467:, the Democratic Party won control of the White House and both chambers of Congress. The party's platform stated strong opposition to the Aldrich Plan. The platform also called for a systematic revision of banking laws in ways that would provide relief from financial panics, unemployment and business depression, and would protect the public from the "domination by what is known as the Money Trust." The final plan, however, was quite similar to the Aldrich Plan, with a few revisions. Sen. Carter Glass made these revisions, although the main premise of the Aldrich Plan was in there. Changes in the Banking and Currency System of the United States]. House Report No. 69, 63rd Congress to accompany H.R. 7837, submitted to the full House by
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based on protectionist sentiment; a central bank would serve a handful of financiers at the expense of small producers, businesses, farmers and consumers, and could destabilize the economy through speculation and inflation. This created even further controversy over who would select the decision-makers in charge of the
Federal Reserve. Proponents argued that a strong banking system could provide enough credit for a growing economy and avoid economic depressions. Other critical views included the belief that the bill gave too much power to the federal government after the senate revised the bill to create 12 board members who were each appointed by the president.
27:
903:
2565:
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the US monetary system, manage the government's revenues and payments, and provide credit to both the public and private sectors. On the other hand, Jefferson was deeply suspicious of a central bank because, he argued, it would undermine democracy. Jefferson and
Southern members of congress also believed that a strong central financial institution would serve commercial interests of the north at the expense of Southern-based agriculture interests whose credit was provided by local banks during the post-revolutionary war era.
324:
non-interest bearing reserves with their respective reserve banks. Since 1980, all depository institutions have been required to set aside reserves with the
Federal Reserve. Such institutions are entitled to certain Federal Reserve services. State chartered banks were given the option of becoming members of the Federal Reserve System and in the case of the exercise of such option were to be subject to supervision, in part, by the Federal Reserve System. Member banks became entitled to have access to discounted loans at the
948:, this established a central bank that included in a three-part expansion of federal fiscal and monetary power (including federal mint and excise taxes). Attempts were made to extend this bank's charter, but they would fail before the charters expiration in 1811. This led to the creation of the Second Bank of the United States. In 1816, the U.S. Congress chartered this Second bank for a twenty-year period to create irredeemable currency with which to pay for the costs of the
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316:, and each had various branches, a board of directors, and district boundaries. The Federal Reserve Board, consisting of seven members, was created as the governing body of the Fed. Each member is appointed by the U.S. president and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. In 1935, the Board was renamed and restructured. Also created as part of the Federal Reserve System was a 12-member Federal Advisory Committee and a single new United States currency, the
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320:. The Federal Reserve Act created a national currency and a monetary system that could respond effectively to the stresses in the banking system and create a stable financial system. With the goal of creating a national monetary system and financial stability, the Federal Reserve Act also provided many other functions and financial services for the economy, such as check clearing and collection for all members of the Federal Reserve.
203:
952:. The creation of congressionally authorized irredeemable currency by the Second Bank of the United States opened the door to the possibility of taxation by inflation. Congress did not want state-chartered banks as competition in the inflation of currency. The charter for the Second Bank would expire in 1836, leaving the U.S. without a central bank for nearly eighty years.
1000:'s influence. Wilson convinced Bryan's supporters that the plan met their demands for an elastic currency because Federal Reserve notes would be obligations of the government. The bill passed the House in September 1913, but it faced stronger opposition in the Senate. After Wilson convinced just enough Democrats to defeat an amendment put forth by bank president
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relaxation de facto allowed less gold backing for each dollar note, and enabled the currency in circulation to more than double from $ 465m to $ 1247m just from June to
December 1917. This reform has been argued to have been necessary to finance the expected $ 2 billion dollar cost of participating in the war for a year. Price inflation followed.
1058:(FOMC), which consists of the seven members of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and five representatives from the Federal Reserve Banks. The FOMC is required to meet at least four times a year (in practice, the FOMC usually meets eight times) and has the power to direct all open-market operations of the Federal Reserve banks.
1915:
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to require the Board and the FOMC "to promote effectively the goals of maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates." The
Chairman was also required to appear before Congress at semi-annual hearings to report on the conduct of monetary policy, on economic development, and
971:
had put forward a plan to establish a central banking system that would issue currency and provide oversight and loans to the nation's banks. However, many progressives distrusted the plan due to the degree of influence bankers would have over the central banking system. Relying heavily on the advice
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would come into office, and wished to end the current central bank during his presidency. Under the premise that the bank favored a small economic and political elite at the expense of the public majority, the Second Bank became private after its charter expired in 1836, and would undergo liquidation
368:
had opposing views regarding whether or not the US could benefit from a
European-style national financial institution. Hamilton was in favor of building a strong centralized political and economic institution to solve the country's financial problem. He argued that a central bank could bring order to
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The
Federal Reserve Act originally granted a twenty-year charter to the Federal Reserve Banks: "To have succession for a period of twenty years from its organization unless it is sooner dissolved by an Act of Congress, or unless its franchise becomes forfeited by some violation of law.". This clause
439:
The Plan called for the establishment of a
National Reserve Association with 15 regional district branches and 46 geographically dispersed directors primarily from the banking profession. The Reserve Association would make emergency loans to member banks, print money, and act as the fiscal agent for
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was established in 1791 chartered for a period of twenty years. The US government was the largest shareholder of the bank. Despite its shareholder status, the government was not permitted to participate in management of the bank. The bank accepted deposits, issued bank notes, and provided short-term
1115:
of private banks (also called a private banking cartel) established to protect powerful financial interests, fears of inflation, high government deficits, and whether the
Federal Reserve's actions increased the severity of the Great Depression in the 1930s (and/or the severity or frequency of other
1102:
Throughout the history of the United States, there has been an enduring economic and political debate regarding the costs and benefits of central banking. Since the inception of a central bank in the United States, there were multiple opposing views to this type of economic system. Opposition was
1080:
inelastic currency. Creating the
Federal Reserve gave the Federal Reserve control to regulate inflation, even though the government control over such powers would eventually lead to decisions that were controversial. Some of the most prominent implications include the internationalization of the
399:
the second bank of the United States was blamed for overextending credit in a land boom, and would tighten up credit policies following the panic. The Second bank was unpopular among the western and southern state-chartered banks, and constitutionality of a national bank was questioned. President
323:
With the passing of the Federal Reserve Act, Congress required that all nationally chartered banks become members of the Federal Reserve System. These banks were required to purchase specified non-transferable stock in their regional Federal Reserve banks, and to set aside a stipulated amount of
1079:
The passing of the Federal Reserve act of 1913 carried implications both domestically and internationally for the United States economic system. The absence of a central banking structure in the U.S. previous to this act left a financial essence that was characterized by immobile reserves and
416:, some Americans became persuaded that the country needed some sort of banking and currency reform that would, when threatened by financial panics, provide a ready reserve of liquid assets, and furthermore allow for currency and credit to expand and contract seasonally within the U.S. economy.
