceptive. However, Periyar's views were strikingly different from that of Gandhi. He saw birth control as a means for women to control their own lives.
1292:
In 1952, India became the first country in the developing world to create a state-sponsored family planning program, the
National Family Planning Program. The program's primary objectives were to lower fertility rates and slow population growth as a means to propel
123:
According to Family
Planning 2020, in 2017 there were 136,569,000 women using modern method contraception which prevented: 39,170,000 unintended pregnancies, 11,966,000 unsafe abortions, and 42,000 maternal deaths due to family planning. In 2012, India's modern
112:
literacy levels in India may be the primary factor that help in population stabilisation, but they are improving relatively slowly: a 1990 study estimated that it would take until 2060 for India to achieve universal literacy at the current rate of progress.
211:
Twenty Indian states have dipped below the 2.1 replacement rate level and are no longer contributing to Indian population growth. The total fertility rate of India stands at 2.2 as of 2017. Four Indian states have fertility rates above 3.5 -
1317:
The program was tied to a series of five year plans aimed at economic growth and restructuring which were carried out over 28 years, from 1952 to 1979. Over the course of this period, preferred birth control methods shifted from the
77:
1354:
Over the course of the program, family planning in India resulted in a 19.9% decrease in birth rate where it has since stagnated at 35 births per 1000 persons. By 1996, the program had been estimated to have averted 16.8
2301:
1249:
would be terminated from the job. Non-politicians may also receive consequences to exceed the two child limit, the government begins to withhold health care, government rights, face jail and, fees.
2356:"Levels and trends in contraceptive prevalence, unmet need, and demand for family planning for 29 states and union territories in India: a modelling study using the Family Planning Estimation Tool"
2439:
194:
marriage/childbirth, and the space between children born to one woman. Although India is dealing with major overpopulation issues, the fertility rate and the overall population is declining.
100:
those options actually do. Contraceptive usage has been rising gradually in India. In 1970, 13% of married women used modern contraceptive methods, which rose to 35% by 1997 and 48% by 2009.
161:
towards achieving the goals stated in several policy documents. While India is improving in fertility rates, there are still areas of India that maintain much higher fertility rates.
2501:
1619:
2651:
Paul, V. K.; Sachdev, H. S.; Mavalankar, D.; Ramachandran, P.; Sankar, M. J.; Bhandari, N.; Sreenivas, V.; Sundararaman, T.; Govil, D.; Osrin, D.; Kirkwood, B. (22 January 2011).
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1373:
1330:
always been a foreign intervention in designing the family planning programs in India without assessing the actual socio-economic conditions of the country. In the early 1970s,
2293:
1307:
People should be approached through the media they respect and their recognized and trusted leaders and without offending their religious and moral values and susceptibilities
1846:
1649:
Singh, Susheela; Shekhar, Chander; Acharya, Rajib; Moore, Ann M; Stillman, Melissa; Pradhan, Manas R; Frost, Jennifer J; Sahoo, Harihar; Alagarajan, Manoj (1 January 2018).
115:
In 2015, there was an average 58% of women who used contraceptives, with female sterilization still being the most preferred and favored among 91% of women. Higher rates of
2470:
4325:
56:, India falls in the third stage due to decreased birth rates and death rates. In 2026, it is projected to be in stage four once the Total Fertility Rate reaches 2.1.
2564:
1313:
Services have greater relevance and effectiveness if made an integral part of medical and public health services and especially of maternal and child health programs"
165:
quality family planning services. its overall goal is to reduce India's overall fertility rate to 2.1 by the year 2025. Along with that two contraceptive pills, MPA (
92:
usage and what they are putting in their bodies. From 2005 to 2006 data was collected to indicate only 15.6% of women using contraception in India were informed of
2407:
2324:
1709:
1230:. The policies are implemented by prohibiting persons with more than two children from serving in government. The most recent policy to be implemented was by
1785:
2074:
2271:
3819:
1284:
pregnancies and induced abortions. Karve proposed that the Indian
Government should take up a population control programme, but was met with opposition.
239:
In 2009, India had a lower estimated fertility rate than
Pakistan and Bangladesh, but a higher fertility rate than China, Iran, Myanmar and Sri Lanka.
1498:
2429:
3111:
2982:... The National Family Welfare Programme, established in India during the late 1950s, has averted about 168 million births since its inception ...
2922:
2236:
3532:
1874:
22:
Map of countries by fertility rate. India's fertility rate has greatly decreased in recent years and is now distinctly below the global rate.
2594:
2493:
4388:
4373:
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abortion, and hypertensive disorders, and infection, premature birth, birth asphyxia, pneumonia, and diarrhea for infants. In 2005, the
4226:
2163:
4475:
4152:
4315:
4338:
3812:
2810:
Visaria, Leela; Jejeebhoy, Shireen; Merrick, Tom (1999). "From Family
Planning to Reproductive Health: Challenges Facing India".
233:
4350:
2772:
2462:
1907:
A. Dharmalingam; S. Philip Morgan (1996), "Women's work, autonomy, and birth control: evidence from two south India villages",
242:
According to Jin Rou New and colleagues research and data they were able to compile enough data to create the following table.
2624:
1544:
1456:
1426:
145:
1550:
1462:
232:
has a fertility rate of 4.0 births per woman, the highest of any Indian state. For detailed state figures and rankings, see
4345:
3729:
3296:
3104:
2556:
2047:
1319:
4480:
278:
Additional number of users of modern methods (millions) required to meet 75% demand satisfied target compared with 2015
4465:
4188:
203:
time, the country has recorded a steady decline in order to reach the current rate (as of 2014) of 2.3 births per woman.
169:) under Antara program and Chaya (earlier marketed as Saheli) will be made freely available to all government hospitals.
