Female body shape - Knowledge

1161: 995:. This is the case because the body is primarily seen through clothing, which always changes the way the underlying structures are conceived. The first representations of truly fashionable women appear in the 14th century. Between the 14th and 16th centuries in northern Europe, bulging bellies were again desirable, however the stature of the rest of the figure was generally thin. This is most easily visible in paintings of nudes from the time. When looking at clothed images, the belly is often visible through a mass of otherwise concealing, billowing, loose robes. Since the stomach was the only visible anatomical feature, it became exaggerated in nude depictions while the rest of the body remained minimal. In southern Europe, around the time of the 800: 821: 407: 49: 1108: 950: 1254: 34: 6033: 1282:. Monroe, who was more curvaceous, fell on the opposite end of the feminine ideal spectrum in comparison to high fashion models. Regardless of their sizes, however, both fashion of the time and depictions of Monroe emphasize a smaller waist and fuller bottom half. The late 1950s, however, brought about the rise of ready-to-wear fashion, which implemented a standardized sizing system for all mass-produced clothing. While fashion houses, such as 6021: 934: 6043: 1250:

body is the outer expression of our self, to be improved and worked upon". One of the more key factors in creating the desire for a particular body shape – most notably for females – is the media, which has promoted a number of so-called "ideal" body shapes. Fashionable figures are often unrealistic and unattainable for much of the population, and their popularity tends to be short-lived due to their arbitrary nature.

364:, but generally not around her waist, which will remain about the same size as it was before puberty. These factors result in women's waist–hip ratio (WHR) being lower than for males, although males tend to have a greater upper-body to waist–hip ratio (WHR) giving them a V shape look because of their greater muscle mass (e.g., they generally have much larger, more muscular and broader shoulders, 1322:

health—if they try". Additionally, the impact that this has on women and their self-esteem is often a very negative one, and resulted in the diet industry taking off in the 1960s – something that would not have occurred "had bodily appearance not been so closely associated with identity for women". Melissa Oldman states, "Nowhere is the thin female ideal more evident than in popular media."

1018:, they were shortened, became more conical, and consequently began to emphasize the waist. It also lifted and separated the breasts as opposed to the 17th century corsets which compressed and minimized the breasts. Consequently, depictions of nude women in the 18th century tend to have a very narrow waist and high, distinct breasts, almost as if they were wearing an invisible corset. 1290:, remained true to their couture, tailor-made garments, the rise of these rapidly-produced, standardized garments led to a shift in location from Europe to America as the epicenter of fashion. Along with that shift came the standardization of sizes, in which garments were not made to fit the body anymore, but instead the body must be altered to fit the garment. 1298:

logical pattern, and the changes occurred so quickly that one shape was never in vogue for more than a decade. As is the case with fashion itself in the post-modern world, the premise of the ever-evolving "ideal" shape relies on the fact that it will soon become obsolete, and thus must continue changing to prevent itself from becoming uninteresting.

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male participants also depicted their ideal partner with the same image. The researchers state, "For both sexes, the primary predictor of female beauty is a relatively low BMI combined with a relatively curvaceous body". However the generality of their conclusions was limited given their small sample size and single ethnicity of participants.

999:, this was also true. Though the classical aesthetic was being revived and very closely studied, the art produced in the time period was influenced by both factors. This resulted in a beauty standard that reconciled the two aesthetics by using classically proportioned figures who had non-classical amounts of flesh and soft, padded skin. 1138:, but that in general there has been a preference for a slimmer waist in Western culture. He notes that "The finding that the writers describe a small waist as beautiful suggests instead that this body part—a known marker of health and fertility—is a core feature of feminine beauty that transcends ethnic differences and cultures." 203: 1270:, were very thin, the ideal image of beauty was still a larger one. As the fashion houses in the early 1950s still catered to a specific, elite clientele, the image of the fashion model at that time was not as sought after or looked up to as was the image of the celebrity. While the models that graced the covers of 1426:

In a 2012 experiment, researchers Crossley, Cornelissen and Tovée asked men and women to depict an attractive female body and the majority of them chose the same ideal. The women who participated in this experiment drew their ideal bodies with enlarged busts and narrowed the rest of their bodies. The

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meant that women favoured a thinner body, with long, slender limbs. This was a drastic change from the former decade's ideal, which saw curvier icons, such as Marilyn Monroe, to be considered the epitome of beautiful. These shifts in what was seen to be the "fashionable body" at the time followed no

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professionals advise that a waist measurement for a woman of over 80 cm (31 in) increases the risk of heart disease, but that ethnic background also plays a factor. This is because body fat buildup around the waist (the apple shape) poses a higher health risk than a fat buildup at the hips

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using MRI technology suggested that women experience more anxiety about weight gain than do men, while aggregated research has been used to claim that images of thin women in popular media may induce psychological stress. A study of 52 older adults found that females may think more about their body

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More recently, magazines and other popular media have been criticized for promoting an unrealistic trend of thinness. David Gauntlett states that the media's "repetitive celebration of a beauty 'ideal' which most women will not be able to match … will eat up readers' time and money—and perhaps good

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Compared to males, females generally have relatively narrow waists and large buttocks, and this along with wide hips make for a wider hip section and a lower waist–hip ratio. Research shows that a waist–hip ratio (WHR) for a female very strongly correlates to the perception of attractiveness. Women

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circa 2005, for apparel, found that 46% were rectangular, just over 20% spoon, just under 14% inverted triangle, and 8% hourglass. Another study has found "that the average woman's waistline had expanded by six inches since the 1950s" and that women in 2004 were taller and had bigger busts and hips

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The hips are wider than the bust. The distribution of fat varies, with fat tending to deposit first in the buttocks, hips, and thighs. As body fat percentage increases, an increasing proportion of body fat is distributed around the waist and upper abdomen. The women of this body type tend to have a

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with physical activity, such as exercise. The amount of testosterone produced varies from one individual to another, but, on average, an adult female produces around one-tenth of the testosterone of an adult male, but females are more sensitive to the hormone. The muscles most likely to be affected

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The importance of "the body as a work zone", as Myra MacDonald asserts, further perpetuates the link between fashion and identity, with the body being used as a means of creating a visible and unavoidable image for oneself. The tools with which to create the final copy of such a project range from

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A low waist–hip ratio has also often been regarded as an indicator of attractiveness of a woman, but recent research suggests that attractiveness is more correlated to body mass index than waist–hip ratio, contrary to previous belief. According to Dr. Devendra Singh of the University of Texas, who

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Over the past several hundred years, there has been a shift towards viewing the body as part of one's identity – not in a purely physical way, but as a means of deeper self-expression. David Gauntlett, in his 2008 book, recognizes the importance of malleability in physical identity, stating, "the

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the ideal breast has been a rounded, fuller, and larger breast. In the past 20 years the average American bra size has increased from 34B to 34DD, although this may be due to the increase in obesity within the United States in recent years. Additionally, the ideal figure has favored an ever-lower

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Height will also affect the appearance of the figure. A woman who is 36–24–36 (91–61–91 cm) at 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m) height will look different from a woman who is 36–24–36 at 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) height. If both are the same weight, the taller woman has a much lower

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Many studies indicate that WHR correlates with female fertility, leading some to speculate that its use as a sexual selection cue by men has an evolutionary basis. However it is also suggested that the evident relationships between WHR-influencing hormones and survival-relevant traits such as

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levels will affect the fat distribution on her body. According to Dr. Devendra Singh, "Body shape is determined by the nature of body fat distribution that, in turn, is significantly correlated with women's sex hormone profile, risk for disease, and reproductive capability." Concentrations of

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such as films and magazines. The ideal or preferred female body size and shape has varied over time and continues to vary among cultures; but a preference for a small waist has remained fairly constant throughout history. A low waist–hip ratio has often been seen as a sign of good health and

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than those of the 1950s. Note however that a 2021 study found that slight changes in measurement placement definition can recategorise up to 40% of women into different body shapes, meaning cross-research comparisons may be flawed unless the exact measurement definitions are used.