1020:
In June 1917 Congress passed major amendments to the Act in order to enable monetary expansion to cover the expected costs of World War I, which the US had just entered in April. The amendments allowed a more flexible definition of the gold backing the dollar currency in circulation. This
959:, there was general agreement among leaders in both parties of the necessity to create some sort of central banking system to provide coordination during financial emergencies. Most leaders also sought currency reform, as they believed that the roughly $ 3.8 billion in coins and
447:
Since the Aldrich Plan gave too little power to the government, there was strong opposition to it from rural and western states because of fears that it would become a tool of bankers, specifically the Money Trust of New York City. Indeed, from May 1912 through January 1913 the
1084:, the impact from the perception of the Central Bank structure as a public good by creating a system of financial stability (Parthemos 19-28), and the Impact of the Federal Reserve in response to economic panics. The Federal Reserve Act also permitted national banks to make
471:, from the House Committee on Banking and Currency, September 9, 1913. A discussion of the deficiencies of the then current banking system as well as those in the Aldrich Plan and quotations from the 1912 Democratic platform are laid out in this report, pages 3–11.
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was amended on February 25, 1927: "To have succession after the approval of this Act until dissolved by Act of Congress or until forfeiture of franchise for violation of law." The success of this amendment is notable, as in 1933, the US was in the throes of the
1111:, states: "The Congress shall have power To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures"), whether the structure of the federal reserve is transparent enough, whether the Federal Reserve is a public
1922:
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in 1908. Included in a report of the Commission, submitted to Congress on January 9, 1912, were recommendations and draft legislation with 59 sections, for proposed changes in U.S. banking and currency laws. The proposed legislation was known as the
1222:. January 9, 1912, letter from the Secretary of the Commission and a draft bill to incorporate the National Reserve Association of the United States, and for other purposes. Sen. Doc. No. 243. 62nd Congress. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1912.
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the U.S. government. State and nationally chartered banks would have the option of subscribing to specified stock in their local association branch. It is generally believed that the outline of the Plan had been formulated in a secret meeting on
37:
An Act to provide for the establishment of Federal reserve banks, to furnish an elastic currency, to afford means of rediscounting commercial paper, to establish a more effective supervision of banking in the United States, and for other
1303:– Investigations of Financial and Monetary Conditions in the United States under House Resolutions Nos. 429 and 504 before a subcommittee of the House Committee on Banking and Currency. 27 Parts. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1913.
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Preceding the creation of the Federal Reserve, no U.S. central banking systems lasted for more than 25 years. Some of the questions raised include: whether Congress has the Constitutional power to delegate its power to coin money
1908:
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and conservative Republicans like Aldrich. He declared that the banking system must be "public not private, must be vested in the government itself so that the banks must be the instruments, not the masters, of business."
1142:"The First Bank of the United States (1791-1811) < A Brief History of Central Banking in the United States - Edward Flaherty < General < Essays < American History From Revolution To Reconstruction and beyond"
390:
After the War of 1812, economic instability necessitated the creation of a second national bank. Due to expanding money supply and lack of supervision, individual bank activity sparked high inflation. In 1816, a
1713:
Richardson, Gary; Troost, William (2009). "Monetary Intervention Mitigated Banking Panics during the Great Depression: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from a Federal Reserve District Border, 1929–1933".
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The Federal Reserve Act was amended in major ways over time, e.g. to account for Hawaii and Alaska's admission to the Union, for restructuring of the Fed's districts, and to specify jurisdictions.
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that would have given private banks greater control over the central banking system, the Senate voted 54–34 to approve the Federal Reserve Act. Wilson signed the bill into law in December 1913.
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on the prospects for the future. The Federal Reserve Act has been amended by some 200 subsequent laws of Congress. It continues to be one of the principal banking laws of the United States.
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996:, but a controlling interest in the system was placed in a central board filled with presidential appointees. The system of twelve regional banks was designed with the goal of diminishing
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Attempts to reform currency and banking had been made in the United States prior to the introduction of H.R. 7837. The first major form of this type of legislation came through with the
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and public sentiment with regards to the Federal Reserve System and the banking community in general had significantly deteriorated. Given the political climate, including of
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The Federal Reserve Act created a system of private and public entities. There were to be at least eight and no more than twelve private regional Federal Reserve banks.
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of banknotes. The bank was very successful in financing the government and stimulating the economy. In spite of its successes, hostility against the bank did not fade.
360:. The government was burdened with large wartime debts, and the new republic needed a strong financial institution to give the country a resilient financial footing.
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304:. A later amendment requires the Federal Reserve "to promote effectively the goals of maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates."
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questioned the bank's constitutionality. In 1811, the first bank of the United States failed to be renewed by one vote in both the House and the Senate.
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loans to the government. It also functioned as a clearinghouse for government debt. The bank could also regulate state-chartered banks to prevent
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Central banking has made various institutional appearances throughout the history of the United States. These institutions started with the
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1671:"Was the Federal Reserve Constrained by the Gold Standard During the Great Depression? Evidence from the 1932 Open Market Program"
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1983:
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Broz, J. Lawrence (1999). "Origins of the Federal Reserve System: International Incentives and the Domestic Free Rider Problem".
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456:, held investigative hearings on the alleged Money Trust and its interlocking directorates. These hearings were chaired by Rep.
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Wicker, Elmus (2005). "The Great Debate on Banking Reform: Nelson Aldrich and the Origins of the Fed". Ohio University Press.
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Credit by Banks and Persons Other Than Brokers or Dealers for the Purpose of Purchasing or Carrying Margin Stock (Reg U)
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convinced many Americans of the need to establish a central banking system, which the country had lacked since the
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in their respective reserve banks, to a 6% annual dividend in their Federal Reserve stock, and to other services.
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269:, who favored government control over the central banking system. Wilson made the bill a top priority of his
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did not provide an adequate money supply during financial panics. Under conservative Republican Senator
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domestic agenda, and he helped ensure that it passed both houses of Congress without major amendments.
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1254:, former secretary of the National Monetary Commission and then assistant secretary of the Treasury.
