598:. FIT screening is more effective in terms of health outcomes and cost compared with guaiac FOBT. According to the guidelines of the American College of Gastroenterology, "Annual fecal immunochemical testing is the preferred colorectal cancer detection test." A FIT test detects globin levels in feces at or above 50 nanograms per mL, the established cutoff by the World Health Organization for Colorectal Cancer Screening. FIT testing has replaced most gFOBT tests as the colon cancer screening test of choice. This methodology can be adapted for automated test reading and to report quantitative results, which are potential factors in design of a widescale screening strategy. The number of fecal samples submitted for FIT may affect the clinical sensitivity and specificity of the methodology. High-sensitivity gFOBT tests such as Hemoccult SENSA remain an accepted option and may retain a role in monitoring gastrointestinal conditions such as ulcerative colitis; however, the FIT test is preferred in recent guidelines. FIT is widely used outside of the US, and generally cost less than US$ 20 per test in 2020, compared to US$ 1,000 or more for a colonoscopy.
317:(USPSTF)'s 2016 recommendation, instead of emphasizing specific screening approaches, has instead chosen to highlight that there is convincing evidence that colorectal cancer screening substantially reduces deaths from the disease among adults aged 50 to 75 years and that not enough adults are using this effective preventive intervention. The ACG and MSTF also included CT colonography every five years, and fecal DNA testing as considerations. All three recommendation panels recommended replacing any older low-sensitivity, guaiac-based fecal occult blood testing (gFOBT) with either newer high-sensitivity guaiac-based fecal occult blood testing (hs gFOBT) or fecal immunochemical testing (FIT). MSTF looked at six studies that compared high-sensitivity gFOBT (Hemoccult SENSA) to FIT, and concluded that there was no clear difference in overall performance between these methods.
644:-like effect, rapidly breaking down hydrogen peroxide. In some settings such as gastric or proximal upper intestinal bleeding, the guaiac method may be more sensitive than tests detecting globin because globin is broken down in the upper intestine to a greater extent than is heme. There are various commercially available gFOBT tests which have been categorized as being of low or high sensitivity, and only high-sensitivity tests remain an acceptable alternative to FIT testing, which is now the best-practices recommendation in colon cancer screening. Optimal clinical performance of the
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474:. It is sometimes performed with chromoendoscopy, a method that assists the endoscopist by enhancing the visual difference between cancerous and normal tissue, by either marking the abnormally increased DNA content (toluidine blue) or failing to stain the tumor, possibly due to decreased surface glycogen on tumor cells(Lugol). Infrared fluorescent endoscopy and ultrasonic endoscopy can interrogate vascular abnormalities such as esophageal varices.
690:
324:(NHS) introduced a Bowel Cancer Screening Program in 2006. It is now offered to patients aged 60–74 years. In 2019 FIT was introduced as the primary screening test in England and Wales, replacing gFOBt. However, research carried out in the UK has suggested that the FIT threshold for further investigation is set at a point that may miss more than half of bowel cancer cases and only identifies one in four high-risk polyps.
25:
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gastrointestinal tract than alternatives. The detection rate of the test decreases if the time from sample collection to laboratory processing is delayed; processing the sample in under five days from collection is recommended. It does not appear to be affected by aspirin, anticoagulants, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
500:
vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and gastrointestinal bleeding. Approximately one third of endurance runners experience transient but exercise-limiting symptoms, and repetitive gastrointestinal bleeding occasionally causes iron deficiency and anaemia. Runners can sometimes experience significant symptoms including
310:
Multi-Society Task Force (MSTF)'s recommended first-tier tests are a colonoscopy every 10 years or annual FIT test. If FIT is utilized, proper steps must be taken to ensure appropriate use and follow-up of abnormal FIT results. FIT tests however are not that useful in picking up adenomas, even when advanced.
504:. Exercise is associated with extensive changes in gastrointestinal (GI) tract physiology, including diversion of blood flow from the GI tract to muscles and lungs, decreased GI absorption and small intestinal motility, increased colonic transit, neuroimmunoendocrine changes in hormones and peptides such as
754:
including 51-chromium studies, analytical recovery studies in spiked stool samples, analytical recovery after ingestion of autologous blood, rarer studies of carefully quantified blood instilled at bowel surgery , as well as other research approaches. Additionally, clinical studies look at a variety
350:
In 2006, the
Australian Government introduced the National Bowel Cancer Program which has been updated several times since; targeted screening will be done of all Australians aged from 50 to 74 by 2020. Cancer Council Australia recommended that FOBT should be done every two years. People over 50 not
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methods for colon cancer depend on detecting either precancerous changes such as certain kinds of polyps or on finding early and thus more treatable cancer. The extent to which screening procedures reduce the risk of gastrointestinal cancer or deaths depends on the rate of precancerous and cancerous
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for hidden (occult) blood in the stool should be used at home following the test kit's directions with spontaneously passed stool or on samples submitted to a clinical laboratory. Testing kits are available at pharmacies in some countries without a prescription, or a health professional may order a
327:
The
American College of Gastroenterology has recommended the abandoning of gFOBT testing as a colorectal cancer screening tool, in favor of the fecal immunochemical test. Though the FIT test is preferred, even the guaiac FOB testing of average risk populations may have been sufficient to reduce the
818:
result due to exogenous blood and various porphyrins. HemoQuant is the most sensitive test for upper gastrointestinal bleeding and therefore may be most appropriate fecal occult blood test to use in the evaluation of iron deficiency. It is advisable to stop ingesting red meat and aspirin for three
802:
ml to become positive. The sensitivity of a single-stool guaiac test to pick up bleeding has been quoted at 10 to 30%, but if a standard three tests are done as recommended the sensitivity rises to 92%. Reduced patient compliance with the collection of three samples hampers the usefulness of this
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ml of daily blood in the stool; yet this test threshold does not cause undue false positives from normal upper intestinal blood leakage because it does not detect occult blood from the stomach and upper small intestine. Thus, the FIT test is much more specific for bleeding from the colon or lower
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every ten years in average-risk individuals, beginning at age 50. The ACG suggests that cancer detection tests such as any type of FOB are an alternative that is less preferred, and if a colonoscopy is declined, the FIT (fecal immunochemical test, or iFOBT) should be offered instead. The 2017 US
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Gastrointestinal (GI) complaints and low-intensity GI bleeding frequently occur in marathon runners. Strenuous exercise, particularly in elite athlete runners and less frequently in other exercise activities, can cause acute incapacitating gastrointestinal symptoms including heartburn, nausea,
490:
The use of an FOBT for bleeding from the mouth, nose, esophagus, lungs, stomach and the initial portion of the small intestine, while the same as fecal testing, is discouraged, due to technical considerations including poorly characterized test performance characteristics such as sensitivity,
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is encouraged over gFOBT for routine screening, as it may pick up tumors whether or not they are bleeding. It is able to detect 80 percent of colorectal cancers and 44 percent for adenoma > 1 centimeter, while gFOBT picks up 13 to 50 percent of colorectal cancers.