2403:
1575:
4355:
3805:
2330:
4460:
4082:
2798:
2140:
1301:"The community must be prepared to feel the need for the services in order that, when provided, these may be accepted
1717:
275:
Increase in percentage of users of modern methods required to meet 75% demand satisfied target compared with 2015
4330:
4019:
4004:
3301:
1774:
3504:
3220:
3097:
2263:
76:
4470:
4272:
4054:
3828:
3708:
3703:
1361:
1241:
A criticism of these policies is that it decreases the number of women in government positions, and encourages
136:
2523:
Buch, Nirmala (June 2005). "Law of Two-Child Norm in
Panchayats: Implications, Consequences and Experiences".
2188:
Jain, Anrudh K. (December 2011). "Measuring the effect of fertility decline on the maternal mortality ratio".
3552:
3268:
3146:
2759:
Mehta, Bharti; Kaur, Amandeep; Kumar, Vijay; Chawla, Sumit; Khatri, Sneh; Malik, Manisha (27 December 2015).
2078:
1398:
1351:
the focus of family planning program shifted to women as sterilising men proved to be politically expensive.
1294:
149:
81:
69:
1583:, U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census, archived from
28:
4252:
4137:
4127:
3771:
3691:
3590:
3281:
1507:
128:
prevalence rate among all women was 39.2, in 2017 it was 39.57, and in 2020 is predicted to rise to 40.87.
4320:
4262:
3638:
3542:
3403:
3205:
3136:
1360:
rates remain high along with the number of unsafe abortions, and little is known about the prevalence of
166:
1475:... In 1997, 36% of married women used modern contraceptives; in 1970, only 13% of married women had ...
4221:
3869:
3580:
3481:
3451:
3393:
3322:
3291:
3235:
3183:
2926:
2232:
1258:
148:
is the government unit responsible for formulating and executing family planning in India. An inverted
3086:. First Modern Reader Pbk. ed. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1973, cop. 1972. 173 p. SBN 85345-284-9
3902:
3864:
3859:
3786:
3537:
3398:
1883:
1393:
3994:
3849:
3600:
3585:
3524:
3461:
3408:
1339:
116:
4383:
4310:
4236:
4027:
3920:
3383:
3198:
3166:
2354:
New, Jin Rou; Cahill, Niamh; Stover, John; Gupta, Yogender Pal; Alkema, Leontine (1 March 2017).
1269:
2231:
Searchinger, Tim; Hanson, Craig; Waite, Richard; Lipinski, Brian; Leeson, George (8 July 2013).
4032:
4014:
3969:
3854:
3754:
3193:
3120:
2586:
1280:
1242:
53:
4211:
4198:
3874:
3776:
3766:
3668:
3653:
3595:
3491:
3466:
3378:
3327:
3317:
3276:
3230:
3225:
3161:
1348:
1304:
Parents alone must decide the number of children they want and their obligations towards them
4432:
4277:
4112:
3844:
3749:
3514:
3188:
3156:
2155:
1378:
182:
44:
8:
4132:
4072:
3989:
3836:
3781:
3686:
3625:
3570:
3547:
2092:
New, Jin Rou; Cahill, Niamh; Stover, John; Gupta, Yogender Pal; Alkema, Leontine (2017).
1323:
1265:
190:
4378:
4267:
4173:
3974:
3897:
3759:
3744:
3713:
3615:
3605:
3388:
3352:
3245:
3215:
3176:
3058:
2973:
2904:
2869:
2827:
2741:
2685:
2652:
2532:
2434:
2297:
2013:
1996:
1972:
1945:
1924:
1683:
1650:
2668:
2372:
2355:
2110:
2093:
1666:
1506:, Department of Family and Community Health, World Health Organization, archived from
1310:
Services should be made available to the people as near to their doorsteps as possible
18:
4147:
4067:
3739:
3643:
3633:
3456:
3373:
3357:
3286:
3253:
3050:
3042:
3007:
2999:
2965:
2877:
2794:
2733:
2725:
2690:
2672:
2653:"Reproductive health, and child health and nutrition in India: meeting the challenge"
2385:
2377:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2136:
2115:
2018:
1977:
1688:
1670:
1540:
1452:
1422:
3062:
2977:
2793:
Rao, Mohan(2004) from population control to reproductive health, Sage publications,
2760:
2745:
2135:
Rao, Mohan(2004) from population control to reproductive health, Sage Publications,
4409:
4404:
4300:
4284:
3734:
3663:
3658:
3648:
3575:
3171:
3128:
3034:
2957:
2861:
2819:
2717:
2680:
2664:
2616:
2367:
2197:
2105:
2008:
1967:
1957:
1916:
1825:
1678:
1662:
1383:
1227:
186:
3258:
4231:
4168:
4102:
4062:
4044:
3912:
3797:
3476:
3151:
3141:
1534:
1446:
1344:
153:
47:
of India was 2.30 births per woman and 15.6 million abortions performed, with an
2039:
1920:
173:
population, with more resources comes longer life expectancy and better health.
3678:
3610:
3562:
3499:
3418:
3347:
3210:
1285:
1584:
4454:
4427:
4142:
3961:
3929:
3924:
3892:
3471:
3431:
3080:
The Myth of Population Control: Family, Caste, and Class in an Indian Village
3046:
3003:
2729:
2676:
2617:"Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births) | Data"
2381:
2209:
1674:
1388:
1331:
217:
157:
125:
89:
4439:
4422:
3337:
3011:
2881:
2737:
2694:
2389:
2217:
2119:
2022:
1981:
1946:"Contraceptive use and preferences of young married women in Kerala, India"
1692:
1235:
3054:
2969:
1830:
1813:
4257:
4216:
4183:
3951:
3944:
3446:
3441:
3426:
3342:
3089:
2895:
Banerji, D. (1974). "Family Planning in India: The Outlook for 2000 AD".
1962:
2404:"Indian State Proposes A Two-Child Limit for Government Employees - PRI"
181:
India's current fertility rate as of 2016, is 2.3 births per woman. The
4417:
4117:
4107:
4039:
3038:
2961:
2908:
2873:
2852:
Ledbetter, Rosanna (1984). "Thirty Years of Family Planning in India".