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1368:, Federal Reserve of Richmond Economic Review, Richmond, July 1987. Retrieved on 11 November 2013.
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The Federal Reserve Act created the Federal Reserve System, consisting of twelve regional
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of the 1830s. After Democrats won unified control of Congress and the presidency in the
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The Federal Reserve Amendments of 1917: The Beginning of a Seasonal Note Issue Policy
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legislation, it is uncertain whether the Federal Reserve System would have survived.
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1604:"Crisis Before and After the Creation of the Fed" FRBSF Economic Letter, May 6, 2013
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For nearly 80 years, the U.S. was without a central bank after the charter for the
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Historical documents related to the Federal Reserve Act and subsequent amendments
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crafted a compromise plan in which private banks would control twelve regional
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Money, Power, and the People: The American Struggle to Make Banking Democratic
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in November 1910, which Aldrich and other well connected financiers attended.
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was created with a charter of twenty years. Three years later, during the
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crafted a central banking bill that occupied a middle ground between the
1359:"The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 in the Stream of U.S. Economic History"
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Michael A. Whitehouse, 1989. In attendance at the meeting were Aldrich;
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3502:
Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978
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2122:
1886:– An online publication from the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
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Paul Warburg's Crusade to Establish a Central Bank in the United States
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Paul Warburg's Crusade to Establish a Central Bank in the United States
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was allowed to expire. After various financial panics, particularly a
261:, which called for private control of the central banking system, and
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Prohibition Against the Paying of Interest on Demand Deposits (Reg Q)
3314:
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1841:
1491:"Federal Reserve Act | Title | FRASER | St. Louis Fed"
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1752:"Monetary Policy in the Great Depression: What the Fed Did, and Why"
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banks of the United States, which were championed in large part by
242:
109:
284:, making loans and providing oversight to banks, and serving as a
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432:, named after the chairman of the Commission, Republican Senator
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1112:
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Transactions Between Member Banks and Their Affiliates (Reg W)
356:
The American financial system was deeply fragmented after the
288:. To lead the Federal Reserve System, the act established the
202:
195:
Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act
4952:
976:, Wilson sought a middle ground between progressives such as
16:
1913 United States law creating the Federal Reserve System
4837:
Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs
191:
Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
3598:
Reserve Requirements for Depository Institutions (Reg D)
3355:
1853:
Text of Federal Reserve Act as laid out in the U.S. Code
1387:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 75–82.
1088:
for farm land, which had not been permitted previously.
3657:
Availability of Funds and Collection of Checks (Reg CC)
1892:, Law Librarians' Society of Washington, DC, Inc., 2009
1890:
The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 – A Legislative History
292:, members of which are appointed by the president. The
3584:
Extensions of Credit by Federal Reserve Banks (Reg A)
4937:
Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century
1465:
23:3, Part 1 (Aug., 1991), pp. 308-326. (On jstor]).
1179:
The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln
1054:, the Federal Reserve Act was amended to create the
1015:
874:
Princeton School of Public and International Affairs
2920:
Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets
1849:, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
1583:, p. 14, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston (1999), at
385:
3386:Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council
1777:
1625:A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960
1066:On November 16, 1977, the Federal Reserve Act was
419:Some of this was chronicled in the reports of the
3619:Privacy of Consumer Financial Information (Reg P)
1811:Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910–1917
5098:
4823:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
1712:
1614:
1045:
3836:History of central banking in the United States
280:jointly responsible for managing the country's
4894:United States one-hundred-thousand-dollar bill
3647:Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices (Reg AA)
460:, a Democratic representative from Louisiana.
351:
296:amended the Federal Reserve Act to create the
4884:Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation
3905:
3341:
3310:Personal consumption expenditures price index
2485:
1916:
921:
3607:Limitations on Interbank Liabilities (Reg F)
1581:Historical Beginnings... The Federal Reserve
1250:, vice president of Banker's Trust Co.; and
1208:
1206:
4572:U.S. Federal Board for Vocational Education
4437:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
2909:2009 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program
2826:Federal Reserve v. Investment Co. Institute
1861:, including the signature of Woodrow Wilson
513:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3912:
3898:
3348:
3334:
2914:Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility
2499:
2492:
2478:
1923:
1909:
1664:
1213:Report of the National Monetary Commission
928:
914:
222:on December 23, 1913. The law created the
149:Reported by the joint conference committee
5117:United States federal banking legislation
4546:United States Grain Standards Act of 1916
3545:Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act
3411:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
1798:
1225:
1203:
533:Learn how and when to remove this message
4853:Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial
3610:International Banking Operations (Reg K)
3516:Competitive Equality Banking Act of 1987
1775:
1759:Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review
201:
5047:Jefferson Literary and Debating Society
4012:Louis Brandeis Supreme Court nomination
1984:Maryland Tobacco Inspection Act of 1747
1847:Text of the current Federal Reserve Act
1176:
728:Louis Brandeis Supreme Court nomination
454:House Committee on Banking and Currency
300:, which oversees the Federal Reserve's
5122:Real property law in the United States
5099:
4766:1910 New Jersey gubernatorial election
4176:American Commission to Negotiate Peace
3638:Borrowers of Securities Credit (Reg X)
2590:Monetary Policy Report to the Congress
1343:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1263:
474:
423:(1909–1912), which was created by the
4579:United States Railroad Administration
3893:
3627:Credit by Brokers and Dealers (Reg T)
3401:Financial Stability Oversight Council
3381:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
3329:
2883:Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices
2473:
1904:
1306:
1160:"The First Bank of the United States"
4397:Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914
4111:Occupation of the Dominican Republic
3550:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act
3406:National Credit Union Administration
3371:Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
3357:Bank regulation in the United States
3298:Monetary policy of the United States
2877:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act
2834:Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve
2807:Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act
1952:Monetary policy of the United States
1936:central banking in the United States
1749:
1630:National Bureau of Economic Research
1536:
1462:Journal of Money, Credit and Banking
1377:
1024:
703:United States occupation of Veracruz
511:adding citations to reliable sources
478:
4781:1916 Democratic National Convention
4771:1912 Democratic National Convention
4675:Birthplace and Presidential Library
4470:Federal Employees' Compensation Act
4317:Board of Mediation and Conciliation
2585:Federal Reserve Statistical Release
2234:New York Clearing House Association
1877:The Federal Reserve System In Brief
1294:
1242:, president of National City Bank;
1177:Wilentz, Sean (17 September 2006).
