1034:. Other jesters with a long tradition are the "Biß" From Rottweil and its pendants. The aforementioned "Weißnarr" is mostly represented by men but some are accompanied by a female companion during parades, who often either don't wear any costume or a plain traditional and regional one. The "Weißnarren's" costume is made of a white linen garment, which is elaborately depainted or embroidered. Compared with the "Weißnarr's" baroque elegance, jesters such as the "Blätzlenarr" or the "Spättlenarr" and "Fleckennarr" may look a bit earthy, an impression which might also be caused by their costume, which is made of old fabric remnants. Due to increasing wealth nowadays though, many costumes are being designed more elaborate. Single pieces of a costumes' fabric, for instance, are blind-stitched manually. Nevertheless, the "Flecklenarren's'" costumes and masques have been elabouratively refined during baroque and thus a new group of jesters, called "Fransennarren" which are to be found until today in several cities celebrating Svabian-Alemannic Fastnacht, emerged. One example of a "Blätzlenarr" is
954:
1052:
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811:“civitas diaboli”, Lent was seen as part of the kingdom of God or “civitas Dei”. This idea might have led to the invention of early Fastnacht figures such as devils and demons. The jester, who was considered as another central figure of Fastnacht at that time, was seen as the embodiment of evanescence, separation from god and death. Whereas studies conducted before and during the 1980s assumed that Fastnacht did not originate from Christian beliefs, scholars today agree that the existence of the church was a necessary condition for the emergence of Fastnacht. Fastnacht was an opportunity for the people to criticise authorities and also the church. This often led to prohibitions of Fastnacht.
966:
interaction is the tradition of the driver. Here, an animal character is chastised by a group of characters that are covered by masks and equipped with a whip. These specific types of masks are called Häs. Examples for this particular tradition are the
Fastnetsbutzerössle in Weingarten, the Brieler Rößle in Rottweil and Werners Esel in Bad Waldsee. In some areas there are exclusive characters, which often play a central part in the local Fastnacht tradition. Over the course of time entire character families have been developed through these special characters. The members of such families hold certain characteristics and functions. One example is the Gole in Riedlingen.
866:, where Fastnacht was increasingly being organized by the intellectual middle class instead of the working class, carnival quickly established itself throughout central Europe. The original Fastnacht still existed, but was driven back more and more. Only at the beginning of the 19th century some old customs were picked up again; especially in rural areas and in the lower middle class in the Swabian-Alemannic area, people felt patronized by carnival, which was dominated by the educated middle class, and started remembering traditions passed down from previous generations. In the subsequent period, numerous old Narrenzünfte were re-established.
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the festivities would vary from region to region, and the
Fastnacht of the present day has notable differences to its historical counterparts. In addition to the excessive consumption of food, customs including dances, parades or Fastnacht games became popular since the 14th century. Food played a central role as well. In the parades of the Nuremberg guilds, the so-called “Schembartläufe”, were popular around 1500 AD. Butcher's dances, which featured the dancing butchers holding sausage rings, are also known from other cities.
1038:, which is the carnival figure of the city of "Überlingen". There is a geographical difference between the Svabian-Alemannic jesters though, hence in some regions the masques are mainly made of cloth whereas they are mainly made of wood in others. A group of jesters called "Spättlehansel" presents a particular rarity within Svabian-Alemannic jesters since their masks are equipped with a moveable mandible. Yet another group of jesters near to the Swiss border called the "Narro-Altfischerzunft" in
890:
831:, Fastnacht had been dominated by relatively plain costumes. However, during the emergence of Baroque, the Fastnacht motives and figures went through a period of revaluation and refinement. This especially applied for the commonly used masks, which were now carved out of wood instead of using clay or paper, like it had been customary before. Additionally to this development there was an increasing and distinct Italian influence on Fastnacht, based on the
1248:
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158:
873:("Union of Swabian-Alemannic Jester Guilds"; VSAN) rarely admits new members, whereas the basis of the admission can be traced back to historic custom. Soon after, the umbrella organizations Verband Oberrheinischer Narrenzünfte (1937) and Narrenvereinigung Hegau-Bodensee (1959) were founded. This founding wave remains up until today. One of the main reasons for this wave is the introduction of meetings for jesters established by
55:
447:
1105:. Traditionally, it is mostly women who wear these masks appearing with a slogan. Usually, small presents, so called Kromet, are given to unmasked passerbies. The tradition of the Maschkers is several centuries old. Most figures came into existence with the introduction of clubs and therefore a more organised Fasnacht. Hence, Maschkers represent beside the organised Fasnacht activities also a not organised addition.
