35:
2968:
1695:
1551:
2996:(ABRS), which coordinates research in the taxonomy, identification, classification and distribution of flora and fauna. The ABRS maintains free online databases cataloguing much of the described Australian flora and fauna. Impacts such as the illegal setting of traps in rivers affect animals such as the Australian platypus, along with lack of awareness each year an average of 2โ5 Australians lose their lives to what is presumed a safe creature. The key is understanding of Australia's diverse wildlife and fauna; what seems safe is often deadly.
1629:
726:
787:
1765:
2830:
3077:
1857:
2505:
1316:
876:
2992:. In each state and territory, there is statutory listing of threatened species. At present, 380 animal species are classified as either endangered or threatened under the EPBC Act, and other species are protected under state and territory legislation. More broadly, a complete cataloguing of all the species within Australia has been undertaken, a key step in the conservation of Australian fauna and biodiversity. In 1973, the federal government established the
3063:
2036:
569:
2574:
1234:
7134:
368:
1483:
846:
872:. There are seven extant species in Australia, most of which are endangered. These small creatures share several characteristic physical features: a plump, arch-backed body with a long, delicately tapering snout, large upright ears, long, thin legs, and a thin tail. The evolutionary origin of this group is unclear, because they share characteristics from both carnivorous and herbivorous marsupials.
2416:
647:
740:
1547:. Another theory for the decline might be, as research shows, that species from the Southern Hemisphere are on average 4.6 million years old, compared to an average 2.9 million years old for the Northern Hemisphere: Researchers believe this age difference is because of the history of severe ice ages in the Northern Hemisphere, which may drive older species to extinction.
1019:
1904:, have been introduced to Australian waterways. The mosquitofish is a particularly aggressive species known for harassing and nipping the fins of other fish. It has been linked to declines and localised extirpations of several small native fish species. The introduced trout species have had serious negative impacts on a number of
834:, or "native cat", all of which are threatened species. The eastern quoll for example is believed to have been extinct on the mainland since the 1960s, though there are efforts to reintroduce it. The remainder of the Dasyuridae are referred to as "marsupial mice"; most weigh less than 100 g. There are two species of
3043:, prepared by independent researchers for the federal government, concluded that the condition of the environment and environmental management in Australia had worsened since the previous report in 1996. Of particular relevance to wildlife conservation, the report indicated that many processes โ such as
1690:
There are more species of snake in Darwin than any other
Australian state capital, with 34 non-marine snake species found in the region, of which 23 have been recorded by professional snake catchers in Darwin itself. Fortunately for the citizens of Darwin, a far smaller proportion of these snakes are
2979:
Despite the major impact of
Aboriginals on native species populations, this is considered to be less significant than that of the European settlers, whose impact on the landscape has been on a relatively large scale. Since European settlement, direct exploitation of native fauna, habitat destruction
671:
56โ34 MYA, when modern mammals first appeared in the fossil record. Although terrestrial marsupials and placental mammals did coexist in
Australia in the Eocene, only the marsupials have survived to the present. Non-volant placental mammals made their reappearance in Australia in the Miocene, when
3003:
is the largest private owner of land for conservation in the country which is dedicated to protecting endangered species across 4.8 million hectares of land in the most popular regions such as the
Kimberley, Cape York, Lake Eyre and the Top End. This not-for-profit organisation is working hard to
2697:
usually inhabits the reef at low densities. However, under conditions that are not yet well understood, they can reproduce to reach an unsustainable population density when coral is devoured at a rate faster than it can regenerate. This presents a serious reef management issue. Other problematic
2323:
are considered endemic. Invertebrates occupy many ecological niches and are important in all ecosystems as decomposers, pollinators, and food sources. The largest group of invertebrates is the insects, comprising 75% of
Australia's known species of animals. The most diverse insect orders are the
2449:
was thought to be deadly but redback bites are no longer thought to be life-threatening, as the lack of deaths since 1956 was thought to be due to the development of an anti-venom which has since been shown to be no better than placebo. There are thousands of species of mites and ticks from the
1042:
of bats, although 7% of the world's bat species live in
Australia. Rodents first arrived in Australia 5โ10 MYA, undergoing a wide radiation to produce the species collectively known as the "old endemic" rodents. The old endemics are represented by 14 extant genera. A million years ago, the
626:
and Indo-Australian plates. This continental boundary prevented the formation of land bridges and resulted in a distinct zoological distribution, with limited overlap, of most Asian and
Australian fauna, with the exception of birds. Following the emergence of the circumpolar current in the
3028:. As of 2002, 10.8% (774,619.51 km) of the total land area of Australia is within protected areas. Protected marine zones have been created in many areas to preserve marine biodiversity; as of 2002, these areas cover about 7% (646,000 km) of Australia's marine jurisdiction. The
658:
Australia has a rich mammalian fossil history, as well as a variety of extant mammalian species, dominated by the marsupials, currently however there is limited taxonomic research into
Australia's mammals. The fossil record shows that monotremes have been present in Australia since the
1776:
More than 5000 species of fish inhabit
Australia's waterways; of these, 24% are endemic. However, because of the relative scarcity of freshwater waterways, Australia has only about 300 species of freshwater fish. Two families of freshwater fish have ancient origins: the
1154:
2110:, a method that has reduced the population of both dangerous and harmless shark species through accidental entanglement. The overfishing of sharks has also significantly reduced shark numbers in Australian waters, and several species are now endangered. A
490:
between 48,000 and 70,000 years ago and by
Europeans from 1788, has significantly affected the fauna. Hunting, the introduction of non-native species, and land-management practices involving the modification or destruction of habitats have led to numerous
994:, with 45 species. Macropods are found in all Australian environments except alpine areas. The Potoroidae include the bettongs, potaroos and rat-kangaroos, small species that make nests and carry plant material with their tails. The Macropodiae include
978:
is the smallest glider species. The gliding possums have membranes called "patagia" that extend from the fifth finger of their forelimb back to the first toe of their hind foot. These membranes, when outstretched, allow them to glide between trees.
2954:, in which large swathes of bushland were burnt to facilitate hunting, modified both flora and fauna โ and are thought to have contributed to the extinction of large herbivores with a specialised diet, such as the flightless birds from the genus
1255:
Australia and its territories are home to around 800 species of bird; 45% of these are endemic to Australia. The fossil record of birds in Australia is patchy; however, there are records of the ancestors of contemporary species as early as the
778:
to English naturalists it was thought to be a hoax. The short-beaked echidna is covered in hairy spikes with a tubular snout in the place of a mouth, and a tongue that can move in and out of the snout at a rate of 100 times a minute to capture
631:
era (some 15 MYA), the Australian climate became increasingly arid, giving rise to a diverse group of arid-specialised organisms, just as the wet tropical and seasonally wet areas gave rise to their own uniquely adapted species.
1506:
crops. It has since become a devastating pest, spreading across northern Australia. As well as competing with native insectivores for food, the cane toad produces a venom that is toxic to native fauna, as well as to humans. The
587:, which also included South America, Africa, India and Antarctica. Gondwana began to break up 140 million years ago (MYA); 50 MYA Australia separated from Antarctica and was relatively isolated until the collision of the
3012:
3019:
have been created in every state and territory to protect and preserve the country's unique ecosystems. These protected areas include national parks and other reserves, as well as 64 wetlands registered under the
4685:
550:). Unsustainable land use still threatens the survival of many species. To target threats to the survival of its fauna, Australia has passed wide-ranging federal and state legislation and established numerous
4749:
2912:
Many of the introduced species are not regulated through wildlife services and can be regularly hunted year round. Some states even fund hunting initiatives though the efficacy of these programs are disputed.
1070:. Fossil evidence suggests that people from the north brought the dingo to Australia about 5000 years ago. When Europeans settled Australia they intentionally released many species into the wild including the
2980:
and the introduction of exotic predators and competitive herbivores has led to the extinction of some 27 mammal, 23 bird and 4 frog species. Much of Australia's fauna is protected by legislation. The federal
7427:
7343:
7124:
5016:
1809:. Apart from the ancient freshwater species, 70% of Australia's freshwater fish have affinities with tropical Indo-Pacific marine species that have adapted to freshwater. These species include freshwater
7363:
1931:
Most of Australia's fish species are marine, and 75% live in tropical marine environments. This is partly due to Australia's huge marine territory, covering 9 million km. Groups of interest include the
191:
7338:
141:
2909:
Costly, laborious and time-consuming efforts at control of these species has met with little success and this continues to be a major problem area in the conservation of Australia's biodiversity.
1002:
and associated species; size varies widely within this family. Most macropods have large hind legs and long, narrow hind feet, with a distinctive arrangement of four toes, and powerfully muscled
680:
started to appear reliably in the Late Miocene fossil record. The marsupials evolved to fill specific ecological niches, and in many cases they are physically similar to the placental mammals in
4317:
3236:
1169:
are found in Australian coastal waters. Since the majority of these species have global distribution, some authors do not consider them to be Australian species. There are eleven species of
2906:
as well as introduced diseases, fungi and parasites. An example of this is Blue Green Algae, which is spreading through many bodies of water in rural Victoria, such as the Gippsland Lakes.
1511:, or southern frogs, are Australia's largest group of frogs, with 112 species classified into anywhere from 17 to 22 genera. A notable member of this group is the colourful and endangered
770:
that only occur in New Guinea. Monotremes differ from other mammals in their methods of reproduction; in particular, they lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young. The platypus โ a
7122:
4641:
4229:
7318:
8197:
7358:
1691:
highly venomous than is typically found in other cities, due to the low numbers of front-fanged elapid species and dominance of relatively harmless pythons and colubrid species.
7313:
91:
4807:
1519:, from family Hylidae, are common in high rainfall areas on the north and east coasts; there are 77 Australian species from three genera. The 18 species from two genera of the
7013:
6464:
5915:
4993:
4067:
2981:
259:
3597:
7588:
5418:
186:
1374:
has attracted the interest of evolutionary psychologists; it has a complex courtship ritual in which the male creates a bower filled with blue, shiny items to woo mates.
7548:
7462:
7123:
6373:
116:
7205:
4696:
7472:
7273:
7263:
842:โ that inhabit the deserts of Western Australia. These rare, blind and earless carnivorous creatures spend most of their time underground; little is known about them.
76:
6913:
4760:
7568:
7368:
1924:. The common carp is strongly implicated in the dramatic loss in waterweed, decline of small native fish species and permanently elevated levels of turbidity in the
6056:
7543:
6598:
6087:
2566:. These crabs live burrowed into the banks of waterways and can plug their burrows, surviving through several years of drought. The extremely primitive freshwater
712:
are both digging insectivores. For the most part, mammals are not a highly visible part of the faunal landscape, as most species are nocturnal and many arboreal.
6949:, Independent Report to the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment and Heritage. CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the Department of the Environment and Heritage
5027:
603:, it was, to some extent, isolated from the effects of global climate change. The unique fauna that originated in Gondwana, such as the marsupials, survived and
826:; it is the size of a small dog and can hunt, although it is mainly a scavenger. It became extinct on the mainland some 600 years ago, and is now found only in
6802:
3189:
66:
7268:
6809:
6558:
Karabanov, Dmitry P.; Bekker, Eugeniya I.; Garibian, Petr G.; Shiel, Russell J.; Kobayashi, Tsuyoshi; Taylor, Derek J.; Kotov, Alexey A. (15 February 2022).
6377:
6847:
4983:(Editors). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group.
8214:
2560:
species are not entirely aquatic, because they spend most of their lives living in burrows. Australia has seven species of freshwater crab from the genus
7437:
7283:
3127:
6761:"Robustness despite uncertainty: regional climate data reveal the dominant role of humans in explaining global extinctions of Late Quaternary megafauna"
2315:
Of the estimated 200,000 animal species in Australia, about 96% are invertebrates. While the full extent of invertebrate diversity is uncertain, 90% of
7583:
4975:. 2014. Turtles of the World, 7th edition: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution with maps, and conservation status. In: Rhodin AGJ,
4653:
3184:
1789:, having evolved before Australia separated from Gondwana. One of the smallest freshwater fish, peculiar to the southwest of Western Australia, is the
774:, egg-laying, duck-billed amphibious mammal โ is considered to be one of the strangest creatures in the animal kingdom. When it was first presented by
496:
6825:
5940:
7482:
4298:
3110:
1030:
Australia has indigenous placental mammals from two orders: the bats โ order Chiroptera โ represented by six families; and the mice and rats โ order
1006:, which they use to hop around. The musky rat-kangaroo is the smallest macropod and the only species that is quadrupedal not bipedal, while the male
6214:
7477:
7467:
7457:
7447:
3243:
3032:
is managed by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority under specific federal and state legislation. Some of Australia's fisheries are already
5711:
2118:
beach in 1988; very little is known about this species, but this discovery may indicate the presence of the species in Australian coastal waters.
