422:(both “dog” and “traitor” in Japanese). The military police try to stop the riot; in the chaos they shoot into the crowd, killing two Japanese and wounding ten others. That night, a patrol group accosts Jeanne's brother-in-law, Kaz, and his fellow workers and accuses them of sabotage. The mess-hall bells ring until noon the following day, as a memorial to the dead. Soon after, the government requires a loyalty oath to distinguish loyal Japanese from potential enemies. Opinion about whether to take the oath is divided. Answering “no” to the loyalty questions will result in deportation, but answering “yes” will result in being drafted. Jeanne's father and Woody answer “yes”, and Papa attacks a man for calling him an
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460:, Cabrillo Homes. Although they fear public hatred, they see little sign of it. On the first day of sixth grade, however, a girl in Jeanne's class is amazed at Jeanne's ability to speak English; this makes Jeanne realize that prejudice is not always open and direct. She later becomes close friends with the girl (Radine, who lives in the same housing project). The two share the same activities and tastes, but when they reach high school subtle prejudice keeps Jeanne from the social and extracurricular success available to Radine.
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the teachers’ plot and ensures her victory. Jeanne's father, however, is furious that she won the election by flaunting her sexuality before
American boys. He forces her to take Japanese dance lessons, but she soon quits. As a compromise, Jeanne wears a conservative dress to the coronation ceremony; however, the crowd's muttering makes her realize that neither the exotic sarong nor the conservative dress represents her true self.
453:. He meets Toyo, his father's aunt, and finally understands his father's pride. In December, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that the internment policy is illegal and the War Department prepares to close the camps. The remaining residents, fearing the future, postpone their departure but eventually are ordered to leave. Jeanne's father decides to leave in style, buying a broken-down blue sedan to ferry his family back to Long Beach.
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forms a dance band called the Jive
Bombers. She explores the world inside the camp, trying out Japanese and American hobbies before taking up baton twirling. Jeanne returns to her religious studies and is about to be baptized when her father intervenes. She begins to distance herself from him, but the birth of a grandchild draws her parents closer together than ever.
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of non-partitioned camp toilets (which particularly upsets Jeanne's mother). The
Wakatsukis stop eating together in the camp mess hall, and the family begins to disintegrate. Jeanne, virtually abandoned by her family, takes an interest in the other people in camp and studies religion with two nuns. However, after she suffers
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she decides to make another attempt at school life. Her homeroom nominates her queen of the school's annual spring carnival, and for the election assembly, she leaves her hair loose and wears an exotic sarong. Although the teachers try to prevent her from winning, her friend
Leonard Rodriguez exposes
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On the morning of
December 7, 1941, Jeanne Wakatsuki says farewell to her father's sardine fleet at San Pedro Harbor. By the time the boats return, news reaches the family that the Japanese have bombed Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. Jeanne's father burns his Japanese flag and identity papers but is arrested
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After the riot, camp life calms down; the
Wakatsuki family moves to a nicer barracks near a pear orchard, where Jeanne's father takes up gardening. Manzanar begins to resemble a typical American town: schools open, residents are allowed short trips outside the camp, and Jeanne's oldest brother Bill
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At the camp, the
Japanese Americans find cramped living conditions, badly prepared food, unfinished barracks, and dust blowing in through every crack and knothole. There is not enough warm clothing to go around; many fall ill from immunizations and poorly preserved food, and they face the indignity
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family in Japan to protest the declining social status of the samurai), and fondly remembers how he conducts himself—from his courtship of Jeanne's mother to his virtuoso pig-carving. Something happened, however, during his time at the detention camp (where government interrogators accused him of
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across the United States. In an effort to educate
Californians about the experiences of Japanese Americans who were confined in American internment camps during World War II, the book and the movie were distributed in 2002 as a part of a kit to approximately 8,500 public elementary and secondary
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In April 1972, Jeanne revisits
Manzanar with her husband and three children. She needs to remind herself that the camp actually existed; over the years, she began to think she imagined the whole thing. Walking through the ruins, the sounds and sights of the camp come back to her. Seeing her
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By the end of 1944, the number of people at
Manzanar dwindles; men are drafted, and families take advantage of the government's new policy of relocating families away from the west coast. Woody is drafted and, despite his father's protests, leaves in November to join the
373:, running away with his wife and abandoning his family. Stubborn and proud, he did not cope well with his isolation: he drank and abused his family. Woody (Jeanne's brother) wants to preserve his family's honor by joining the U.S. Army. After joining (and fighting in the
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eleven-year-old daughter, Jeanne realizes that her life began at the camp (as her father's life ended there). She remembers him driving crazily through camp before leaving with his family, and finally understands his stubborn pride.