1003:
881:. Today, the number and dimension of these meetings have grown to an extent in which they threaten the traditional and village specific Fastnacht. Meanwhile, there are guilds that only visit jesters meetings without having village roots. Especially the VSAN has decided to reduce any form of these meetings greatly. This decision has, however, done no harm to the growing popularity of the meetings.
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A theory of the folklorist Dietz-Rüdiger Moser says that the conflict between the amusement/enjoyment of
Fastnacht and the deprivation of Lent can also be interpreted in a theological way. Whereas, according to the augustinian two kingdoms doctrine, Fastnacht was equated with the kingdom of the devil
744:
Fastnacht-Tuesday is the day (respectively the night) before Lent, which always starts on Ash
Wednesday. The date of the Ash Wednesday is strictly regulated. It is constantly located 46 days before Easter Sunday, which in turn is celebrated on the first Sunday after the earliest full moon in spring.
704:
Originally, the
Wednesday before Fastnacht has not been a traditional holiday for the Swabian-Alemannic jesters. However, during the post-war era, some customs have been established that are celebrated in the early evening and herald the time of Fastnacht. Parts of these customs are the proclamation
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People used to wear masks and perform various songs and plays, for example, murder ballads. It was also common to gloss the actions of the fellow citizens at the roadside. Today the people meet in pubs at fixed times and the undisguised jesters go from pub to pub together. The commonly used forms of
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was necessary because of the unstable political situation and many regional
Fastnacht bans. By creating the VSAN the jesters wanted to actively represent their political interests. Furthermore, they wanted to foster and preserve their culture, which is the main task of the organization today. After
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One could also say that a lot of the post-war newly created
Fastnacht figures attribute to the Wild Peoples (Wilde Leute). The legendary figures often allude to local stories or past events in history. Most of the younger Jester Guilds lace their newly created figures into current local customs by
806:
Just like the carnival common in the
Rhineland, the Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht takes its origins from festivities, which were celebrated to consume perishable food before the beginning of lent. These kind of events have been recorded in central Europe from at least the 13th century. Historically,
1042:
not only possess south-western
Germany's oldest noted masque made of wood, but also had been developing a positively aristocratic self-image over the centuries. Coming from Italy and connected to the Carnival's triumph in the 18th and 19th century, the figure "Bajazzo" emerged and influenced some
965:
The
Swabian-Allemannic Fastnacht has gained a vast number of different characters. When they perform they usually appear in homogenous groups of one type of character. However, there are a few groups that consist of various characters. In most cases they interact with each other. A popular way of
622:
jesters also show their reverence towards the jester's clothing by solemnly blessing it: “Sei mir gegrüßt, du edles Kleid der Narren. Tritt nun hervor aus Deiner Jahresbleibe. Und erfülle mit Freude die Großen und die Kleinen. Dir sei geweiht die Fasnet im Jahre des Heils 20..“. (Greetings to the
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In these areas, Fastnacht continued to be celebrated just under a week later on Monday: these customs still exist today, being preserved either as "Alte" or "Bauernfastnacht" ("old" or "peasants' Fastnacht"; alemannic: "Buurefastnacht"). Fastnacht was then frequently celebrated twice; the first
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people gather in jesters’ meetings to discuss organizational details. A special type of jesters’ meetings, however, has been by far the most popular type of meetings for centuries. These are meetings of several thousands of jesters, and they take place almost every weekend in the weeks after
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but did not develop an independent form until the first quarter of the 20th century. Whilst Carnival developed a new form of Fastnacht in the 18th century, an influence, which was taken up by the Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht as well, contemplations to look back took place in the 20th century,
814:
Following the reformation, not only the period of fasting was dispensed with in the regions affected, but also the Fastnacht celebrations came to an end in many parts of Central Europe. Despite this, the tradition was still kept alive in individual protestant towns for some time. The
986:, a devilish figure that used to be widespread in parts of the Black Forest. Today, these daemons often also play the solitary part of a warlock, for example in Offenburg's guild of witches. And Triberg's Fastnacht is dominated by a devil figure that was created in the 19th century.