2831:
2761:"Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health in India: The Need to Focus"
2721:
2536:
1928:
1882:, Population Institute, East-West Center, December 1990, archived from
52:
out of all pregnancies occurring, almost half were not planned. On the
4206:
4094:
3934:
1782:
National Family Health Survey Subject Reports, Number 2, October 1996
1710:"Trends in Demographic Transition in India - General Knowledge Today"
221:
2865:
2823:
1744:"Information about methods received by contraceptive users in India"
4178:
4122:
3979:
3939:
3436:
1651:"The incidence of abortion and unintended pregnancy in India, 2015"
225:
48:
3025:
Saxena, B. N. (1 December 1996). "Reproductive health in India".
2650:
1772:
2708:
Hota, Prasanna (1 March 2006). "National rural health mission".
3984:
1906:
1374:
List of states and union territories of India by fertility rate
246:
TABLE 1: Showing data in regards to contraception use in India
64:
2230:
1536:
Brothers and sisters in India: a study of urban adult siblings
3509:
1356:
1335:
1231:
263:
Change in prevalence of modern contraceptive use, 1990–2015
229:
213:
2326:
Country Comparison: Total Fertility Rate, The World Factbook
1252:
1997:"Priority strategies for India's family planning programme"
2430:"Assam government effects 2-child policy - Times of India"
2085:
2069:
2067:
2065:
72:
indicates family planning products and services in India.
1876:
How Female Literacy Affects Fertility: The Case of India
1648:
1347:, which hampered Government programs for decades. After
1275:
2809:
2587:"Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) | Data"
2062:
1419:
Socio-cultural dimensions of reproductive child health
1238:
introduced a policy in 2001 and repealed it in 2005.
2948:
B.N. Saxena (1996), "Reproductive Health in India",
2758:
2353:
2091:
1814:"Contraceptive Use in India: A Data Mining Approach"
1297:. The program was based on five guiding principles:
3827:
2131:
2129:
1416:
2156:"Health Ministry launches two new contraceptives"
4452:
2463:"States in India Take New Steps To Limit Births"
266:Prevalence of modern contraceptive use in 2030
254:Prevalence of modern contraceptive use in 2015
206:
2494:"2-child norm for local bodies hurts sex ratio"
2126:
1944:Thulaseedharan, Jissa Vinoda (5 January 2018).
88:Women in India are not being fully educated on
1943:
1569:
1567:
1234:in 2017. Some states have repealed policies;
1226:Multiple Indian states have adopted a limited
1212:
272:Demand satisfied with modern methods in 2030
260:Demand satisfied with modern methods in 2015
3813:
3105:
2941:
2329:, Central Intelligence Agency, archived from
2316:
1900:
1869:
1867:
1573:
1444:
197:
108:process can be done with or without consent.
2923:"Manas: History and Politics, Indira Gandhi"
2264:"India's Growth Held Back by Overpopulation"
1818:International Journal of Population Research
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1440:
1438:
131:
4389:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation
4374:Birth control movement in the United States
2947:
2349:
2347:
1773:B.M. Ramesh; S.C. Gulati; R.D. Retherford,
1766:
1564:
1322:eventually to a focus on sterilization and
4227:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
3820:
3806:
3119:
3112:
3098:
2812:International Family Planning Perspectives
1864:
1528:
1526:
2851:
2684:
2371:
2109:
2012:
1971:
1961:
1829:
1811:
1682:
1532:
1480:
1435:
1253:Modern Initiatives in Reproductive Health
3709:Social impact of Indian television drama
2485:
2344:
1994:
135:
80:Family planning stamp of India with the
75:
63:
27:
17:
2894:
2460:
2233:"Achieving Replacement Level Fertility"
1851:0-go.galegroup.com.skyline.ucdenver.edu
1523:
269:Unmet need for modern methods in 2030
257:Unmet need for modern methods in 2015
234:Indian states ranking by fertility rate
4453:
3024:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2183:
2181:
2001:The Indian Journal of Medical Research
1939:
1937:
1807:
1805:
1500:India and Family Planning: An Overview
59:
3801:
3093:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2504:from the original on 12 February 2018
2473:from the original on 12 February 2018
2410:from the original on 12 February 2018
2258:
2256:
2254:
2166:from the original on 6 September 2017
2150:
2148:
2034:
2032:
1775:"Contraceptive use in India, 1992-93"
1644:
1642:
1640:
1276:History of Family Planning Programmes
146:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
32:1966 family planning stamp from India
2765:Journal of Young Medical Researchers
2707:
2627:from the original on 27 January 2018
2554:
2522:
2187:
1950:Open Access Journal of Contraception
1741:
1737:
1735:
1704:
1702:
3018:
2838:
2274:from the original on 28 August 2017
2178:
1934:
1844:
1802:
1625:from the original on 19 August 2020
1609:"ESTIMATES OF FERTILITY INDICATORS"
1465:from the original on 7 October 2015
1221:
13:
3072:
2993:
2752:
2701:
2639:
2579:
2567:from the original on 12 April 2018
2543:
2251:
2145:
2050:from the original on 13 April 2018
2029:
1847:"Skyline: Auraria Library Catalog"
1791:from the original on 5 August 2016
1637:
14:
4492:
4083:self-report sexual risk behaviors
2925:. Sscnet.ucla.edu. Archived from
2491:
2239:from the original on 6 March 2017
1995:Pachauri, Saroj (November 2014).
1754:from the original on 6 April 2017
1732:
1699:
176:
140:A family planning stamp from 1989
4476:History of the Republic of India
4153:Precocious puberty and pregnancy
2994:Mo, H. F. (September 1986). "".
2710:The Indian Journal of Pediatrics
2461:Waldman, Amy (7 November 2003).
2442:from the original on 5 June 2018
2304:from the original on 26 May 2017
2202:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2011.00288.x
1812:Chaurasia, Aalok Ranjan (2014).
1742:Jain, Anrudh (8 November 2016).