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competitiveness and stress tolerance may give a preference for higher waist–hip ratios its own evolutionary benefit. That, in turn, may account for the cross-cultural variation observed in actual average waist–hip ratios and culturally preferred waist-to-hip ratios for women.

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The Japanese and South Korean clothing size standards give codes to women's clothing designed for different ratios between hips and chest. The German standards similarly use hip and bust measures. They all adapt for a linear scale between rectangular and spoon shapes.

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was the time in which the overall silhouette of the ideal body slimmed down. There was dramatic flattening of the entire body resulting in a more youthful aesthetic. As the century progressed, the ideal size of both the breasts and buttocks increased. From the

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A person's "waist-height ratio" (WHtR), is defined as their waist circumference divided by their height, both measured in the same units. It is used as a predictor of obesity-related cardiovascular disease. The WHtR is a measure of the distribution of

1006:, the naked women appear quite plump. Upon closer inspection however, most of the women have fairly normal statures, Rubens has simply painted their flesh with rolls and ripples that otherwise would not be there. This may be a reflection of the 1355:

At times artificial devices are used or surgery is employed. In 2019, 92% of all cosmetic procedures in the US were undertaken by women, with the most popular being a breast augmentation. Breast size can be artificially increased or decreased.

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During the 1950s, the fashion model and celebrity were two separate entities, allowing the body image of the time to be shaped more by television and film rather than high fashion advertisements. While the fashion model of the 1950s, such as

3143: 1395:. Where corsets are used for waist reduction, they may cause temporary reduction through occasional use or permanent reduction through constant and continuous use. Those who use corsets for permanent reduction are often referred to as 980:; and that the emphasis on protruding belly, breasts, and buttocks is likely a result of both the aesthetic of being well fed and aesthetic of being fertile, traits that were more difficult to achieve at the time. In sculptures from 1241:(a government body) announced new guidelines which suggested that all adults "ensure their waist size is less than half their height in order to help stave off serious health problems". This guideline is independent of gender. 252:, controlling how quickly the body uses energy, and controls how sensitive the body should be to other hormones. Body fat distribution may change from time to time, depending on food habits, activity levels and hormone levels. 1687: 423:

The waist is less than 9 inches (23 cm) smaller than the hips and bust. Body fat is distributed predominantly in the abdomen, buttocks, chest, and face. This overall fat distribution creates the typical ruler (straight)

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to help themselves attain the body they wished to possess. Having a tiny waist was a sign of social status, as the wealthier women could afford to dress more extravagantly and sport items such as corsets to increase their

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The British Fashion Model Agents Association (BFMA) says that female models should be at least 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) tall and proportionately around 34–24–34" (86–61–86 cm). Laws "aimed at preventing

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Wilson, Jan M. B.; Tripp, Dean A.; Boland, Fred J. (3 December 2005). "The relative contributions of waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index to judgments of attractiveness – Sexualities, Evolution & Gender".

1189:. In other cultures, preferences vary, ranging from 0.6 in China, to 0.8 or 0.9 in parts of South America and Africa, and divergent preferences based on ethnicity, rather than nationality, have also been noted. 913:

guidelines an adult with a BMI below 18.5 is considered underweight, 18 malnourished, and 17 severely malnourished. The average model measuring 1.75m (5ft 9in) and weighing 50kg (7st 12lb) has a BMI of 16".

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Zhang, Yi Xin; Lazzeri, Davide; Grassetti, Luca; Silvestri, Alessandro; Trisliana Perdanasari, Aurelia; Han, Sheng; Torresetti, Matteo; di Benedetto, Giovanni; Castello, Manuel Francisco (6 February 2015).

850:) and the ratios between them are a widespread method of identifying different female body shapes. As noted above, descriptive terms used include "rectangle", "spoon", "inverted triangle", and "hourglass". 887:

is determined by measuring across the crest of the breasts and calculating the difference between that measurement and the band measurement. The waist is measured at the midpoint between the bottom of the

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Each society develops a general perception of what an ideal female body shape would be like. These ideals are generally reflected in the art and literature produced by or for a society, as well as in

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female body shape. Cultural ideals, however, have developed and continue to exert influence over how a woman relates to her own body, as well as how others in her society may perceive and treat her.

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The Chinese clothing size standards give codes to clothing designed for different ratios between chest and waist. They adapt for a linear scale between inverted triangle/hourglass and rectangular.

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Simmons, Istook, & Devarajan "Female Figure Identification Technique (FFIT): {Hourglass, Bottom Hourglass, Top Hourglass, Spoon, Rectangle, Diamond, Oval, Triangle, Inverted Triangle}", 2002

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The breasts of girls and women in early stages of development commonly are "high" and rounded, dome- or cone-shaped, and protrude almost horizontally from a female's chest wall. Over time, the

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If (hips − bust) < 3.6 in (91 mm) AND (bust − hips) < 3.6 in (91 mm) AND (bust − waist) < 9 in (230 mm) AND (hips − waist) < 10 in (250 mm)

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The shoulders are broader than the hips. The legs and thighs tend to be slim, while the chest looks larger compared with the rest of the body. Fat is mainly distributed in the chest and face.

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by stopping the promotion of inaccessible ideals of beauty" have been introduced in a number of European countries, to regulate the minimum actual or apparent BMI of fashion models. "Under

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are often used as a proxy. Conventionally, measurement for the band of a bra is taken around the torso immediately below the breasts, with the tape measure parallel to the floor. Bra

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If (bust − hips) ≤ 1 in (25 mm) AND (hips − bust) < 3.6 in (91 mm) AND ((bust − waist) ≥ 9 in (230 mm) OR (hips − waist) ≥ 10 in (250 mm) )

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Lee JY, Istook CL, Nam YJ, "Comparison of body shape between USA and Korean women: {Hourglass, Bottom Hourglass, Top Hourglass, Spoon, Triangle, Inverted Triangle, Rectangle}", 2007.

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distributed around it. How much the bust or hips inflect inward, towards the waist, determines a woman's structural shape. The hourglass shape is present in only about 8% of women.

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On the other hand, estrogens reduce muscle mass . Muscle mass changes over time as a result of changes in testosterone and estrogen levels and exercise, besides other factors.

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Body shapes are often categorised in the fashion industry into one of four elementary geometric shapes, though there are very wide ranges of actual sizes within each shape:

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The last 100 years envelop the time period in which that overall body type has been seen as attractive, though there have been small changes within the period as well. The

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Dixson, B.J.; Dixson A.F.; Morgan B.; Anderson M.J. (June 2007). "Human physique and sexual attractiveness: sexual preferences of men and women in Bakossiland, Cameroon".

352:, will promote breast development and a wider pelvis that is tilted forward, and until menopause a woman's estrogen levels will cause her body to store excess fat in the 1134:

studied the representations of women, historically found there was a trend for slightly overweight women in the 17th and 18th centuries, as typified by the paintings of

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the female bodies are more tubular and regularly proportioned. There is essentially no emphasis given to any particular body part, not the breasts, buttocks, or belly.

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If (hips − bust) ≥ 3.6 in (91 mm) AND (hips − bust) < 10 in (250 mm) AND (hips − waist) ≥ 9 in (230 mm) AND (high hip/waist) < 1.193

139:, but their levels are significantly higher in women, especially in those of reproductive age. Besides other functions, estrogens promote the development of female 3827:

Ferraro, F. Richard; Muehlenkamp, Jennifer J; Paintner, Ashley; Wasson, Kayla; Hager, Tracy; Hoverson, Fallon (October 2008). "Aging, Body Image, and Body Shape".