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disease in that population. gFOBT (guaiac fecal occult blood test) and flexible sigmoidoscopy screening have each shown benefit. Other colon cancer screening tools such as iFOBT (immunochemical fecal occult blood test) or colonoscopy are also included in guidelines.
1590:
Kewenter J, Brevinge H, Engarås B, Haglind E, Ahrén C (May 1994). "Results of screening, rescreening, and follow-up in a prospective randomized study for detection of colorectal cancer by fecal occult blood testing. Results for 68,308 subjects".
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Walleser S, Griffiths A, Lord SJ, Howard K, Solomon MJ, Gebski V (December 2007). "What is the value of computered tomography colonography in patients screening positive for fecal occult blood? A systematic review and economic evaluation".
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Rex DK, Boland CR, Dominitz JA, Giardiello FM, Johnson DA, Kaltenbach T, et al. (July 2017). "Colorectal Cancer
Screening: Recommendations for Physicians and Patients From the U.S. Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer".
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Nieuwenburg SA, Vuik FE, Kruip MJ, Kuipers EJ, Spaander MC (May 2019). "Effect of anticoagulants and NSAIDs on accuracy of faecal immunochemical tests (FITs) in colorectal cancer screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
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Bardhan PK, Beltinger J, Beltinger RW, Hossain A, Mahalanabis D, Gyr K (January 2000). "Screening of patients with acute infectious diarrhoea: evaluation of clinical features, faecal microscopy, and faecal occult blood testing".
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Imperiale TF, Gruber RN, Stump TE, Emmett TW, Monahan PO (March 2019). "Performance
Characteristics of Fecal Immunochemical Tests for Colorectal Cancer and Advanced Adenomatous Polyps: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
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Collins JF, Lieberman DA, Durbin TE, Weiss DG (January 2005). "Accuracy of screening for fecal occult blood on a single stool sample obtained by digital rectal examination: a comparison with recommended sampling practice".
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specificity, and analytical interference. However, chemical confirmation that coloration is due to blood rather than coffee, beets, medications, or food additives can be of significant clinical assistance.
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Bevan R, Lee TJ, Nickerson C, Rubin G, Rees CJ (June 2014). "Non-neoplastic findings at colonoscopy after positive faecal occult blood testing: data from the
English Bowel Cancer Screening Programme".
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mg of cimetidine 1 hr before the start and again at 50 miles of a 100-mile running race substantially decreased GI symptoms and post-race guaiac test positivity but did not affect race performance.
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Harewood GC, McConnell JP, Harrington JJ, Mahoney DW, Ahlquist DA (January 2002). "Detection of occult upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding: performance differences in fecal occult blood tests".
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Hardcastle JD, Chamberlain JO, Robinson MH, Moss SM, Amar SS, Balfour TW, et al. (November 1996). "Randomised controlled trial of faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer".
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recommends that men and women aged 50 and over have an FOBT at least every two years. In colon cancer screening, using only one sample of feces collected by a doctor performing a
3406:
347:), fecal occult blood tests may not be clinically helpful. If a doctor suspects colon cancer, more rigorous investigation is necessary, whether or not the test is positive.
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Sheng JQ, Li SR, Su H, Li JS, Sun ZQ, Wu ZT, et al. (June 2010). "Fecal cytology in conjunction with immunofecal occult blood test for colorectal cancer screening".
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testing kit for use at home. If a home fecal occult blood test detects blood in the stool it is recommended to see a health professional to arrange further testing.
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1031:"Recommendations on Fecal Immunochemical Testing to Screen for Colorectal Neoplasia: A Consensus Statement by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer"
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and peptide-histidine-methionine. Substantial changes occur in stress hormones including cortisol, in circulating concentrations and metabolic behavior of various
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ml of blood escapes blood vessels into the stool each day. Significant amounts of blood can be lost without producing visible blood in the stool, estimated as 200
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In the event of a positive fecal occult blood test, the next step in the workup is a form of visualization of the gastrointestinal tract by one of several means:
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Kronborg O, Fenger C, Olsen J, Jørgensen OD, Søndergaard O (November 1996). "Randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal-occult-blood test".
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two hours before running a marathon did not significantly affect the frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms or occult gastrointestinal bleeding. Conversely, 800
305:(ACG) suggested that colon cancer screening modalities that are also directly preventive by removing precursor lesions should be given precedence, and prefer a
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for fecal occult blood (gFOBT) sensitivity varies depending on the site of bleeding. Moderately sensitive gFOBT can pick up a daily blood loss of about 10
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Whitlock EP, Lin J, Liles E, Beil T, Fu R, O'Connor E, Thompson RN, Cardenas T (2008). "Screening for
Colorectal Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review".
