110:
1484:
25:
34:
97:
Fault scarps often involve zones of highly fractured rock and discontinuities of hard and weak consistencies of rock. Bluffs can form from upthrown blocks and can be very steep, as in the case of
Pakistan's coastal cliffs. The height of the scarp formation tends to be defined in terms of the vertical
121:
Due to the dramatic uplift along the fault, which exposes its surface, the fault scarp is very prone to erosion. This is especially true if the material being uplifted consists of unconsolidated sediment. Weathering, mass wasting, and water runoff can soon wear down these bluffs, sometimes resulting
452:
Thrust Fault Slip Rates
Deduced from Coupled Geomorphic and Tectonic Models of Active Faults and Folds in the San Francisco Bay Area: Collaborative Research with Arizona State University and University of California,
467:
McCalpin, J.P.; Bruhn, R.L.; Pavlis, T.L; Gutierrez, F.; Guerrero, J.; Lucha, P. (2011). "Antislope scarps, gravitational spreading, and tectonic faulting in the western
Yakutat microplate, south coastal Alaska".
75:
expression of fault scarps results from the differential erosion of rocks of contrasting resistance and the displacement of land surface by movement along the fault. Differential movement and
106:. Vertical displacement of ten meters may occur in fault scarps in volcanic bedrock, but is usually the result of multiple episodic movements of 5 to 10 meters per tectonic event.
510:
122:
in V-shaped valleys along runoff channels. Adjacent V-shaped valley formations give the remaining fault spurs a very triangular shape. This formation is known as a
776:
Vanneste, Kris; Verbeeck, Koen; Camelbeeck, Thierry; Paulissen, Etienne; Meghraoui, Mustapha; Renardy, François; Jongmans, Denis; Frechen, Manfred (2001). "".
423:
290:
133:
are typically formed due to the differential erosion of weaker rocks along a fault. Such erosion, occurring over long time periods, may shift a physical
317:
750:
396:
344:
821:
585:"Structural geomorphology, active faulting and slope deformations in the epicentre area of the MW 7.0, 1857, Southern Italy earthquake"
450:
263:
716:
760:
699:
651:
433:
406:
354:
327:
300:
273:
162:
is an example of an active fault scarp. The dramatic topography of the Tetons is due to geologically recent activity on the
1064:
641:
145:
or filled-in valley sediments. It may therefore be difficult to distinguish between fault scarps and fault-line scarps.
225:
379:
814:
735:
174:
849:
241:
584:
1513:
1508:
1487:
807:
114:
55:
1149:
1154:
930:
181:
1418:
1518:
920:
854:
1431:
1235:
1124:
994:
974:
874:
844:
691:
668:
The Teton fault, Wyoming: Topographic signature, neotectonics, and mechanisms of deformation,
54:
in Idaho. The latter fault scarp (white line at the base of the tan hills) was formed in the
528:"Revealing the hidden signature of fault slip history in the morphology of degrading scarps"
1408:
1292:
1009:
964:
512:
Proceedings of the
Workshop on Paleoseismology, 18-22 September 1994, Marshall, California
8:
1441:
1317:
1302:
1279:
1275:
1054:
979:
879:
864:
681:
1390:
1287:
1169:
1074:
989:
954:
884:
830:
560:
527:
1426:
1360:
1312:
1307:
1187:
1177:
1119:
894:
756:
695:
647:
565:
547:
526:
Holtmann, Regina; Cattin, Rodolphe; Simoes, Martine; Steer, Philippe (8 March 2023).
429:
402:
375:
350:
323:
296:
269:
221:
103:
1230:
1225:
1159:
1134:
1129:
1104:
1044:
1004:
859:
785:
731:
687:
615:
596:
555:
539:
477:
316:
Holdsworth, Robert E.; Turner, Johnathan P.; London, Geological
Society of (2002).
109:
1469:
1365:
1265:
1240:
1212:
1197:
1099:
1049:
1039:
1034:
910:
683:
Seismic Japan: The Long
History and Continuing Legacy of the Ansei Edo Earthquake
188:
68:
717:"I I Tectonic development of the western branch of the East African rift system"
1370:
1347:
1332:
1202:
1182:
1094:
1019:
1014:
969:
935:
925:
869:
543:
984:
789:
600:
292:
Uplift, Erosion and
Stability: Perspectives on Long-term Landscape Development
1502:
1260:
551:
1255:
915:
889:
643:
The
History of the Study of Landforms: Or, The Development of Geomorphology
569:
142:
80:
680:
Smits, Gregory (30 November 2013). "Earthquakes in the Early Modern Era".