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as well as the increased acceptability of pants for women, prompted the idealization of the long leg that has lasted to this day. Following the invention of the

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Estrogens cause higher levels of fat to be stored in a female body than in a male body. They also affect body fat distribution, causing fat to be stored in the

3144:"Ethnic differences in preferences for female weight and waist-to-hip ratio: a comparison of African-American and White American college and community samples" 1819: 463:

The hips and bust are almost of equal size, and the waist is narrower than both. Body fat distribution tends to be around both the upper body and lower body.

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Mann T, Tomiyama AJ, Westling E, Lew AM, Samuels B, Chatman J (April 2007). "Medicare's search for effective obesity treatments: diets are not the answer".

2820: 4450: 4258:, Issued in connection with an exhibition held Nov 2008–Feb 2009, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (see Belle: Picturing Beautiful Women; pp. 246–254) 3551:

Sypeck, M. F.; Gray, J. J.; Ahrens, A. H. (2004). "No longer just a pretty face: Fashion magazines' depictions of ideal female beauty from 1959 to 1999".

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Hartmann BW, Laml T, Kirchengast S, Albrecht AE, Huber JC (1998). "Hormonal breast augmentation: prognostic relevance of insulin-like growth factor-I".

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The German sizing system also has height categories for short, regular and tall women, which combine with the shape categories to produce 9 categories.

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maintained the general figure of the 18th century. Examples can be seen in the works of many contemporary artists, both academic artists, such as

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New research suggests that apple-shaped women have the highest risk of developing heart disease, while hourglass-shaped women have the lowest.

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and the estrogen produced by ovaries declines, fat migrates from their buttocks, hips and thighs to their waists; later fat is stored at the

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body shape is determined by the nature of body fat distribution that, in turn, is significantly correlated with women's sex hormone profile

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If (bust − hips) > 1 in (25 mm) AND (bust − hips) < 10 in (250 mm) AND (bust − waist) ≥ 9 in (230 mm)

277:. The lack of estrogen in males generally results in more fat being deposited around the waist and abdomen (producing an "apple shape"). 166:. A number of other changes typically occur during pregnancy, including enlargement and increased firmness of the breasts, mainly due to 1597: 3300:

Cashdan, Elizabeth (December 2008). "Waist-to-Hip Ratios Across Cultures: Trade-Offs Between Androgen- and Estrogen-Dependent Traits".

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Various strategies, including exercise, are sometimes employed in an attempt to temporarily or permanently alter the shape of a body.

4433: 2140: 1054:. As the 20th century began, the rise of athletics resulted in a drastic slimming of the female figure. This culminated in the 1920s 4984: 4445: 3228:"Body Weight, Waist-to-Hip Ratio, Breasts, and Hips: Role in Judgments of Female Attractiveness and Desirability for Relationships" 1486: 1015: 483: 4115: 5555: 2670: 181:. Breasts generally revert to approximately their previous size after pregnancy, although there may be some increased sagging. 3801: 3775: 5872: 5343: 5156: 3981: 3954: 3284: 2720: 2651: 1883: 5970: 5940: 1649: 513:

The "Female Figure Identification Technique for Apparel" uses the following formula to identify an individual's body type:

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Estrogens can also affect the female body shape in a number of other ways, including increasing fat stores, accelerating

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in women, but generally not around their waists, which will remain about the same size as they were before puberty. The

4693: 4428: 4423: 4283: 4218: 131:, which are primary female sex hormones, have a significant impact on a female's body shape. They are produced in both 1160: 538:

If (hips − bust) > 2 in (51 mm) AND (hips − waist) ≥ 7 in (180 mm) AND (high hip/waist) ≥ 1.193

5960: 4977: 4545: 4493: 4237: 3685: 3625: 2498: 2229: 1675: 4846: 1062: 972:, the ideal body type as envisioned by members of society has changed throughout history. She states that Stone Age 799: 6087: 5422: 4994: 4398: 4330: 1816: 2170: 269:

recommendations are higher for females, as this fat may serve as an energy reserve for pregnancy. Males have less

4470: 4393: 3363:"Indices of abdominal obesity are better discriminators of cardiovascular risk factors than BMI: a meta-analysis" 2141:"Effects of Body Shape on Body Cathexis and Dress Shape Preferences of Female Consumers: A Balancing Perspective" 1457: 991:

Moving forward there is more evidence that fashion somewhat dictated what people believed were the proper female

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is the cumulative product of a woman's bone structure along with the distribution of muscle and fat on the body.

5862: 5540: 5501: 5437: 5298: 4774: 4475: 4145:"What Is an Attractive Body? Using an Interactive 3D Program to Create the Ideal Body for You and Your Partner" 1800: 1233:. Higher values of WHtR indicate higher risk of obesity-related cardiovascular diseases; it is correlated with 1126: 20: 3181:

Singh D (August 1993). "Adaptive significance of female physical attractiveness: role of waist-to-hip ratio".

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Fisher, M.L.; Voracek M. (June 2006). "The shape of beauty: determinants of female physical attractiveness".

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WHR has been found to be a more efficient predictor of mortality in older people than waist circumference or

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that trend continued with the interesting twist of cone shaped breasts as a result of the popularity of the

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would mean a 36 in (91 cm) bust, 29 in (74 cm) waist and 38 in (97 cm) hips.

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on breasts tends to increase due to their natural weight, the relaxation of support structures, and aging.

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In sum, there is little support for the notion that diets lead to lasting weight loss or health benefits.

3478:"What Historical Ideals of Women's Shapes Teach Us About Women's Self-Perception and Body Decisions Today" 2459: 2061:"Assessing the female figure identification technique's reliability as a body shape classification system" 1067: 1023: 501:

Rasband: {Ideal, Triangular, Inverted Triangular, Rectangular, Hourglass, Diamond, Tubular, Rounded}, 2006

5965: 5910: 5905: 5802: 5787: 5777: 5400: 4999: 4465: 2968: 2209: 1372:, while minimiser bras may be used to reduce the apparent size. Breasts can be surgically enlarged using 847: 820: 781: 387:, there is a tendency for fat to redistribute from a female's buttocks, hips and thighs to her waist or 6046: 5525: 5417: 3942: 1840: 1515:"Cultural body shape ideals and eating disorder symptoms among White, Latina, and Black college women" 5715: 5348: 5014: 4853: 2060: 1480: 910: 3884: 3195: 2955: 879:

A woman's bust measure is a combination of her rib cage and breast size. For convenience, a woman's

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Maintaining sufficient levels of the hormone testosterone can "build muscle and decrease body fat"

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in a pubescent female inhibits breast development and promotes muscle and facial hair development.

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Parker, Christopher J.; Hayes, Steven George; Brownbridge, Kathryn; Gill, Simeon (12 April 2021).

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Researchers think that the lack of estrogen at menopause plays a role in driving our fat northward

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circumference) are rated more attractive by men in various cultures. Such diverse beauty icons as

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Hess, R. A.; Bunick, D; Lee, K. H.; Bahr, J; Taylor, J. A.; Korach, K. S.; Lubahn, D. B. (1997).

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in their faces due to the effects of testosterone; testosterone also reduces fat by aiding fast

6072: 5930: 5630: 5545: 5395: 5323: 5258: 5236: 5226: 5201: 5191: 4752: 4621: 4577: 4520: 4358: 4276: 3879: 3344:"Waist–hip Ratio Should Replace Body Mass Index As Indicator of Mortality Risk in Older People" 3343: 3190: 2950: 2007:"The shape of things to wear: scientists identify how women's figures have changed in 50 years" 1506: 880: 3971: 3944: 1947: 1749: 1418:

surgery may be used to increase the size of hips and buttocks to make them look more rounded.