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35:
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The
American College of Gastroenterology has recommended the abandoning of gFOBT testing as a colorectal cancer screening tool, in favor of the
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Moses FM, Baska RS, Peura DA, Deuster PA (October 1991). "Effect of cimetidine on marathon-associated gastrointestinal symptoms and bleeding".
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3188:"The effect of removal of point-of-care fecal occult blood testing on performance of digital rectal examinations in the emergency department"
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An estimated 1–5% of large tested populations have a positive fecal occult blood test. Of those, about 2–10% have cancer, while 20–30% have
314:
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Ahlquist DA, McGill DB, Schwartz S, Taylor WF, Owen RA (May 1985). "Fecal blood levels in health and disease. A study using HemoQuant".
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days prior to specimen collection. False positives can occur with myoglobin, catalase, or protohemes and in certain types of porphyria.
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Schiff L, Stevens RJ, Shapiro N, et al. Observations on the oral administration of citrate blood in man. Am J Med Sci 1942; 203: 409.
2725:"Transferrin dipstick as a potential novel test for colon cancer screening: a comparative study with immuno fecal occult blood test"
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Endo M, Takeshita K, Yoshida M (September 1986). "How can we diagnose the early stage of esophageal cancer? Endoscopic diagnosis".
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has many potential sources, and positive results usually result in further testing for the bleeding site, usually looking for
803:
test. Further discussion of sensitivity and specificity issues that relate particularly to the guaiac method is found in the
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St John DJ, Young GP (April 1978). "Evaluation of radiochromium blood loss studies in unexplained iron-deficiency anaemia".
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may have unintentionally decreased digital rectal examination and FOBT in hospital settings such as
Emergency Departments.
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1108:"Making FIT Count: Maximizing Appropriate Use of the Fecal Immunochemical Test for Colorectal Cancer Screening Programs"
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There are four methods in clinical use to test for occult blood in feces. These look at different properties, such as
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1457:"Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study"
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3085:"The "HemoQuant" test: a specific and quantitative determination of heme (hemoglobin) in feces and other materials"
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521:
456:, an examination of the rectum and lower colon with a lighted instrument to look for abnormalities, such as polyps.
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Dybdahl JH, Daae LN, Larsen S (1981). "Occult faecal blood loss determined by chemical tests and a 51 Cr method".
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ml in the duodenum, and lesser amounts in the lower intestine. Tests for occult blood identify lesser blood loss.
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by about 25%. With this lower efficacy, it was not always cost-effective to screen a large population with gFOBT.
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1373:"Faecal immunochemical testing in bowel cancer screening: Estimating outcomes for different diagnostic policies"
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causes unless there are other clues. Colonoscopy is usually preferred to computerized tomographic colonography.
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de
Oliveira EP, Burini RC (September 2009). "The impact of physical exercise on the gastrointestinal tract".
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Endo M, Sakakibara N, Suzuki H (1972). "Observation of esophageal lesions with the use of endoscopic dyes".
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Young GP, Cole SR (March 2009). "Which fecal occult blood test is best to screen for colorectal cancer?".
895:"American College of Gastroenterology guidelines for colorectal cancer screening 2009 [corrected]"
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3149:"The law of unintended consequences: The Joint Commission regulations and the digital rectal examination"
2560:"Prediction of flare-ups of ulcerative colitis using quantitative immunochemical fecal occult blood test"
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ml (about two teaspoonfuls), and higher sensitivity gFOBT can pick up lesser amounts, requires at least 2
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expression. Symptoms can be exacerbated by dehydration or by pre-exercise ingestion of certain foods and
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van Rossum LG, van Rijn AF, van Oijen MG, Fockens P, Laheij RJ, Verbeek AL, et al. (August 2009).
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Brouns F, Beckers E (April 1993). "Is the gut an athletic organ? Digestion, absorption and exercise".
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2927:"False negative fecal occult blood tests due to delayed sample return in colorectal cancer screening"
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Robertson DJ, Lee JK, Boland CR, Dominitz JA, Giardiello FM, Johnson DA, et al. (April 2017).
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2519:"Cost-effectiveness analysis of two strategies for mass screening for colorectal cancer in France"
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Harewood GC, Ahlquist DA (2000). "Fecal occult blood testing for iron deficiency: a reappraisal".
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Venkatraman JT, Pendergast DR (2002). "Effect of dietary intake on immune function in athletes".
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2091:"Potential benefits and hazards of physical activity and exercise on the gastrointestinal tract"
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Fecal occult blood testing (FOBT), as its name implies, aims to detect subtle blood loss in the
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involves smearing some feces onto some absorbent paper that has been treated with a chemical.
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2011:
Halvorsen FA, Lyng J, Ritland S (May 1986). "Gastrointestinal bleeding in marathon runners".
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The estimates for test performance characteristics are based on comparison with a variety of
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2372:"Cimetidine reduces running-associated gastrointestinal bleeding. A prospective observation"
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1233:"The NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Program: current perspectives on strategies for improvement"
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1740:"Faecal pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 for colorectal cancer screening: a meta-analysis"
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198:). A fecal occult blood test (FOBT) checks for hidden (occult) blood in the stool (feces).
1972:"Fecal Occult Blood Testing in Hospitalized Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding"
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Li SJ, Sharples LD, Benton SC, Blyuss O, Mathews C, Sasieni P, Duffy SW (September 2021).
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are present, the paper will change color in one or two seconds. This method works as the
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Mandel JS, Bond JH, Church TR, Snover DC, Bradley GM, Schuman LM, Ederer F (May 1993).
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including fact sheets in 24 languages at
Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care
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2189:"Do some marathon runners bleed into the gut? (letter response to a previous article)"
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If colon cancer is suspected in an individual (such as in someone with an unexplained
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yet eligible for the national program can arrange with their doctor for an FOBT. The
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Rex DK, Johnson DA, Anderson JC, Schoenfeld PS, Burke CA, Inadomi JM (March 2009).
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Fecal DNA tests as of 2008 had not been studied enough to support widespread use.