4273:Sexually transmitted infections
3533:Proposed states and territories
2996:Ren Kou Yan Jiu = Renkou Yanjiu
2987:
2915:
2888:
2803:
2787:
2775:from the original on 4 May 2018
2609:
2597:from the original on 4 May 2018
2516:
2492:s, Rukmini (7 September 2014).
2454:
2422:
2396:
2322:
2286:
2224:
1988:
1838:
1553:from the original on 3 May 2016
1539:, University of Toronto Press,
3829:Sexual and reproductive health
1601:
1451:, Greenwood Publishing Group,
1421:. APH Publishing. p. 51.
1410:
1:
2897:Economic and Political Weekly
2669:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61492-4
2555:Page, Vanessa (14 May 2015).
2525:Economic and Political Weekly
2373:10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30033-5
2111:10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30033-5
1667:10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30453-9
1448:Encyclopedia of birth control
1404:
1399:Population Control Bill, 2019
1362:sexually transmitted diseases
1270:National Rural Health Mission
207:State and country comparisons
4253:Disorders of sex development
2094:"Serials Solutions 360 Link"
1574:Arjun Adlakha (April 1997),
54:Demographic Transition Model
7:
4263:Reproductive system disease
3297:Water supply and sanitation
2294:"Three states hold the key"
1921:10.1080/0032472031000149296
1417:Rabindra Nath Pati (2003).
1367:
1338:, had implemented a forced
1213:Family in Pronatalist India
167:Medroxyprogesterone acetate
10:
4497:
4466:Health programmes in India
4222:Obstetrics and gynaecology
3184:Public distribution system
2557:"India's Two-Child Policy"
2190:Studies in Family Planning
2044:www.familyplanning2020.org
1256:
198:Historical fertility trend
4397:
4366:
4293:
4245:
4197:
4161:
4138:Pregnant patients' rights
4093:
4053:
4003:
3960:
3911:
3903:Pre-conception counseling
3885:
3860:Abortion-rights movements
3835:
3722:
3699:Films about social issues
3677:
3624:
3561:
3523:
3490:
3417:
3366:
3310:
3267:
3244:
3127:
3078:Mandani, Mahmood (1972).
3027:Advances in Contraception
2950:Advances in Contraception
2075:"National Health Mission"
1394:Human population planning
1384:One-child policy in China
132:Family Planning Programme
4461:Family planning in India
4024:Gamete Cryopreservation
3870:Circumcision controversy
3850:Compulsory sterilization
2360:The Lancet Global Health
2098:The Lancet Global Health
1655:The Lancet Global Health
1577:Population Trends: India
37:Family planning in India
4481:Women's rights in India
4384:Social hygiene movement
4237:Transgender health care
3167:National Pension System
1259:Women's Health in India
1243:sex-selective abortions
487:–10.0 (−20.0 to −0.5)
4212:Genitourinary medicine
4015:In vitro fertilization
3970:Hormonal contraception
3855:Contraceptive security
3505:Caste-related violence
3221:Universal basic income
3121:Social issues in India
2040:"Family Planning 2020"
2007:(Suppl 1): S137–S146.
1445:Marian Rengel (2000),
1281:Raghunath Dhondo Karve
1142:9.18 (5.53 to 12.61)
726:0.55 (–0.18 to 1.25)
141:
85:
73:
33:
23:
4471:Demographics of India
3875:Intersex human rights
3704:Freedom of expression
2438:. 20 September 2017.
1206:2.10 (0.51 to 3.44)
1200:74.9 (52.1 to 88.1)
1197:19.9 (10.0 to 37.3)
1194:59.6 (39.1 to 75.7)
1191:21.7 (10.8 to 32.3)
1188:72.6 (66.8 to 77.4)
1185:21.7 (17.8 to 26.6)
1182:57.5 (52.9 to 61.9)
1174:0.26 (0.09 to 0.39)
1168:76.1 (57.3 to 89.0)
1162:56.4 (37.7 to 73.7)
1159:15.2 (–8.3 to 36.7)
1156:71.8 (67.7 to 75.6)
1153:19.9 (17.5 to 22.6)
1150:50.9 (46.3 to 55.3)
1136:66.2 (41.5 to 84.1)
1133:26.2 (13.3 to 44.9)
1130:51.7 (29.8 to 71.2)
1127:24.1 (11.3 to 36.9)
1124:53.7 (40.1 to 66.3)
1121:35.0 (25.8 to 45.5)
1118:40.7 (29.8 to 52.0)
1110:0.17 (0.10 to 0.22)
1104:65.3 (40.1 to 82.9)
1101:26.3 (13.8 to 45.3)
1098:49.8 (29.0 to 68.6)
1092:57.5 (50.8 to 63.5)
1089:31.9 (27.0 to 37.8)
1086:43.1 (38.5 to 47.8)
1072:83.5 (67.0 to 93.2)