612:28th President of the United States
371:The First Bank of the United States
13:
4500:Fraudulent Advertising Act of 1916
4391:Emergency Internal Revenue Tax Act
3919:
3396:Federal Reserve Board of Governors
2871:Subprime mortgage crisis responses
2046:Article I of the U.S. Constitution
290:Federal Reserve Board of Governors
100:in the House as H.R. 7837 by
14:
5148:
4556:Wildlife Game Refuges Act of 1916
4511:National Park Service Organic Act
4409:Glacier National Park Act of 1914
4208:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
3956:President of Princeton University
3468:Interest Rate Control Act of 1966
2936:Commercial Paper Funding Facility
2889:Commercial Paper Funding Facility
1820:
1016:Monetary expansion in World War I
606:New Jersey gubernatorial election
601:President of Princeton University
218:and signed into law by President
5081:
5080:
4602:Acadia National Park Act of 1919
3873:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3603:Electronic Fund Transfer (Reg E)
3593:Home Mortgage Disclosure (Reg C)
3588:Equal Credit Opportunity (Reg B)
3273:Criticism of the Federal Reserve
2847:Expedited Funds Availability Act
2563:
2140:Second Bank of the United States
1865:The original Federal Reserve Act
1859:The original Federal Reserve Act
1780:The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson
1445:"Federal Reserve Act, Section 2"
1098:Criticism of the Federal Reserve
1082:U.S. Dollar as a global currency
1061:
901:
895:
552:
483:
410:Second Bank of the United States
386:Second Bank of the United States
249:, President Wilson, Congressman
25:
4786:1916 U.S. presidential election
4776:1912 U.S. presidential election
4702:Summer White House (Harlakenden
4156:Committee on Public Information
4117:Army Appropriations Act of 1916
4046:State of the Union Address 1913
3652:Community Reinvestment (Reg BB)
2741:U.S. Treasury Department Accord
2298:Compound interest treasury note
2083:First Bank of the United States
1873:by Michael A. Whitehouse, 1989.
1842:Statute Compilations collection
1743:
1706:
1658:
1608:
1602:Elias, Early and Jordá, Óscar.
1596:
1573:
1530:
1512:"Sixty-Ninth Congress Sess. II"
1504:
1483:
1468:
1449:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1371:
1351:
942:First Bank of the United States
4697:Princeton University president
4692:Boyhood home in South Carolina
3936:President of the United States
3391:Federal Housing Finance Agency
2943:Corner Post v. Federal Reserve
2895:Primary Dealer Credit Facility
2022:Continental currency banknotes
1784:. University Press of Kansas.
1776:Clements, Kendrick A. (1992).
1769:
1257:
1185:
1170:
1152:
1134:
1:
4985:(daughter, acting first lady)
4929:Backstairs at the White House
4847:Woodrow Wilson Junior College
4607:Grand Canyon Park Act of 1919
4414:Legislative Reference Service
4375:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
4198:Selective Service Act of 1917
4181:Armistice of 11 November 1918
2532:Federal Open Market Committee
2390:Specie Payment Resumption Act
2135:Banking in the Jacksonian Era
1127:
1120:economic cycles, such as the
1091:
1056:Federal Open Market Committee
1046:Federal Open Market Committee
1007:
331:
298:Federal Open Market Committee
5127:Presidency of Woodrow Wilson
4529:Rural Post Roads Act of 1916
4465:Federal Aid Road Act of 1916
3826:Banking in the United States
3497:Electronic Fund Transfer Act
3487:Home Mortgage Disclosure Act
2902:Bloomberg v. Federal Reserve
2801:Electronic Fund Transfer Act
2783:Home Mortgage Disclosure Act
2777:Equal Credit Opportunity Act
2665:National Monetary Commission
2452:National Monetary Commission
1716:Journal of Political Economy
969:National Monetary Commission
421:National Monetary Commission
131:on September 18, 1913 (
7:
4739:When a Man Comes to Himself
4655:Mineral Leasing Act of 1920
4650:Merchant Marine Act of 1920
4540:Stock-Raising Homestead Act
4224:Wartime Measure Act of 1918
4122:Council of National Defense
3683:Federal savings association
3512:Depository Institutions Act
2428:Sherman Silver Purchase Act
2160:New York Safety Fund System
2034:U.S. Finance Superintendent
2010:Second Continental Congress
1679:Journal of Economic History
1416:Heckscher 1991, pp. 316-17.
1181:. W. W. Horton and Company.
1109:Article 1, Sec. 8, Clause 5
352:First Bank of United States
307:
216:63rd United States Congress
163:on December 23, 1913 (
155:on December 22, 1913 (
141:on December 18, 1913 (
48:63rd United States Congress
10:
5153:
4460:Cotton Futures Act of 1916
4455:Brush Disposal Act of 1916
4380:Cotton Futures Act of 1914
4293:Federal racial segregation
3492:Community Reinvestment Act
3376:Farm Credit Administration
3098:Vice Chair for Supervision
2795:Federal Reserve Reform Act
2789:Community Reinvestment Act
1799:Heckscher, August (1991).