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for that disease. It can also be used to look for active occult blood loss in
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Kuriyama M, Kato J, Takemoto K, Hiraoka S, Okada H, Yamamoto K (March 2010).
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853:"Occult Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Detection, Interpretation, and Evaluation"
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Additional methods of looking for occult blood are being explored, including
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Peters HP, De Vries WR, Vanberge-Henegouwen GP, Akkermans LM (March 2001).
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Bretthauer M (August 2010). "Evidence for colorectal cancer screening".
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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from cellular material such as from lesions of the intestinal mucosa.
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Sheng JQ, Li SR, Wu ZT, Xia CH, Wu X, Chen J, Rao J (August 2009).
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Mathews B, Ratcliffe T, Sehgal R, Abraham J, Monash B (July 2017).
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3527:
3430:
1503:
290:
984:
783:
Fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) can identify as little as 0.3
4876:
4440:
3920:
3448:
3313:
1789:
Rockey DC (December 2005). "Occult gastrointestinal bleeding".
659:
look for DNA alterations that have been associated with cancer.
595:
560:
402:
344:
278:
206:
191:
3147:
Adams BD, McHugh KJ, Bryson SA, Dabulewicz J (February 2008).
1589:
1210:"Final Recommendation Statement: Colorectal Cancer: Screening"
4645:
3755:
3604:
3011:"Screening average risk patients for colorectal cancer – B01"
1969:
629:
462:, a more thorough examination of the rectum and entire colon.
238:
183:
179:
3083:
Schwartz S, Dahl J, Ellefson M, Ahlquist D (December 1983).
3082:
2790:
1546:
892:
3146:
3010:
2965:
2642:
Rockey DC (July 1999). "Occult gastrointestinal bleeding".
2557:
2476:
Nature Clinical Practice. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
1823:
1680:
1069:
633:
556:
245:. Positive tests ("positive stool") may result from either
222:
138:
2906:"What Does a Positive Fecal Occult Blood Test Mean? – B01"
1154:
1028:
3255:
Burt RW (September 2010). "Colorectal cancer screening".
1737:
568:
210:
2516:
2048:
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
1230:
146:
Cards and bottle used for the Hemoccult test, a type of
1738:
Tonus C, Sellinger M, Koss K, Neupert G (August 2012).
1422:
Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology
1231:
Koo S, Neilson LJ, Von Wagner C, Rees CJ (2017-12-04).
778:
2517:
Berchi C, Bouvier V, Réaud JM, Launoy G (March 2004).
2326:
1864:
1454:
1370:
850:
2273:
606:
A positive traditional guaiac fecal occult blood test
339:
A LabCorp fecal occult blood immunoassay testing kit.
3291:
3123:
2010:
1926:
1907:
628:
is then dropped onto the paper; if trace amounts of
186:
that is not visibly apparent (unlike other types of
3185:
1332:"New pathways could improve bowel cancer screening"
2766:Analytical and Quantitative Cytology and Histology
2825:
2369:
2045:
205:(FIT). The newer and recommended tests look for
4986:
2729:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
1212:. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. June 2016
941:
648:depends on preparatory dietary adjustment. The
3186:Cleveland NJ, Yaron M, Ginde AA (August 2010).
2456:http://patients.gi.org/topics/colorectal-cancer
2448:
2415:
2413:
1676:
1674:
851:Beg M, Singh M, Saraswat MK, Rewari BB (2002).
485:
16:Blood in the feces that is not visibly apparent
2863:Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine
2370:Baska RS, Moses FM, Deuster PA (August 1990).
2226:
2224:
758:
284:
49:Please review the contents of the article and
4691:Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
4092:
4051:
3407:
2230:
481:: a series of x-rays of the colon and rectum.
281:or when there are gastrointestinal symptoms.
3179:
3140:
3117:
3023:
2918:
2860:
2757:
2722:
2716:
2678:"Diagnostic Tests — Fecal Occult Blood Test"
2551:
2510:
2467:
2410:
2267:
2082:
2039:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1817:
1782:
1671:
1413:
528:liquids, and lessened by adequate training.
370:
315:United States Preventive Services Task Force
3076:
2763:
2363:
2320:
2221:
2004:
1105:
978:
935:
718:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4341:
4058:
4044:
3414:
3400:
3126:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
1733:
1731:
1419:
137:
4832:
3203:
3100:
2942:
2740:
2585:
2575:
2534:
2473:
2287:
2212:
2163:
2137:
2114:
1987:
1853:
1791:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
1765:
1755:
1695:
1472:
1396:
1258:
1248:
1177:
1131:
1046:
910:
738:Learn how and when to remove this message
4497:Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization
2828:Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology
2419:
2013:Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology
1827:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
1593:Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology
988:Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology
899:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
814:quantification by HemoQuant can yield a
601:
334:
4654:Artificial extracorporeal liver support
3070:Mayo Clinic: Mayo Clinical Laboratories
1728:
1706:10.7326/0003-4819-142-2-200501180-00006
4987:
2641:
2611:"A Colonoscopy Alternative Comes Home"
2186:
1788:
830:Safety regulations from US accreditor
679:
584:immunochemical fecal occult blood test
253:and warrant further investigation for
4039:
3395:
1237:Risk Management and Healthcare Policy
269:). The test does not directly detect
4209:Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery
3254:
2608:
1112:Journal of General Internal Medicine
779:Clinical sensitivity and specificity
716:adding citations to reliable sources
683:
303:American College of Gastroenterology
18:
4258:Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
4066:Tests and procedures involving the
3257:Current Opinion in Gastroenterology
2793:The New England Journal of Medicine
2644:The New England Journal of Medicine
1461:The New England Journal of Medicine
674:
494:
213:, or other blood factors including
13:
4696:Distal splenorenal shunt procedure
2875:10.1111/j.1445-5994.1978.tb04496.x
2140:"Educational Case: Diverticulosis"
763:In healthy people about 0.5 to 1.5
14:
5021:
3224:
3205:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.12.021
3165:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.07.022
2564:World Journal of Gastroenterology
1744:World Journal of Gastroenterology
1653:"Screening for colorectal cancer"
1283:"CKS is only available in the UK"
1106:Cusumano VT, May FP (June 2020).