1066:59.2 (39.9 to 75.9)
1063:10.8 (–0.2 to 21.5)
1060:82.5 (79.0 to 85.4)
1057:11.4 ( 9.8 to 13.2)
1054:53.7 (48.9 to 58.5)
1046:0.02 (0.01 to 0.03)
1040:74.7 (55.6 to 88.5)
1034:55.7 (36.3 to 73.3)
1031:16.8 (–1.3 to 32.9)
1028:68.5 (63.6 to 72.8)
1025:22.3 (19.6 to 25.3)
1022:48.4 (43.4 to 53.3)
1008:82.4 (63.9 to 92.7)
1002:65.5 (45.2 to 81.3)
999:33.9 (20.1 to 46.4)
996:79.5 (69.9 to 86.6)
993:16.0 (10.8 to 23.0)
990:62.3 (51.8 to 71.2)
976:80.7 (62.2 to 91.6)
970:77.1 (64.2 to 87.0)
967:12.0 (–2.0 to 25.9)
964:79.9 (70.2 to 87.3)
958:60.3 (49.7 to 69.9)
950:1.25 (0.39 to 2.04)
944:71.9 (48.8 to 87.0)
941:21.4 (10.7 to 37.8)
938:54.8 (34.0 to 73.0)
932:64.5 (51.4 to 75.5)
929:26.6 (18.8 to 36.2)
926:48.3 (37.3 to 59.2)
918:0.06 (0.02 to 0.10)
912:67.2 (43.3 to 85.4)
909:23.7 (11.7 to 39.4)
906:49.1 (27.7 to 70.8)
900:55.2 (36.7 to 72.5)
897:29.8 (19.8 to 41.3)
894:37.0 (21.7 to 54.3)
880:82.4 (63.7 to 93.6)
874:63.3 (43.1 to 80.1)
868:78.5 (67.3 to 87.1)
865:16.4 (10.2 to 24.4)
862:60.1 (48.9 to 70.3)
854:0.13 (0.08 to 0.17)
851:25.3 (14.1 to 34.7)
848:57.9 (38.4 to 76.2)
845:25.4 (16.1 to 36.1)
842:35.5 (19.8 to 54.3)
836:45.0 (40.1 to 50.0)
833:25.7 (23.1 to 28.5)
830:21.1 (18.1 to 24.5)
822:0.15 (0.11 to 0.19)
819:33.8 (21.6 to 44.3)
816:44.9 (22.5 to 67.2)
813:35.0 (22.2 to 50.9)
810:28.8 (13.2 to 48.8)
807:–7.7 (–17.6 to 2.4)
804:26.8 (16.7 to 38.5)
801:40.3 (30.9 to 50.4)
798:14.7 ( 8.9 to 22.3)
784:85.0 (69.4 to 93.8)
778:65.4 (46.5 to 80.5)
772:84.4 (81.6 to 86.9)
769:11.7 (10.1 to 13.5)
766:63.5 (59.1 to 67.5)
752:80.7 (63.8 to 91.5)
746:58.3 (39.3 to 75.0)
743:16.5 (–7.1 to 37.8)
740:78.6 (75.0 to 81.8)
737:14.2 (12.4 to 16.3)
734:52.4 (47.7 to 57.0)
720:76.4 (56.4 to 89.3)
714:58.1 (38.6 to 75.0)
711:3.0 (–11.0 to 17.0)
708:73.6 (62.6 to 82.6)
705:19.6 (13.2 to 27.3)
702:54.7 (44.0 to 64.9)
688:84.0 (67.6 to 93.6)
682:59.7 (40.2 to 76.7)
676:83.2 (79.9 to 86.1)
670:54.1 (49.4 to 58.8)
662:1.18 (0.55 to 1.75)
656:70.2 (46.6 to 86.2)
653:22.8 (11.4 to 39.3)
650:54.1 (32.8 to 73.1)
644:61.5 (49.0 to 72.6)
641:28.6 (20.7 to 37.7)
638:45.9 (35.0 to 56.5)
630:0.34 (0.11 to 0.57)
624:71.7 (48.1 to 87.7)
621:20.9 (10.0 to 36.9)
618:53.4 (32.3 to 72.8)
615:10.4 (–7.7 to 28.2)
612:66.2 (49.0 to 80.3)
609:24.2 (15.0 to 36.0)
606:47.6 (32.3 to 62.7)
592:81.8 (63.2 to 92.8)
586:62.1 (41.9 to 78.9)
580:79.1 (68.4 to 87.2)
574:58.7 (47.8 to 68.8)
560:81.4 (64.4 to 91.7)
554:60.9 (41.9 to 77.0)
548:80.9 (77.7 to 83.7)
545:13.8 (12.0 to 15.8)
542:58.4 (54.0 to 62.5)
528:79.7 (58.3 to 91.8)
522:60.5 (38.8 to 78.7)
519:13.0 (–5.6 to 30.5)
516:77.5 (61.6 to 87.9)
513:16.7 ( 9.6 to 27.3)
510:57.6 (41.9 to 71.4)
502:0.06 (0.03 to 0.09)
496:64.9 (45.8 to 81.2)
493:20.8 (12.6 to 30.6)
490:38.8 (22.7 to 57.5)
484:56.1 (51.0 to 61.1)
481:20.1 (17.9 to 22.5)
478:25.7 (22.3 to 29.6)
470:0.54 (0.21 to 0.90)
467:0.9 (–12.5 to 16.0)
464:77.0 (54.7 to 90.4)
458:60.3 (38.7 to 78.0)
455:6.4 (–12.1 to 23.7)
452:74.7 (57.9 to 86.2)
449:19.6 (11.3 to 31.7)
446:58.0 (42.3 to 72.0)
432:80.2 (61.6 to 91.9)
426:60.9 (40.8 to 77.9)
423:26.0 (–0.5 to 49.1)
420:77.3 (67.2 to 85.4)
417:16.7 (11.2 to 23.6)
414:57.0 (46.4 to 67.1)
406:5.08 (3.04 to 6.78)
400:65.6 (46.7 to 82.3)
397:21.2 (12.5 to 31.1)
394:41.0 (24.4 to 60.0)
388:53.1 (48.0 to 58.3)
385:22.9 (20.5 to 25.6)
382:26.0 (22.5 to 29.9)
374:1.37 (0.72 to 2.01)
368:62.9 (35.3 to 82.6)
365:28.6 (14.1 to 50.0)
362:48.5 (26.0 to 69.1)
356:53.5 (38.3 to 67.0)
353:35.6 (25.5 to 47.7)
350:40.9 (28.9 to 52.9)
342:0.04 (0.02 to 0.06)
336:74.5 (54.1 to 88.4)
330:55.4 (35.4 to 73.9)
327:29.6 (16.9 to 42.3)
324:66.9 (55.3 to 77.4)
321:23.3 (16.3 to 31.2)
318:47.2 (36.4 to 58.0)
304:91.5 (79.4 to 96.9)
298:70.5 (51.4 to 84.2)
295:25.1 (14.2 to 36.2)
292:92.7 (90.9 to 94.2)
286:69.8 (65.8 to 73.5)
139:
79:
67:
31:
21:
4433:tax on childlessness
4189:Genital modification