8095:
7510:
7432:
354:
2702:, which have been able to take over marine habitats and form urchin barrens due to the over harvesting of their natural predators which include
6942:
6872:
4263:
2699:
232:
4221:
3011:
and is strongly opposed to commercial whaling โ all cetacean species are protected in Australian waters. Australia is also a signatory to the
2938:, who relied upon many species as a source of food and skins. Vertebrates commonly harvested included macropods, possums, seals, fish and the
2729:
There are many unique marine crustaceans in Australian waters. The best-known class, to which all the edible species of crustacean belong, is
1452:
to Australia and New Zealand. About two million birds travel this route to and from Australia each year. One very common large seabird is the
1217:. It can grow up to 3 m long and weigh as much as 400 kg. The dugong is the only herbivorous marine mammal in Australia, feeding on
8100:
5884:
4951:
1570:, known colloquially as the "salty", is the largest living crocodile species; reaching over 7 m, and weighing over 1,000 kg, they
8365:
5052:
3783:
3154:
3095:
1706:
There are more than 700 species of lizards in Australia with representatives of five families. There are over 130 species in 20 genera of
1574:. They live on the coast and in the freshwater rivers and wetlands of northern Australia, and they are farmed for their meat and leather.
6323:
6122:
2858:
species which have flourished and now impact the environment adversely. Introduced organisms affect the environment in a number of ways.
6891:
1793:, which can survive desiccation in the dry season by burrowing into mud. Other families with a potentially Gondwanan origin include the
7621:
5909:
4815:
1621:
is the only Australian turtle not of that family. Australia is the only continent without any living species of land tortoises of the
1539:
in recent years. Although the full reasons for the decline are uncertain, it can be at least partly attributed to the fatal amphibian
7868:
7308:
7240:
6004:
6456:
6283:
5389:
4884:
4337:
806:. Marsupials are characterised by the presence of a pouch in which they rear their young after birth. The carnivorous marsupials โ
81:
6755:
Bartlett, Lewis J.; Williams, David R.; Prescott, Graham W.; Balmford, Andrew; Green, Rhys E.; Eriksson, Anders; Valdes, Paul J.;
6653:
7401:
3887:
1905:
1221:
in coastal areas. The destruction of sea grass beds is a threat to the survival of this species. Eleven species of seal โ family
237:
6253:
4578:
3047:, changing hydrological conditions, land clearing, fragmentation of ecosystems, poor management of the coastal environment, and
8142:
7952:
7760:
7674:
395:
consists of a large variety of animals; some 46% of birds, 69% of mammals, 94% of amphibians, and 93% of reptiles that inhabit
316:
151:
146:
5447:
4395:
Sundar, K. S. Gopi; Grant, John D.; Inka, Veltheim; Kittur, Swati; Brandis, Kate; Michael, McCarthy; Scambler, Elinor (2018).
8038:
7878:
7573:
7046:
6189:
4984:
4914:
3832:
3536:
3370:
2993:
1671:
from family Hydrophiidae inhabit Australia's northern waters; many are extremely venomous. Two species of sea snake from the
3760:
8154:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7538:
7353:
7189:
6907:
3174:
3169:
2054:
inhabit all the coastal waters and estuarine habitats of Australia's coast. There are 166 species, including 30 species of
1714:
is a family of limbless lizards endemic to the Australian region; all 39 species from seven genera occur in Australia. The
5425:
818:
as its sole extant species. The Tasmanian tiger was the largest Dasyuromorphia and the last living specimen of the family
8541:
8485:
8380:
7886:
7720:
7634:
7329:
7299:
7255:
6060:
2529:
2434:
347:
181:
6606:
6091:
4862:
2846:
Introduction of exotic fauna in Australia by design, accident and natural processes has led to a considerable number of
1213:
is an endangered marine species that inhabits the waters of north-eastern and north-western Australia, particularly the
8548:
7679:
7659:
6760:
2985:
2809:, the second largest crab species in the world, found in deep water, and weighing up to 13 kg, and the Australian
3417:
8090:
7991:
7891:
7811:
7745:
7169:
7094:
7074:
7060:
7032:
7007:
6993:
6979:
6954:
6925:
6153:
5927:
5724:
5491:
5249:
von Takach, Brenton; Lettoof, Damian Christopher; Parkin, Tom; de Laive, Alana; Allen, Luke; Jolly, Chris J. (2023).
4553:
4311:
3411:
3272:
3194:
3164:
3159:
3115:
326:
222:
196:
5251:"Analysing spatiotemporal patterns of snake occurrence in an Australian city to help manage human-wildlife conflict"
599:
of the present-day fauna was apparently shaped by the unique climate and the geology of the continent. As Australia
583:
and climatic events helped to make Australia's fauna unique. Australia was once part of the southern supercontinent
7818:
7755:
7740:
6181:
A clinician's guide to Australian venomous bites and stings : incorporating the updated CSL antivenom handbook
5200:
Lettoof, Damian Christopher; Parkin, Tom; Jolly, Chris James; de Laive, Alana; von Takach, Brenton (1 April 2023).
3144:
3008:
1440:
live on the Australian coast, including many species of migratory seabird. Australia is at the southern end of the
96:
6806:
6365:
8259:
8058:
8048:
7984:
7725:
7699:
6843:
3000:
2773:, are more diverse in the colder waters of southern Australia. Less-well-known marine groups include the classes
2715:
1746:
from more than 40 genera, comprising more than 50% of the total Australian lizard fauna; this group includes the
121:
8345:
8244:
7964:
7942:
7848:
7654:
7614:
6741:
Thomson, J.M. et al. 1987. Human Exploitation of and Introductions to the Australian Fauna. In D.W. Walton Ed.
5609:
Williams, W.D. and Allen, G.R. 1987. Origins and adaptations of the fauna of inland waters. In D.W. Walton Ed.
1571:
1441:
340:
5026:. Canberra: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. Archived from
4759:. Canberra: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. Archived from
4695:. Canberra: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. Archived from
1675:
also occur in Australian waters. Australia has only 11 species from the world's most significant snake family
1189:
are more commonly observed. There are 37 species of toothed whale, which include all six genera of the family
439:
placental animals occupy elsewhere in the world. Australia is home to two of the five known extant species of
8495:
8412:
8288:
8137:
8130:
8001:
7947:
7750:
7730:
7578:
7442:
7233:
5155:"Snakes on an urban plain: Temporal patterns of snake activity and humanโsnake conflict in Darwin, Australia"
4972:
3179:
3048:
2841:
1523:
frogs are restricted to the rainforests of northern Australia and nearby habitats; the smallest species, the
158:
126:
7178:
5078:
4645:
1667:. Of the 200 species of elapid, 106 are found in Australia and 86 are found only in Australia. Thirty-three
8480:
8274:
8011:
7974:
7853:
7843:
7715:
3090:
3016:
2547:
563:
551:
175:
136:
101:
5312:
2570:, found only in Tasmania, are a unique group, resembling species found in the fossil record from 200 MYA.
931:. Wombats use their diprotodont teeth and powerful claws to dig extensive burrow systems; they are mainly
8583:
8249:
8207:
8202:
8149:
7896:
7863:
7791:
7394:
7139:
6222:
4271:
2524:
includes 124 species of Australian freshwater crayfish. These include the world's smallest crayfish, the
2442:
1536:
6937:
6869:
6628:
4099:"A detailed picture of the origin of the Australian dingo, obtained from the study of mitochondrial DNA"
2501:. On average they reach 80 cm in length, but specimens up to 3.7 m in length have been found.
8315:
8219:
8073:
8028:
7932:
7288:
5708:
3149:
3105:
2087:
1198:
1138:. Only three species of non-native placental mammal were not deliberately introduced to Australia: the
247:
131:
106:
7020:(D. W. Walton and B. J. Richardson, eds.). Mammalia, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 1B:1โ1227.
4683:
3440:
Archer, M.; et al. (1985). "First Mesozoic mammal from Australia-an early Cretaceous monotreme".
2934:
For at least 40,000 years, Australia's fauna played an integral role in the traditional lifestyles of
2458:
with an estimated 550 more waiting to be described, and at least 17 scorpion genera with 120 species.
8435:
8392:
8340:
8239:
8085:
8053:
7969:
7959:
7927:
7607:
7533:
7505:
7348:
7158:
5528:: Dipnoi) have low genetic variation at allozyme and mitochondrial DNA loci: a conservation alert?".
3139:
3132:
2929:
2490:
1901:
1679:; none are endemic, and they are considered to be relatively recent arrivals from Asia. There are 15
1644:
1457:
1242:
883:
does not normally need to drink, because it can obtain all of the moisture it needs by eating leaves.
384:
320:
279:
86:
6888:
5053:"There's a potentially dangerous myth about venomous snakes that researchers have proven very wrong"
4260:
2380:, including bugs, aphids and hoppers, comprises 5,650 species; and there are 2,827 species of order
974:
are common species of gliding possum, found in the eucalypt forests of eastern Australia, while the
8350:
8335:
8182:
8018:
7979:
7806:
7226:
5778:
5086:
Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, Cooperative Research Center for Tropical Savannas Management
3122:
2723:
2694:
2438:
2115:
1288:, order Psittaciformes. Australian parrots comprise a sixth of the world's parrots, including many
403:
to it. This high level of endemism can be attributed to the continent's long geographic isolation,
306:
4947:
4397:"Sympatric cranes in northern Australia: abundance, breeding success, habitat preference and diet"
2920:, invasive species are the leading cause of native Australian animal extinctions since the 1960s.
2516:, is common in many areas of Australia. In this family of spiders, the female carries her egg-sac.
8500:
8375:
8355:
8330:
8310:
8063:
8033:
7858:
7735:
7664:
7528:
3100:
2964:
is debated, but increasingly favours the idea humans were responsible for megafaunal extinction.
2942:, most commonly known as the muttonbird. Invertebrates used as food included insects such as the
2939:
1473:
1308:
is the only crane exclusive to Australia, and it shares habitat with the more widely distributed
1281:
1082:. Other domestic species have escaped and over time have produced wild populations including the
963:
535:
291:
242:
7213:
6513:
Karabanov, Dmitry P.; Bekker, Eugeniya I.; Shiel, Russell J.; Kotov, Alexey A. (27 March 2018).
3824:
3818:
2882:
may have been introduced to Australia by humans or birds. Other invasive species include birds (
2028:
are one of the reef's largest species. However, large reef fish should not be eaten for fear of
8407:
8385:
8360:
8325:
8305:
8269:
8107:
8078:
8068:
8043:
8006:
7937:
7774:
7669:
7563:
7387:
2960:. The role of hunting and landscape modification by aboriginal people in the extinction of the
2935:
2083:
1606:
959:
543:
487:
411:
over geological time. A unique feature of Australia's fauna is the relative scarcity of native
6334:
1535:โ which only occurs in the Queensland rainforests. As elsewhere, there has been a precipitous
1527:, is from this family. There is a single species from the world's dominant frog group, family
34:
8470:
8402:
8300:
8254:
8117:
8023:
7910:
7796:
5881:
3044:
2891:
2421:
2401:
1602:
1477:
588:
396:
296:
5882:
SAF Statistics for the Worldwide Locations with the Highest Shark Attack Activity Since 1990
3360:
3242:(Report). Commonwealth of Australia Department of the Environment and Energy. Archived from
2090:, of which two were fatal. Only 3 species of shark pose a significant threat to humans: the
1948:, whose males incubate their partner's eggs in a specialised pouch. There are 80 species of
1643:
Australia is the only continent where venomous snakes outnumber their non-venomous cousins.
1502:. In 1935 the cane toad was introduced to Australia in a failed attempt to control pests in
8534:
8505:
8427:
8264:
8234:
8170:
8125:
7838:
7833:
7801:
7786:
7642:
7452:
7154:
6775:
6697:
5576:
5213:
5202:"Snake life history traits and their association with urban habitat use in a tropical city"
5166:
4110:
3561:
3494:
3451:
3297:
2988:. This act protects all native fauna and provides for the identification and protection of
2961:
2814:
2806:
2719:
2578:
2498:
2079:
1965:
1925:
1575:
1532:
1178:
763:
731:
685:
641:
580:
311:
301:
111:
6920:, CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra.
5922:, CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra.
2967:
2419:
There are 1,275 described species and subspecies of ant from Australia. These green ants (
1694:
1304:
family, known for its call, which sounds uncannily like loud, echoing human laughter. The
8:
8455:
8397:
8229:
8192:
7922:
6001:
4980:
3025:
2686:
2586:
1782:
1747:
1727:
1652:
1632:
1567:
1555:
1433:, are destructive of some native bird species and thus destabilise the native ecosystem.
1414:
1161:
is an endangered species; the largest remaining population is found in Australian waters.
955:
767:
7210:, full contents of Mammalia and some of Amphibia & Reptilia available in .pdf format
6779:
6701:
6291:
6261:
5580:
5486:. S. H. Midgley, M. Allen. Perth, W.A.: Western Australian Museum. pp. vii, 54โ55.
5397:
5217:
5170:
5154:
4888:
4114:
3565:
3498:
3455:
3301:
1609:; all are protected in Australian waters. There are 35 species of Australian freshwater
1026:
was the first placental mammal introduced to Australia by humans, around 4000 years ago.