1634:Princeton University Press
1539:International Organization
1095:
739:1916 presidential election
635:1912 presidential election
358:American Revolutionary War
5060:
5034:
4963:
4902:
4818:Woodrow Wilson Foundation
4794:
4756:
4725:
4667:
4618:Wheat Price Guarantee Act
4561:Flood Control Act of 1917
4431:Locomotive Inspection Act
4283:
4084:
4039:Woman Suffrage Procession
3966:
3927:
3849:
3818:
3787:
3701:
3670:
3662:Truth in Savings (Reg DD)
3616:Loans to Insiders (Reg O)
3573:
3482:Fair Credit Reporting Act
3419:
3363:
3260:
3127:
3062:
2953:
2813:International Banking Act
2643:
2598:
2572:
2561:
2555:Federal Reserve Bank Note
2540:
2507:
2336:2nd Industrial Revolution
2334:
2326:Public Credit Act of 1869
2212:Independent U.S. Treasury
2182:
2000:1st Industrial Revolution
1998:
1960:
1947:
1692:10.1017/S0022050706000064
1301:Money Trust Investigation
1246:, a J.P. Morgan partner;
1074:
864:Wilson and race relations
671:Woman Suffrage Procession
189:
184:
93:
84:
65:
58:
53:
42:
33:
24:
5132:1913 in economic history
4973:(wife, 1885–1914, death)
4733:Congressional Government
4643:Federal Power Commission
4402:Federal Trade Commission
4235:Racial Equality Proposal
4213:National War Labor Board
3642:Truth in Lending (Reg Z)
3613:Consumer Leasing (Reg M)
3464:Bank Holding Company Act
3459:Federal Credit Union Act
3429:Independent Treasury Act
2747:Bank Holding Company Act
2251:Legal Tender Act of 1862
2064:U.S. Treasury Department
1476:Federal Reserve Bulletin
1434:Clements 1992, pp. 42–44
1407:Clements 1992, pp. 40–42
955:In the aftermath of the
777:Foreign policy 1917-1921
698:Federal Trade Commission
561:This article is part of
452:, a subcommittee of the
5052:Woodrow Wilson and race
4873:Woodrow Wilson Monument
4687:Boyhood home in Georgia
4592:War Revenue Act of 1917
4487:Federal Farm Loan Board
4420:Smith–Lever Act of 1914
4342:Rivers and Harbors Acts
4203:Immigration Act of 1918
4193:Immigration Act of 1917
4129:Philippine Autonomy Act
3810:Thrift Financial Report
2366:National Gold Bank Note
2321:Contraction Act of 1866
2070:U.S. Treasury Secretary
1620:Schwartz, Anna Jacobson
1551:10.1162/002081899550805
1493:. Fraser.stlouisfed.org
1197:Federal Reserve History
1050:In 1933, by way of the
984:Democratic Congressman
944:in 1791. Championed by
797:Against Austria-Hungary
708:Pancho Villa Expedition
314:Twelve were established
116:Committee consideration
5112:Federal Reserve System
4680:papers and manuscripts
4425:War Risk Insurance Act
4229:Paris Peace Conference
4024:1919 Nobel Peace Prize
4007:Supreme Court nominees
3947:Governor of New Jersey
3540:Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
2865:Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
2736:Employment Act of 1946
2501:Federal Reserve System
2077:U.S. Treasury security
1978:Tobacco Inspection Act
1277:Cite journal requires
1038:’s administration and
978:William Jennings Bryan
827:Paris Peace Conference
302:open market operations
267:William Jennings Bryan
224:Federal Reserve System
207:
153:agreed to by the House
151:on December 22, 1913;
5066:← William Howard Taft
5007:Joseph Ruggles Wilson
4995:Eleanor Wilson McAdoo
4879:Woodrow Wilson Bridge
4813:Woodrow Wilson Awards
4551:Warehouse Act of 1916
4517:National Park Service
4476:Federal Farm Loan Act
4443:Occupancy Permits Act
4188:Espionage Act of 1917
4099:Bryan–Chamorro Treaty
4002:Judicial appointments
3671:Types of bank charter
3293:Lender of last resort
2969:William P. G. Harding
2771:Smithsonian Agreement
2701:Emergency Banking Act
2527:Federal Reserve Banks
2421:Juilliard v. Greenman
2414:Refunding Certificate
2280:National banks system
2274:Interest bearing note
2153:McCulloch v. Maryland
2040:Bank of North America
2016:U.S. dollar banknotes
1962:Commercial Revolution
1855:, Cornell Law School.
1455:Raymond Fishe. 1991.
1036:Franklin D. Roosevelt
994:Federal Reserve Banks
852:Judicial appointments
693:Clayton Antitrust Act
286:lender of last resort
278:Federal Reserve Banks
205:
5137:December 1913 events
5107:1913 in American law
4977:Edith Bolling Wilson
4829:The Wilson Quarterly
4712:Woodrow Wilson House
4630:Railroad Labor Board
4248:Treaty of Versailles
4219:Sedition Act of 1918
3831:Fair debt collection
3805:CAMELS rating system
3530:Truth in Savings Act
3507:Monetary Control Act
3472:Truth in Lending Act
2975:Daniel R. Crissinger
2859:FDIC Improvement Act
2759:Truth in Lending Act
2730:Bretton Woods system
2659:Aldrich–Vreeland Act
2550:Federal Reserve Note
2446:Aldrich–Vreeland Act
2361:Currency Act of 1870
2028:Bank of Pennsylvania
1837:) as amended in the
1518:. 1927. p. 1234
1425:Link 1954, pp. 43–53
1379:Shaw, Christopher W.
1122:late 2000s recession
884:Presidential Library
837:Treaty of Versailles
718:Daylight saving time
507:improve this section
425:Aldrich–Vreeland Act
393:second national bank
318:Federal Reserve Note
177:on December 23, 1913
112:) on August 29, 1913
5073:Warren G. Harding →
5021:(cousin, secretary)
5019:Helen Woodrow Bones
4989:Jessie Wilson Sayre
4921:Profiles in Courage
4889:U.S. Postage stamps
4597:Revenue Act of 1918
4524:Revenue Act of 1916
4330:Revenue Act of 1913
4298:Federal Reserve Act
4105:Occupation of Haiti
3439:Federal Reserve Act
3364:Federal authorities
2725:Banking Act of 1935
2671:Federal Reserve Act
2458:Federal Reserve Act
2380:Coinage Act of 1873
2354:Hepburn v. Griswold
2304:Coinage Act of 1864
2262:Fractional currency
2240:Coinage Act of 1857
2229:Coinage Act of 1853
2218:Coinage Act of 1849
2172:Coinage Act of 1834
2089:Coinage Act of 1792
1827:Federal Reserve Act
1750:Wheelock, David C.
1667:Romer, Christina D.
1193:"The Panic of 1907"
1052:Banking Act of 1933
967:'s leadership, the
807:American home front
782:Zimmermann telegram
688:Federal Reserve Act
596:South Carolina home
475:Legislative history
212:Federal Reserve Act
87:Legislative history
21:
20:Federal Reserve Act
4971:Ellen Axson Wilson
4940:(2002 documentary)
4482:Farm Credit System
4385:Cutter Service Act
4335:Federal income tax
4311:Newlands Labor Act
3454:Glass–Steagall Act
3128:Current presidents
3109:Christopher Waller
2999:Marriner S. Eccles
2713:Glass–Steagall Act
2623:Federal funds rate
2408:Silver certificate
2347:Legal Tender Cases
2286:National Bank Note
2268:National Bank Acts
2256:United States Note
2094:United States Mint
1882:2008-01-21 at the
1665:Hsieh, Chang Tai;
1589:2010-12-25 at the
1579:Roger T. Johnson,
1364:2012-10-19 at the
1357:Parthemos, James.
1240:Frank A. Vanderlip
1218:2010-06-09 at the
1002:Frank A. Vanderlip
946:Alexander Hamilton
414:severe one in 1907
362:Alexander Hamilton
346:Alexander Hamilton
255:Robert Latham Owen
214:was passed by the
208:
19:
5094:
5093:
5001:Francis Sayre Jr.