4113:Unintended pregnancy
3845:Reproductive Justice
3553:Separatist movements
1963:10.2147/OAJC.S152178
1379:Total fertility rate
1334:, Prime Minister of
1295:economic development
1203:2.6 (–6.5 to 10.4)
1171:5.0 (–4.6 to 13.2)
1165:17.6 (9.0 to 29.3)
1139:18.0 (5.5 to 30.2)
1107:14.7 (4.9 to 23.3)
1095:14.3 (3.7 to 24.1)
1069:11.7 (5.4 to 20.6)
1043:7.7 (–2.1 to 15.7)
1037:18.7 (9.3 to 30.5)
1005:13.9 (6.3 to 26.5)
973:14.7 (6.9 to 26.8)
961:15.1 (9.9 to 21.9)
947:9.2 (–2.9 to 21.0)
935:15.7 (1.0 to 29.9)
915:17.8 (2.4 to 32.2)
903:25.0 (8.7 to 43.1)
877:13.5 (5.5 to 25.4)
871:8.7 (–6.5 to 23.5)
781:11.5 (5.2 to 21.3)
775:13.0 (2.2 to 24.0)
749:13.9 (6.8 to 23.7)
723:2.4 (–9.0 to 13.4)
717:17.9 (8.8 to 31.2)
685:11.4 (5.1 to 20.4)
679:9.0 (–2.0 to 20.1)
673:10.9 (9.3 to 12.7)
659:12.1 (0.0 to 23.4)
647:28.4 (4.5 to 46.5)
627:8.3 (–6.0 to 23.3)
589:13.8 (6.1 to 25.5)
583:6.8 (–7.8 to 21.1)
577:15.5 (9.8 to 22.8)
557:13.8 (6.8 to 24.4)
551:16.4 (5.9 to 26.7)
525:15.3 (6.8 to 29.6)
499:19.5 (8.1 to 29.5)
461:18.0 (8.1 to 33.8)
429:14.9 (6.7 to 26.9)
403:21.2 (9.9 to 30.7)
391:6.3 (–1.7 to 13.3)
371:17.5 (4.1 to 31.0)
359:21.7 (7.6 to 35.4)
339:8.8 (–3.0 to 20.0)
333:18.9 (9.4 to 31.8)
45:total fertility rate
4133:Pregnancy from rape
3990:Intrauterine device
3591:Illegal immigration
3236:Widening income gap
2081:on 11 January 2013.
1889:on 25 December 2010
1831:10.1155/2014/821436
1513:on 21 December 2009
1343:public aversion to
1266:Government of India
839:7.6 (1.2 to 13.2)
247:
191:population momentum
60:Contraceptive usage
4379:History of condoms
4268:Sexual dysfunction
4174:Sexual orientation
4128:Options counseling
3975:Male contraception
3898:Genetic counseling
3543:Religious violence
3404:Female infanticide
3389:Child prostitution
3206:Standard of living
3039:10.1007/BF01849328
2962:10.1007/BF01849328
2722:10.1007/BF02825478
2621:data.worldbank.org
2591:data.worldbank.org
2467:The New York Times
2435:The Times of India
2406:. 6 January 2017.
2333:on 28 October 2009
2298:The Indian Express
1909:Population Studies
1845:Library, Auraria.
1748:Population Council
1616:data.worldbank.org
1590:on 10 October 2013
1533:G.N. Ramu (2006),
603:Jammu and Kashmir
315:Arunachal Pradesh
301:6.5 (2.7 to 13.9)
245:
152:is the symbol for
142:
96:their options and
86:
74:
34:
24:
4448:
4447:
4148:Teenage pregnancy
3865:Genital integrity
3795:
3794:
3581:Human trafficking
3394:Child trafficking
3323:Domestic violence
3292:Natural disasters
3287:Manual scavenging
3147:Farmers' suicides
2903:(48): 1984–1989.
2663:(9762): 332–349.
2531:(24): 2421–2429.
1546:978-0-8020-9077-5
1458:978-1-57356-255-3
1428:978-81-7648-510-4
1210:
1209:
571:Himachal Pradesh
289:5.5 (4.5 to 6.7)
4488:
4410:Two-child policy
4405:One-child policy
4285:Gender dysphoria
3822:
3815:
3808:
3799:
3798:
3787:Police brutality
3576:Groom kidnapping
3538:Ethnic relations
3399:Female foeticide
3114:
3107:
3100:
3091:
3090:
3067:
3066:
3022:
3016:
3015:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2849:
2836:
2835:
2807:
2801:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2688:
2648:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2552:
2541:
2540:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2375:
2366:(3): e350–e358.
2351:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2300:. 15 July 2016.
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2260:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2152:
2143:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2113:
2104:(3): e350–e358.
2089:
2083:
2082:
2077:. Archived from
2071:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2016:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1881:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1779:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1720:on 12 April 2018
1716:. Archived from
1706:
1697:
1696:
1686:
1661:(1): e111–e120.