8557:
8515:
8490:
8475:
8465:
8460:
8450:
8417:
8320:
8224:
7823:
6721:
6681:"Ecosystem Collapse in Pleistocene Australia and a Human Role in Megafaunal Extinction"
5592:
5545:
5455:
4275:
3510:
3467:
3318:
3285:
3267:
Josephine Flood (2004) Archaeology of the Dreamtime, J.B. Publishing, Marleston p. 283
3029:
2989:
2951:
2594:
2582:
2075:
1969:
1850:
1487:
1453:
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1406:
1320:
1269:
1250:
983:
975:
795:
604:
408:
71:
60:
48:
6680:
6457:"crab (crustacean) :: Distribution and variety. โ Britannica Online Encyclopedia"
4133:
4098:
3891:
1241:
is the second largest extant species of bird. It is a heraldic bird, appearing on the
822:
died in captivity in 1936. The world's largest surviving carnivorous marsupial is the
8445:
8187:
7278:
7090:
7070:
7056:
7042:
7028:
7003:
6989:
6975:
6950:
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6514:
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5923:
5755:
5720:
5677:
5659:
5497:
5487:
5270:
5231:
5182:
4910:
4684:
Littlejohn, Murray J.; Roberts, J. Dale; Watson, Graham F.; Davies, Margaret (1993).
4583:
Australian Government Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water
4333:
4307:
4138:
3828:
3579:
3532:
3485:
Godthelp, H.; et al. (1992). "Earliest known Australian Tertiary mammal fauna".
3407:
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3323:
3268:
3021:
2682:
2099:
2040:
1921:
1917:
1759:
1628:
1363:
1206:
600:
420:
284:
6725:
5596:
5549:
2528:, which does not exceed 30 mm in length, and the world's largest crayfish, the
8562:
7996:
7487:
6783:
6705:
6577:
6532:
5773:
5584:
5537:
5262:
5221:
5174:
4408:
4128:
4118:
3716:
3569:
3514:
3502:
3471:
3459:
3442:
3313:
3305:
3068:
3004:
avoid extinction of the endangered native species in various wildlife sanctuaries.
2972:
2847:
2758:
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2525:
2409:
2405:
2389:
1981:
1861:
1618:
1594:
1590:
1550:
1544:
1445:
1422:
1186:
1010:
is the largest, reaching a height of about 2 m and weighing up to 85 kg.
954:. The possums are a diverse group of arboreal marsupials and vary in size from the
947:
936:
839:
660:
436:
428:
5563:
Berra, Tim M.; Pusey, Bradley J. (October 1997). "Threatened fishes of the world:
4554:"The planet's most threatened flight path, and the $ 3 billion plan to protect it"
4412:
2396:. Introduced species that pose a significant threat to native species include the
2016:, all of which have toxins that can kill humans. There are 11 venomous species of
7558:
7173:
6946:
6917:
6895:
6876:
6813:
6568:
6008:
5919:
5715:
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2111:
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2021:
1913:
1885:
1822:
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1512:
1418:
1371:
1194:
1079:
971:
900:
865:
823:
725:
701:
407:
stability, and the effects of a unique pattern of climate change on the soil and
404:
4396:
2593:
A huge variety of marine invertebrates are found in Australian waters, with the
786:
8440:
6756:
5422:
5266:
5226:
5201:
4909:
Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc (1983),
4103:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3574:
3549:
3082:
3036:, and quotas have been set for the sustainable harvest of many marine species.
2947:
2532:, measuring up to 76 cm long and weighing 4.5 kg. The crayfish genus
2486:
2455:
2446:
2179:
2071:
1889:
1802:
1790:
1764:
1731:
1723:
1508:
1449:
1285:
1174:
1003:
835:
807:
623:
444:
432:
6909:
Coasts and Oceans Theme Report, Australia State of the Environment Report 2001
6536:
5588:
5541:
3399:
2829:
8577:
7553:
6199:
5764:
5274:
5250:
5235:
5186:
4858:
3286:"An Aboriginal Australian genome reveals separate human dispersals into Asia"
3033:
2810:
2778:
2754:
2750:
2638:
2482:
2474:
2393:
2283:
2055:
1977:
1957:
1937:
1881:
1794:
1672:
1647:
belong to seven families. Of these, the most venomous species, including the
1622:
1426:
1390:
1355:
1214:
1131:
1127:
1075:
896:
892:
791:
6709:
5501:
4123:
3309:
1972:
supports a huge variety of small- and medium-sized reef fish, including the
1856:
1718:
or dragon lizards are represented by 70 species in 14 genera, including the
1578:, found only in northern Australia, are not considered dangerous to humans.
614:, fauna of Asian origin were able to establish themselves in Australia. The
7166:
7142:
was created from a revision of this article dated 23 October 2006
6889:
About the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas (NRSMPA)
6717:
6544:
5153:
Parkin, Tom; Jolly, Chris J.; de Laive, Alana; von Takach, Brenton (2021).
4859:"Crocodilian Species โ Australian Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)"
4142:
3598:"Ringtail and Greater Gliding Possums (Pseudocheiridae) | Encyclopedia.com"
3583:
3401:
3327:
3076:
2899:
2883:
2782:
2730:
2711:
2634:
2539:
2521:
2013:
2001:
1953:
1893:
1865:
1842:
1742:, which can reach up to 2 m in length. There are about 450 species of
1719:
1648:
1598:
1520:
1499:
1430:
1402:
1382:
1190:
1170:
1123:
1007:
991:
967:
951:
943:
904:
850:
819:
775:
619:
615:
424:
376:
372:
6179:
5524:
Frentiu, F.D.; J.R. Ovenden & R. Street (2001). "Australian lungfish (
2698:
marine invertebrates include the native species purple sea urchin and the
2504:
1409:. A number of bird species have been introduced by humans; some, like the
622:
regions of Asia and Australasia โ marks the tectonic boundary between the
8510:
8370:
5481:
2943:
2887:
2786:
2746:
2614:
2567:
2509:
2466:
2397:
2385:
2349:
2337:
2231:
2095:
1997:
1960:, which can grow as large as 2.7 m and weigh up to 400 kg. The
1897:
1877:
1873:
1846:
1711:
1684:
1660:
1582:
1524:
1335:
1315:
1309:
1182:
1139:
1099:
1091:
1059:
932:
875:
654:
was the largest carnivorous marsupial to have survived into modern times.
412:
6654:"Since 1960, Australia has lost 23 native animals in an extinction wave"
1201:, a species first described in 2005. Some oceanic dolphins, such as the
6788:
2984:
was created to meet Australia's obligations as a signatory to the 1992
2879:
2762:
2690:
2642:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2381:
2091:
2009:
1989:
1973:
1961:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1798:
1769:
1680:
1676:
1351:
1301:
1297:
1277:
1205:, can be found in all waters around the continent; others, such as the
1048:
987:
924:
916:
811:
697:
523:
492:
6582:
6559:
5178:
2437:. There are numerous highly venomous species, including the notorious
915:
is an arboreal species that feeds on the leaves of various species of
7630:
7599:
7218:
5753:
3506:
3463:
2956:
2875:
2871:
2834:
2798:
2774:
2766:
2606:
2494:
2469:
there are many families of aquatic worms, and for native terrestrial
2377:
2341:
2257:
2244:
2107:
2067:
2063:
2044:
2029:
2025:
2005:
1945:
1933:
1909:
1668:
1563:
1516:
1503:
1417:, coexist happily with Australian species, while others, such as the
1394:
1367:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1327:
1257:
1218:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1103:
888:
857:
803:
755:
709:
689:
673:
664:
651:
628:
596:
526:
are strongly believed to have become extinct in Australia during the
504:
479:. Uniquely, Australia has more venomous than non-venomous species of
472:
464:
440:
416:
7214:
30+ Native Australian Animals - Facts, Pics & Where To Find Them
7082:
Australian Faunal Directory], Department of Environment and Heritage
7080:
2733:. The warm waters of northern Australia are home to many species of
2556:, commonly known as the land crayfish, are also found in Australia.
2035:
704:
have similar adaptations enabling their arboreal lifestyle; and the
684:
and North America that occupy similar niches, a phenomenon known as
568:
7379:
7194:
4306:(2nd ed.). Australian Biological Resources Study. p. 14.
2802:
2790:
2734:
2630:
2602:
2598:
2573:
2462:
2430:
2373:
2218:
2205:
2192:
2153:
2140:
2059:
2017:
1941:
1814:
1786:
1739:
1734:, family Varanidae, in Australia, where they are commonly known as
1715:
1664:
1614:
1359:
1289:
1273:
1233:
1222:
1111:
1095:
995:
887:
Marsupials with two front teeth (diprotodont) on the lower jaw and
869:
827:
759:
745:
584:
573:
527:
476:
456:
448:
400:
6519:
Sars (Crustacea: Cladocera) in the Lower Lakes of South Australia"
5523:
5308:
3784:"Newborn eastern quoll joeys to be tracked with tail transmitters"
3721:
3700:
572:
Evidence suggests that Australia was a part of the supercontinent
367:
7190:
Crustacean Gallery- Marine crustacean from southeastern Australia
7069:, Volume 1A. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
6523:
6125:, CSIRO Entomology. Internet Archive: Retrieved 18 December 2013.
5719:, Queensland Department of Primary Industries Fisheries Division
4640:
2917:
2895:
2867:
2863:
2818:
2794:
2770:
2742:
2703:
2662:
2552:
2365:
2320:
2270:
2004:. There are several venomous fish, among them several species of
1949:
1810:
1778:
1540:
1528:
1461:
1437:
1398:
1378:
1330:
of Australia, also known as songbirds or perching birds, include
1166:
1083:
1071:
1035:
999:
920:
780:
693:
681:
611:
592:
519:
512:
468:
460:
6754:
6745:, Volume 1A. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
5613:, Volume 1A. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
4996:
2 May 2015 at Wikiwix, doi:10.3854/ crm.5.000.checklist.v7.2014.
3527:
Townsend, C.R. et al. 2008. Ecologyโs evolutionary backdrop, in
6560:"Multiple Recent Colonizations of the Australian Region by the
5248:
3051:โ pose major problems for protecting Australia's biodiversity.
2859:
2693:, which can cause respiratory failure and death in humans. The
2678:
2670:
2654:
2543:
2534:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2316:
1993:
1735:
1699:
1656:
1610:
1494:
Australia has four families of native frogs and one introduced
1482:
1305:
1261:
1210:
1158:
1119:
1107:
1031:
908:
907:. The Vombatiformes include the koala and the three species of
815:
705:
677:
668:
500:
452:
379:
and is one of Australia's heraldic animals, appearing with the
6830:
Australian Government Department of the Environment And Energy
5946:(Report) (2nd ed.). Australian Biological Resources Study
5887:
17 February 2011 at Wikiwix, Florida Museum of Natural History
5017:"15. General Description and Definition of the Order Chelonia"
845:
7183:
5152:
4261:
Dugongs in the Great Barrier Reef: Current State of Knowledge
2982:
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
2903:
2851:
2658:
2646:
2610:
2451:
2415:
2051:
1743:
1707:
1636:
1293:
1115:
1067:
1066:. The first placental mammal introduced to Australia was the
1063:
1039:
1023:
919:. Wombats, on the other hand, live on the ground and feed on
912:
880:
861:
831:
794:
is mainland Australia's largest carnivorous marsupial and an
771:
646:
531:
480:
227:
6557:
5911:
Biodiversity, Australia State of the Environment Report 2001
2597:
an important source of this diversity. Families include the
2425:) are found in tropical Australia and build nests in leaves.
802:
Australia has the world's largest and most diverse range of
6870:
Summary of Terrestrial Protected Areas in Australia by Type
6374:
Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts
6083:
3400:
Woinarski, John; Burbidge, Andrew; Harrison, Peter (2014).
2738:
2674:
2650:
2470:
2361:
2345:
1985:
1952:
in Australian waters, including one of the world's biggest
1495:
1386:
1331:
1202:
928:
739:
516:
508:
5199:
3015:
agreement and prohibits the export of endangered species.
1964:, a group of 50 species of silver schooling fish, and the
7053:
The Australian Museum Complete Book of Australian Mammals
6512:
6081:
2489:. The latter includes the world's largest earthworm, the
2369:
2357:
2353:
1456:, which can be found in most waterways in Australia. The
1265:
1238:
1153:
1087:
1044:
1018:
380:
6844:"Whale Protection โ How is Australia protecting whales?"
5024:
Fauna of Australia series, Environment Australia website
4757:
Fauna of Australia series, Environment Australia website
4693:
Fauna of Australia series, Environment Australia website
1260:. Birds with a Gondwanan history include the flightless
7199:
6184:. Julian White, CSL Limited. Parkville, Vic.: CSL Ltd.
2862:
render land economically useless by eating everything.