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Connell's "Body Shape Assessment Scale: {Hourglass, Pear, Rectangle, Inverted Triangle}", 2006

6000: 5720: 5680: 5670: 5625: 5474: 5427: 5385: 5044: 5004: 4715: 4678: 3276: 2712: 1601: 1318:, and "the fashion was for cropped hair, flat (bound) breasts and a slim androgynous shape". 1278:

in the 1950s were in line with the thin ideal of the day, the most prominent female icon was

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The waist is typically smaller than the bust and hips, unless there is a high proportion of

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relatively larger rear, thicker thighs, and a small(er) bosom. Also known as a "pear" shape.

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Cumulative product of the human female skeletal structure and distribution of muscle and fat

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Singh, Devendra (Spring 2006). "An Evolutionary Theory of Female Physical Attractiveness".

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If (bust − hips) ≥ 3.6 in (91 mm) AND (bust − waist) < 9 in (230 mm)

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If (hips − bust) ≥ 3.6 in (91 mm) AND (hips − waist) < 9 in (230 mm)

249: 8: 6082: 6067: 5660: 5650: 5620: 5608: 5603: 5513: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5181: 5116: 5096: 5029: 4972: 4902: 4737: 4710: 4683: 4567: 4510: 4385: 4337: 4320: 4300: 3431:"Obesity: identification, assessment and management | Clinical guideline [CG189]" 1391:. In twentieth century these corsets were mostly replaced with more flexible/comfortable 1155: 1092: 806: 369: 345: 266: 4160: 3013: 2776: 1556: 406: 209:

causes fat to be stored on a young woman's buttocks, hips and thighs, but not her waist.

155:, girls develop breasts and their hips widen. Working against estrogen, the presence of 5847: 5837: 5827: 5812: 5807: 5792: 5745: 5725: 5700: 5665: 5655: 5635: 5449: 5375: 5328: 5303: 5277: 5141: 4967: 4804: 4725: 4368: 4207: 4179: 4144: 4092: 4059: 3852: 3670: 3614: 3459: 3325: 3317: 3119: 3094: 3075: 3021: 2916: 2867: 2795: 2760: 2577: 2552: 2096: 1921: 1912:(3). Chattanooga, TN: Psi Chi, The National Honor Society in Psychology: 18–19, 28–31. 1728: 1573: 1540: 1392: 1275: 1223: 1011: 865: 108: 2964: 6036: 5893: 5772: 5735: 5730: 5710: 5705: 5675: 5640: 5593: 5583: 5454: 5380: 5370: 5363: 5353: 5253: 5246: 5221: 5211: 5196: 5061: 5034: 4819: 4799: 4784: 4767: 4658: 4648: 4584: 4550: 4535: 4269: 4233: 4214: 4184: 4097: 4079: 4014: 3977: 3950: 3943:

Gunther Göretzlehner; Christian Lauritzen; Thomas Römer; Winfried Rossmanith (2012).

3897: 3844: 3681: 3621: 3568: 3507: 3499: 3384: 3329: 3280: 3269: 3246: 3208: 3163: 3124: 3067: 2908: 2859: 2855: 2800: 2716: 2705: 2647: 2582: 2225: 2190: 2100: 2088: 2080: 1879: 1872: 1732: 1578: 1463: 1361: 1315: 1234: 1118: 1112: 957: 177:. The size of the nipples may increase noticeably. These changes may continue during 167: 3856: 3095:"Do men hold African-American and Caucasian women to different standards of beauty?" 3079: 2871: 2667: 2460:"American Bra Size Average Increases From 34B to 34DD in Just 20 Years, Survey Says" 1925: 5857: 5852: 5762: 5690: 5685: 5645: 5598: 5573: 5518: 5412: 5308: 5241: 5126: 5091: 5009: 4929: 4897: 4858: 4831: 4794: 4730: 4700: 4636: 4631: 4609: 4589: 4530: 4515: 4363: 4174: 4164: 4087: 4071: 4006: 3889: 3836: 3779: 3560: 3489: 3379: 3374: 3362: 3309: 3242: 3200: 3155: 3114: 3106: 3059: 3017: 2960: 2920: 2898: 2851: 2790: 2780: 2610: 2572: 2564: 2217: 2182: 2114: 2072: 1913: 1724: 1720: 1568: 1560: 1443: 1186: 1087: 1075: 1051: 1010:: a long, cylindrical, gown with rippling satin accents, tailored over a figure in 992: 981: 943:, Roman marble copy (1st or 2nd century AD) of the Greek original (4th century BC). 785: 457: 395: 365: 270: 89: 48: 4917: 2076: 1917: 6025: 5479: 5338: 5270: 5146: 5086: 5066: 5024: 4962: 4936: 4924: 4863: 4809: 4757: 4720: 4641: 4604: 4540: 4169: 4075: 3159: 3110: 2785: 2674: 2248: 1858: 1823: 1775: 1756: 1748:

Estrogen causes fat to be stored around the pelvic region, hips, butt and thighs

1211: 1107: 1096: 1095:, especially with the advent and progression of digital editing software such as 1019: 973: 873: 832: 289: 3494: 2628: 2518: 2221: 2210:"10 - International apparel sizing systems and standardization of apparel sizes" 2169:

Yim Lee, Jeong; Istook, Cynthia L.; Ja Nam, Yun; Mi Park, Sun (1 January 2007).

1314:. By the 1920s, the cultural ideal had changed significantly as a result of the 876:; if they have the same BMI, the weight is distributed around a greater volume. 5993: 5832: 5282: 5131: 4941: 4892: 4742: 4626: 4143:

Crossley, Kara L.; Cornelissen, Piers L.; Tovée, Martin J. (29 November 2012).

3893: 3840: 3642: 3204: 2550: 2537: 1514: 1387:

have been used to reduce waist sizes. The corset reached its climax during the

1373: 1279: 1271: 1257:

Postcard photo of the curvaceous Marilyn Monroe, taken before she became famous

1192: 1174: 1039: 969: 896:. The hips are measured at the largest circumference of the hips and buttocks. 112: 4010: 3321: 3063: 2614: 2485:"Ideal weight varies across cultures, but body image dissatisfaction pervades" 2333:"Waist Circumference and Waist–Hip Ratio, Report of a WHO Expert Consultation" 2310: 2186: 6061: 5216: 5176: 5171: 5081: 4875: 4747: 4555: 4083: 3503: 2194: 2084: 1404: 1388: 1302: 1263: 1182: 940: 861: 843: 789: 467:

A study of the shapes of over 6,000 women, carried out by researchers at the

321: 202: 178: 107:, as well as disagreements on the social standing and purported "purpose" of 99:

Reflecting the wide range of individual beliefs on what is best for physical

93: 55: 39: 4060:"Three-dimensional Superficial Liposculpture of the Hips, Flank, and Thighs" 2484: 475:

Several similar classifications of women's body shape exist. These include:

5390: 5292: 5231: 5166: 5161: 5121: 5071: 4836: 4814: 4673: 4668: 4594: 4560: 4188: 4101: 3901: 3848: 3572: 3511: 3408: 3388: 3167: 3128: 3071: 2912: 2863: 2804: 2586: 2568: 2380: 2092: 2033:. International Foundation of Fashion Technology institutes. Archived from 1178: 985: 285: 156: 4018: 3212: 2761:"Preferred Women's Waist-to-Hip Ratio Variation over the Last 2,500 Years" 1582: 1253: 379:

During and after pregnancy, a woman experiences body shape changes. After

4663: 4572: 3430: 2551:

Tovee M.J.; Maisey D.S.; Emery J.L.; Cornelissen P.L. (22 January 1999).

1492: 1400: 1396: 1352:

is also sometimes used, but is generally not effective in the long term.

1326:

the extreme—plastic surgery—to the more tame, such as diet and exercise.