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expression are four-liners and songs. Although the Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht basically takes place in pubs in restaurants, there is a short period of Fastnacht sessions inside of halls after Candlemess (Lichtmess). Local clubs contribute to Fastnacht by organizing dancing events.
975:
681:. Many people consider January 6 to be the original starting date. However, recent research does not support this opinion. On November 11, quite similar to Fastnachtsdienstag (Shrove Tuesday), starts a pre-Christmas fasting period that lasts for forty days. Hence, on
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In many places, jesters will produce deafening noise using whips, or shaking the bells on the Häser (costumes) until they can be sure that every little bit of dust has fallen out; cleanliness is generally of great importance on January 6. In the area of the upper
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Although in some places the Fastnacht celebrations already begin on November 11, as is common in the Rhenish regions, in Swabian-Allemanic areas, Fastnacht events typically only start off after the festive days following Christmas - on January 6, which is also
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is often presumed to be held at a later point than in other Swabian-Allemanic towns as a result of the reformation. In fact this is due to a decision made by the church in the 11th century, stating that Sundays were to be excluded from Lent. As a consequence,
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Therefore, the so-called “Fiaßwäsch“ (washing of the feet) takes place in Lauffen ob Rottweil where the jester's council wash their feet in the ice-cold water of the fountain. At the same time, the jester's masks take pride of place in the livingrooms of
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In addition to the Hairy Bears (hoorigen Bären), there is the Night Raven (der Nachtkrabb), a bird-like figure that also belongs to the carnival characters of the Murrhardt Jester Guild. They can be found on a mural in the Murrhardt Monastery.
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noble jester's robe. Come forth from where you have stayed all year. Bring joy to the old and the young. We dedicate this year's Fasnet to you.) The most important role on and around January 6 takes the jester's friendly gatherings.
877:. The VSAN and its sister associations allow jesters to meet other jesters outside of their traditional villages. The Landesverein Badische Heimat, whose manager Busse was, hosted the first of these meetings on January 28, 1928, in
785:, which is celebrated three weeks before Easter, is considered "the world's last Fastnacht". In 2015, its 600th anniversary was celebrated, and it is deemed to be the Fastnacht that is most rich in tradition in eastern Switzerland.
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when, at 4am, all the lights go out in the city and carnival participants walk through the streets with beautifully painted lanterns, costumes and typically big-nosed masks, accompanied by drummers and pipers playing
1134:, and from time to time even became an identifying feature of the carnival. The most well-known call of the Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht is "Narri-Narro", where the masked figures call out to the civilians.
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it is likely to meet single or small groups of carnival revelers who appear to be masked and represent themselves differently. Especially, this can be observed in restaurants or just on the roads of
705:(German Ausrufen) or search (German Suche) for Fastnacht in the Black Forest area, as well as the incantation of the masks (German Maskenbeschwörung) or the fountain-cleaning ritual in Upper Swabia.
674:), which is the climax of the celebrations and the time when the parades and other celebrations become more frequent. There are also a number of recipes that are traditionally cooked at that time.