1785:. The Queensland lungfish is the most primitive of the
7200:
University of Melbourne Australian Venom Research Unit
7087:
A complete guide to reptiles of Australia, 5th Edition
5562:
3550:"Tasmanian wolf genome offers clues to its extinction"
3190:
List of marine animals of Australia (temperate waters)
2975:
is critically endangered on the Australian east coast.
1062:
mammals have been introduced to Australia and are now
986:, with the musky rat-kangaroo as its only member; the
6936:
Australian State of the Environment Committee. 2001.
4394:
2308:
Modified from: Williams et al. 2001 and Chapman, 2009
5941:
Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World
4979:, van Dijk PP, Saumure RA, Buhlmann KA, Iverson JB,
4300:
Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World
3058:
2916:
According to a 2023 report co-authored by biologist
3128:
List of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds
1868:, is found in the waters around southern Australia.
1772:
is Australia's largest wholly freshwater bony fish.
982:The macropods are divided into three families: the
6887:Department of the Environment and Heritage. 2002.
6868:Department of the Environment and Heritage. 2002.
6148:. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.
6088:"issg Database: Ecology of Anoplolepis gracilipes"
5754:Fennessy, S.; Pollard, D.A.; Samoilys, M. (2018).
3185:List of Australian animals extinct in the Holocene
2477:(pot worms) and the "true" earthworms in families
2433:, including 78 spider families with 79 species of
1920:species as well as other upland fauna such as the
1872:Several exotic freshwater fish species, including
1581:The Australian coast is visited by six species of
1490:is a common frog species across eastern Australia.
688:. For example, the top predator in Australia, the
497:list of Australian animals extinct in the Holocene
6596:
5994:
4747:
4340:Retrieved from Internet Archive 16 December 2013.
3111:List of placental mammals introduced to Australia
1558:is the largest species of crocodile in the world.
810:โ are represented by two surviving families: the
419:โ a group of mammals that raise their young in a
8575:
5709:The Action Plan for Australian Freshwater Fishes
4338:Fossil history of birds: fossil history overview
3214:
3212:
3210:
2923:
2902:). The problem is compounded by invasive exotic
1968:are popular species for commercial fishing. The
1209:, are confined to the warm northern waters. The
911:. One of Australia's best-known marsupials, the
814:with 51 members, and the Myrmecobiidae with the
6515:"Invasion of a Holarctic Planktonic cladoceran
5014:
4903:
3234:
2135:Estimated total number of species in Australia
1710:found throughout the Australian continent. The
5779:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T7858A100465809.en
1444:for migratory water birds, which extends from
7615:
7395:
7234:
7202:, descriptions and images of venomous species
6599:"The damage of invasive species in Australia"
6143:
5483:Field guide to freshwater fishes of Australia
4296:
3698:
3207:
2454:. Australia also has at least 150 species of
348:
6737:
6735:
6212:
6057:"red imported fire ant โ Solenopsis invicta"
5904:
5902:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5293:
3155:List of Australian stick insects and mantids
3096:List of Australian monotremes and marsupials
2710:. Introduced invertebrate pests include the
715:
6000:CSIRO Entomology: Insects and their allies
4552:Lewis, Nell; Lee, Woojin; Dotto, Carlotta.
3403:The Action Plan for Australian Mammals 2012
3237:State of the Environment 2016: Biodiversity
2878:poisons the predators by being eaten. Some
2435:spider familiar enough to have common names
2047:shark, reaching a length of around 3 m
958:, weighing just 7 g, to the cat-sized
7622:
7608:
7402:
7388:
7241:
7227:
6803:Department of the Environment and Heritage
5441:
5439:
5437:
4808:"Australian species are older, study says"
4096:
4065:
3782:Smith, Ainslie Drewitt (29 October 2020).
2726:, all of which displace native shellfish.
2070:. There are three species from the family
1833:. Native freshwater game fish include the
1467:
1055:, collectively called the "new endemics".
355:
341:
7025:A field guide to the mammals of Australia
7000:Coastal fishes of south-eastern Australia
6787:
6732:
6581:
6059:. Entomology.ifas.ufl.edu. Archived from
5899:
5777:
5290:
5225:
4551:
4132:
4122:
3998:Menkhorst and Knight, pp. 17โ18, 110โ120.
3816:
3720:
3573:
3317:
3283:
3235:Cresswell, Ian; Murphy, Helen T. (2017).
2102:. Some popular beaches in Queensland and
7150:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
7133:
6351:
6349:
6347:
5693:
5691:
5517:
5387:
4924:
4922:
4835:
4833:
4792:
4790:
4222:"New species of Reef dolphin discovered"
3547:
3484:
2966:
2828:
2572:
2503:
2414:
2034:
1855:
1763:
1738:. The largest Australian monitor is the
1693:
1683:species and 45 species of insectivorous
1627:
1549:
1481:
1314:
1232:
1165:Forty-six marine mammals from the order
1152:
1017:
946:includes six families and 26 species of
874:
844:
785:
645:
567:
366:
6939:Australia State of the Environment 2001
6433:
6431:
5938:
5880:International Shark Attack File. 2005.
5434:
4323:from the original on 18 September 2017.
4197:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4181:
4179:
3817:Lee, A.K. (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.).
1537:decline in Australia's frog populations
1058:Since human settlement many additional
618:โ the hypothetical line separating the
8576:
7629:
7248:
7014:Biogeography and Phylogeny of Eutheria
6678:
6144:Whyte, Robert; Anderson, Greg (2017).
5475:
5473:
4950:. Environment.gov.au. 27 August 2007.
4799:
4083:
4081:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4040:
3989:Menkhorst and Knight, pp. 17, 104โ110.
3913:
3911:
3909:
3746:
3744:
3734:
3732:
3685:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3643:
3641:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3439:
2681:). Venomous invertebrates include the
2132:Estimated number of species described
950:and three families with 53 species of
557:
7603:
7383:
7222:
7167:Australian Biological Resources Study
6906:Newton, G and Boshier, J, eds. 2001.
6366:"Tasmanian Giant Freshwater Lobster (
6344:
6321:
6177:
6146:A Field Guide to Spiders of Australia
5939:Chapman, Arthur D. (September 2009).
5688:
5479:
4966:
4919:
4887:. Australianfauna.com. Archived from
4830:
4805:
4787:
3873:
3871:
3781:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3358:
3041:State of the Environment Report, 2001
2994:Australian Biological Resources Study
542:) and possibly extinct taxa like the
530:epoch. These figures exclude dubious
503:(27 from the mainland, including the
7409:
7186:, Australia's natural history museum
6846:. Environment.gov.au. 11 June 2010.
6759:; Manica, Andrea (1 February 2016).
6428:
6380:from the original on 5 February 2010
6213:Booth, Carol (JulyโSeptember 2008).
5448:"Introduction to Australia's Fishes"
5315:from the original on 2 November 2015
4778:
4625:
4232:from the original on 7 December 2013
4188:
4176:
4097:Savolainen, P.; et al. (2004).
3823:. New York: Facts on File. pp.
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3175:List of introduced fish in Australia
3170:List of extinct animals of Australia
2542:, in addition to the farmed species
2086:. In 2004, there were 12 unprovoked
1013:
667:and placental mammals date from the
7023:Menkhorst, P. W.; Knight, F. 2004.
6986:Encyclopedia of Australian wildlife
6850:from the original on 11 August 2011
6333:. Queensland Museum. Archived from
6121:Shattuck, S. and Barnett, N. 2001.
5765:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
5470:
5390:"Murray Cod, Maccullochella peelii"
4954:from the original on 23 August 2011
4656:from the original on 17 August 2009
4579:"Wetlands and migratory shorebirds"
4219:
4078:
4037:
4001:
3906:
3801:
3741:
3729:
3680:
3668:
3650:
3638:
3624:
3548:Callaway, Ewen (11 December 2017).
2824:
2821:species as they do not have claws.
2530:Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish
1635:are amongst the largest species of
1464:that breeds on mainland Australia.
595:era 5.3 MYA. The establishment and
13:
7120:
6597:wildlife-reporter (14 July 2017).
6082:Synergy International Limited <
4250:Menkhorst and Knight, pp. 224โ234.
4210:Menkhorst and Knight, pp. 22, 240.
4173:Menkhorst and Knight, pp. 208โ220.
3868:
3379:
3284:Rasmussen, M; et al. (2011).
2986:Convention on Biological Diversity
1051:and evolved into seven species of
754:Two of the five living species of
262:Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
14:
8595:
7364:Heard Island and McDonald Islands
7101:
6826:"Australian Wildlife Conservancy"
6807:EPBC Act List of Threatened Fauna
5423:Standard Names of Australian Fish
5388:Bray, Dianne; Thompson, Vanessa.
4865:from the original on 17 July 2011
4642:Invasive Species Specialist Group
3420:from the original on 7 June 2014.
3221:
3195:Environmental issues in Australia
3165:List of common Australian spiders
3160:List of Dermapterans of Australia
3116:List of Australian marine mammals
2376:, comprises 7,786 species. Order
1377:Relatively recent colonists from
895:, and further into the suborders
692:, bore a striking resemblance to
540:Drymodes superciliaris colcloughi
7132:
6930:
6900:
6881:
6862:
6836:
6818:
6796:
6748:
6672:
6646:
6621:
6590:
6551:
6506:
6497:
6488:
6479:
6467:from the original on 6 June 2011
6449:
6440:
6419:
6410:
6401:
6392:
6358:
6322:Short, John W. (November 2000).
6315:
6306:
6276:
6246:
6237:
6206:
6171:
6162:
6137:
6128:
6115:
6106:
6075:
6049:
6040:
6031:
6022:
6013:
5985:
5976:
5967:
5958:
5932:
5890:
5874:
5865:
5856:
5847:
5838:
5829:
5820:
5811:
5802:
5793:
5747:
5738:
5729:
5706:Wager, R. and Jackson, P. 1993.
5700:
5670:
5652:
5643:
5634:
5625:
5616:
5603:
5567:Mees, 1961 (Lepidogalaxiidae)".
5556:
5508:
5445:
5412:
5381:
5372:
5363:
5354:
5345:
5336:
5327:
5281:
5242:
5193:
5146:
5137:
5128:
5119:
5110:
5101:
5092:
5071:
5045:
5008:
4999:
4940:
4931:
4877:
4851:
4842:
4650:Global Invasive Species Database
3980:Menkhorst and Knight, pp. 17โ18.
3877:Menkhorst and Knight, pp. 80โ84.
3705:(Dasyuromorphia: Myrmecobiidae)"
3362:Walker's Marsupials of the World
3145:List of butterflies of Australia
3075:
3061:
3009:International Whaling Commission
2817:, which are distinct from other
2429:Australia has a wide variety of
2412:which compete with native bees.
2121:
1625:superfamily besides Antarctica.
1613:from eight genera of the family
738:
724:
33:
5973:Egerton, pp. 494โ495, 520, 553.
5817:Egerton, pp. 446, 467โ468, 478.
5569:Environmental Biology of Fishes
5287:Wilson and Swan (2017), p. 458.
4741:
4732:
4723:
4714:
4677:
4668:
4634:
4622:Egerton, pp. 366, 379, 388โ389.
4616:
4607:
4598:
4589:
4571:
4545:
4536:
4527:
4518:
4509:
4500:
4491:
4482:
4473:
4464:
4455:
4446:
4437:
4428:
4419:
4388:
4379:
4370:
4361:
4352:
4343:
4327:
4290:
4281:
4253:
4244:
4213:
4204:
4167:
4158:
4149:
4090:
4059:
4028:
4019:
4010:
3992:
3983:
3974:
3965:
3956:
3947:
3938:
3929:
3920:
3880:
3859:
3850:
3841:
3810:
3775:
3753:
3692:
3659:
3615:
3590:
3541:
3521:
3478:
3433:
3424:
3001:Australian Wildlife Conservancy
2946:and larvae collectively called
2716:New Zealand green-lipped mussel
2441:and allied mygalomorphs, whose
2348:, and around 14,800 species of
1284:), and a huge group of endemic
1225:โ live off the southern coast.
511:(three from the mainland), one
486:The settlement of Australia by
7428:Federated States of Micronesia
7344:Australian Antarctic Territory
7179:Australian Insect Common names
7041:. Australian Fishing Network.
6972:A Natural History of Australia
5143:Wilson and Swan (2017), p. 476
5134:Wilson and Swan (2017), p. 526
3393:
3352:
3343:
3334:
3277:
3261:
2805:. Notable species include the
2340:with 20,816 species including
2020:, the largest of which is the
1908:native fish species including
1442:East Asian-Australasian Flyway
1300:is the largest species of the
650:Becoming extinct in 1936, the
1:
6963:
6564:Group (Crustacea: Cladocera)"
5565:Lepidogalaxias salamandroides
5255:Biodiversity and Conservation
4986:Chelonian Research Monographs
4973:Turtle Taxonomy Working Group
4413:10.1080/01584197.2018.1537673
4201:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 254.
4034:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 200.
4025:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 120.
4016:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 110.