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disloyalty and espionage); he is now in a downward emotional spiral. He becomes violent and drinks heavily, nearly striking Jeanne's mother with his cane before Kiyo (Jeanne's youngest brother) punches their father in the face.
377:) he visits his father's Aunt Toyo, who gave his father money for the trip to Hawaii. After the visit, Woody feels a new pride in his ancestry. He becomes the man of the family, leading them early in their internment.
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by the FBI and beaten when taken to jail. Jeanne's mother moves the family to the Japanese ghetto on Terminal Island, and then to Boyle Heights in Los Angeles. On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signs
354:(an American internment camp), where 11,070 Americans of Japanese ancestry and their immigrant parents—who were prevented from becoming American citizens by law—were confined during the
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giving the military authority to relocate those posing a potential threat to national security. Americans of Japanese descent await their final destination; “their common sentiment is
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during World War II. The book describes the Wakatsukis' experiences during their imprisonment and events concerning the family before and after the war.
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Sakurai, Patricia A. (1995). "The Politics of Possession: The Negotiation of Identity in American in Disguise, Homebase, and Farewell to Manzanar".
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Davis, Rocio G (2006). "National and Ethnic Affiliation in Internment Autobiographies of Childhood by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston and George Takei".
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418:, which breaks out after three men are arrested for beating a man suspected of helping the government. The rioters roam the camp searching for
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Chappell, Virginia A. (1997). "But Isn't This the Land of the Free?': Resistance and Discovery in Student Responses to Farewell to Manzanar".
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schools and 1,500 public libraries in the state. The kit included study guides tailored to the book and a video teaching guide.
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Jeanne retreats into herself, and nearly drops out of school; however, when her father moves the family to a berry farm in
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Farewell To Manzanar: A True Story of Japanese American Experience During and After the World War II Internment
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760:. New York, NY: Modern Language Association of America: 172–188.
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Jeanne's father is arrested and returns a year later from the
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Soon after, she and the rest of her family were imprisoned at
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Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II
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Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians
769:. Pullman, Washington: Washington University Press: 157–170.
290:. It was adapted into a made-for-TV movie in 1976 starring
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Fred T. Korematsu Institute for Civil Rights and Education
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Privileging Positions: The Sites of Asian American Studies
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The non-fiction book has become a curriculum staple in
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Bainbridge Island Japanese American Exclusion Memorial
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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677:"Farewell to Manzanar on DVD—Timeless and Timely"
434:, whose lyrics speak of the endurance of stones.
1646:Books about the internment of Japanese Americans
1641:Films about the internment of Japanese Americans
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504:; it was made available for purchase from JANM.
414:The men's frustration eventually results in the
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553:. Japanese American National Museum. 2006-11-25
1361:List of inmates of Topaz War Relocation Center
361:Ko Wakatsuki (Jeanne's father) emigrated from
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1576:Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project
1183:Fort Missoula Alien Enemy Detention Facility
699:"A New Beginning for "Farewell to Manzanar""
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1188:Fort Stanton Alien Enemy Detention Facility
1178:Fort Lincoln Alien Enemy Detention Facility
1173:Crystal City Alien Enemy Detention Facility
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282:camp due to the United States government's
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1208:Seagoville Alien Enemy Detention Facility
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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456:In Long Beach, the Wakatsukis move into
1423:Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet
1203:Santa Fe Alien Enemy Detention Facility
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1198:Kooskia Alien Enemy Detention Facility
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1193:Kenedy Alien Enemy Detention Facility
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1351:Category:Japanese-American internees
652:"The Legacy Of Farewell To Manzanar"
630:"The Legacy Of Farewell To Manzanar"
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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1596:Japanese American Internment Museum
697:Yamamoto, J.K. (October 27, 2011).
679:. Japanese American National Museum
654:. Japanese American National Museum
632:. Japanese American National Museum
577:. National Broadcasting Corporation
521:Houston, Jeanne Wakatsuki (1983) .
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1651:Literature by Asian-American women
814:Manzanar Committee - Official blog
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575:"Farewell to Manzanar (1976) (TV)"
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1564:Japanese American National Museum
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758:Writing in Multicultural Settings
494:Japanese American National Museum
1289:Fort Sam Houston Internment Camp
942:Military service in World War II
855:Internment of Japanese Americans
284:internment of Japanese Americans
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16:Book by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston
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819:Manzanar National Historic Site
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34:needs additional citations for
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1269:Fort McDowell Internment Camp
1218:Tuna Canyon Detention Station
1056:Owens Valley Reception Center
957:Military Intelligence Service
701:. Rafu Shimpo. Archived from
675:Newman, Esther (2011-10-07).