590:). FIT products utilize specific
2703:"Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)"
2298:10.2165/00007256-200232050-00004
2245:10.2165/00007256-199315040-00003
2138:Toy KA, Conran RM (2022-01-01).
1627:"Bowel cancer screening program"
873:from the original on 2010-11-22.
688:
522:major histocompatibility complex
389:A positive test can result from
115:
23:
4487:Lateral internal sphincterotomy
3136:. Report No.: 08-05-05124-EF-1.
3058:
3003:
2959:
2931:International Journal of Cancer
2898:
2889:
2854:
2819:
2784:
2695:
2670:
2635:
2602:
2434:10.1016/j.gastrohep.2009.01.179
2422:Gastroenterologia y Hepatologia
2420:Quintero E (October 2009). "".
2376:Digestive Diseases and Sciences
2329:Digestive Diseases and Sciences
2180:
2131:
1963:
1920:
1910:Progress of Digestive Endoscopy
1901:
1645:
1619:
1583:
1540:
1497:
1448:
1364:
1324:
1299:
1275:
1224:
395:lower gastrointestinal bleeding
391:upper gastrointestinal bleeding
384:upper gastrointestinal bleeding
380:lower gastrointestinal bleeding
251:lower gastrointestinal bleeding
247:upper gastrointestinal bleeding
228:
4194:Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty
4145:Functional Lumen Imaging Probe
3066:"Test ID: HQ HemoQuant, Feces"
1202:
1148:
1099:
1063:
1022:
844:
546:
273:but is often used in clinical
51:add the appropriate references
1:
4576:Lower gastrointestinal series
4320:Upper gastrointestinal series
2742:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0309
1561:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)03430-7
1518:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)03386-7
837:
825:
506:vasoactive intestinal peptide
4842:Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
4561:Double-contrast barium enema
4388:Partial ileal bypass surgery
4265:Esophagogastric dissociation
3269:10.1097/MOG.0b013e32833d1733
3192:Annals of Emergency Medicine
3153:Annals of Emergency Medicine
2156:10.1016/j.acpath.2022.100014
2060:10.1097/MCO.0b013e32832e6776
1976:Journal of Hospital Medicine
1867:Journal of Medical Screening
1377:Journal of Medical Screening
1085:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.013
1048:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.08.053
576:Fecal immunochemical testing
486:Testing secretions for blood
7:
5000:Diagnostic gastroenterology
4659:Bioartificial liver devices
4586:Transrectal ultrasonography
3635:Charcot's cholangitis triad
3102:10.1093/clinchem/29.12.2061
2805:10.1056/NEJM198505303122204
2656:10.1056/NEJM199907013410107
1684:Annals of Internal Medicine
1474:10.1056/NEJM199305133281901
1158:Annals of Internal Medicine
1079:(1). Elsevier BV: 307–323.
759:Gastrointestinal blood loss
285:Colorectal cancer screening
36:reliable medical references
10:
5026:
4581:Small-bowel follow-through
4449:Abdominoperineal resection
4308:Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
2981:10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316344
1833:(12): 1439–46, quiz 1368.
1124:10.1007/s11606-020-05728-y
1000:10.1080/003655200750024533
433:Inflammatory bowel disease
357:digital rectal examination
328:mortality associated with
4941:Clinical prediction rules
4939:
4907:
4875:
4847:Intraperitoneal injection
4823:
4781:
4706:
4644:
4635:
4599:
4551:Abdominal ultrasonography
4505:
4467:
4459:Total mesorectal excision
4439:
4401:
4378:Intestine transplantation
4332:
4293:
4168:Sengstaken–Blakemore tube
4158:
4150:High resolution manometry
4140:Esophageal motility study
4101:
4083:
4074:
4020:Sister Mary Joseph nodule
3942:
3919:
3857:
3824:
3781:
3738:
3731:
3674:
3596:
3437:
3365:
3295:
2840:10.3109/00365528109181963
2205:10.1136/bmj.288.6410.65-b
2025:10.3109/00365528609015168
1839:10.1016/j.cgh.2007.09.003
1803:10.1016/j.gtc.2005.08.010
1605:10.3109/00365529409096840
1434:10.1016/j.bpg.2010.06.005
657:Stool DNA screening tests
397:. The common causes are:
376:Gastrointestinal bleeding
371:Other sources of bleeding
203:fecal immunochemical test
153:
145:
136:
131:
42:or relies too heavily on
4796:Pancreas transplantation
4454:Lower anterior resection
4135:Esophageal pH monitoring
4077:Digestive system surgery
1879:10.1177/0969141314528889
1757:10.3748/wjg.v18.i30.4004
1631:Cancer Council Australia
1389:10.1177/0969141320980501
1307:"Bowel cancer screening"
616:for fecal occult blood (
4890:Inguinal hernia surgery
4806:Pancreaticoduodenectomy
4189:Adjustable gastric band
4130:Impedance–pH monitoring
3032:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
2577:10.3748/wjg.v16.i9.1110
1657:Canadian Cancer Society
755:of additional factors.
470:Upper gastrointestinal
353:Canadian Cancer Society
322:National Health Service
4920:Exploratory laparotomy
4735:Hepatoportoenterostomy
4199:Gastric bypass surgery
4068:human digestive system
3427:human digestive system
3159:(2): 197–201, 201.e1.
2488:10.1038/ncpgasthep1358
1941:10.1055/s-2007-1018435
1118:(6). JGIM: 1870–1874.
771:ml in the stomach, 100
607:
340:
235:gastrointestinal tract
4895:Femoral hernia repair
4681:Liver transplantation
4275:Nissen fundoplication
3713:Obstructed defecation
2609:Span P (2021-01-11).