3531:3rd edition. Wiley-Blackwell
3180:Threatened fauna of Australia
3007:Australia is a member of the
2924:Human impact and conservation
2842:Invasive species in Australia
2645:) and the Mollusca (includes
1562:Australia has two species of
1038:. There are only two endemic
7309:Australian Capital Territory
4806:Young, Emma (21 July 2010).
3962:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 94.
3944:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 90.
3926:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 92.
3917:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 86.
3856:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 52.
3738:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 46.
3677:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 48.
3647:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 44.
3091:List of mammals of Australia
1845:. Two species of endangered
891:are classified in the order
830:. There are four species of
564:Natural history of Australia
7:
7339:Ashmore and Cartier Islands
7085:Wilson, S.; Swan, G. 2017.
6288:Australian Faunal Directory
6284:"Names List for SCORPIONES"
6258:Australian Faunal Directory
4272:Cooperative Research Centre
4068:"Bats - Wildcare Australia"
3820:The Encyclopedia of Mammals
3054:
990:, with 11 species; and the
447:species, which include the
415:mammals. Consequently, the
260:Environment Protection and
10:
8600:
7027:. Oxford University Press
7012:McKay, G. M. et al. 1989.
6629:"Is hunting conservation?"
6090:. Issg.org. Archived from
5908:Williams, J. et al. 2001.
5835:Egerton, pp. 435. 489โ490.
5267:10.1007/s10531-023-02752-2
5227:10.1007/s11252-023-01327-x
4748:Burton, Thomas C. (1993).
4686:"7. Family Myobatrachidae"
4066:Australia Inc., Wildcare.
3575:10.1038/d41586-017-08368-1
3150:List of moths of Australia
3106:List of Australian rodents
2927:
2839:
2088:shark attacks in Australia
1757:
1730:. There are 30 species of
1471:
1248:
1199:Australian snubfin dolphin
672:Australia moved closer to
639:
635:
561:
8528:
8426:
8296:
8287:
8178:
8169:
8116:
7992:Intelligence and security
7918:
7909:
7877:
7782:
7773:
7708:
7650:
7641:
7519:
7496:
7415:
7327:
7297:
7254:
6537:10.11646/zootaxa.4402.1.6
5480:Allen, Gerald R. (2002).
4646:"Ecology of Bufo marinus"
4401:Emu - Austral Ornithology
3359:Nowak, Ronald M. (2005).
3140:List of ants of Australia
3133:List of birds of Tasmania
2950:and molluscs. The use of
2930:Conservation in Australia
2550:. Species from the genus
2491:giant Gippsland earthworm
2328:, with 28,200 species of
2306:
1928:of south west Australia.
1825:, and some 50 species of
1458:Australian little penguin
1243:coat of arms of Australia
716:Monotremes and marsupials
385:coat of arms of Australia
7574:Northern Mariana Islands
7065:Walton, D. W. Ed. 1987.
7055:. Angus & Robertson
6894:6 September 2007 at the
6875:15 November 2011 at the
6633:Invasive Species Council
6084:http://www.synergy.co.nz
6002:Insects and their allies
5311:. The Reptile Database.
5015:Legler, John M. (1993).
4750:"9. Family Microhylidae"
4266:21 February 2014 at the
3365:. JHU Press. p. 5.
3200:
3123:List of Australian birds
2724:northern Pacific seastar
2695:crown-of-thorns starfish
2134:
2131:
1781:or bonytongues, and the
1698:There are 30 species of
1228:
766:, the other three being
758:occur in Australia: the
7539:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
7354:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
6945:1 November 2010 at the
6916:12 January 2012 at the
6710:10.1126/science.1111288
5758:Epinephelus lanceolatus
5589:10.1023/A:1007322606248
5542:10.1023/A:1011576116472
4124:10.1073/pnas.0401814101
3310:10.1126/science.1211177
3101:List of Australian bats
2940:short-tailed shearwater
2737:crustaceans, including
2579:magnificent sea anemone
1753:
1607:leatherback sea turtles
1474:Amphibians of Australia
1468:Amphibians and reptiles
1460:is the only species of
1282:Australian brush-turkey
1047:entered Australia from
536:Roper River scrub robin
8386:Indigenous Australians
7887:States and territories
7172:8 January 2009 at the
7128:
7108:Listen to this article
7051:Strahan, R. ed. 1983.
6984:Egerton, L. ed. 2005.
6679:Miller, G. H. (2005).
6503:Egerton, pp. 105, 389.
6437:Egerton, pp. 502, 596.
6178:White, Julian (2012).
6123:Australian Ants Online
5826:Egerton, pp. 480, 486.
5799:Egerton, pp. 449, 451.
5735:Egerton, pp. 413, 420.
5660:"Northern River Shark"
5351:Egerton, pp. 319, 323.
5309:"The Reptile Database"
5125:Egerton, pp. 352, 356.
4506:Egerton, pp. 268, 272.
4297:Chapman, A.D. (2009).
4072:Wildcare Australia Inc
3699:Cooper, C. E. (2011).
2976:
2936:Indigenous Australians
2837:
2590:
2517:
2426:
2084:crested bullhead shark
2048:
1869:
1866:pipefish and seahorses
1773:
1703:
1640:
1572:can and do kill people
1559:
1491:
1405:, including the large
1323:
1246:
1162:
1027:
884:
853:
799:
655:
576:
544:Christmas Island shrew
488:Indigenous Australians
388:
375:is the largest extant
7680:Territorial evolution
7522:and other territories
7127:
7039:Australian fish guide
6812:27 April 2006 at the
6603:Wildlife-reporter.com
6494:Egerton, pp. 106โ107.
6446:Egerton, pp. 569โ570.
6416:Egerton, pp. 597โ606.
6407:Egerton, pp. 499โ506.
6324:"Freshwater Crayfish"
6219:Australian Geographic
6215:"Along Came A Spider"
6037:Egerton, pp. 528โ531.
6028:Egerton, pp. 533โ535.
6019:Egerton, pp. 542โ543.
5982:Egerton, pp. 538โ540.
5918:27 March 2011 at the
5808:Egerton, pp. 459โ463.
5772:: e.T7858A100465809.
5744:Egerton, pp. 433โ434.
5530:Conservation Genetics
5526:Neoceratodus forsteri
4937:Egerton, pp. 300โ302.
4885:"Saltwater Crocodile"
4848:Egerton, pp. 298โ299.
4812:Australian Geographic
4738:Egerton, pp. 379โ387.
4613:Egerton, pp. 370โ371.
4595:Egerton, pp. 146โ147.
4533:Egerton, pp. 290โ291.
4497:Egerton, pp. 226โ227.
4479:Egerton, pp. 238โ246.
4470:Egerton, pp. 233โ234.
4452:Egerton, pp. 265โ268.
4443:Egerton, pp. 248โ250.
4434:Egerton, pp. 229โ236.
4376:Egerton, pp. 192โ206.
4358:Egerton, pp. 126โ127.
4349:Egerton, pp. 124โ125.
4164:Egerton, pp. 106โ110.
4155:Egerton, pp. 105โ107.
3888:"Types of Bandicoots"
3703:Myrmecobius fasciatus
3529:Essentials of Ecology
2970:
2892:red imported fire ant
2832:
2689:, and ten species of
2576:
2507:
2422:Oecophylla smaragdina
2418:
2368:, which includes the
2038:
1859:
1767:
1697:
1631:
1576:Freshwater crocodiles
1553:
1485:
1478:Reptiles of Australia
1436:About 200 species of
1318:
1236:
1179:southern right whales
1156:
1021:
878:
848:
789:
663:145โ99 MYA, and that
649:
589:Indo-Australian Plate
571:
435:โ occupy many of the
370:
27:Wildlife of Australia
8126:Cabinet of Australia
8101:Government ministers
7869:World Heritage Sites
7675:European exploration
7330:External territories
7314:Jervis Bay Territory
7300:Mainland territories
7195:The Reptile Database
7159:More spoken articles
7079:Wells, A. Ed. 2005.
7037:Prokop, F. B. 2006.
6998:Kuiter, R. H. 2000.
6063:on 21 September 2016
6007:15 June 2005 at the
5714:19 July 2005 at the
4278:World Heritage Area.
4259:Lawler et al. 2002.
3771:on 5 September 2018.
3602:www.encyclopedia.com
3406:. CSIRO Publishing.
3340:Egerton, pp. 14, 20.
3026:World Heritage Sites
2962:Australian megafauna
2815:western rock lobster
2807:Tasmanian giant crab
2789:(which includes the
2720:black-striped mussel
2601:or sea sponges, the
2296:Other invertebrates
2080:zebra bullhead shark
1926:Murray-Darling Basin
1864:, a fish related to
1748:blue-tongued lizards
1663:are from the family
1633:Blue-tongued lizards
1533:Australian wood frog
1193:, and 21 species of
764:short-beaked echidna
732:Short-beaked echidna
686:convergent evolution
642:Mammals of Australia
327:Environmental issues
197:Ramsar wetland sites
192:Wildlife sanctuaries
8198:Gross state product
7089:. Reed New Holland
6970:Berra, T. M. 1998.
6780:2016Ecogr..39..152B
6702:2005Sci...309..287M
6562:Chydorus sphaericus
6376:. 9 February 2007.
6094:on 12 February 2012
5649:Prokop, pp. 10, 18.
5631:Prokop, pp. 12, 36.
5581:1997EnvBF..50..201B
5452:Fishes of Australia
5394:Fishes of Australia
5218:2023UrbEc..26..433L
5171:2021AusEc..46..449P
5079:"Very venomous but"
4220:AAP (5 July 2005).
4115:2004PNAS..10112387S
4109:(33): 12387โ12390.
3953:Egerton, pp. 64โ65.
3865:Egerton, pp. 78โ79.
3665:Egerton, pp. 70โ76.
3566:2017Natur.552..156C
3499:1992Natur.356..514G
3456:1985Natur.318..363A
3302:2011Sci...334...94R
2687:blue-ringed octopus
2587:ocellaris clownfish
2548:Queensland red claw
2443:bites can be deadly
1783:Queensland lungfish
1728:frill-necked lizard
1661:eastern tiger snake
1653:eastern brown snake
1568:saltwater crocodile
1556:saltwater crocodile
1448:and Alaska through
984:Hypsiprymnodontidae
956:little pygmy possum
558:Origins and history
21:Part of a series on
8584:Fauna of Australia
8516:Australian studies
8451:Australian English
8260:Telecommunications
8096:Government leaders
8039:Political ideology
7319:Northern Territory
7249:Fauna of Australia
7207:Fauna of Australia
7129:
7067:Fauna of Australia
7018:Fauna of Australia
6988:. Reader's Digest
6789:10.1111/ecog.01566
6757:Singarayer, Joy S.
6743:Fauna of Australia
6609:on 30 October 2021
6254:"Order SCORPIONES"
5678:"Speartooth Shark"
5611:Fauna of Australia
5428:3 May 2016 at the
4276:Great Barrier Reef
3788:ABC News Illawarra
3030:Great Barrier Reef
2990:threatened species
2977:
2952:fire-stick farming
2838:
2595:Great Barrier Reef
2591:
2583:Great Barrier Reef
2518:
2427:
2076:Port Jackson shark
2049:
1970:Great Barrier Reef
1870:
1851:Northern Territory
1774:
1704:
1641:
1560:
1492:
1488:eastern banjo frog
1454:Australian pelican
1411:European goldfinch
1407:wedge-tailed eagle
1324:
1321:gang-gang cockatoo
1270:southern cassowary
1251:Birds of Australia
1247:
1163:
1028:
976:feathertail glider
885:
854:
800:
796:endangered species
656:
577:
548:Crocidura trichura
393:fauna of Australia
389:
142:Endangered species
8571:
8570:
8524:
8523:
8346:Human trafficking
8283:
8282:
8165:
8164:
7965:Foreign relations
7905:
7904:
7769:
7768:
7716:Asian Australians
7597:
7596:
7589:Wallis and Futuna
7497:Associated states
7377:
7376:
7359:Coral Sea Islands
7289:Western Australia
7184:Australian Museum
7125:
7047:978-1-86513-107-8
6974:. Academic Press
6696:(5732): 287โ290.
6660:. 8 November 2023
6583:10.3390/w14040594
6368:Astacopsis gouldi
6225:on 6 October 2009
6191:978-0-646-57998-6
5458:on 22 August 2014
5400:on 9 October 2014
5179:10.1111/aec.12990
4915:978-0-85112-235-9
4861:. Flmnh.ufl.edu.
4334:Australian Museum
3834:978-0-87196-871-5
3709:Mammalian Species
3560:(7684): 156โ157.
3537:978-1-4051-5658-5
3493:(6369): 514โ516.
3450:(6044): 363โ366.