1646:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1624:
1613:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1589:
1582:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1505:
1495:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1414:
1268:established the
1228:two-child policy
1222:Two-Child Policy
283:Andhra Pradesh
248:
244:
187:infant mortality
4496:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4393:
4362:
4335:United Kingdom
4289:
4241:
4232:Sexual medicine
4193:
4169:Gender identity
4157:
4103:Maternal health
4089:
4049:
4045:fertility fraud
4006:
3999:
3956:
3907:
3881:
3831:
3826:
3796:
3791:
3718:
3673:
3620:
3601:Organised crime
3586:Illegal housing
3557:
3519:
3486:
3462:Menstrual taboo
3413:
3409:Street children
3362:
3333:Family planning
3306:
3263:
3240:
3123:
3118:
3075:
3073:Further reading
3070:
3023:
3019:
2992:
2988:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2929:on 29 July 2016
2921:
2920:
2916:
2893:
2889:
2866:10.2307/2644186
2850:
2839:
2824:10.2307/2991871
2808:
2804:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2757:
2753:
2706:
2702:
2649:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2553:
2544:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2352:
2345:
2336:
2334:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2262:
2261:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2229:
2225:
2186:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2134:
2127:
2090:
2086:
2073:
2072:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2038:
2037:
2030:
1993:
1989:
1942:
1935:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1843:
1839:
1810:
1803:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1740:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1647:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1572:
1565:
1556:
1554:
1547:
1531:
1524:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1481:
1468:
1466:
1459:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1370:
1345:family planning
1278:
1261:
1255:
1224:
1215:
731:Madhya Pradesh
209:
200:
179:
154:family planning
134:
62:
12:
11:
5:
4494:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4412:
4407:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4351:teen pregnancy
4343:
4342:
4341:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4203:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4009:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3932:
3927:
3917:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3825:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3802:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3683:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3596:Illegal mining
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3500:Caste politics
3496:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3452:Women's health
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3384:Child marriage
3381:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3348:Nuclear family
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3302:Water disputes
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3282:Climate change
3279:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3211:Street vendors
3208:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3137:Communications
3133:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3033:(4): 265–270.
3017:
2986:
2956:(4): 265–270,
2940:
2914:
2887:
2860:(7): 736–758.
2837:
2802:
2786:
2751:
2716:(3): 193–195.
2700:
2638:
2608:
2578:
2542:
2515:
2484:
2453:
2421:
2395:
2343:
2315:
2285:
2250:
2223:
2196:(4): 247–260.
2177:
2144:
2125:
2084:
2061:
2028:
1987:
1933:
1915:(2): 187–201,
1899:
1863:
1837:
1801:
1765:
1731:
1714:www.gktoday.in
1698:
1636:
1600:
1563:
1545:
1522:
1479:
1457:
1434:
1427:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1286:Mahatma Gandhi
1277:
1274:
1254:
1251:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1115:Uttar Pradesh
1112:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
984:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
952:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
920:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
888:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
856:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
824:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
792:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
760:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
728:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
696:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
664:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
632:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
600:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
568:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
536:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
504:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
472:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
440:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
408:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
376:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
344:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
312:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
280:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
208:
205:
199:
196:
183:fertility rate
178:
177:Fertility rate
175:
133:
130:
61:
58:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4493:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4428:child benefit
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4357:
4356:birth control
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4346:United States
4344:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4143:Prenatal care
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3995:Sterilization
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3962:Contraception
3959:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:Birth spacing
3928:
3926:
3925:childlessness
3922:
3921:Childfreeness
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3893:Sex education
3891:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3818:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:Superstitions
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3755:Homosexuality
3753:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3432:Bride burning
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3085:
3084:Modern Reader
3082:, in series,
3081:
3077:
3076:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2800:
2799:0-7619-3269-0
2796:
2790:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2348:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2142:
2141:0-7619-3269-0
2138:
2132:
2130:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1885:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1868:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1806:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1604:
1586:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1568:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1527:
1509:
1502:
1501:
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1389:Birth control
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1340:sterilisation
1337:
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1332:Indira Gandhi
1327:
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1321:
1320:rhythm method
1312:
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411:Chhattisgarh
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218:Uttar Pradesh
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174:
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159:
158:contraception
155:
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127:
126:contraception
121:
118:
117:sterilization
113:
109:
105:
101:
99:
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91:
90:contraception
83:
78:
71:
66:
57:
55:
50:
46:
43:In 2016, the
41:
38:
30:
26:
20:
16:
4440:Abortion law
4423:bachelor tax
4305:
4073:vulvovaginal
4007:reproduction
3767:Human rights
3723:Other issues
3669:Tuberculosis
3654:Malnutrition
3492:Caste system
3467:Prostitution
3379:Child labour
3338:Joint family
3332:
3328:Dowry system
3318:Cohabitation
3277:Conservation
3231:Unemployment
3226:Urbanisation
3162:Debt bondage
3157:Land reforms
3083:
3079:
3030:
3026:
3020:
2998:(5): 51–54.
2995:
2989:
2981:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2931:. Retrieved
2927:the original
2917:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2857:
2854:Asian Survey
2853:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2789:
2777:. Retrieved
2768:
2764:
2754:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2660:
2656:
2629:. Retrieved
2620:
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2590:
2581:
2569:. Retrieved
2561:Investopedia
2560:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2506:. Retrieved
2497:
2487:
2475:. Retrieved
2466:
2456:
2444:. Retrieved
2433:
2424:
2412:. Retrieved
2398:
2363:
2359:
2335:, retrieved
2331:the original
2325:
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2288:
2276:. Retrieved
2268:PBS NewsHour
2267:
2241:. Retrieved
2226:
2193:
2189:
2168:. Retrieved
2159:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2079:the original
2052:. Retrieved
2043:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1953:
1949:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1891:, retrieved
1884:the original
1875:
1854:. Retrieved
1850:
1840:
1821:
1817:
1793:, retrieved
1781:
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1747:
1722:. Retrieved
1718:the original
1713:
1658:
1654:
1627:. Retrieved
1615:
1603:
1592:, retrieved
1585:the original
1576:
1555:, retrieved
1535:
1515:, retrieved
1508:the original
1499:
1474:
1467:, retrieved
1447:
1418:
1412:
1353:
1328:
1316:
1291:
1279:
1262:
1247:
1240:
1236:Chhattisgarh
1225:
1216:
1179:West Bengal
1147:Uttarakhand
763:Maharashtra
241:
238:
210:
201:
180:
171:
163:
150:Red Triangle
143:
122:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
93:
87:
82:Red Triangle
70:Red Triangle
42:
36:
35:
25:
15:
4326:Philippines
4258:Infertility
4217:Gynaecology
4184:Transgender
3952:Sperm theft
3945:foster care
3772:Prohibition
3611:Vigilantism
3525:Communalism
3515:Reservation
3447:Eve teasing
3442:Dowry death
3427:Acid attack
3343:Infertility
3269:Environment
3189:Remittances
2818:: S44–S49.