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cities. The fools traditionally greet others with a shriek of delight, something they explain to be a spontaneous expression of joy, which could be documented in writing as "Ju-Hu-Hu-Hu". In
921:) and disguises were much more common. They could not be classified that easily but they were combined with new characters. There were new developments of fool's guilds as well: In 1933 the
720:), or "fat"; "Greasy Thursday", as remaining winter stores of lard and butter used to be consumed at that time, before the fasting began. Elsewhere the day is called "Women's Carnival"
524:), or "fat"; "Greasy Thursday", as remaining winter stores of lard and butter used to be consumed at that time, before the fasting began. Elsewhere the day is called "Women's Carnival"
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was founded, which was based on a combination of a fairy-tale and a medieval witch. This made the "Fastnachtshexe" a popular character of the Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht. However,
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Daemon figures may well be counted among the oldest figures of traditional Fasnacht. Some of the costumes (called "Kleidle" in German) are several hundred years old, like the
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The number of Fastnacht events again is noticeably increasing everywhere by the 40th day after Christmas, the Candlemas on February 2. On this day, it is common to do the
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Svabian-Alemannic figures like e.g. the "Rössle- and Schellenhansele". Due to that, those figures use to carry bells, a pig's bladder or mirrors at parades until today.
685:, similar traditions to Fastnacht can be ascertained. However, November 11 only evolved into the beginning of Fastnachtssaison (Carnival season) with the emergence of
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Numerous new Fastnacht characters have been created since the beginning of the 20th century alongside the organizational reform of the fool's guilds. Real historical
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Drawing on an old custom, this is the day when the masks get a dusting and the first events and parades can begin. Strictly speaking, Fastnacht only begins with
544:(Run of Perchts) is a magical expression of that desire. The nights between winter and spring, when evil ghosts are supposed to go around, are also called
1198:, in its current form since about 1835. Since then, it is considered to be a civil Fasnacht, quite contrary to the other large Fasnacht events in the
917:(disguises), which also could be worn in the new century without major changes, were preserved only in a few Fastnachten. Individual parts of masks (
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Up until the 20th century Fastnacht was only a local event that was celebrated solely at one's hometown. At the beginning of the 20th century the
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in the 19th century. After all, a Fastnacht that lasted over Advent season and Christmas would completely have opposed the meaning of these days.
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724:, being the day when tradition says that women take control. In particular regions of Tyrol, Salzburg and Bavaria traditional processions of the
528:, being the day when tradition says that women take control. In particular regions of Tyrol, Salzburg and Bavaria traditional processions of the
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and a few others the fool's call kept the original form (Hu-Hu-Hu). Elsewhere certain fools' calls emerged from the Fastnachts since
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by six days, the original date (Tuesday, i the sixth week before eastern) was not forgotten, especially in rural areas as well as in
769:, was often called "Herren-" or "Pfaffenfastnacht" ("lords'" or "parsons' Fastnacht") to differentiate it from the Bauernfastnacht.
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1014:, the "Weißnarr", (white jester), for instance, is common. One of the oldest figures of Fastnacht though are the "Narro" from
208:
363:. In the beginning of the 20th century it was a common assumption that the tradition had its roots in pre-Christian ritual.
851:. Due to that common point of view, celebrating Fastnacht stopped or was even forbidden. This changed when, influenced by
1051:
655:: the jesters choose the most remarkable incidents of the last year to retell them to the people in an entertaining way.
1299:) evening with a tremendous parade of big bands, lights and lanterns with even a larger audience. Quite contrary to the
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Accordingly, to many Swabian-Allemanic Jesters the date when Fastnacht begins marks a crucial distinctive feature to
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Pierre Farine sieht ihre Geburtsstunde mit dem Beginn der fasnächtlichen Berichterstattung durch die Presse 1835
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its establishment the VSAN quickly became popular to such an extent, that it had to stop accepting new members.
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was played by men in women's clothing, who would joke and jump around, based on the motto "Topsy-Turvy World".