3372:978-0-8018-8211-1
3249:on 26 August 2021
3022:Ramsar Convention
2520:The large family
2514:Lycosa godeffroyi
2439:Sydney funnel-web
2313:
2312:
2309:
2106:are protected by
2100:great white shark
2041:spotted wobbegong
1940:, as well as the
1922:spotted tree frog
1918:mountain galaxias
1849:are found in the
1760:Fish in Australia
1645:Australian snakes
1364:birds of paradise
1207:Irrawaddy dolphin
1187:pygmy blue whales
1014:Placental mammals
591:with Asia in the
443:and has numerous
437:ecological niches
365:
364:
285:Bush regeneration
8591:
8551:
8544:
8537:
8413:Waste management
8294:
8293:
8215:Household income
8176:
8175:
8138:Governor-General
7948:Electoral system
7916:
7915:
7780:
7779:
7648:
7647:
7624:
7617:
7610:
7601:
7600:
7579:Pitcairn Islands
7549:French Polynesia
7534:Christmas Island
7463:Papua New Guinea
7443:Marshall Islands
7416:Sovereign states
7410:Fauna of Oceania
7404:
7397:
7390:
7381:
7380:
7349:Christmas Island
7332:
7302:
7243:
7236:
7229:
7220:
7219:
7149:
7147:
7136:
7135:
7126:
7116:
7114:
7109:
6957:
6934:
6928:
6904:
6898:
6885:
6879:
6866:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6840:
6834:
6833:
6822:
6816:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6765:
6752:
6746:
6739:
6730:
6729:
6685:
6676:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6665:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6639:
6625:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6605:. Archived from
6594:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6555:
6549:
6548:
6510:
6504:
6501:
6495:
6492:
6486:
6485:Egerton, p. 577.
6483:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6453:
6447:
6444:
6438:
6435:
6426:
6425:Egerton, p. 494.
6423:
6417:
6414:
6408:
6405:
6399:
6398:Egerton, p. 497.
6396:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6385:
6362:
6356:
6355:Egerton, p. 575.
6353:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6328:
6319:
6313:
6312:Egerton, p. 518.
6310:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6290:. Archived from
6280:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6269:
6260:. Archived from
6250:
6244:
6243:Egerton, p. 557.
6241:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6221:. Archived from
6210:
6204:
6203:
6175:
6169:
6168:Egerton, p. 563.
6166:
6160:
6159:
6141:
6135:
6134:Egerton, p. 555.
6132:
6126:
6119:
6113:
6112:Egerton, p. 553.
6110:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6053:
6047:
6046:Egerton, p. 552.
6044:
6038:
6035:
6029:
6026:
6020:
6017:
6011:
5998:
5992:
5991:Egerton, p. 545.
5989:
5983:
5980:
5974:
5971:
5965:
5964:Egerton, p. 492.
5962:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5945:
5936:
5930:
5906:
5897:
5896:Egerton, p. 397.
5894:
5888:
5878:
5872:
5869:
5863:
5860:
5854:
5853:Egerton, p. 481.
5851:
5845:
5844:Egerton, p. 406.
5842:
5836:
5833:
5827:
5824:
5818:
5815:
5809:
5806:
5800:
5797:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5781:
5751:
5745:
5742:
5736:
5733:
5727:
5704:
5698:
5697:Egerton, p. 434.
5695:
5686:
5685:
5674:
5668:
5667:
5656:
5650:
5647:
5641:
5640:Egerton, p. 440.
5638:
5632:
5629:
5623:
5622:Egerton, p. 395.
5620:
5614:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5521:
5515:
5514:Egerton, p. 409.
5512:
5506:
5505:
5477:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5454:. Archived from
5443:
5432:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5396:. Archived from
5385:
5379:
5378:Egerton, p. 339.
5376:
5370:
5369:Egerton, p. 327.
5367:
5361:
5360:Egerton, p. 324.
5358:
5352:
5349:
5343:
5342:Egerton, p. 315.
5340:
5334:
5333:Egerton, p. 306.
5331:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5305:
5288:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5229:
5206:Urban Ecosystems
5197:
5191:
5190:
5150:
5144:
5141:
5135:
5132:
5126:
5123:
5117:
5116:Egerton, p. 351.
5114:
5108:
5107:Egerton, p. 352.
5105:
5099:
5098:Egerton, p. 341.
5096:
5090:
5089:
5083:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5033:on 20 March 2011
5032:
5021:
5012:
5006:
5005:Egerton, p. 305.
5003:
4997:
4991:(7): 000.329โ479
4970:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4948:"Marine Turtles"
4944:
4938:
4935:
4929:
4928:Egerton, p. 298.
4926:
4917:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4855:
4849:
4846:
4840:
4839:Egerton, p. 299.
4837:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4814:. Archived from
4803:
4797:
4796:Egerton, p. 385.
4794:
4785:
4784:Egerton, p. 388.
4782:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4766:on 20 March 2011
4765:
4754:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4730:
4729:Egerton, p. 379.
4727:
4721:
4720:Egerton, p. 377.
4718:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4702:on 20 March 2011
4701:
4690:
4681:
4675:
4674:Egerton, p. 366.
4672:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4638:
4632:
4631:Egerton, p. 389.
4629:
4623:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4605:
4604:Egerton, p. 136.
4602:
4596:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4549:
4543:
4542:Egerton, p. 282.
4540:
4534:
4531:
4525:
4524:Egerton, p. 275.
4522:
4516:
4515:Egerton, p. 273.
4513:
4507:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4489:
4488:Egerton, p. 228.
4486:
4480:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4462:
4461:Egerton, p. 237.
4459:
4453:
4450:
4444:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4426:
4425:Egerton, p. 224.
4423:
4417:
4416:
4392:
4386:
4385:Egerton, p. 221.
4383:
4377:
4374:
4368:
4367:Egerton, p. 193.
4365:
4359:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4341:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4305:
4294:
4288:
4287:Egerton, p. 122.
4285:
4279:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4186:
4185:Egerton, p. 102.
4183:
4174:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4136:
4126:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4076:
4075:
4063:
4057:
4054:
4035:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4008:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3945:
3942:
3936:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3894:on 17 March 2011
3890:. Archived from
3884:
3878:
3875:
3866:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3767:. Archived from
3757:
3751:
3748:
3739:
3736:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3678:
3675:
3666:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3636:
3633:
3622:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3577:
3545:
3539:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3507:10.1038/356514a0
3482:
3476:
3475:
3464:10.1038/318363a0
3437:
3431:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3377:
3376:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3321:
3281:
3275:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3248:
3241:
3232:
3219:
3216:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3071:
3069:Australia portal
3066:
3065:
3064:
3049:invasive species
2973:grey nurse shark
2825:Invasive species
2765:, including the
2493:, found only in
2406:yellow crazy ant
2352:, including the
2307:
2129:Taxonomic group
2126:
2125:
1862:weedy sea dragon
1847:freshwater shark
1829:, including the
1619:pig-nosed turtle
1545:chytridiomycosis
1423:common blackbird
1197:, including the
972:squirrel gliders
868:โ are marsupial
840:Notoryctemorphia
742:
728:
702:flying squirrels
661:Early Cretaceous
495:. Based on the
423:, including the
357:
350:
343:
159:Threatened fauna
37:
18:
17:
8599:
8598:
8594:
8593:
8592:
8590:
8589:
8588:
8574:
8573:
8572:
8567:
8554:
8547:
8540:
8533:
8520:
8481:Public holidays
8422:
8366:Life expectancy
8279:
8161:
8112:
7901:
7873:
7859:Protected areas
7765:
7704:
7637:
7628:
7598:
7593:
7521:
7515:
7498:
7492:
7473:Solomon Islands
7411:
7408:
7378:
7373:
7328:
7323:
7298:
7293:
7274:South Australia
7264:New South Wales
7250:
7247:
7174:Wayback Machine
7163:
7162:
7151:
7145:
7143:
7140:This audio file
7137:
7130:
7121:
7118:
7112:
7111:
7107:
7104:
7099:
6966:
6961:
6960:
6947:Wayback Machine
6935:
6931:
6918:Wayback Machine
6905:
6901:
6896:Wayback Machine
6886:
6882:
6877:Wayback Machine
6867:
6863:
6853:
6851:
6842:
6841:
6837:
6824:
6823:
6819:
6814:Wayback Machine
6801:
6797:
6763:
6753:
6749:
6740:
6733:
6683:
6677:
6673:
6663:
6661:
6652:
6651:
6647:
6637:
6635:
6627:
6626:
6622:
6612:
6610:
6595:
6591:
6556:
6552:
6517:Daphnia galeata
6511:
6507:
6502:
6498:
6493:
6489:
6484:
6480:
6470:
6468:
6455:
6454:
6450:
6445:
6441:
6436:
6429:
6424:
6420:
6415:
6411:
6406:
6402:
6397:
6393:
6383:
6381:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6354:
6345:
6340:on 2 June 2009.
6337:
6326:
6320:
6316:
6311:
6307:
6297:
6295:
6282:
6281:
6277:
6267:
6265:
6264:on 4 March 2015
6252:
6251:
6247:
6242:
6238:
6228:
6226:
6211:
6207:
6192:
6176:
6172:
6167:
6163:
6156:
6142:
6138:
6133:
6129:
6120:
6116:
6111:
6107:
6097:
6095:
6080:
6076:
6066:
6064:
6055:
6054:
6050:
6045:
6041:
6036:
6032:
6027:
6023:
6018:
6014:
6009:Wayback Machine
5999:
5995:
5990:
5986:
5981:
5977:
5972:
5968:
5963:
5959:
5949:
5947:
5943:
5937:
5933:
5920:Wayback Machine
5907:
5900:
5895:
5891:
5879:
5875:
5870:
5866:
5861:
5857:
5852:
5848:
5843:
5839:
5834:
5830:
5825:
5821:
5816:
5812:
5807:
5803:
5798:
5794:
5784:
5782:
5752:
5748:
5743:
5739:
5734:
5730:
5716:Wayback Machine
5705:
5701:
5696:
5689:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5658:
5657:
5653:
5648:
5644:
5639:
5635:
5630:
5626:
5621:
5617:
5608:
5604:
5561:
5557:
5522:
5518:
5513:
5509:
5494:
5478:
5471:
5461:
5459:
5444:
5435:
5430:Wayback Machine
5417:
5413:
5403:
5401:
5386:
5382:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5364:
5359:
5355:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5337:
5332:
5328:
5318:
5316:
5307:
5306:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5247:
5243:
5198:
5194:
5159:Austral Ecology
5151:
5147:
5142:
5138:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5120:
5115:
5111:
5106:
5102:
5097:
5093:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5062:
5060:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5019:
5013:
5009:
5004:
5000:
4971:
4967:
4957:
4955:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4936:
4932:
4927:
4920:
4908:
4904:
4894:
4892:
4891:on 25 July 2011
4883:
4882:
4878:
4868:
4866:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4847:
4843:
4838:
4831:
4821:
4819:
4818:on 25 July 2010
4804:
4800:
4795:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4752:
4746:
4742:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4719:
4715:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4688:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4659:
4657:
4644:(1 June 2006).
4639:
4635:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4465:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4393:
4389:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4332:
4328:
4320:
4314:
4303:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4268:Wayback Machine
4258:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4235:
4233:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4189:
4184:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4095:
4091:
4087:Egerton, p. 93.
4086:
4079:
4064:
4060:
4056:Egerton, p. 82.
4055:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4007:Egerton, p. 42.
4006:
4002:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3971:Egerton, p. 55.
3970:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3939:
3935:Egerton, p. 60.
3934:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3907:
3897:
3895:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:Egerton, p. 57.
3846:
3842:
3835:
3815:
3811:
3807:Egerton, p. 68.
3806:
3802:
3792:
3790:
3780:
3776:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3750:Egerton, p. 69.
3749:
3742:
3737:
3730:
3697:
3693:
3689:Egerton, p. 39.
3688:
3681:
3676:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3656:Egerton, p. 37.
3655:
3651:
3646:
3639:
3635:Egerton, p. 36.
3634:
3625:
3621:Egerton, p. 78.
3620:
3616:
3606:
3604:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3546:
3542:
3526:
3522:
3483:
3479:
3438:
3434:
3430:Egerton, p. 34.
3429:
3425:
3414:
3398:
3394:
3390:Egerton, p. 77.
3389:
3380:
3373:
3357:
3353:
3349:Egerton, p. 20.
3348:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3296:(6052): 94โ98.
3282:
3278:
3266:
3262:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3233:
3222:
3218:Egerton, p. 44.