605:
338:
217:, while conventional
4492:Rubber band ligation
4431:Hartmann's operation
3975:Aure-Rozanova's sign
3934:Hannington-Kiff sign
3929:Howship–Romberg sign
3887:Aortic insufficiency
3789:Abdominal distension
2107:10.1136/gut.48.3.435
1250:10.2147/RMHP.S109116
912:10.1038/ajg.2009.104
832:the Joint Commission
712:improve this section
423:Diverticular disease
237:, anywhere from the
65:"Fecal occult blood"
4867:Peritoneal dialysis
4686:Portal hypertension
4591:Virtual colonoscopy
4566:Endoanal ultrasound
4482:Anorectal manometry
4477:Anal sphincterotomy
4421:Colonic polypectomy
4216:Collis gastroplasty
3540:Chilaiditi syndrome
1555:(9040): 1467–1471.
1512:(9040): 1472–1477.
1344:10.3310/alert_47581
1041:(5): 1217–1237.e3.
680:Reference standards
667:dipstick and stool
466:Virtual colonoscopy
4361:Jejunoileal bypass
4204:Sleeve gastrectomy
3907:Grey Turner's sign
3837:Hepatosplenomegaly
3766:Abdominal guarding
3698:Fecal occult blood
3689:Fecal incontinence
3660:Mirizzi's syndrome
3570:Sherren's triangle
3423:Signs and symptoms
3366:External resources
3089:Clinical Chemistry
2615:The New York Times
2461:2019-04-19 at the
2454:Colorectal Cancer
2388:10.1007/BF01537243
2341:10.1007/BF01296804
2187:Weaver LT (1984).
2144:Academic Pathology
1935:(Suppl 3): 11–18.
944:Digestive Diseases
608:
444:Sickle cell anemia
416:20–30% adenoma or
341:
219:stool guaiac tests
172:Fecal occult blood
132:Fecal occult blood
4982:
4981:
4927:Rapid urease test
4903:
4902:
4819:
4818:
4811:Puestow procedure
4773:Cholescintigraphy
4631:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4619:Stool guaiac test
4529:Capsule endoscopy
4351:Bariatric surgery
4328:
4327:
4243:Gastroenterostomy
4184:Bariatric surgery
4033:
4032:
4005:Fothergill's sign
3995:Rosenstein's sign
3915:
3914:
3870:Mallet-Guy's sign
3809:Shifting dullness
3630:Courvoisier's law
3389:
3388:
3095:(12): 2061–2067.
2944:10.1002/ijc.24458
2799:(22): 1422–1428.
2335:(10): 1390–1394.
1989:10.12788/jhm.2773
1750:(30): 4004–4011.
1467:(19): 1365–1371.
956:10.1159/000016968
805:stool guaiac test
792:Stool guaiac test
752:reference methods
748:
747:
740:
650:stool guaiac test
646:stool guaiac test
626:Hydrogen peroxide
622:stool guaiac test
613:Stool guaiac test
407:colorectal cancer
263:colorectal cancer
169:
168:
148:stool guaiac test
126:Medical condition
124:
123:
100:
5017:
4964:Child–Pugh score
4931:Urea breath test
4830:
4829:
4791:Frey's procedure
4768:Cholecystography
4642:
4641:
4339:
4338:
4174:Nasogastric tube
4099:
4098:
4090:
4089:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4037:
4036:
3736:
3735:
3723:Rectal discharge
3639:Reynolds' pentad
3578:Radiologic signs
3565:McBurney's point
3439:Gastrointestinal
3425:relating to the
3416:
3409:
3402:
3393:
3392:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3249:ColonCancerCheck
3244:Cleveland Clinic
3218:
3217:
3207:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3104:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2946:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2735:(8): 2182–2185.
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2680:. Archived from
2674:
2668:
2667:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2589:
2579:
2570:(9): 1110–1114.
2555:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2523:Health Economics
2514:
2508:
2507:
2471:
2465:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2291:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1862:
1851:
1850:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1769:
1759:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1699:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1476:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1400:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1252:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1181:
1170:10.7326/M18-2390
1152:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1073:Gastroenterology
1067:
1061:
1060:
1050:
1035:Gastroenterology
1026:
1020:
1019:
982:
976:
975:
939:
933:
932:
914:
890:
875:
874:
872:
857:
848:
801:
797:
786:
774:
770:
766:
743:
736:
732:
729:
723:
692:
684:
675:Test performance
567:in blood, or at
542:
534:
531:Ingestion of 800
495:Marathon runners
477:Double-contrast
359:is discouraged.