1436:
1322:
1297:
1250:
1220:
1109:
1029:
999:
752:
New
Perspectives on Rio Grande Rift Basins: From Tectonics to Groundwater
163:
155:
67:
is a small step-like offset of the ground surface in which one side of a
43:
1464:
1451:
959:
640:
Chorley, Richard J.; Dunn, Antony J.; Beckinsale, Robert Percy (1964).
481:
192:
92:
72:
51:
1069:
1400:
1380:
1375:
1355:
1337:
1327:
1139:
1084:
946:
799:
583:
Bucci, Francesco; Cardinali, Mauro; Guzzetti, Fausto (January 2013).
129:
Fault scarps may vary in size from a few centimeters to many meters.
98:
displacement along the fault. Active scarp faults may reflect rapid
1459:
1385:
775:
137:
far from the actual fault location, which may be buried beneath a
99:
47:
499:(2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 475.
1192:
1144:
1089:
159:
79:
may occur either along older inactive geologic faults, or recent
76:
24:
1059:
1024:
170:
289:
Smith, Bernard J.; Whalley, W. B.; Warke, Patricia A. (1999).
102:
displacement and can be caused by any type of fault including
1079:
670:
Journal of
Geophysical Research (99), No. B10, p. 20095-20122
346:
Hydrogeomorphology: Fundamentals, Applications and Techniques
138:
134:
466:
198:
The Bree fault scarp of the Roer Valley in northeast Belgium
33:
1114:
736:
10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<0885:TDOTWB>2.3.CO;2
525:
126:; however, this landform is not limited to fault scarps.
582:
315:
639:
374:(Rev. 2005 ed.). Madeira Park, BC: Harbour Pub.
71:
has shifted vertically in relation to the other. The
749:
Hudson, Mark R.; Grauch, V. J. S. (1 January 2013).
456:. Department of Geology, Arizona State University.
666:Byrd, J.O.D., Smith, R.B., Geissman, J.W. (1994)
288:
1500:
589:Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C
395:Huddart, David; Stott, Tim A. (16 April 2013).
349:. New India Publishing Agency. pp. 98–99.
319:Extensional Tectonics: Regional-scale processes
686:. University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 1–36.
815:
322:. Geological Society of London. p. 185.
295:. Geological Society of London. p. 111.
748:
646:. Geological Society of London. p. 19.
515:. U.S. Geological Survey. 1994. p. 174.
398:Earth Environments: Past, Present and Future
394:
261:
16:Small vertical offset on the ground surface
822:
808:
616:"Prominent Fault Scarps in Western Nevada"
255:
559:
309:
519:
494:
488:
421:
372:The geology of Southern Vancouver Island
108:
714:
633:
607:
415:
220:(3rd ed.). New York: W.W. Norton.
215:
1501:
829:
724:Geological Society of America Bulletin
692:10.21313/hawaii/9780824838171.003.0001
448:
442:
388:
369:
803:
679:
576:
460:
363:
342:
234:
282:
113:This fault scarp was created by the
1065:List of tectonic plate interactions
613:
13:
422:McCalpin, James P. (2 July 2009).
86:
14:
1530:
755:. Geological Society of America.
1483:
1482:
32:
23:
769:
742:
708:
673:
660:
503:
428:. Academic Press. p. 193.
265:Surface Processes and Landforms
117:. Photo taken August 19, 1959.
42:An eroded fault scarp from the
336:
268:. Prentice Hall. p. 247.
209:
187:The fault scarps bounding the
180:The fault scarps bounding the
1:
202:
715:Ebinger, C. J. (July 1989).
495:Strahler, Arthur N. (1960).
343:Babar, Md (1 January 2005).
262:Easterbrook, Don J. (1999).
7:
148:
115:1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake
10:
1535:
544:10.1038/s41598-023-30772-z
449:Hilley, George E. (2000).
175:1891 Mino–Owari earthquake
90:
56:1983 Borah Peak earthquake
1478:
1450:
1417:
1399:
1346:
1274:
1211:
1168:
1150:Thick-skinned deformation
944:
903:
837:
601:10.1016/j.pce.2013.04.005
401:. John Wiley & Sons.