3217:
3208:
3203:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3017:Protected areas
2948:witchetty grubs
2932:
2926:
2844:
2827:
2568:mountain shrimp
2563:Austrothelphusa
2479:Acanthodrilidae
2167:Platyhelminthes
2124:
2114:was found on a
2112:megamouth shark
2104:New South Wales
2064:wobbegong shark
2043:is the largest
2022:smooth stingray
1914:Macquarie perch
1762:
1756:
1513:Corroboree frog
1480:
1472:Main articles:
1470:
1446:Far-East Russia
1419:common starling
1372:satin bowerbird
1253:
1231:
1195:oceanic dolphin
1175:humpback whales
1080:European rabbit
1016:
960:common ringtail
901:Macropodiformes
866:Peramelemorphia
824:Tasmanian devil
752:
751:
750:
749:
748:
743:
735:
734:
729:
718:
698:Gliding possums
652:Tasmanian tiger
644:
638:
620:zoogeographical
566:
560:
552:protected areas
361:
332:
331:
275:
267:
266:
261:
254:Associated acts
210:
202:
201:
176:Protected areas
172:
164:
163:
45:
12:
11:
5:
8597:
8587:
8586:
8569:
8568:
8566:
8565:
8560:
8553:
8552:
8545:
8538:
8530:
8529:
8526:
8525:
8522:
8521:
8519:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8432:
8430:
8424:
8423:
8421:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8389:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8297:
8291:
8285:
8284:
8281:
8280:
8278:
8277:
8275:Welfare system
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8250:Superannuation
8247:
8245:Stock exchange
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8211:
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8208:Public housing
8203:Home ownership
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8179:
8173:
8167:
8166:
8163:
8162:
8160:
8159:
8158:
8157:
8150:Prime Minister
8147:
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8135:
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8133:
8122:
8120:
8114:
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8110:
8108:Shadow Cabinet
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8086:Public Service
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7866:
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7836:
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7804:
7799:
7794:
7792:Climate change
7789:
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7767:
7766:
7764:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7721:Constitutional
7718:
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7710:
7706:
7705:
7703:
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7697:
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7595:
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7592:
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7576:
7571:
7569:Norfolk Island
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7529:American Samoa
7525:
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7499:of New Zealand
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7102:External links
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5862:Kuiter, p. 12.
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5044:
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4981:Mittermeier RA
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3083:Animals portal
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2840:Main article:
2833:The poisonous
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2813:, such as the
2811:spiny lobsters
2625:(includes the
2605:(includes the
2526:swamp crayfish
2487:Megascolecidae
2456:pseudoscorpion
2447:redback spider
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2072:Heterodontidae
1890:Chinook salmon
1807:Percichthyidae
1803:Aplochitonidae
1791:salamanderfish
1758:Main article:
1755:
1752:
1732:monitor lizard
1724:bearded dragon
1509:Myobatrachidae
1469:
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1450:Southeast Asia
1258:Late Oligocene
1249:Main article:
1230:
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836:marsupial mole
808:Dasyuromorphia
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690:Tasmanian wolf
640:Main article:
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7564:New Caledonia
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7095:9781925546026
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7075:0-644-06055-7
7072:
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7064:
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7061:0-207-14454-0
7058:
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7033:0-19-555037-4
7030:
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7015:
7011:
7009:
7008:1-875169-85-7
7005:
7002:. Gary Allen
7001:
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6994:1-876689-34-X
6991:
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6980:0-12-093155-9
6977:
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6955:0-643-06745-0
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6379:
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6331:Crustaceans 1
6325:
6318:
6309:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6279:
6263:
6259:
6255:
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6224:
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6183:
6182:
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6165:
6157:
6155:9780643107076
6151:
6147:
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5929:
5928:0-643-06749-3
5925:
5921:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5905:
5903:
5893:
5886:
5883:
5877:
5871:Kuiter, p. 8.
5868:
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5850:
5841:
5832:
5823:
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5805:
5796:
5780:
5775:
5771:
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5725:0-642-16818-0
5722:
5718:
5717:
5713:
5710:
5703:
5694:
5692:
5683:
5682:IUCN Red List
5679:
5673:
5665:
5664:IUCN Red List
5661:
5655:
5646:
5637:
5628:
5619:
5612:
5606:
5598:
5594:
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5489:
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5059:. 4 June 2022
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4977:Pritchard PCH
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2820:
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2800:
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2780:
2779:Cephalocarida
2776:
2772:
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2721:
2717:
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2709:
2705:
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2692:
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2683:box jellyfish
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
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2660:
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2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2639:sea cucumbers
2636:
2635:brittle stars
2632:
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2623:Echinodermata
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
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2588:
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2580:
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2502:
2500:
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2492:
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2483:Octochaetidae
2480:
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2472:
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2457:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2423:
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2411:
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2398:European wasp
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
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2359:
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2327:
2322:
2318:
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2301:
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2290:
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2284:Echinodermata
2282:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2251:
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2222:
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2207:
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2164:
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2152:
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2142:
2139:
2138:
2128:
2127:
2122:Invertebrates
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2108:shark netting
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:dogfish shark
2065:
2061:
2057:
2056:requiem shark
2053:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:butterflyfish
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:giant grouper
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:rainbow trout
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1795:Retropinnidae
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:in Australia.
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1673:Acrochordidae
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1623:Testudinoidea
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
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1427:house sparrow
1424:
1420:
1416:
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1408:
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1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
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1329:
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1132:water buffalo
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1105:
1101:
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1093:
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1076:European hare
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1020:
1011:
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1001:
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993:
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980:
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940:
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930:
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902:
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897:Vombatiformes
894:
893:Diprotodontia
890:
882:
877:
873:
871:
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852:
847:
843:
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433:dasyuromorphs
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:the continent
394:
386:
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374:
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351:
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344:
339:
338:
336:
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313:
310:
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270:
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249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
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224:
221:
220:
219:
218:
217:International
214:
209:Organisations
206:
205:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
187:Game reserves
185:
183:
180:
179:
178:
177:
168:
167:
160:
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150:
148:
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144:
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19:
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8549:Bibliography
8436:Architecture
8393:Prostitution
8376:Demographics
8341:Homelessness
8240:Reserve Bank
8054:Conservatism
8002:Constitution
7970:Human rights
7928:Constitution
7879:Subdivisions
7828:
7660:Bibliography
7520:Dependencies
7506:Cook Islands
7422:
7206:
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7066:
7052:
7038:
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4956:. Retrieved
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4889:the original
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3892:the original
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3843:
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3803:
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3787:
3777:
3769:the original
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3605:. Retrieved
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3040:
3038:
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2978:
2955:
2933:
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2911:
2908:
2900:Asian mussel
2890:), insects (
2884:Indian mynah
2845:
2783:Branchiopoda
2747:hermit crabs
2731:Malacostraca
2728:
2712:Asian mussel
2708:rock lobster
2700:white urchin
2619:comb jellies
2615:sea anemones
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2561:
2557:
2551:
2540:common yabby
2533:
2522:Parastacidae
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2428:
2420:
2402:red fire ant
2386:grasshoppers
2384:, including
2314:
2066:, and 40 of
2050:
2014:red lionfish
1990:cardinalfish
1938:squirrelfish
1930:
1902:mosquitofish
1894:redfin perch
1871:
1843:golden perch
1775:
1720:thorny devil
1705:
1689:
1649:fierce snake
1642:
1599:olive ridley
1580:
1561:
1521:Microhylidae
1493:
1435:
1431:Indian mynah
1376:
1356:treecreepers
1340:magpie group
1325:
1310:Sarus Cranes
1254:
1183:minke whales
1171:baleen whale
1164:
1057:
1052:
1029:
1008:red kangaroo
992:Macropodidae
981:
944:Phalangerida
941:
905:Phalangerida
886:
855:
851:sugar glider
820:Thylacinidae
801:
776:Joseph Banks
753:
657:
616:Wallace Line
609:
578:
547:
539:
515:, and three
485:
392:
390:
373:red kangaroo
280:Conservation
253:
252:
216:
215:
212:
174:
171:Conservation
59:
54:
53:
47:
44:Biodiversity
26:
15:
8511:Anglosphere
8351:Immigration
8316:Citizenship
8183:Agriculture
8069:Nationalism
8012:Enforcement
7985:Transgender
7819:Earthquakes
7807:Environment
7741:Immigration
7670:Archaeology
7453:New Zealand
5785:12 November
5261:: 347โ360.
4558:www.cnn.com
3607:10 February
2944:bogong moth
2888:common carp
2880:water fleas
2801:), and the
2787:Maxillopoda
2743:false crabs
2643:lamp shells
2627:sea urchins
2510:wolf spider
2467:Oligochaeta
2465:(sub)class
2350:Hymenoptera
2342:butterflies
2338:Lepidoptera
2232:Onychophora
2096:tiger shark
2032:poisoning.
2002:surgeonfish
1998:triggerfish
1898:common carp
1823:rainbowfish
1712:Pygopodidae
1685:blind snake
1525:scanty frog
1401:, and some
1350:, the huge
1140:house mouse
1100:sambar deer
1092:fallow deer
933:crepuscular
499:, about 33
493:extinctions
307:Agriculture
97:Butterflies
77:Wildflowers
8501:Television
8471:Literature
8356:Irreligion
8336:Healthcare
8331:Euthanasia
8311:Censorship
8118:Government
8064:Liberalism
8034:Parliament
7746:Indigenous
7736:Federation
7726:Diplomatic
7700:Since 1945
7665:Prehistory
7269:Queensland
7155:Audio help
7146:2006-10-23
6964:References
6664:8 November
6613:30 October
6576:(4): 594.
2874:while the
2763:peracarids
2691:cone snail
2585:, with an
2408:and feral
2382:Orthoptera
2374:mosquitoes
2326:Coleoptera
2092:bull shark
2026:barracudas
2010:pufferfish
1974:damselfish
1934:moray eels
1839:Murray cod
1835:barramundi
1831:sleepy cod
1799:Galaxiidae
1770:Murray cod
1677:Colubridae
1669:sea snakes
1603:loggerhead
1583:sea turtle
1517:tree frogs
1415:greenfinch
1395:cisticolas
1368:bowerbirds
1352:honeyeater
1348:pardalotes
1344:thornbills
1328:passerines
1302:kingfisher
1298:kookaburra
1278:malleefowl
1223:Pinnipedia
1134:, and the
1078:, and the
1049:New Guinea
988:Potoroidae
917:eucalyptus
889:syndactyly
858:bandicoots
812:Dasyuridae
804:marsupials
665:marsupials
610:After the
524:subspecies
441:monotremes
417:marsupials
321:Zoological
292:Ecoregions
122:Amphibians
8408:Squatting
8361:Languages
8326:Education
8306:Aged care
8270:Transport
8079:Socialism
8059:Far-right
8049:Christian
8044:Anarchism
8007:Judiciary
7943:Donations
7938:Elections
7849:Mountains
7797:Continent
7775:Geography
7695:1901โ1945
7690:1851โ1900
7685:1788โ1850
7631:Australia
7423:Australia
6768:Ecography
6638:26 August
6200:794734478
5950:27 August
5462:6 October
5404:6 October
5275:1572-9710
5236:1573-1642
5187:1442-9985
5037:19 August
4770:19 August
4706:19 August
4236:7 January
3898:7 January
3793:26 August
3253:26 August
2957:Genyornis
2886:), fish (
2876:cane toad
2872:predation
2870:fauna by
2864:Red foxes
2835:cane toad
2803:Ostracoda
2799:fish lice
2791:barnacles
2775:Remipedia
2767:amphipods
2631:sea stars
2607:jellyfish
2495:Gippsland
2450:subclass
2431:arachnids
2410:honeybees
2378:Hemiptera
2278:~205,000
2258:Arachnida
2245:Crustacea
2062:, six of
2045:wobbegong
2030:ciguatera
2006:stonefish
1982:angelfish
1954:bony fish
1946:seahorses
1910:trout cod
1595:hawksbill
1591:green sea
1564:crocodile
1504:sugarcane
1500:cane toad
1360:lyrebirds
1319:A female
1290:cockatoos
1274:megapodes
1219:sea grass
1191:Ziphiidae
1173:present;
1148:brown rat
1144:black rat
1104:rusa deer
1060:placental
1034:, family
1000:wallabies
996:kangaroos
964:brushtail
937:nocturnal
870:omnivores
756:monotreme
710:anteaters
674:Indonesia
629:Oligocene
597:evolution
534:like the
505:thylacine
477:stingrays
473:stonefish
465:jellyfish
457:scorpions
425:macropods
413:placental
317:Botanical
8578:Category
8558:Category
8403:Religion
8301:Abortion
8255:Taxation
8024:Monarchy
8019:Military
7975:Intersex
7911:Politics
7892:Capitals
7756:Monarchy
7751:Military
7731:Economic
7709:By topic
7655:Timeline
7635:articles
7438:Kiribati
7284:Victoria
7279:Tasmania
7170:Archived
7157: ยท
6943:Archived
6914:Archived
6892:Archived
6873:Archived
6848:Archived
6810:Archived
6726:22761857
6718:16002615
6658:ABC News
6545:29690281
6465:Archived
6384:16 March
6378:Archived
6229:25 March
6005:Archived
5916:Archived
5885:Archived
5712:Archived
5597:21584756
5550:22778872
5502:49901785
5426:Archived
5421:. 2004.
5313:Archived
5057:ABC News
4994:Archived
4952:Archived
4863:Archived
4822:5 August
4654:Archived
4563:22 March
4336:. 2001.