650:Hudson, Sigrid (2010-07-26).
628:Hudson, Sigrid (2010-07-26).
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1299:Griffith Park Detention Camp
1213:Sharp Park Detention Station
404:Fort Lincoln Internment Camp
356:Japanese American internment
165:Japanese American internment
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1532:Civil Liberties Act of 1988
1486:When the Emperor was Divine
1356:List of inmates of Manzanar
1329:Sand Island Internment Camp
1264:Fort Howard Internment Camp
1168:Catalina Federal Honor Camp
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1061:Parker Dam Reception Center
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500:-produced film directed by
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1309:Honouliuli Internment Camp
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551:"Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston"
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927:Life before World War II
917:War Relocation Authority
492:On October 7, 2011, the
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143:Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston
1522:Redress and court cases
1472:Under the Blood Red Sun
1451:The Buddha in the Attic
1116:Turlock Assembly Center
1091:Salinas Assembly Center
947:442nd Infantry Regiment
932:Life after World War II
1656:Books about California
1636:1973 non-fiction books
1444:Snow Falling on Cedars
1430:Judgment Without Trial
1137:Leupp Isolation Center
1111:Tulare Assembly Center
1071:Pomona Assembly Center
1051:Merced Assembly Center
1041:Fresno Assembly Center
1036:Arboga Assembly Center
730:database, March 2008)
58:"Farewell to Manzanar"
1586:The Long Journey Home
1559:Go for Broke Monument
1527:Evacuation Claims Act
1497:List of feature films
1492:List of documentaries
1319:Kilauea Military Camp
1304:Haiku Internment Camp
1142:Moab Isolation Center
1046:Mayer Assembly Center
705:on September 20, 2016
447:442nd Combat Regiment
347:on December 7, 1941.
337:San Pedro, California
267:published in 1973 by
122:Farewell to Manzanar
1554:Empty Chair Memorial
1458:The Invisible Thread
1416:Farewell to Manzanar
1161:Detention facilities
1147:Old Raton Ranch Camp
879:Executive Order 9102
874:Executive Order 9066
800:Farewell to Manzanar
782:Farewell to Manzanar
383:Executive Order 9066
260:Farewell to Manzanar
43:improve this article
1409:Born Free and Equal
1383:Elaine Black Yoneda
1368:Estelle Peck Ishigo
1343:Notable incarcerees
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804:Densho Encyclopedia
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1549:Fred Korematsu Day
1544:Day of Remembrance
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707:. Retrieved
703:the original
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288:World War II
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133:1983 edition
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99:October 2011
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
892:Hirabayashi
300:James Saito
175:Non-fiction
1630:Categories
1479:Weedflower
1402:Allegiance
1392:Literature
1373:Ralph Lazo
1249:Camp McCoy
975:Gila River
937:Propaganda
862:Key topics
726:(from the
683:2011-10-11
658:2011-10-11
636:2011-10-11
602:2008-07-03
581:2008-03-07
557:2011-10-11
508:References
502:John Korty
333:Ocean Park
318:See also:
304:Pat Morita
280:internment
69:newspapers
1437:No-No Boy
1020:Tule Lake
899:Korematsu
451:Hiroshima
397:sunstroke
216:Paperback
181:Publisher
1617:Category
1394:and arts
1000:Minidoka
995:Manzanar
749:41158237
465:San Jose
430:Kimigayo
352:Manzanar
320:Manzanar
314:Synopsis
277:Manzanar
212:Hardback
153:Language
980:Granada
922:History
482:schools
408:samurai
286:during
210:Print (
161:Subject
156:English
83:scholar
1515:Legacy
1010:Rohwer
1005:Poston
990:Jerome
789:
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335:(near
306:, and
265:memoir
251:673358
214:&
139:Author
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1349:See:
1015:Topaz
885:Yasui
745:JSTOR
444:Nisei
371:Idaho
363:Japan
329:Nisei
263:is a
223:Pages
171:Genre
90:JSTOR
76:books
787:IMDb
711:2016
531:ISBN
484:and
442:all-
308:Mako
271:and
245:OCLC
232:ISBN
194:1973
62:news
785:at
728:MLA
498:NBC
424:inu
420:inu
365:to
341:FBI
226:177
45:by
1632::
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