2337:24 November
2170:6 September
1893:25 November
1795:25 November
1051:Tamil Nadu
156:health and
4455:Categories
4418:baby bonus
4414:Financial
4294:By country
4118:childbirth
4108:Obstetrics
4040:Sperm bank
3782:Disability
3687:Censorship
3616:Cybercrime
3571:Corruption
3548:Secularism
2657:The Lancet
2508:7 February
2477:7 February
2446:7 February
2414:7 February
2160:pib.nic.in
1629:19 January
1594:5 December
1557:1 February
1517:2009-11-25
1469:1 February
1405:References
1257:See also:
987:Rajasthan
827:Meghalaya
667:Karnataka
635:Jharkhand
228:Of these,
4331:Singapore
4246:Disorders
4207:Andrology
4095:Pregnancy
4079:Research
3935:Parenting
3886:Education
3745:Sexuality
3735:Feudalism
3730:Colourism
3714:Fake news
3639:Epidemics
3606:Terrorism
3353:Polyandry
3246:Education
3216:Transport
3199:Clearance
3047:0267-4874
3004:1000-6087
2730:0019-5456
2677:0140-6736
2498:The Hindu
2382:2214-109X
2210:0039-3665
1675:2214-109X
1349:Emergency
891:Nagaland
222:Meghalaya
4321:Pakistan
4199:Medicine
4179:Intersex
4162:Identity
4123:Abortion
4005:Assisted
3980:Safe sex
3940:adoption
3913:Planning
3740:Gambling
3692:Internet
3644:HIV/AIDS
3634:Diabetes
3457:Feminism
3437:Devadasi
3374:Abortion
3367:Children
3358:Polygyny
3254:Literacy
3063:26416664
3012:12315380
2978:26416664
2933:3 August
2882:11616645
2773:Archived
2746:11290228
2738:16567909
2695:21227494
2625:Archived
2595:Archived
2571:12 April
2565:Archived
2502:Archived
2471:Archived
2440:Archived
2408:Archived
2390:28193400
2302:Archived
2278:28 March
2272:Archived
2243:31 March
2237:Archived
2218:22292244
2164:Archived
2120:28193400
2048:Archived
2023:25673535
1982:29440936
1956:: 1–10.
1856:29 March
1824:: 1–11.
1786:archived
1752:Archived
1724:12 April
1693:29241602
1620:Archived
1551:archived
1463:archived
1368:See also
1083:Tripura
859:Mizoram
795:Manipur
539:Haryana
507:Gujarat
226:Nagaland
49:abortion
4367:History
4316:Ireland
4068:Women's
3664:Suicide
3659:Obesity
3649:Leprosy
3259:Ragging
3172:Poverty
3129:Economy
3055:9048992
2970:9048992
2909:4364205
2874:2644186
2832:2991871
2686:3341742
2537:4416748
2054:5 April
2014:4345745
1973:5804019
1929:2174910
1758:5 April
1684:5953198
1019:Sikkim
955:Punjab
923:Odisha
699:Kerala
4398:Policy
4278:clinic
4055:Health
3985:Condom
3837:Rights
3626:Health
3482:Sexism
3311:Family
3152:Labour
3142:Famine
3061:
3053:
3045:
3010:
3002:
2976:
2968:
2907:
2880:
2872:
2830:
2797:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2693:
2683:
2675:
2535:
2388:
2380:
2308:1 June
2216:
2208:
2139:
2118:
2021:
2011:
1980:
1970:
1927:
1691:
1681:
1673:
1543:
1455:
1425:
443:Delhi
379:Bihar
347:Assam
251:State
84:, 1987
4306:India
4301:China
4063:Men's
4033:Sperm
3760:Hijra
3679:Media
3563:Crime
3510:Dalit
3419:Women
3194:Slums
3059:S2CID
2974:S2CID
2905:JSTOR
2870:JSTOR
2828:JSTOR
2779:4 May
2771:(1).
2742:S2CID
2631:4 May
2601:4 May
2533:JSTOR
2323:CIA,
1925:JSTOR
1887:(PDF)
1880:(PDF)
1789:(PDF)
1778:(PDF)
1623:(PDF)
1612:(PDF)
1588:(PDF)
1581:(PDF)
1511:(PDF)
1504:(PDF)
1357:crore
1336:India
1232:Assam
230:Bihar
214:Bihar
4339:teen
4311:Iran
4020:ICSI
3750:LGBT
3477:Sati
3472:Rape
3051:PMID
3043:ISSN
3008:PMID
3000:ISSN
2966:PMID
2935:2012
2878:PMID
2795:ISBN
2781:2018
2734:PMID
2726:ISSN
2691:PMID
2673:ISSN
2633:2018
2603:2018
2573:2018
2510:2018
2479:2018
2448:2018
2416:2018
2386:PMID
2378:ISSN
2339:2009
2310:2017
2280:2017
2245:2017
2214:PMID
2206:ISSN
2172:2017
2137:ISBN
2116:PMID
2056:2018
2019:PMID
1978:PMID
1895:2009
1858:2017
1822:2014
1797:2009
1760:2017
1726:2018
1689:PMID
1671:ISSN
1631:2020
1596:2009
1559:2016
1541:ISBN
1471:2016
1453:ISBN
1423:ISBN
1324:IUDs
475:Goa
224:and
144:The
98:what
68:The
4028:Egg
3177:BPL
3035:doi
2958:doi
2862:doi
2820:doi
2718:doi
2681:PMC
2665:doi
2661:377
2368:doi
2198:doi
2106:doi
2009:PMC
2005:140
1968:PMC
1958:doi
1917:doi
1826:doi
1679:PMC
1663:doi
1078:..
1075:..
1014:..
1011:..
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