1196: 1083: 996: 977: 893: 325: 2995:"Men's Preferences for Women's Profile Waist–Hip-Ratio in Two Societies" 2216:. Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles. Woodhead Publishing: 274–304. 1301:

An early example of the body used as an identity marker occurred in the

949: 695:

South Korean Body Shape Classifications by: Hip - Chest circumferences

5318: 5076: 3404:"Ensure waist size is less than half your height, health watchdog says" 3049: 2903: 2886: 1466: – Range of possible values for any characteristic of human beings 1335: 1071: 1035: 486:: {Plumper: Endomorph, Muscular: Mesomorph, Slender: Ectomorph}", 1940s 306: 274: 214: 104: 33: 3969: 3564: 3433:. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 8 September 2022. 3141: 2376:"Fashion models in France need doctor's note before taking to catwalk" 2357: 5313: 4907: 3092: 1365: 1079: 577:

Chinese Body Shape Classifications by: Chest - Waist circumferences

380: 256: 185: 174: 163: 128: 1674:

Estrogen activates fat storing enzymes and causes them to multiply:

1598:"Science News Online (12/6/97): Estrogen's Emerging Manly Alter Ego" 648:

Japanese Body Shape Classifications by: Hip - Chest circumferences

5358: 5151: 5019: 4762: 4292: 3526:"Unrealistic beauty standards cost U.S. economy billions each year" 3313: 2884: 1437: 1230: 1199:

have discovered evidence that the WHR is a significant measure for

1142: 961:. Eve's protruding abdomen is typical of nudes in the 15th century. 906: 889: 884: 854: 353: 349: 334: 330: 241: 229: 206: 1564: 933: 492:

Bonnie August's "Body I.D. Scale: {A,X,H,V,W,Y,T,O,b,d,i,r}", 1981

4525: 3093:

Freedman, R.E.; Carter M.M.; Sbrocco T.; Gray JJ. (August 2007).

2738:"BMI and Waist–hip Ratio: The Magic Number for Health and Beauty" 1703: 1357: 1349: 1055: 1027: 388: 384: 341: 302: 260: 245: 171: 152: 144: 3826: 3142:

Freedman, R.E.; Carter M.M.; Sbrocco T.; Gray J.J. (July 2004).

2885:

Dixson, B.J.; Dixson A.F.; Li B.; Anderson M.J. (January 2007).

2813:"Gleaning New Perspectives by Measuring Body Proportions in Art" 1414:

may be used to increase the apparent size of hips and buttocks.

734:

German Body Shape Classifications by: Hip - Bust circumferences

3996: 2711:(hardcover) (second ed.). New York: Basic Books. pp. 1624:"Science Blog – Estrogen Linked To Sperm Count, Male Fertility" 1421: 1384: 1369: 1306: 1294: 1287: 1267: 1135: 1047: 1031: 1003: 864:

around the three inflection points. For example, "36–29–38" in

361: 298: 293: 218: 100: 81: 4056: 3275:(hardcover) (second ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 2447:. California: University of California Press. pp. 83–156. 1345:

shape and endorse thinner figures than men even into old age.

4116:"Buttock Enhancement Procedures NYC | Mount Sinai - New York" 2641: 2499:"Sir Mix-a-Lot 'Baby Got Back' Video Oral History – Vulture" 1043: 324:

has an inevitable impact on a person's body shape. A woman's

233: 136: 77: 4230:

Representing Women: Myths of Femininity in the Popular Media

1460: – Beauty standards within China or Chinese communities 1002:

In the nude paintings of the 17th century, such as those by

4261: 2028:"Female Figure Identification Technique (FFIT) for Apparel" 1512: 1283: 568: 357: 222: 2168: 2058: 1513:

Gordon, K.H.; Castro, Y.; Sitnikov, L.; Holm-Denoma, J.M.

3936: 3776:"Fear of getting fat seen in healthy women's brain scans" 1973:. National Women's Health Resource Center. Archived from 1407:

are common surgical methods for reducing the waist line.

1170: 237: 148: 132: 85: 4142: 3976:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 217–. 3739:"How the media shapes our cultural ideals of body shape" 3360: 2243: 2241: 2175:

International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology

3869: 3361:

Lee CM, Huxley RR, Wildman RP, Woodward M (July 2008).

2171:"Comparison of body shape between USA and Korean women" 1440: – Woman epitomising West African beauty standards 1368:

may be used to increase the apparent size of a woman's

1169:

with a 0.7 WHR (waist circumference that is 70% of the

1541:"A role for estrogens in the male reproductive system" 3225: 2238: 1874:

Heroes, rogues, and lovers: testosterone and behavior

1380:. Hormonal breast enhancement may be another option. 401: 4375:

Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)

2735: 1706:"Anthropometric - Hormonal Correlation: An Overview" 1058:

look, which has informed modern fashion ever since.