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was preponed by six days. Basel (and also some other towns) however still held on to the traditional day.
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Despite the reforms of the Council of Benevento, which had brought forward the date of the beginning of
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Narren (Jesters) probably appeared at the same time like demon figures and in various forms. In the
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540:("ugly Perchts") represent the dark spirits of wintertime. Farmers yearn for warmer weather and the
1509:
602:, “Abstauber” with black clothes will go door to door to clean the mothballed jesters' clothes. In
410:("to fast") and the tradition is Christian. They also showed that a lot of the rites came from the
104:
17:
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The fools' calls are unique and different depending on the places and guilds which they are from.
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847:, Fastnacht was thought to be a "primitive, outdated custom from the dim and distant past" in the
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1291:), which attract tens of thousands of people. Lucerne's Carnival ends with a crowning finish on
406:. Historians around Werner Mezger refuted those theories, and showed that the name derives from
1202:
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The Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht fools' calls are more recent and analogous to the traditional
983:
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1303:, a large part of the audience are also dressed up in costumes, especially in the evenings.
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Ash Wednesday, since it has been existing since its many re-inventions before and after the
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8:
1222:. The festival continues for three days with events for children and displays of floats.
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606:, witches will conduct a similar procedure on the guests and furniture of local inns.
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1393:
1329:
1263:, based on religious, Catholic backgrounds, starts every year on the Thursday before
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816:
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The events of the Fastnacht are often accompanied by dedicated music, the so-called
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which in the Alemannic dialects means "lard-laden Thursday " (from Schmotz meaning
470:
1488:
732:(beautiful Perchts) represent the birth of new life in the awakening nature, the
536:(beautiful Perchts) represent the birth of new life in the awakening nature, the
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368:
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This article is about Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht or Fasnacht. For Fasching, see
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started to organize and form jester's unions. This led to the founding of the
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The program of the coming Fastnacht is announced in public meetings, e.g. in
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1018:, also called the "aristocrat of Alemannic Fastnacht", or the "Hansel" from
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Jesters of baroque and Italian style: Wolfacher Schellen- und Röslehansel
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The beginning of Fastnacht is celebrated full-throatedly in many places.
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Fastnacht is held in the settlement area of the Germanic tribes of the
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Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht distinguishes itself from the Rhenish
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Federehannes from Rottweil, one of the oldest known devil figures
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areas, which did not recognise these resolutions of the council.
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937:. Another character, that was popular in the Fastnacht, is the
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359:("to fast") – allegedly from celebrations on the eve preceding
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1307:
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1275:(Morning Watch). There are big parades in the afternoon on
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736:("ugly Perchts") represent the dark spirits of wintertime.
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Der Ueberlinger Haensele is snapping his Karbatsche (whip)
1060:
telling a legend or story related to the old traditions.
430:) is related, probably originally with a second element
1055:"Hooriger Bär" (hairy bear) of the Poppelezunft Singen
739:
884:
383:
1481:
Typical pictures of the Alemannic folklore Fasnacht
1415:"Woher hat der Schmutzige Donnerstag seinen Namen?"
933:already have been around since the 18th century in
402:"prosper, bud", and interpreted the festival as a
182:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
794:Origin in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age
378:of unclear meaning. A likely derivation looked to
903:Vereinigung Schwäbisch-Alemannischer Narrenzünfte
871:Vereinigung Schwäbisch-Alemannischer Narrenzünfte
1496:
838:
276:"Hopfennarr" from Tettnang with costume and mask
1390:FAS(T)NACHT IN GESCHICHTE, KUNST UND LITERATUR.
748:
473:dialects are spoken. The region covers German
699:
556:recalling the traditions of Fastnacht in the
516:means "dirty", but in the Alemannic dialects
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32:Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria
1409:
1407:
1405:
1392:. Universitätsverlag Konstanz, 1984, p. 15.