160:Gastroenterology
141:
129:
128:
119:
118:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
27:
26:
19:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5014:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4969:Ranson criteria
4935:
4899:
4871:
4815:
4777:
4746:Cholangiography
4742:Medical imaging
4725:Cholecystostomy
4720:Cholecystectomy
4702:
4623:
4595:
4507:Medical imaging
4501:
4463:
4435:
4397:
4393:Strictureplasty
4368:Bowel resection
4356:Duodenal switch
4324:
4295:Medical imaging
4289:
4154:
4085:Digestive tract
4079:
4070:
4064:
4034:
4029:
3990:Lockwood's sign
3938:
3911:
3882:Ballance's sign
3853:
3820:
3814:Fluid wave test
3777:
3771:Blumberg's sign
3727:
3703:Rectal tenesmus
3670:
3610:Councilman body
3592:
3535:Goodsall's rule
3523:Hypersalivation
3440:
3433:
3420:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3361:
3360:
3304:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3184:
3180:
3145:
3141:
3122:
3118:
3081:
3077:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3044:10.4065/77.1.23
3028:
3024:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2964:
2960:
2923:
2919:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2859:
2855:
2824:
2820:
2789:
2785:
2762:
2758:
2721:
2717:
2708:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2687:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2640:
2636:
2627:
2625:
2607:
2603:
2556:
2552:
2536:10.1002/hec.819
2515:
2511:
2472:
2468:
2463:Wayback Machine
2453:
2449:
2418:
2411:
2368:
2364:
2325:
2321:
2289:10.1.1.556.6186
2276:Sports Medicine
2272:
2268:
2233:Sports Medicine
2229:
2222:
2185:
2181:
2136:
2132:
2087:
2083:
2044:
2040:
2009:
2005:
1968:
1964:
1925:
1921:
1906:
1902:
1863:
1854:
1822:
1818:
1787:
1783:
1736:
1729:
1679:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1588:
1584:
1545:
1541:
1502:
1498:
1453:
1449:
1418:
1414:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1153:
1149:
1104:
1100:
1068:
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1027:
1023:
983:
979:
940:
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855:
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840:
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784:
781:
772:
768:
764:
761:
744:
733:
727:
724:
709:
693:
682:
677:
549:
540:
532:
497:
488:
373:
362:The use of the
287:
231:
164:general surgery
127:
120:
116:
111:
105:
102:
59:
48:
44:primary sources
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5023:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4974:Milan criteria
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4945:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4838:
4836:
4827:
4825:Abdominopelvic
4821:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4801:Pancreatectomy
4798:
4793:
4787:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4716:
4714:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4664:Liver dialysis
4661:
4650:
4648:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4609:Fecal fat test
4605:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4511:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4473:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4407:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4347:
4345:
4336:
4334:Lower GI tract
4330:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4315:Barium swallow
4312:
4311:
4310:
4299:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4285:Schilling test
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4181:
4179:Gastric lavage
4176:
4171:
4164:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4120:Heller myotomy
4117:
4111:
4109:
4096:
4094:Upper GI tract
4087:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4063:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4040:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4025:Blumer's shelf
4022:
4017:
4015:Massouh's sign
4012:
4010:Carnett's sign
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3965:Hamburger sign
3962:
3960:Rovsing's sign
3957:
3955:Obturator sign
3952:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3925:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3892:Castell's sign
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3834:
3832:Abdominal mass
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3746:Abdominal pain
3742:
3740:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3657:
3652:
3641:
3632:
3627:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3583:Hampton's line
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3435:
3434:
3419:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3396:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3347:
3336:
3321:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:Classification
3290:
3289:
3263:(5): 466–470.
3252:
3246:
3237:
3226:
3225:External links
3223:
3220:
3219:
3198:(2): 135–141.
3178:
3139:
3116:
3075:
3057:
3022:
3002:
2975:(5): 866–872.
2958:
2937:(4): 746–750.
2917:
2897:
2888:
2869:(2): 121–126.
2853:
2834:(2): 245–252.
2818:
2783:
2772:(3): 131–135.
2756:
2715:
2694:
2669:
2634:
2601:
2550:
2529:(3): 227–238.
2509:
2482:(3): 140–141.
2466:
2447:
2428:(8): 565–576.
2424:(in Spanish).
2409:
2382:(8): 956–960.
2362:
2319:
2282:(5): 323–337.
2266:
2239:(4): 242–257.
2220:
2179:
2130:
2101:(3): 435–439.
2081:
2054:(5): 533–538.
2038:
2019:(4): 493–497.
2003:
1982:(7): 567–569.
1962:
1919:
1900:
1852:
1816:
1797:(4): 699–718.
1781:
1727:
1697:10.1.1.580.829
1670:
1644:
1633:. 19 June 2018
1618:
1599:(5): 468–473.
1582:
1539:
1496:
1447:
1428:(4): 417–425.
1412:
1383:(3): 277–285.
1363:
1338:. 2021-09-13.
1323:
1298:
1274:
1223:
1201:
1164:(5): 319–329.
1147:
1098:
1062:
1021:
977:
934:
905:(3): 739–750.
876:
842:
841:
839:
836:
827:
824:
816:false positive
780:
777:
760:
757:
746:
745:
696:
694:
687:
681:
678:
676:
673:
661:
660:
654:
600:
599:
548:
545:
518:immunoglobulin
496:
493:
487:
484:
483:
482:
475:
468:
463:
457:
447:
446:
441:
438:Angiodysplasia
435:
430:
425:
420:
414:
411:gastric cancer
372:
369:
286:
283:
267:gastric cancer
230:
227:
188:blood in stool
167:
166:
157:
151:
150:
143:
142:
134:
133:
125:
122:
121:
114:
112:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5022:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4885:Hernia repair
4883:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4614:Fecal pH test
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4544:Sigmoidoscopy
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4280:Pyloromyotomy
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4115:Esophagectomy
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4061:
4056:
4054:
4049:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:Dunphy's sign
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3970:Heel tap sign
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3902:Cullen's sign
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3751:Acute abdomen
3749:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3655:Lépine's sign
3653:
3651:
3650:Murphy's sign
3647:
3646:
3645:cholecystitis
3642:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:Markle's sign
3558:
3556:
3555:Arapov's sign
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:oropharyngeal
3494:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3412:
3410:
3405:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3231:FOBT Overview
3229:
3228:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3012:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2907:
2901:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2704:
2698:
2684:on 2007-07-07
2683:
2679:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2414:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2225:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:(1): 100014.
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1677:
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454:Sigmoidoscopy
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4862:Paracentesis
4676:Liver biopsy
4571:Enteroclysis
4556:Defecography
4411:Appendectomy
3985:Alder's sign
3847:Splenomegaly
3842:Hepatomegaly
3708:Constipation
3697:
3643:
3621:
3615:Mallory body
3603:
3588:Klemm's sign
3576:
3550:Aaron's sign
3545:Dance's sign
3474:Trichophagia
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479:barium enema
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440:of the colon
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330:colon cancer
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320:The English
319:
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271:colon cancer
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229:Medical uses
200:
196:hematochezia
178:) refers to
175:
171:
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40:verification
33:
5010:Stool tests
4995:Blood tests
4852:Laparoscopy
4708:Gallbladder
4671:Hepatectomy
4601:Stool tests
4539:Proctoscopy
4534:Enteroscopy
4519:Colonoscopy
4403:Large bowel
4383:Jejunostomy
4343:Small bowel
4270:Hill repair
4253:Gastrostomy
4231:Billroth II
4221:Gastrectomy
4125:Sialography
4000:Cupola sign
3897:Kehr's sign
3877:Puddle sign
3508:Odynophagia
3375:MedlinePlus
3235:Mayo Clinic
1663:11 December
1637:11 December
1243:: 177–187.