4318:Archived
4264:Archived
4230:Archived
4143:15299143
3584:29239379
3418:Archived
3328:21940856
3055:See also
3045:salinity
2896:molluscs
2848:invasive
2795:copepods
2751:lobsters
2722:and the
2603:Cnidaria
2599:Porifera
2499:Victoria
2463:Annelida
2394:katydids
2390:crickets
2364:. Order
2321:molluscs
2275:~62,000
2265:~31,338
2219:Annelida
2213:~12,250
2206:Mollusca
2200:~30,000
2193:Nematoda
2174:~10,000
2154:Cnidaria
2141:Porifera
2098:and the
2082:and the
2060:catshark
2058:, 32 of
2018:stingray
2012:and the
1994:wrassees
1966:snappers
1962:trevally
1942:pipefish
1886:Atlantic
1815:Herrings
1811:lampreys
1787:lungfish
1740:perentie
1716:Agamidae
1665:Elapidae
1615:Chelidae
1605:and the
1587:flatback
1543:disease
1399:sunbirds
1391:thrushes
1383:swallows
1354:family,
1181:, dwarf
1146:and the
1112:hog deer
1096:red deer
1032:Rodentia
952:macropod
864:โ order
838:โ order
828:Tasmania
781:termites
772:venomous
768:echidnas
762:and the
760:platypus
746:Platypus
624:Eurasian
585:Gondwana
581:geologic
574:Gondwana
528:Holocene
469:molluscs
449:platypus
445:venomous
405:tectonic
377:macropod
297:Forestry
213:National
127:Reptiles
92:Odonates
82:Molluscs
8535:Outline
8506:Theatre
8496:Symbols
8461:Cuisine
8428:Culture
8289:Society
8265:Tourism
8235:Poverty
8171:Economy
7953:Parties
7854:Regions
7844:Islands
7839:Geology
7834:Forests
7802:Deserts
7787:Climate
7761:Railway
7643:History
7584:Tokelau
7488:Vanuatu
7144: (
7115:minutes
6854:24 July
6776:Bibcode
6698:Bibcode
6689:Science
6524:Zootaxa
6471:24 July
6298:18 July
6268:18 July
6098:24 July
6067:24 July
5577:Bibcode
5319:24 July
5214:Bibcode
5167:Bibcode
5088:. 2004.
4958:24 July
4895:24 July
4869:24 July
4585:. 2016.
4226:The Age
4111:Bibcode
3825:838โ845
3765:Conjour
3562:Bibcode
3515:4338242
3495:Bibcode
3472:4342084
3452:Bibcode
3319:3991479
3298:Bibcode
3290:Science
3024:and 16
2918:Tim Low
2868:endemic
2860:Rabbits
2819:lobster
2771:isopods
2755:shrimps
2735:decapod
2704:abalone
2679:chitons
2671:oysters
2667:cockles
2663:octopus
2655:limpets
2621:), the
2581:on the
2558:Engaeus
2553:Engaeus
2461:In the
2366:Diptera
2334:weevils
2330:beetles
2317:insects
2302:~5,015
2299:~2,371
2291:~2,000
2271:Insecta
2252:~9,500
2226:~4,230
2210:~8,700
2197:~2,060
2161:~2,200
2148:~3,500
1950:grouper
1827:gudgeon
1819:catfish
1779:arowana
1736:goannas
1611:turtles
1529:Ranidae
1462:penguin
1438:seabird
1403:raptors
1379:Eurasia
1286:parrots
1262:ratites
1167:Cetacea
1084:banteng
1072:red fox
1036:Muridae
921:grasses
862:bilbies
682:Eurasia
678:rodents
636:Mammals
612:Miocene
605:adapted
601:drifted
593:Miocene
520:species
513:reptile
501:mammals
461:octopus
453:spiders
429:possums
401:endemic
383:on the
323:gardens
312:Tourism
302:Fishing
137:Mammals
112:Spiders
102:Cicadas
67:Grasses
8563:Portal
8456:Cinema
8398:Racism
8371:People
8230:Mining
8193:Energy
8188:Dollar
7933:Courts
7923:Asylum
7897:Cities
7864:Rivers
7812:issues
7633:
7559:Hawaii
7483:Tuvalu
7256:States
7093:
7073:
7059:
7045:
7031:
7006:
6992:
6978:
6953:
6924:
6724:
6716:
6543:
6198:
6188:
6152:
6086:>.
5926:
5723:
5595:
5548:
5500:
5490:
5273:
5234:
5185:
5063:31 May
4913:
4660:2 July
4310:
4141:
4134:514485
4131:
3831:
3582:
3554:Nature
3535:
3513:
3487:Nature
3470:
3443:Nature
3410:
3369:
3326:
3316:
3271:
2761:. The
2759:prawns
2757:, and
2685:, the
2677:, and
2647:snails
2641:, the
2611:corals
2544:marron
2535:Cherax
2473:: the
2445:. The
2404:, the
2400:, the
2336:, the
2288:1,475
2262:6,615
2249:7,266
2223:2,192
2171:1,593
2158:1,705
2145:1,476
2094:, the
2078:, the
2074:: the
2052:Sharks
2024:. The
1986:gobies
1956:, the
1906:upland
1900:, and
1841:, and
1700:goanna
1681:python
1657:taipan
1617:. The
1585:: the
1566:. The
1541:fungal
1531:โ the
1515:. The
1498:, the
1370:. The
1338:, the
1336:robins
1306:Brolga
1296:. The
1294:galahs
1211:dugong
1159:dugong
1120:donkey
1108:chital
1053:Rattus
1040:genera
948:possum
925:sedges
909:wombat
816:numbat
706:numbat
694:canids
676:, and
669:Eocene
507:), 24
481:snakes
475:, and
58:, and
8542:Index
8491:Sport
8486:Radio
8476:Music
8466:Dance
8418:Women
8321:Crime
8225:Media
8091:Women
7829:Fauna
7824:Flora
7478:Tonga
7468:Samoa
7458:Palau
7448:Nauru
7016:. In
6764:(PDF)
6722:S2CID
6684:(PDF)
6569:Water
6338:(PDF)
6327:(PDF)
5944:(PDF)
5593:S2CID
5546:S2CID
5419:CSIRO
5082:(PDF)
5031:(PDF)
5020:(PDF)
4764:(PDF)
4753:(PDF)
4700:(PDF)
4689:(PDF)
4321:(PDF)
4304:(PDF)
3511:S2CID
3468:S2CID
3247:(PDF)
3240:(PDF)
3201:Notes
3013:CITES
2904:flora
2852:feral
2739:crabs
2675:clams
2659:squid
2651:slugs
2471:worms
2452:Acari
2370:flies
2362:wasps
2346:moths
2187:~160
2116:Perth
1878:brook
1874:brown
1744:skink
1708:gecko
1637:skink
1387:larks
1332:wrens
1276:(the
1264:(the
1229:Birds
1136:camel
1116:horse
1068:dingo
1064:feral
1024:dingo
1004:tails
968:sugar
929:roots
913:koala
881:koala
832:quoll
579:Both
509:birds
421:pouch
409:flora
228:CITES
152:fauna
147:flora
132:Birds
107:Moths
72:Trees
61:Fungi
55:Fauna
49:Flora
8446:Arts
8155:list
8143:list
8131:list
7980:LGBT
7554:Guam
7511:Niue
7433:Fiji
7091:ISBN
7071:ISBN
7057:ISBN
7043:ISBN
7029:ISBN
7004:ISBN
6990:ISBN
6976:ISBN
6951:ISBN
6922:ISBN
6856:2011
6714:PMID
6666:2023
6640:2021
6615:2021
6541:PMID
6529:4402
6473:2011
6386:2010
6300:2017
6270:2017
6231:2010
6196:OCLC
6186:ISBN
6150:ISBN
6100:2011
6069:2011
5952:2021
5924:ISBN
5787:2021
5770:2018
5721:ISBN
5498:OCLC
5488:ISBN
5464:2014
5406:2014
5321:2011
5271:ISSN
5232:ISSN
5183:ISSN
5065:2024
5039:2010
4960:2011
4911:ISBN
4897:2011
4871:2011
4824:2010
4772:2010
4708:2010
4662:2009
4565:2024
4308:ISBN
4238:2012
4139:PMID
3900:2012
3829:ISBN
3795:2021
3609:2020
3580:PMID
3533:ISBN
3408:ISBN
3367:ISBN
3324:PMID
3269:ISBN
3255:2021
3039:The
2999:The
2971:The
2856:pest
2854:and
2797:and
2769:and
2706:and
2613:and
2546:and
2508:The
2485:and
2392:and
2372:and
2360:and
2358:bees
2354:ants
2344:and
2332:and
2319:and
2239:~80
2039:The
2008:and
2000:and
1944:and
1936:and
1916:and
1888:and
1880:and
1860:The
1805:and
1768:The
1754:Fish
1726:and
1659:and
1554:The
1496:toad
1486:The
1476:and
1429:and
1413:and
1381:are
1366:and
1326:The
1292:and
1280:and
1268:and
1237:The
1203:orca
1185:and
1157:The
1128:goat
1022:The
970:and
962:and
942:The
935:and
927:and
903:and
879:The
860:and
856:The
849:The
790:The
708:and
700:and
627:mid-
532:taxa
517:frog
431:and
399:are
391:The
371:The
319:and
238:WAZA
233:IUCN
117:Fish
87:Ants
8441:Art
7997:Law
6784:doi
6706:doi
6694:309
6578:doi
6533:doi
5774:doi
5585:doi
5538:doi
5263:doi
5222:doi
5175:doi
4409:doi
4405:119
4129:PMC
4119:doi
4107:101
3717:doi
3570:doi
3558:552
3503:doi
3491:356
3460:doi
3448:318
3314:PMC
3306:doi
3294:334
2894:),
2236:71
2184:56
1272:),
1266:emu
1239:emu
1124:pig
1088:cat
1045:rat
522:or
381:emu
248:WWF
243:WAP
223:AZA
8580::
7113:39
6828:.
6805:.
6782:.
6772:39
6770:.
6766:.
6734:^
6720:.
6712:.
6704:.
6692:.
6686:.
6656:.
6631:.
6601:.
6574:14
6572:.
6566:.
6539:.
6527:.
6521:.
6463:.
6459:.
6430:^
6372:.
6370:)"
6346:^
6329:.
6286:.
6256:.
6217:.
6194:.
5901:^
5768:.
5762:.
5690:^
5680:.
5662:.
5591:.
5583:.
5573:50
5571:.
5544:.
5532:.
5496:.
5472:^
5450:.
5436:^
5392:.
5292:^
5269:.
5259:33
5257:.
5253:.
5230:.
5220:.
5210:26
5208:.
5204:.
5181:.
5173:.
5163:46
5161:.
5157:.
5084:.
5055:.
5022:.
4921:^
4832:^
4810:.
4789:^
4755:.
4691:.
4652:.
4648:.
4581:.
4556:.
4403:.
4399:.
4316:.
4270:.
4228:.
4224:.
4190:^
4178:^
4137:.
4127:.
4117:.
4105:.
4101:.
4080:^
4070:.
4039:^
3908:^
3870:^
3827:.
3786:.
3763:.
3743:^
3731:^
3713:43
3711:.
3707:.
3682:^
3670:^
3640:^
3626:^
3600:.
3578:.
3568:.
3556:.
3552:.
3509:.
3501:.
3489:.
3466:.
3458:.
3446:.
3416:.
3381:^
3322:.
3312:.
3304:.
3292:.
3288:.
3223:^
3209:^
2850:,
2793:,
2785:,
2781:,
2777:,
2753:,
2749:,
2745:,
2741:,
2718:,
2714:,
2673:,
2669:,
2665:,
2661:,
2657:,
2653:,
2649:,
2637:,
2633:,
2629:,
2617:,
2609:,
2577:A
2512:,
2497:,
2481:,
2388:,
2356:,
1996:,
1992:,
1988:,
1984:,
1980:,
1976:,
1912:,
1896:,
1892:,
1884:,
1876:,
1853:.
1837:,
1821:,
1817:,
1813:,
1801:,
1797:,
1750:.
1722:,
1687:.
1655:,
1651:,
1601:,
1597:,
1593:,
1589:,
1425:,
1421:,
1397:,
1393:,
1389:,
1385:,
1362:,
1358:,
1346:,
1342:,
1334:,
1177:,
1150:.
1142:,
1130:,
1126:,
1122:,
1118:,
1114:,
1110:,
1106:,
1102:,
1098:,
1094:,
1090:,
1086:,
1074:,
998:,
939:.
923:,
899:,
783:.
696:.
554:.
483:.
471:,
467:,
463:,
459:,
455:,
451:,
427:,
52:,
7623:e
7616:t
7609:v
7403:e
7396:t
7389:v
7242:e
7235:t
7228:v
7161:)
7153:(
7148:)
7117:)
7110:(
6858:.
6832:.
6792:.
6786::
6778::
6728:.
6708::
6700::
6668:.
6642:.
6617:.
6586:.
6580::
6547:.
6535::
6475:.
6388:.
6302:.
6272:.
6233:.
6202:.
6158:.
6102:.
6071:.
5954:.
5789:.
5776::
5760:"
5756:"
5684:.
5666:.
5599:.
5587::
5579::
5552:.
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