4979:(wife, 1915–1924)
4932:(1979 miniseries)
4663:
4662:
4637:Federal Power Act
4274:Wilsonian Armenia
4261:League of Nations
3992:1917 inauguration
3987:1913 inauguration
3887:
3886:
3702:State authorities
3577:Board regulations
3535:Riegle-Neal IBBEA
3434:National Bank Act
3323:
3322:
3167:Loretta J. Mester
3157:Patrick T. Harker
3023:G. William Miller
3011:William M. Martin
2963:Charles S. Hamlin
2467:
2466:
2440:Gold Standard Act
2402:Bland–Allison Act
2396:Twenty-cent piece
2315:Three-cent nickel
2223:Three-cent silver
2100:U.S. dollar coins
1791:978-0-7006-0523-1
1443:Federal Reserve.
1025:Charter extension
938:
937:
842:League of Nations
822:Wilsonian Armenia
787:Thrasher incident
578:
577:
543:
542:
535:
436:of Rhode Island.
434:Nelson W. Aldrich
200:
199:
139:Passed the Senate
133:287–85, 5 Present
68:Statutes at Large
5144:
5084:
5083:
4624:Esch–Cummins Act
4566:Smith–Hughes Act
4505:Keating–Owen Act
4082:
4081:
4034:Silent Sentinels
3959:
3950:
3939:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3891:
3890:
3877:
3867:
3857:
3856:
3632:
3575:Federal Reserve
3477:Bank Secrecy Act
3449:1933 Banking Act
3350:
3343:
3336:
3327:
3326:
3084:Philip Jefferson
3005:Thomas B. McCabe
2930:Durbin amendment
2719:Gold Reserve Act
2567:
2566:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2292:Gold certificate
1925:
1918:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1804:
1795:
1783:
1763:
1762:
1756:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1723:(6): 1031–1073.
1710:
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1656:
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1616:Friedman, Milton
1612:
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1516:Uscode.house.gov
1508:
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1478:3:7, 1 July 1917
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1319:. Archived from
1318:
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1275:
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1255:
1244:Henry P. Davison
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1149:
1138:
1032:Great Depression
930:
923:
916:
905:
904:
899:
753:2nd inauguration
683:Silent Sentinels
666:Women's suffrage
654:1st inauguration
574:
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571:
564:
556:
549:
548:
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544:
538:
531:
527:
524:
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487:
479:
465:election of 1912
366:Thomas Jefferson
294:1933 Banking Act
185:Major amendments
129:Passed the House
89:
69:
29:
22:
18:
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5147:
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5056:
5042:Progressive Era
5030:
4983:Margaret Wilson
4959:
4904:
4898:
4863:(Austin statue)
4796:
4790:
4752:
4746:The New Freedom
4721:
4659:
4304:Federal Reserve
4279:
4166:Fourteen Points
4161:Four Minute Men
4080:
3970:
3962:
3953:
3942:
3931:
3923:
3918:
3888:
3883:
3869:Business portal
3845:
3841:Wildcat banking
3814:
3783:
3697:
3666:
3630:
3578:
3576:
3569:
3555:Credit CARD Act
3421:
3415:
3359:
3354:
3324:
3319:
3256:
3207:Alberto Musalem
3197:Austan Goolsbee
3129:
3123:
3104:Michelle Bowman
3065:
3058:
3017:Arthur F. Burns
2993:Eugene R. Black
2949:
2647:
2639:
2606:Discount window
2594:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2536:
2503:
2498:
2468:
2463:
2338:
2330:
2206:Forstall System
2200:Wildcat banking
2186:
2178:
2112:1792 half disme
2002:
1994:
1972:Bills of credit
1964:
1956:
1943:
1932:Monetary policy
1929:
1884:Wayback Machine
1823:
1808:Link, Arthur S.
1803:. Easton Press.
1792:
1772:
1767:
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1754:
1748:
1744:
1711:
1707:
1673:
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1636:. p. 244.
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1314:"Archived copy"
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1252:A. Piatt Andrew
1248:Benjamin Strong
1230:
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893:
848:
817:Fourteen Points
802:Against Germany
735:
732:
678:The New Freedom
631:
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610:
569:
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206:Federal Reserve
193:
180:
171:Signed into law
85:
73:ch. 6, 38
67:
43:Enacted by
17:
12:
11:
5:
5150:
5140:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5077:
5076:
5069:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5025:William McAdoo
5022:
5016:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4974:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4956:(2022 musical)
4949:
4941:
4933:
4925:
4917:
4908:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4870:
4864:
4860:Woodrow Wilson
4856:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4804:
4802:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4742:
4736:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4508:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4473:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4394:
4388:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4295:
4289:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4114:
4108:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4086:Foreign policy
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4029:19th Amendment
4026:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4009:
3999:
3997:Roosevelt desk
3994:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3951:
3940:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3921:Woodrow Wilson
3917:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3871:
3861:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3625:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3420:Major federal
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3244:
3234:
3224:
3214:
3204:
3194:
3187:Raphael Bostic
3184:
3174:
3164:
3154:
3144:
3133:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3119:Adriana Kugler
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3091:
3081:
3070:
3068:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3055:(2018–present)
3050:
3044:
3038:
3035:Alan Greenspan
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2939:
2933:
2926:Dodd–Frank Act
2923:
2917:
2911:
2906:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2755:(1961–present)
2750:
2744:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2655:
2653:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2635:Primary dealer
2632:
2631:
2630:
2628:Overnight rate
2620:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2369:
2363:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2309:Two-cent piece
2306:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2288:(1863–c. 1930)
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2190:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2149:
2143:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2079:(1789–present)
2074:
2073:
2072:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2006:
2004:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1974:(c. 1690–1750)
1968:
1966:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1822:
1821:External links
1819:
1818:
1817:
1805:
1801:Woodrow Wilson
1796:
1790:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1742:
1729:10.1086/649603
1705:
1686:(1): 140–176.