19:"Female figure" redirects here. For other uses, see 3970:R.E. Mansel; Oystein Fodstad; Wen G. Jiang (2007). 2992: 1971:"Waistline Worries: Turning Apples Back into Pears" 4206: 3669: 3613: 3458: 3268: 3226:Singh, Devendra; Young, Robert K. (27 June 2001). 2933: 2704: 2266: 2025: 1871: 1650:"Normal Testosterone and Estrogen Levels in Women" 3963: 3820: 2599: 1863: 1794: 1538: 1239:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 976:show the earliest body type preference, dramatic 383:, with the reduced production of estrogen by the 6059: 3550: 3461:Alternative femininities: body, age and identity 2993:Marlowe, F.W.; Apicella, C.L.; Reed, D. (2005). 2841: 2759:Bovet, Jeanne; Raymond, Michel (17 April 2015). 2004: 1968: 860:A woman's dimensions are often expressed by the 565:Some clothing size standards define categories. 508: 2553:"Visual cues to female physical attractiveness" 2338:. World Health Organization. 8–11 December 2008 2115:"Why you might not be the body shape you think" 1903: 1477: – Aesthetic assessment of physical traits 638: 162:Estrogen levels also rise significantly during 4064:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open 2810: 2646:. Dorling Kindersley Australasia. p. 66. 2016:How female body shapes have changed over time. 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1489: – Taxonomy to categorize human physiques 1452: – Criteria used in formal figurative art 1293:During the 1960s, the popularity of the model 4277: 2752: 2687:"Why men store fat in bellies, women on hips" 2513: 2511: 1446: – Proportions of the human body in art 775: 489:Douty's "Body Build Scale: {1,2,3,4,5}", 1968 76:Female figures are typically narrower at the 3946:Praktische Hormontherapie in der Gynäkologie 2758: 1704:Mandal, Arpita; Das Chaudhuri, A.B. (2010). 1483: – Difference between males and females 1422:Social perceptions of the ideal woman's body 348:. At puberty, a girl's sex hormones, mainly 4138: 4136: 3990: 2360:. British Fashion Model Agents Association. 1981: 1329: 1102: 5040:African-American women's suffrage movement 4284: 4270: 4033:"Liposuction NYC | Mount Sinai - New York" 2936:"Preferred waist-to-hip ratio and ecology" 2508: 2302: 1937: 1935: 1869: 1595: 1532: 1470:List of artists focused on the female form 1378:systematic removal of parts of the breasts 1022:is a clear example of this aesthetic. The 4178: 4168: 4091: 3883: 3553:International Journal of Eating Disorders 3493: 3378: 3194: 3118: 2954: 2902: 2794: 2784: 2644:Type 2 Diabetes – Your Questions Answered 2576: 2442: 2325: 2296: 1941: 1572: 4985:Discrimination against transgender women 4133: 3863: 2642:Walker, Rosemary; Rodgers, Jill (2006). 2538:"The hourglass figure is truly timeless" 2369: 2367: 2358:"Do I have what it takes to be a model?" 2214:Anthropometry, Apparel Sizing and Design 1899: 1897: 1895: 1487:Somatotype and constitutional psychology 1252: 1159: 1106: 955:Adam and Eve from the Vienna Diptych by 569:Inverted triangle-rectangular categories 405: 315: 201: 170:of the mammary gland in response to the 3640: 3456: 3401: 3299: 3180: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 1932: 1839:"Subcutaneous fat in face decreases" – 1817:"Abdominal fat and what to do about it" 917: 111:, there is no universally acknowledged 88:. The bust, waist, and hips are called 42:, a Hindu goddess (Nepal, 11th Century) 6060: 3736: 3465:. New York City: Berg Publishers, Ltd. 3348:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2943:Personality and Individual Differences 2535: 2457: 2402: 2400: 2398: 1790: 1788: 344:both males and females have a similar 123: 96:are used to define basic body shapes. 5334:Post-structuralist discourse analysis 4600:Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary 4265: 3667: 3611: 3596: 2696: 2407:Paglia, Camille. "The Cruel Mirror". 2373: 2364: 2026:Istook, C; Simmons, K; Devarajan, P. 2005:McCormack, Helen (21 November 2005). 1969:Peeke, Pamela M. (15 November 2008). 1892: 1795:Andrews, Michelle (12 January 2006). 1244: 1217: 560: 3949:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 385–. 3923:American Society of Plastic Surgeons 3266: 2702: 2419: 2207: 2138: 1642: 1495: – Enlarged buttocks and thighs 3676:. Glasgow: Pandora Press. pp. 3475: 2603:Sexualities, Evolution & Gender 2536:Khamsi, Roxanne (10 January 2007). 2395: 2350: 1785: 1450:Artistic canons of body proportions 191: 151:. As a result of estrogens, during 13: 3476:Ngo, Nealie Tan (1 October 2019). 3022:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.07.005 2519:"Slim waist holds sway in history" 2406: 1185:have ratios around 0.7; this is a 1149: 402:Categorisation in fashion industry 14: 6099: 4255:Art and love in Renaissance Italy 4247: 3643:"The re-re-re-rise of the corset" 3641:Barford, Vanessa (19 June 2012). 3435:Recommendations 1.2.11 and 1.2.12 3402:Gregory, Anderew (8 April 2022). 2934:Marlowe, F.; Wetsman, A. (2001). 2629:"Curvier women 'will live longer" 899: 6041: 6032: 6031: 6019: 5579:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4995:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 4198: 3601:. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. 3367:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2856:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2006.00249.x 2540:. NewScientist.com news service. 2278:Women's Health Magazine (online) 948: 932: 819: 798: 184:Breasts can decrease in size at 141:secondary sexual characteristics 47: 32: 4108: 4050: 4025: 3911: 3802:"Skinny celebs a health hazard" 3794: 3778:. 13 April 2010. Archived from 3768: 3757: 3745: 3730: 3718: 3706: 3694: 3661: 3634: 3605: 3590: 3579: 3544: 3518: 3469: 3450: 3438: 3423: 3395: 3354: 3336: 3293: 3260: 3219: 3174: 3135: 3086: 3043: 2986: 2927: 2878: 2835: 2729: 2680: 2660: 2635: 2621: 2593: 2544: 2529: 2491: 2487:. physorg.com. 23 October 2007. 2477: 2451: 2201: 2162: 2132: 2107: 2052: 2019: 1962: 1845: 1833: 1810: 1769:"Ask the Expert | HealthyWomen" 1762: 1688:"Sex hormone making women fat?" 1458:Chinese ideals of female beauty 469:North Carolina State University 292:which helps build and maintain 4227: 4204: 3763: 3751: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3585: 3444: 3380:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.08.012 2811:Stephen Heyman (27 May 2015). 1742: 1725:10.1080/09751270.2010.11885154 1697: 1681: 1668: 1626:. Science Blog. Archived from 1600:. Science News. Archived from 1596:Raloff, J. (6 December 1997). 1589: 1237:. In September 2022, the UK's 21:Female figure (disambiguation) 1: 3829:Journal of General Psychology 2965:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00039-8 2309:. HerRoom.com. Archived from 2077:10.1080/00140139.2021.1902572 1918:10.24839/1092-0803.Eye10.3.18 1500: 812:Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 509:FFIT for Apparel measurements 118: 5941:Suffragists and suffragettes 4291: 4170:10.1371/journal.pone.0050601 4076:10.1097/GOX.0000000000000241 3919:"Plastic Surgery Statistics" 3599:Consumerism as a Way of Life 3247:10.1016/0162-3095(95)00074-7 3160:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2004.01.002 3111:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2006.11.008 3002:Evolution and Human Behavior 2786:10.1371/journal.pone.0123284 2458:Dicker, Ron (24 July 2013). 2374:Gayle, Damien (6 May 2017). 1187:typical ratio in Western art 639:Rectangular-spoon categories 188:if estrogen levels decline. 7: 4213:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. 4209:Media, gender, and identity 3973:Metastasis of Breast Cancer 3495:10.1001/amajethics.2019.879 2222:10.1533/9780857096890.2.274 2208:Chun, J. (1 January 2014). 2139:Sidberry, Phillip Anthony. 1430: 782:Bust/waist/hip measurements 10: 6104: 3894:10.1037/0003-066x.62.3.220 3841:10.3200/GENP.135.4.379-392 3620:. Glasgow: Pandora Press. 3457:Holland, Samantha (2004). 3205:10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.293 2736:Million Dollar Body Club. 1870:Dabbs M, Dabbs JM (2000). 1841:Advanced postnatal effects 1333: 1221: 1153: 921: 846:of bust, waist, and hips ( 779: 776:Proportions and dimensions 455: 297:are the pectoral muscles, 280: 195: 92:, and the ratios of their 18: 6013: 5953: 5892: 5885: 5564: 5269: 5015:Female genital mutilation 4953: 4886: 4783: 4503: 4492: 4419:Majority-Muslim countries 4384: 4351: 4308: 4299: 4232:. London: Edward Arnold. 4205:Gauntlett, David (2008). 