500:The festival starts on the Thursday before
83:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1456:(in German). Altbasel.ch. 24 January 2009
1432:
260:Learn how and when to remove this message
242:Learn how and when to remove this message
140:Learn how and when to remove this message
38:. For the doughnut traditionally made on
27:Pre-Lenten carnival in Alemannic folklore
1491:(pictures and informative English texts)
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367:of dialect variants, however, yields an
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103:This article includes a list of general
1122:(Alaaf, Helau, Ahoy, ...) of the large
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1375:Kreichthaler, Peter and Sigmund Hans.
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1379:. Verlag Herder Freiburg, 2007, p. 8.
1190:Basel, Fasnacht begins on the Monday
1006:Überlinger Hänsele with textile masks
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1046:
180:adding citations to reliable sources
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1283:) and the following Monday, called
1068:The same also often holds true for
893:Masks of Fastnacht in Rottweil 2007
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24:
1348:(observances in the United States)
1205:of Switzerland, mainly the one in
740:Determination of Fastnacht-Tuesday
312:folklore in Switzerland, southern
109:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1541:
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905:in 1924. Forming this nationwide
885:Development into modern Fastnacht
781:, on the Swiss south bank of the
64:This article has multiple issues.
1454:"Geschichte der Basler Fasnacht"
1271:) with a big bang at 5am called
156:
94:
53:
1357:Pre-Christian Alpine traditions
1140:
1113:
961:of the guild Altdorf-Weingarten
843:Despite its revaluation during
167:needs additional citations for
72:or discuss these issues on the
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414:model of the Catholic church.
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1:
1421:(in German). 17 February 2013
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941:. Since the Middle Ages, the
839:Carnival and its renunciation
191:"Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht"
1530:Culture of Baden-Württemberg
1089:At several places along the
749:Old Fastnacht, Buurefasnacht
728:welcome the springtime. The
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532:welcome the springtime. The
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7:
1419:Regionalzeitung Rontaler AG
1323:
1242:Lucerne (Lozärner Fasnacht)
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282:Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht
10:
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989:
788:
765:Fastnacht, which ended on
700:Wednesday before Fastnacht
585:, and in other towns like
384:
29:
862:Beginning in cities like
36:Carnival (disambiguation)
1442:Mask of an "ugly Percht"
1377:Hexen, Lalli, Flecklehäs
777:The Groppenfastnacht in
395:), or alternatively to
124:more precise citations.
1341:Der Überlinger Hänsele
1256:
1168:
1056:
1036:Der Überlinger Hänsele
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999:
979:
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714:Schmotziger Donnerstag
506:Schmotziger Donnerstag
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1277:Schmotzige Donnerstag
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907:umbrella organization
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801:
670:(the Thursday before
477:, the larger part of
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389:"purify" (cognate to
275:
1520:Pennsylvania culture
1337:(in the Netherlands)
957:The carnival figure
859:started to develop.
635:(Oberschwaben), the
604:Rottenburg am Neckar
304:) is the pre-Lenten
176:improve this article
1489:Alemannic Fastnacht
1072:, discussed above.