1657:
1642:
1607:
1595:
1572:
1529:
1503:
1482:
1467:
1448:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1394:978-0226636337
1393:
1370:
1350:
1305:
1293:
1279:|journal=
1256:
1224:
1202:
1184:
1169:
1151:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1096:Main article:
1093:
1090:
1086:mortgage loans
1076:
1073:
1063:
1060:
1047:
1044:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1006:
990:Robert L. Owen
974:Louis Brandeis
965:Nelson Aldrich
936:
935:
933:
932:
925:
918:
910:
907:
906:
894:
892:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
860:
859:
847:
846:
845:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
792:Entry into war
789:
784:
779:
768:
767:
765:19th Amendment
762:
760:18th Amendment
756:
755:
749:
748:
747:
746:
733:
731:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
674:
673:
662:
661:
659:Foreign policy
656:
651:
645:
644:
643:
642:
629:
627:
626:
625:
624:
611:
609:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
580:
579:
576:
575:
570:Woodrow Wilson
563:a series about
559:
557:
541:
540:
491:
489:
482:
476:
473:
450:Pujo Committee
387:
384:
376:overproduction
353:
350:
333:
330:
309:
306:
253:, and Senator
247:1912 elections
230:system of the
220:Woodrow Wilson
198:
197:
187:
186:
182:
181:
179:
178:
175:Woodrow Wilson
168:
146:
136:
126:
124:Senate Banking
113:
94:
91:
90:
82:
81:
71:
63:
62:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
44:
40:
39:
35:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5149:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5087:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5015:(grandfather)
5014:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4924:(1965 series)
4923:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4867:Wilson Square
4865:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4793:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4585:USRA standard
4582:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4242:Pueblo speech
4240:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3908:
3903:
3901:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3739:New Hampshire
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:National bank
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3251:San Francisco
3248:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3217:Neel Kashkari
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3177:Thomas Barkin
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3147:John Williams
3145:
3142:
3138:
3137:Susan Collins
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:(by district)
3126:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3074:Jerome Powell
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3054:
3053:Jerome Powell
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2841:Greenspan put
2839:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:Federal funds
2616:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:Federal funds
2597:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2434:Treasury Note
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:Civil War Era
2181:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2129:Treasury Note
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1989:Currency Acts
1987:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1773:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1643:0-691-04147-4
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1492:
1486:
1479:
1477:
1471:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1346:
1340:
1326:on 2011-09-27
1322:
1315:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1271:
1260:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1072:
1069:
1062:12 USC § 225a
1059:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1022:
1013:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
979:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
957:Panic of 1907
953:
951:
947:
943:
931:
926:
924:
919:
917:
912:
911:
909:
908:
898:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
879:Wilson Center
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
858:
857:Supreme Court
855:
854:
853:
850:
849:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
812:Espionage Act
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
774:
773:
770:
769:
766:
763:
761:
758:
757:
754:
751:
750:
745:
742:
741:
740:
737:
736:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
713:Coalfield War
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
672:
669:
668:
667:
664:
663:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
641:
638:
637:
636:
633:
632:
623:
620:
619:
618:
615:
614:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
582:
581:
572:
558:
555:
551:
550:
547:
546:
537:
534:
526:
516:
512:
508:
502:
501:
497:
492:This section
490:
486:
481:
480:
472:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
445:
443:
442:Jekyll Island
437:
435:
431:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
406:
403:
398:
397:panic of 1819
394:
383:
381:
380:Jeffersonians
377:
372:
367:
363:
359:
349:
347:
343:
339:
329:
327:
321:
319:
315:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:Panic of 1907
235:
233:
232:United States
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
204:
196:
192:
188:
183:
176:
173:by President
172:
169:
166:
162:
159:) and by the
158:
154:
150:
147:
144:
140:
137:
134:
130:
127:
125:
121:
120:House Banking
117:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
95:
92:
88:
83:
80:
76:
72:
70:
64:
61:
57:
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
5071:
5064:
5027:(son-in-law)
5013:James Wilson
4951:
4944:
4935:
4927:
4920:
4912:
4858:
4851:
4842:High schools
4827:
4808:Bibliography
4745:
4738:
4732:
4707:Shadow Lawn)
4297:
4094:Wilsonianism
3879:Banks portal
3819:Other topics
3769:Pennsylvania
3678:Credit union
3444:McFadden Act
3438:
3268:Central bank
3247:Mary C. Daly
3161:Philadelphia
3114:Lisa D. Cook
3094:Michael Barr
3047:Janet Yellen
3041:Ben Bernanke
3029:Paul Volcker
2987:Eugene Meyer
2981:Roy A. Young
2941:
2900:
2832:
2824:
2753:FOMC actions
2707:Regulation Q
2695:Regulation D
2670:
2457:
2419:
2371:
2352:
2345:
2270:(1863; 1864)
2194:Free banking
2151:
2146:Suffolk Bank
2052:Section VIII
1991:(1751; 1764)
1939:
1810:
1800:
1779:
1758:
1745:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1683:
1677:
1660:
1624:
1610:
1598:
1580:
1575:
1545:(1): 39–70.
1542:
1538:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1515:
1506:
1495:. Retrieved
1485:
1475:
1470:
1460:
1451:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1383:
1373:
1353:
1328:. Retrieved
1321:the original
1308:
1296:
1270:cite journal
1259:
1236:Paul Warburg
1227:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1105:
1101:
1078:
1065:
1049:
1028:
1019:
1011:
988:and Senator
986:Carter Glass
983:
954:
939:
889:Wilsonianism
869:Wilson House
687:
591:Boyhood home
529:
520:
505:Please help
493:
469:Carter Glass
462:
446:
438:
430:Aldrich Plan
418:
407:
389:
355:
335:
322:
311:
282:money supply
275:
263:progressives
259:Aldrich Plan
251:Carter Glass
236:
211:
209:
170:
160:
152:
148:
138:
128:
115:
102:Carter Glass
97:
4948:(2013 book)
4916:(1944 film)
4449:Adamson Act
4285:New Freedom
4233:1919–1920;
4171:The Inquiry
4139:1917–1918;
4135:World War I
4113:(1916–1924)
4107:(1915–1934)
3958:(1902–1910)
3949:(1911–1913)
3938:(1913–1921)
3800:CAEL Rating
3795:Call report
3422:legislation
3237:Lorie Logan
3231:Kansas City
3227:Jeff Schmid
3221:Minneapolis
3049:(2014–2018)
3043:(2006–2014)
3037:(1987–2006)
3031:(1979–1987)
3025:(1978–1979)
3019:(1970–1978)
3013:(1951–1970)
3007:(1948–1951)
3001:(1934–1948)
2995:(1933–1934)
2989:(1930–1933)
2983:(1927–1930)
2977:(1923–1927)
2971:(1916–1922)
2965:(1914–1916)
2938:(2020–2021)
2916:(2009–2010)
2897:(2008–2010)
2891:(2008–2010)
2873:(2007–2010)
2765:Nixon shock
2732:(1944–1971)
2677:Pittman Act
2667:(1909–1912)
2650:Antecedents
2454:(1909–1912)
2436:(1890–1891)
2416:(1879–1907)
2410:(1878–1964)
2398:(1875–1878)
2385:Free silver
2373:Knox v. Lee
2368:(1870–1875)
2339:(1870–1914)
2317:(1865–1889)
2311:(1864–1873)
2300:(1863–1864)
2294:(1863–1933)
2282:(1863–1913)
2276:(1863–1865)
2264:(1862–1876)
2258:(1862–1971)
2247:(1861–1862)
2245:Demand Note
2236:(1853–1863)
2225:(1851–1873)
2214:(1846–1913)
2208:(1842–1865)
2202:(1836–1865)
2196:(1836–1865)
2187:(1840–1870)
2168:, 1832–1836
2162:, 1829–1842
2148:, 1818–1858
2142:, 1816–1836
2131:(1812–1913)
2125:(1793–1857)
2119:(1793–1857)
2108:(1792–1873)
2096:(1792–1873)
2085:(1791–1811)
2068:1789–1913;
2050:1787–1788;
2042:(1781–1791)
2036:(1781–1785)
2030:(1780–1781)
2024:(1775–1779)
2012:(1776–1780)
2003:(1760–1840)
1965:(1607–1760)
1867:, and index
1770:Works cited
1289:book review
998:Wall Street
950:War of 1812
772:World War I
734:Second term
723:Banana Wars
458:Arsene Pujo
271:New Freedom
5101:Categories
5003:(grandson)
4997:(daughter)
4991:(daughter)
4612:Red Summer
4369:Sabath Act
4151:home front
3982:Transition
3968:Presidency
3744:New Jersey
3709:California
3693:State bank
3560:Dodd–Frank
3088:Vice Chair
2689:Phelan Act
2580:Beige Book
2517:Vice Chair
2123:Large cent
1497:2022-07-04
1330:2009-08-20
1146:Let.rug.nl
1128:References
1092:Criticisms
1008:Amendments
744:Convention
649:Transition
640:Convention
630:First term
617:Presidency
586:Early life
523:April 2016
332:Background
98:Introduced
59:Public law
34:Long title
4799:memorials
4758:Elections
4717:Gravesite
4534:Smith Act
4324:Raker Act
4146:campaigns
3774:Tennessee
3315:Sahm rule
3278:Fed model
3211:St. Louis
3171:Cleveland
3066:governors
2853:FIRRE Act
2819:DIDMC Act
2697:(c. 1930)
2611:Bank rate
2542:Banknotes
2522:Governors
2117:Half cent
2106:Half dime
2057:Section X
1737:154627950
1567:155001158
1287:See also
1118:boom-bust
961:banknotes
494:does not
405:in 1841.
54:Citations
5086:Category
5009:(father)
4875:(Prague)
4869:(Warsaw)
4494:Flag Day
4254:Big Four
3973:timeline
3859:Category
3779:Virginia
3759:Oklahoma
3749:New York
3734:Michigan
3729:Maryland
3724:Illinois
3714:Colorado
3283:Fedspeak
3181:Richmond
3151:New York
2683:Edge Act
2166:Bank War
1940:pre–1913
1880:Archived
1669:(2006).
1622:(1963).
1587:Archived
1381:(2019).
1362:Archived
1339:cite web
1216:Archived
1040:New Deal
832:Big Four
622:Timeline
308:Overview
243:Bank War
38:purposes
5035:Related
4905:culture
4903:Popular
4267:charter
4019:Cabinet
3719:Florida
3565:EGRRCPA
3303:History
3288:Fed put
3261:Related
3201:Chicago
3191:Atlanta
3064:Current
2928:(2010;
2922:(2009–)
2645:History
2573:Reports
2102:(1792–)
2018:(1775–)
1835:details
1813:(1954)
1761:: 3–28.
1700:6337216
1652:63-7521
1559:2601371
1068:amended
515:removed
500:sources
463:In the
402:Jackson
4964:Family
4945:Wilson
4913:Wilson
4795:Legacy
4748:(1913)
4741:(1901)
4735:(1900)
4641:1920;
4628:1920;
4620:(1919)
4614:(1919)
4583:1917;
4570:1917;
4542:(1916)
4536:(1916)
4515:1916;
4507:(1916)
4496:(1916)
4480:1916;
4472:(1916)
4451:(1916)
4445:(1915)
4439:(1915)
4433:(1915)
4427:(1914)
4416:(1914)
4393:(1914)
4387:(1914)
4371:(1913)
4326:(1913)
4315:1913;
4302:1913;
4276:(1920)
4265:1920;
4252:1919;
4244:(1919)
4215:(1918)
4131:(1916)
4101:(1914)
3764:Oregon
3525:FDICIA
3520:FIRREA
3241:Dallas
3141:Boston
2955:Chairs
2946:(2024)
2905:(2009)
2885:(2008)
2879:(2008)
2867:(1999)
2861:(1991)
2855:(1989)
2849:(1987)
2843:(1987)
2837:(1985)
2829:(1981)
2821:(1980)
2815:(1978)
2809:(1978)
2803:(1978)
2797:(1977)
2791:(1977)
2785:(1975)
2779:(1974)
2773:(1971)
2767:(1971)
2761:(1968)
2749:(1956)
2743:(1951)
2721:(1934)
2715:(1933)
2709:(1933)
2703:(1933)
2691:(1920)
2685:(1919)
2679:(1918)
2673:(1913)
2661:(1908)
2460:(1913)
2448:(1908)
2442:(1900)
2430:(1890)
2424:(1884)
2404:(1878)
2392:(1875)
2376:(1871)
2357:(1870)
2156:, 1819
1980:(1730)
1815:online
1788:
1735:
1698:
1650:
1640:
1565:
1557:
1522:5 July
1391:
1164:eh.net
1113:Cartel
1075:Impact
342:Second
226:, the
161:Senate
157:298–60
77:
4953:Suffs
4726:Books
4141:entry
3954:13th
3788:Terms
3078:Chair
2512:Chair
1755:(PDF)
1733:S2CID
1696:S2CID
1674:(PDF)
1563:S2CID
1555:JSTOR
1324:(PDF)
1317:(PDF)
338:First
265:like
165:43–25
143:54–34
75:Stat.
4668:Life
4362:1916
4357:1915
4352:1914
4347:1913
4076:1920
4071:1918
4066:1917
4061:1916
4056:1915
4051:1914
3944:34th
3933:28th
3754:Ohio
1934:and
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