216:Marshak, Stephen (2009).
1155:Thin-skinned deformation
931:Stereographic projection
182:East African Rift Valley
173:, Japan, created by the
921:Orthographic projection
904:Measurement conventions
850:Lamé's stress ellipsoid
790:10.1023/A:1011419408419
370:Yorath, C. J. (2005).
118:
1432:Paleostress inversion
1125:Strike-slip tectonics
995:Extensional tectonics
975:Continental collision
845:Deformation mechanism
778:Journal of Seismology
218:Essentials of geology
112:
1010:Fold and thrust belt
1442:Section restoration
1318:Rock microstructure
980:Convergent boundary
880:Strain partitioning
865:Overburden pressure
855:Mohr–Coulomb theory
1514:Structural geology
1509:Tectonic landforms
1419:Kinematic analysis
1075:Mountain formation
990:Divergent boundary
955:Accretionary wedge
831:Structural geology
532:Scientific Reports
497:Physical Geography
482:10.1130/GES00594.1
119:
104:strike-slip faults
1496:
1495:
1427:3D fold evolution
1313:Pressure solution
1308:Oblique foliation
1188:Exfoliation joint
1178:Columnar jointing
838:Underlying theory
762:978-0-8137-2494-2
701:978-0-8248-3817-1
653:978-1-86239-249-6
435:978-0-08-091998-0
408:978-1-118-68812-0
356:978-81-89422-01-1
329:978-1-86239-114-7
302:978-1-86239-047-8
275:978-0-13-860958-0
131:Fault-line scarps
1526:
1486:
1485:
1231:Detachment fault
1226:Cataclastic rock
1160:Thrust tectonics
1130:Structural basin
1105:Pull-apart basin
1045:Horst and graben
824:
817:
810:
801:
800:
794:
793:
773:
767:
766:
746:
740:
739:
721:
712:
706:
705:
677:
671:
664:
658:
657:
637:
631:
630:
628:
626:
611:
605:
604:
580:
574:
573:
563:
523:
517:
516:
507:
501:
500:
492:
486:
485:
476:(5): 1143–1158.
464:
458:
457:
446:
440:
439:
419:
413:
412:
392:
386:
385:
367:
361:
360:
340:
334:
333:
313:
307:
306:
286:
280:
279:
259:
253:
252:
246:
238:
232:
231:
213:
169:Fault scarps in
124:triangular facet
36:
27:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1474:
1446:
1413:
1395:
1366:Detachment fold
1342:
1270:
1266:Transform fault
1241:Fault mechanics
1207:
1164:
1100:Plate tectonics
1050:Intra-arc basin
940:
911:Brunton compass
899:
833:
828:
798:
797:
774:
770:
763:
747:
743:
719:
713:
709:
702:
678:
674:
665:
661:
654:
638:
634:
624:
622:
614:Ramelli, Alan.
612:
608:
581:
577:
524:
520:
509:
508:
504:
493:
489:
465:
461:
447:
443:
436:
425:Paleoseismology
420:
416:
409:
393:
389:
382:
368:
364:
357:
341:
337:
330:
314:
310:
303:
287:
283:
276:
260:
256:
244:
240:
239:
235:
228:
214:
210:
205:
189:Rio Grande Rift
151:
95:
89:
87:Characteristics
61:
60:
59:
58:
39:
38:
37:
29:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1532:
1522:
1521:
1519:Seismic faults
1516:
1511:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1333:Tectonic phase
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1095:Passive margin
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1020:Foreland basin
1017:
1015:Fold mountains
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
970:Back-arc basin
967:
962:
957:
951:
949:
942:
941:
939:
938:
936:Strike and dip
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
907:
905:
901:
900:
898:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
870:Rock mechanics
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
841:
839:
835:
834:
827:
826:
819:
812:
804:
796:
795:
784:(3): 329–359.
768:
761:
741:
730:(7): 885–903.