665:transferrin
547:Methodology
520:levels and
502:hematemesis
460:Colonoscopy
428:Hemorrhoids
307:colonoscopy
215:transferrin
34:needs more
4989:Categories
4915:Laparotomy
4857:Omentopexy
4834:Peritoneum
4469:Anal canal
4248:Gastropexy
4226:Billroth I
3950:Psoas sign
3782:Distension
3761:Baby colic
3693:encopresis
3684:Flatulence
3676:Defecation
3666:Nardi test
3625:Boas' sign
3518:Xerostomia
3513:Bad breath
3501:esophageal
3479:Pagophagia
3464:Aerophagia
3351:DiseasesDB
3016:2007-10-25
2911:2007-07-18
2709:2007-07-18
2688:2007-07-18
2628:2021-01-12
1357:2022-08-05
1317:2022-08-05
1292:2022-08-05
1179:1805/21570
838:References
826:Regulation
642:peroxidase
638:hemoglobin
594:to detect
592:antibodies
565:porphyrins
553:antibodies
537:cimetidine
526:hypertonic
514:leucocytes
364:M2-PK Test
259:malignancy
76:newspapers
4712:bile duct
4637:Accessory
4515:Endoscopy
4426:Colostomy
4416:Colectomy
4373:Ileostomy
4303:Endoscopy
4236:Roux-en-Y
4107:Esophagus
3597:Accessory
3491:Dysphagia
3484:Geophagia
3459:Heartburn
2623:0362-4331
2284:CiteSeerX
1929:Endoscopy
1692:CiteSeerX
1352:239113610
1016:218910557
812:porphyrin
807:article.
728:June 2019
699:does not
620:): – The
516:, and in
472:endoscopy
295:Screening
275:screening
261:(such as
221:look for
155:Specialty
4783:Pancreas
4524:Anoscopy
3865:Jaundice
3794:Bloating
3718:Diarrhea
3622:biliary:
3454:Vomiting
3285:41529458
3277:20664346
3240:Overview
3214:20060198
3173:17961818
3134:20722162
3052:11794453
2997:46949140
2989:29871970
2953:19408302
2778:20701065
2751:19661074
2664:10387941
2596:20205282
2545:14981648
2504:26481612
2496:19174764
2459:Archived
2442:19577340
2314:25330480
2306:11929359
2261:26732943
2174:35600744
2125:11171839
2076:21085826
2068:19535976
1998:28699947
1957:34757654
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1887:24644029
1847:18054752
1811:16303578
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1093:28600072
1057:27769517
1008:10672835
972:29966595
964:11060470
921:19240699
868:Archived
669:cytology
510:secretin
291:adenomas
190:such as
4160:Stomach
3804:Tympany
3799:Ascites
3732:Abdomen
3528:Burping
3431:abdomen
3345:D009780
3111:6640900
2848:7313535
2813:3873009
2705:. WebMD
2587:2835788
2404:1978110
2396:2384041
2357:8264981
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2253:8460288
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720:removed
705:sources
582:), and
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241:to the
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4441:Rectum
3921:Hernia
3825:Masses
3449:Nausea
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810:Fecal
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640:has a
596:globin
561:globin
541:
535:mg of
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418:polyps
403:cancer
345:anemia
279:anemia
207:globin
192:melena
92:
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5005:Feces
4959:UKELD
4908:Other
4646:Liver
3943:Other
3858:Other
3756:Colic
3605:liver
3441:tract
3356:30751
3334:792.1
3319:R19.5
3281:S2CID
2993:S2CID
2500:S2CID
2400:S2CID
2353:S2CID
2310:S2CID
2257:S2CID
2072:S2CID
1953:S2CID
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1891:S2CID
1718:S2CID
1573:S2CID
1530:S2CID
1487:S2CID
1348:S2CID
1192:S2CID
1012:S2CID
968:S2CID
925:S2CID
871:(PDF)
860:JIACM
856:(PDF)
630:blood
618:gFOBT
588:iFOBT
563:, or
257:or a
243:colon
239:mouth
184:feces
180:blood
97:JSTOR
83:books
4954:PELD
4949:MELD
4756:MRCP
4730:ERCP
3739:Pain
3691:and
3469:Pica
3340:MeSH
3329:9-CM
3273:PMID
3210:PMID
3169:PMID
3130:PMID
3107:PMID
3048:PMID
2985:PMID
2949:PMID
2879:PMID
2844:PMID
2809:PMID
2774:PMID
2747:PMID
2660:PMID
2619:ISSN
2592:PMID
2541:PMID
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2438:PMID
2392:PMID
2345:PMID
2302:PMID
2249:PMID
2170:PMID
2121:PMID
2064:PMID
2029:PMID
1994:PMID
1945:PMID
1883:PMID
1843:PMID
1807:PMID
1772:PMID
1710:PMID
1665:2018
1639:2018
1609:PMID
1565:PMID
1522:PMID
1479:PMID
1438:PMID
1403:PMID
1287:NICE
1265:PMID
1218:2019
1184:PMID
1138:PMID
1089:PMID
1053:PMID
1004:PMID
960:PMID
917:PMID
703:any
701:cite
634:heme
557:heme
313:The
223:heme
69:news
38:for
4761:PTC
4103:SGs
3429:or
3325:ICD
3310:ICD
3265:doi
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