4120:Mount Sinai Health System 4037:Mount Sinai Health System 4011:10.3109/09513599809024960 3872:The American Psychologist 3806:The Sydney Morning Herald 3235:Ethology and Sociobiology 3064:10.1007/s10508-006-9093-8 2673:16 September 2011 at the 2615:10.1080/14616660500238769 2274:"How to Measure Bra Size" 2187:10.1108/09556220710819555 1878:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1822:28 September 2011 at the 1755:28 September 2011 at the 1481:Sex differences in humans 1410:Padded control briefs or 911:World Health Organisation 5988:Women's studies journals 5946:Women's rights activists 4495:Movements and ideologies 4228:MacDonald, Myra (1995). 3737:Oldham, Melissa (2017). 2631:. BCC News. 3 June 2005. 2443:Hollander, Anne (1993). 1342:Brigham Young University 1330:Alteration of body shape 1130:reproductive potential. 1103:Social and health issues 374:latissimus dorsi muscles 6088:Physical attractiveness 5531:International relations 3668:Bovey, Shelley (1994). 3612:Bovey, Shelley (1994). 3271:The Evolution of Desire 2707:The Evolution of Desire 1799:. Yahoo. Archived from 1475:Physical attractiveness 1412:hip and buttock padding 1312:physical attractiveness 1078:, the invention of the 1008:female style of the day 198:Gynoid fat distribution 59:(Greece, about 150 BCE) 5961:Conservative feminisms 5259:Women in the workforce 5227:Violence against women 5202:Sexual objectification 5162:Opposition to feminism 4359:Bicycling and feminism 3597:Miles, Steven (1998). 2569:10.1098/rspb.1999.0624 2445:Seeing Through Clothes 2306:How to Measure for Bra 1944:"Reduce Abdominal Fat" 1857:3 October 2011 at the 1258: 1165: 1122: 411: 410:Body shape of a woman. 210: 103:and what is preferred 6001:Women in peacekeeping 5541:Revisionist mythology 4978:Children's literature 3482:AMA Journal of Ethics 3267:Buss, David (2003) . 2703:Buss, David (2003) . 1774:8 August 2007 at the 1256: 1201:female attractiveness 1163: 1110: 924:Feminine beauty ideal 409: 333:will influence where 316:Changes to body shape 221:mass, and increasing 205: 5443:Pathways perspective 5288:Gender mainstreaming 5207:Substantive equality 5187:Reproductive justice 5137:Matriarchal religion 4990:Diversity (politics) 3302:Current Anthropology 2748:on 12 December 2007. 2666:"Big butts are back" 2249:"Find Your Bra Size" 1950:on 28 September 2011 1803:on 24 October 2007. 1750:Reduce abdominal fat 1416:Buttock augmentation 1383:Historically, boned 1164:Sophia Loren in 1949 918:Cultural perceptions 6078:Feminism and health 6026:Feminism portal 5906:Ecofeminist authors 5756:Trinidad and Tobago 5696:Republic of Ireland 5556:Composition studies 5237:Women's empowerment 5192:Sex workers' rights 5117:Feminist capitalism 5097:Internalized sexism 5030:Feminism in culture 4908:Kurdish (Jineology) 4161:2012PLoSO...750601C 3999:Gynecol. Endocrinol 3835:(4): 379–392, 14p. 3256:on 7 November 2011. 3014:2005EHumB..26..458M 2777:2015PLoSO..1023284B 2313:on 24 February 2013 2284:on 25 February 2011 2150:. Auburn University 2040:on 12 November 2014 1557:1997Natur.390..509H 1393:foundation garments 892:and the top of the 866:US customary units 735: 696: 649: 578: 370:teres major muscles 267:Body fat percentage 248:gland regulate the 124:Impact of estrogens 5401:Literary criticism 5278:Complementarianism 5000:Effects on society 4968:Complementarianism 4775:Women's liberation 3741:. Culture Matters. 3672:The Forbidden Body 3616:The Forbidden Body 3183:J Pers Soc Psychol 2904:10.1002/ajhb.20584 2823:on 1 November 2021 2817:The New York Times 2742:Focused on Fitness 2691:The Times of India 2525:. 10 January 2007. 1692:The Times of India 1376:or reduced by the 1305:, when women wore 1259: 1245:Bodies as identity 1224:Waist-height ratio 1218:Waist-height ratio 1166: 1146:(the pear shape). 1123: 733: 694: 647: 576: 561:Clothing standards 412: 250:rate of metabolism 211: 6055: 6054: 6009: 6008: 5418:Political ecology 5324:Écriture féminine 5222:Triple oppression 5212:Toxic masculinity 5197:Sexual harassment 5057:Feminist stripper 5035:Feminist movement 4949: 4948: 4887:Ethnic and racial 4488: 4487: 3983:978-1-4020-5866-0 3956:978-3-11-024568-4 3808:. 20 October 2010 3565:10.1002/eat.20039 3350:. 12 August 2006. 3286:978-0-465-07750-2 2844:J Cosmet Dermatol 2722:978-0-465-07750-2 2653:978-1-74033-550-8 2409:Art Documentation 2119:medicalxpress.com 1977:on 8 August 2007. 1885:978-0-07-135739-5 1797:"A Matter of Fat" 1676:Message for women 1464:Human variability 1362:breast prostheses 1316:suffrage movement 1235:abdominal obesity 958:Hugo van der Goes 894:'front' hip bones 770: 769: 731: 730: 692: 691: 636: 635: 547:Inverted triangle 429:Inverted triangle 255:When women reach 90:inflection points 67:Female body shape 6095: 6045: 6044: 6035: 6034: 6024: 6023: 6022: 5890: 5889: 5873:History of women 5349:Political theory 5249: 5242:Women-only space 5127:Likeability trap 5092:Invisible labour 5010:Female education 4501: 4500: 4496: 4456:African-American 4386:Women's suffrage 4377: 4364:Feminist history 4306: 4305: 4286: 4279: 4272: 4263: 4262: 4243: 4224: 4212: 4193: 4192: 4182: 4172: 4140: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4095: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4029: 4023: 4022: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3887: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3772: 3766: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3675: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3619: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3594: 3588: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3532:. 7 October 2022 3522: 3516: 3515: 3497: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3434: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3382: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3308:(6): 1099–1107. 3297: 3291: 3290: 3274: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3249:. 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Archived from 1939: 1930: 1929: 1901: 1890: 1889: 1877: 1867: 1861: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1792: 1783: 1780:healthywomen.org 1766: 1760: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1710: 1701: 1695: 1685: 1679: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1604:on 1 August 2013 1593: 1587: 1586: 1576: 1551:(6659): 447–48. 1536: 1530: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1510: 1444:Body proportions 1052:Toulouse-Lautrec 993:body proportions 982:Classical Greece 952: 936: 881:bra measurements 823: 802: 786:Body proportions 736: 732: 697: 693: 650: 646: 579: 575: 523:Bottom hourglass 458:Hourglass figure 366:pectoral muscles 305:in the arms and 271:subcutaneous fat 244:produced by the 192:Fat distribution 109:women in society 51: 36: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6042: 6020: 6018: 6005: 5949: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5788:Northern Cyprus 5560: 5551:Science fiction 5344:Oedipus complex 5304:Women's studies 5265: 5264: 5263: 5247: 5157:Oedipus complex 5147:Men in feminism 5112:Language reform 5087:Ideal womanhood 5067:Gender equality 5062:Formal equality 5025:Feminationalism 4963:Cognitive labor 4945: 4913:Native American 4882: 4881: 4880: 4779: 4689:Post-structural 4494: 4484: 4380: 4373: 4369:Women's history 4347: 4295: 4290: 4250: 4240: 4221: 4201: 4196: 4141: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4055: 4051: 4041: 4039: 4031: 4030: 4026: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3941: 3937: 3927: 3925: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3885:10.1.1.666.7484 3868: 3864: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3735: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3610: 3606: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3580: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3488:(10): 879–901. 3474: 3470: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3414: 3412: 3400: 3396: 3359: 3355: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3230: 3224: 3220: 3196:10.1.1.492.9539 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5973: 5963: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5896: 5887: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5865: 5863:United Kingdom 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5570: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5536:Existentialism 5533: 5528: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5511: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5492:Existentialism 5489: 5488: 5487: 5485:Justice ethics 5477: 5472: 5467: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5283:Gender studies 5280: 5275: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5254:Women's rights 5251: 5248:Women's health 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5132:Male privilege 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5101:International 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4981: 4980: 4970: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4922: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4802: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 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3218: 3189:(2): 293–307. 