707:
700:
672:
659:
652:
632:
620:Nevada Geology
606:
575:
518:
502:
487:
459:
441:
434:
414:
407:
387:
380:
362:
355:
335:
328:
308:
301:
281:
274:
254:
233:
227:978-0393932386
226:
207:
206:
204:
201:
200:
199:
196:
185:
178:
167:
150:
147:
88:
85:
50:(left) and at
41:
40:
31:
30:
22:
21:
20:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1531:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1489:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1406:
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1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1387:
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1382:
1379:
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1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
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1353:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
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1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1261:Transfer zone
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
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1143:
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1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
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1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
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1086:
1083:
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1078:
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1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
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953:
952:
950:
948:
943:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
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919:
917:
914:
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906:
902:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
860:Mohr's circle
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
840:
836:
832:
825:
820:
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813:
811:
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802:
791:
787:
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779:
772:
764:
758:
754:
753:
745:
737:
733:
729:
725:
718:
711:
703:
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:
676:
669:
663:
655:
649:
645:
644:
636:
621:
617:
610:
602:
598:
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586:
579:
571:
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562:
557:
553:
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545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
522:
514:
513:
506:
498:
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483:
479:
475:
471:
463:
455:
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445:
437:
431:
427:
426:
418:
410:
404:
400:
399:
391:
383:
381:9781550173628
377:
373:
366:
358:
352:
348:
347:
339:
331:
325:
321:
320:
312:
304:
298:
294:
293:
285:
277:
271:
267:
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258:
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243:
237:
229:
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212:
208:
197:
194:
190:
186:
183:
179:
176:
172:
168:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
116:
111:
107:
105:
101:
94:
84:
82:
81:active faults
78:
74:
70:
66:
57:
53:
49:
45:
35:
26:
1256:Thrust fault
1245:
945:Large-scale
916:Inclinometer
890:Stress field
781:
777:
771:
751:
744:
727:
723:
710:
682:
675:
667:
662:
642:
635:
623:. Retrieved
619:
609:
592:
588:
578:
535:
531:
521:
511:
505:
496:
490:
473:
469:
462:
451:
444:
424:
417:
397:
390:
371:
365:
345:
338:
318:
311:
291:
284:
264:
257:
248:
236:
217:
211:
143:alluvial fan
130:
128:
123:
120:
96:
64:
62:
1437:Paleostress
1323:Slickenside
1298:Crenulation
1251:Fault trace
1246:Fault scarp
1236:Disturbance
1221:Cataclasite
1110:Rift valley
1030:Half-graben
1000:Fault block
985:DĂ©collement
538:(1): 3856.
164:Teton Fault
156:Teton Range
73:topographic
65:fault scarp
44:Gobi Desert
1503:Categories
1465:Pure shear
1452:Shear zone
1409:Competence
1293:Compaction
1170:Fracturing
965:Autochthon
960:Allochthon
249:ETH Zurich
203:References
193:New Mexico
93:Escarpment
91:See also:
52:Borah Peak
1401:Boudinage
1381:Monocline
1376:Homocline
1356:Anticline
1338:Tectonite
1328:Stylolite
1303:Fissility
1280:lineation
1276:Foliation
1140:Syneclise
1085:Obduction
1055:Inversion
947:tectonics
595:: 12–24.
552:2045-2322
470:Geosphere
1488:Category
1460:Mylonite
1391:Vergence
1386:Syncline
1288:Cleavage
1213:Faulting
570:36890169
242:"Faults"
149:Examples
100:tectonic
48:Mongolia
1361:Chevron
1348:Folding
1193:Fissure
1145:Terrane
1090:Orogeny
1070:MĂ©lange
1005:Fenster
895:Tension
561:9995469
251:. 2020.
160:Wyoming
77:erosion
1135:Suture
1120:Saddle
1060:Klippe
1025:Graben
885:Stress
875:Strain
759:
698:
650:
625:13 May
568:
558:
550:
432:
405:
378:
353:
326:
299:
272:
224:
171:Motosu
1470:Shear
1198:Joint
1080:Nappe
1040:Horst
1035:Horse
720:(PDF)
453:Davis
245:(PDF)
139:talus
135:cliff
69:fault
1371:Dome
1278:and
1203:Vein
1183:Dike
1115:Rift
926:Rake
757:ISBN
696:ISBN
648:ISBN
627:2024
566:PMID
548:ISSN
430:ISBN
403:ISBN
376:ISBN
351:ISBN
324:ISBN
297:ISBN
270:ISBN
222:ISBN
154:The
786:doi
732:doi
728:101
688:doi
597:doi
556:PMC
540:doi
478:doi
191:in
158:in
46:of
1505::
780:.
726:.
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593:63
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63:A
823:e
816:t
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