959:Fastnetsbutzerössle
651:(Oberndorf) or the
643:(Schwarzwald), the
568:The Fastnacht cycle
562:Early modern period
380:Proto-Indo-European
44:Fasnacht (doughnut)
1317:Eis-zwei-Geissebei
1257:
1169:
1057:
1008:
1000:
984:Schuttig of Elzach
980:
963:
895:
875:Hermann Eris Busse
833:Commedia dell’arte
804:
573:Start: January 6th
455:
450:Fastnacht mask in
397:Middle High German
374:, with an element
278:
34:. For others, see
1525:Winter traditions
1330:Carnival of Basel
1261:Lucerner Fasnacht
1227:Bernese Fassnacht
1101:and particularly
1047:Legendary figures
869:Until today, the
817:Carnival of Basel
722:(Weiberfastnacht)
647:(Schömberg), the
639:(Villingen), the
526:(Weiberfastnacht)
479:Baden-Württemberg
343:, in Switzerland
333:Popular etymology
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1458:. Retrieved
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1423:. Retrieved
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1295:(literally:
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1287:(literally:
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1251:Fasnacht in
1215:Morgestraich
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1161:Morgestraich
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1141:Narrenmarsch
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1132:World War II
1120:battle cries
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1114:Fools' calls
1103:Munderkingen
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335:often links
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174:Please help
169:verification
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66:Please help
63:
1484:(in German)
1352:Guggenmusik
1285:Güdismontag
1273:Morgenwacht
1196:Reformation
1152:Switzerland
1032:Bräunlingen
1028:Immendingen
1012:Baar region
943:alte Vettel
939:alte Vettel
915:Narrenhäser
853:Romanticism
612:Immendingen
579:Bad Saulgau
504:, known as
475:Switzerland
434:instead of
290:Switzerland
122:introducing
1499:Categories
1460:2015-02-07
1425:2015-02-07
1398:3879402051
1363:References
1313:Rapperswil
1188:protestant
1040:Laufenburg
949:Characters
923:Hexenzunft
779:Ermatingen
759:protestant
594:Epiphany.
558:Middle Age
546:Rauhnächte
491:Vorarlberg
365:Comparison
341:Fassenacht
322:Vorarlberg
302:Vorarlberg
202:newspapers
105:references
69:improve it
1236:Chienbäse
1016:Villingen
927:Offenburg
683:Martinmas
641:Schnurren
633:Maschgern
627:Candlemas
616:Möhringen
591:Löffingen
587:Waldkirch
518:schmotzig
514:schmutzig
493:(western
471:Alemannic
392:pava-mana
372:*fasanaht
337:Fastnacht
328:Etymology
310:Alemannic
232:June 2007
75:talk page
1505:Alemanni
1346:Fasnacht
1335:Carnaval
1324:See also
1253:Willisau
1220:piccolos
1200:Catholic
1128:Rottweil
1124:carnival
1099:Mühlheim
1085:Maschker
1024:Hüfingen
879:Freiburg
857:carnival
783:Bodensee
726:Perchten
709:Thursday
687:Karneval
679:Karneval
661:Epiphany
653:Aufsagen
645:Welschen
637:Strählen
583:Bonndorf
560:and the
553:Carnival
530:Perchten
465:, where
463:Alemanni
459:Swabians
442:Overview
428:vaschang
424:vaschanc
419:Fasching
345:Fasnacht
306:carnival
298:Faschnat
286:Fasnacht
130:May 2015
18:Fasnacht
1232:Liestal
1207:Lucerne
1203:cantons
1109:Customs
1095:Ehingen
1070:witches
1064:Witches
990:Jesters
864:Cologne
845:Baroque
829:Baroque
827:Before
789:History
718:Schmalz
649:Hecheln
522:Schmalz
495:Austria
487:Bavaria
467:Swabian
400:vaselen
361:fasting
355:) with
314:Germany
216:scholar
118:improve
1396:
1255:(2012)
1209:. The
1167:(2013)
1091:Danube
919:Larven
618:. The
600:Neckar
483:Alsace
452:Swabia
436:-nacht
408:fasten
357:fasten
353:Fasent
349:Fasnet
318:Alsace
294:Fasnat
218:
211:
204:
197:
189:
107:, but
42:, see
1308:Olten
1192:after
1173:Basel
1165:Basel
935:Tirol
508:. In
432:-gang
422:(MHG
376:fasa-
292:) or
223:JSTOR
209:books
1394:ISBN
1259:The
1030:and
755:Lent
614:and
589:and
489:and
461:and
385:pwo-
320:and
300:(in
288:(in
280:The
195:news
1186:In
1179:):
1163:in
925:in
581:or
497:).
426:or
308:of
178:by
1501::
1463:.
1434:^
1417:.
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