3173: 3134: 3085: 3052:Arch Sex Behav 3042: 3031:on 1 June 2014 2985: 2926: 2877: 2834: 2751: 2728: 2721: 2695: 2679: 2659: 2652: 2634: 2620: 2592: 2543: 2528: 2507: 2490: 2476: 2450: 2418: 2394: 2363: 2349: 2324: 2295: 2265: 2237: 2230: 2200: 2181:(5): 374–391. 2161: 2131: 2106: 2051: 2018: 1980: 1961: 1931: 1906:Eye on Psi Chi 1891: 1884: 1862: 1844: 1832: 1828:Harvard Health 1809: 1784: 1761: 1759:; Anne Collins 1741: 1696: 1680: 1667: 1641: 1615: 1588: 1531: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1472: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1441: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1331: 1328: 1280:Marilyn Monroe 1272:Vogue Magazine 1246: 1243: 1222:Main article: 1219: 1216: 1175:Marilyn Monroe 1154:Main article: 1151: 1148: 1104: 1101: 1040:Impressionists 970:Camille Paglia 954: 947: 946: 938: 931: 930: 929: 928: 927: 919: 916: 901: 900:Fashion models 898: 844:circumferences 825: 818: 817: 804: 797: 796: 795: 794: 793: 777: 774: 768: 767: 764: 760: 759: 756: 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4302: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4282: 4280: 4275: 4273: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4251: 4241: 4239:9780340632215 4235: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4211: 4210: 4203: 4202: 4199:Cited sources 4190: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4137: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4053: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4005:(2): 123–27. 4004: 4000: 3993: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3966: 3958: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3939: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3760: 3753: 3748: 3740: 3733: 3726: 3721: 3714: 3709: 3702: 3697: 3689: 3687:9780044408710 3683: 3679: 3674: 3673: 3664: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3629: 3627:9780044408710 3623: 3618: 3617: 3608: 3600: 3593: 3587: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3463: 3462: 3453: 3446: 3441: 3432: 3426: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3398: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3288: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3272: 3263: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3154:(3): 191–98. 3153: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3105:(3): 319–33. 3104: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3058:(3): 369–75. 3057: 3053: 3046: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3008:(6): 458–68. 3007: 3003: 2996: 2989: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2949:(3): 481–89. 2948: 2944: 2937: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2891:Am J Hum Biol 2888: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2850:(2): 190–94. 2849: 2845: 2838: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2724: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2708: 2699: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2655: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2630: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2609:(3): 245–67. 2608: 2604: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2557:Proc Biol Sci 2554: 2547: 2539: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2514: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2486: 2480: 2465: 2461: 2454: 2446: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2414: 2410: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2383: 2382: 2377: 2370: 2368: 2359: 2353: 2334: 2328: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2299: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2254: 2250: 2244: 2242: 2233: 2231:9780857096814 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2165: 2149: 2142: 2135: 2120: 2116: 2110: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2055: 2036: 2029: 2022: 2012: 2008: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1976: 1972: 1965: 1949: 1945: 1938: 1936: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1887: 1881: 1876: 1875: 1866: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1813: 1806: 1802: 1798: 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1116: 1114: 1109: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1068:1950s to 1960 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 989: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 968:According to 960: 959: 951: 942: 941:Townley Venus 935: 925: 915: 912: 908: 897: 895: 891: 886: 882: 877: 875: 869: 867: 863: 862:circumference 858: 856: 851: 849: 845: 834: 830: 829: 822: 813: 809: 808: 801: 791: 790:Anthropometry 787: 783: 773: 765: 762: 761: 757: 754: 753: 750:-4–2 cm 749: 746: 745: 741: 738: 737: 727:9–12 cm 726: 723: 722: 718: 715: 714: 710: 707: 706: 702: 699: 698: 687: 684: 683: 679: 676: 675: 671: 668: 667: 663: 660: 659: 655: 652: 651: 645: 631: 628: 625: 624: 621:7–11 cm 620: 617: 614: 613: 609: 607:14–18 cm 606: 603: 602: 598: 596:19–24 cm 595: 592: 591: 587: 584: 581: 580: 574: 566: 555: 552: 549: 546: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 529:Top hourglass 528: 525: 522: 519: 516: 515: 514: 503: 500: 497: 494: 491: 488: 485: 481: 478: 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Retrieved 2821:the original 2816: 2768: 2764: 2754: 2746:the original 2741: 2731: 2706: 2698: 2690: 2682: 2677:Cosmopolitan 2662: 2643: 2637: 2623: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2560: 2556: 2546: 2531: 2522: 2502: 2493: 2479: 2467:. Retrieved 2463: 2453: 2444: 2412: 2408: 2385:. Retrieved 2381:The Guardian 2379: 2352: 2340:. Retrieved 2327: 2315:. Retrieved 2311:the original 2305: 2298: 2286:. Retrieved 2282:the original 2277: 2268: 2256:. Retrieved 2252: 2213: 2203: 2178: 2174: 2164: 2152:. Retrieved 2147: 2134: 2122:. Retrieved 2118: 2109: 2068: 2064: 2054: 2042:. Retrieved 2035:the original 2021: 2010: 1975:the original 1964: 1952:. Retrieved 1948:the original 1909: 1905: 1873: 1865: 1847: 1835: 1827: 1812: 1804: 1801:the original 1779: 1764: 1744: 1736: 1719:(2): 65–71. 1716: 1712: 1699: 1694:. 2009-04-07 1691: 1683: 1678:. tanita.com 1670: 1658:. Retrieved 1653: 1644: 1632:. Retrieved 1628:the original 1618: 1606:. Retrieved 1602:the original 1591: 1548: 1544: 1534: 1522:. Retrieved 1518: 1508: 1425: 1409: 1382: 1354: 1347: 1339: 1324: 1320: 1300: 1292: 1260: 1248: 1227: 1209: 1205: 1197:behaviorists 1191: 1179:Sophia Loren 1167: 1140: 1132: 1124: 1111: 1060: 1024:19th century 1016:18th century 1001: 990: 986:Ancient Rome 967: 956: 903: 878: 870: 859: 852: 841: 828:In the Water 826: 805: 771: 758:2–8 cm 719:3–9 cm 711:0–3 cm 642: 632:2–6 cm 618:9–13 cm 572: 564: 512: 474: 466: 449: 448: 438: 437: 428: 427: 417: 416: 413: 393: 378: 339: 319: 311: 286:Testosterone 284: 265: 254: 227: 212: 183: 161: 157:testosterone 127: 98: 80:than at the 75: 70: 66: 65: 54: 25: 5976:Comic books 5901:Art critics 5823:South Korea 5803:Philippines 5783:New Zealand 5778:Netherlands 5509:Pornography 5497:Metaphysics 5438:Criminology 5433:Archaeology 5406:Film theory 5107:Women's Day 4847:Ecofeminist 4706:Reactionary 4654:Materialist 4429:Switzerland 4424:New Zealand 4343:Fourth-wave 4326:Second-wave 4070:(1): e291. 2154:11 November 2044:11 November 1954:15 November 1524:6 September 1493:Steatopygia 1401:Liposuction 1397:tightlacers 1340:A study at 1115:at a Mirror 1084:push-up bra 997:renaissance 978:steatopygia 766:8+ cm 739:Shape Code 700:Shape Code 688:12 cm 653:Shape Code 629:4–8 cm 582:Shape Code 418:Rectangular 337:is stored. 326:sex hormone 225:formation. 217:, reducing 168:hypertrophy 6083:Human body 6068:Body shape 6062:Categories 5966:Literature 5911:Economists 5631:Bangladesh 5565:By country 5514:Psychology 5470:Empiricism 5465:Aesthetics 5460:Philosophy 5319:Patriarchy 5299:Matriarchy 5103:Girl's Day 5077:Girl power 5050:In hip hop 4973:Literature 4903:Indigenous 4842:Reclaiming 4738:Standpoint 4711:Separatism 4684:Postmodern 4578:Vegetarian 4568:Difference 4511:Analytical 4338:Third-wave 4321:First-wave 3812:20 October 3653:3 November 2497:Rob Kemp. 2387:18 January 2317:23 January 2148:auburn.edu 2065:Ergonomics 1713:J Life Sci 1660:28 October 1501:References 1364:or padded 1336:Body image 1334:See also: 1072:bullet bra 1042:, such as 1036:Bouguereau 922:See also: 807:The Source 780:See also: 680:8 cm 672:4 cm 664:0 cm 484:Somatotype 307:quadriceps 275:metabolism 215:metabolism 196:See also: 143:, such as 119:Physiology 5721:Argentina 5681:Indonesia 5671:Hong Kong 5626:Australia 5526:Seriality 5450:Geography 5376:Sociology 5329:Economics 5314:Kyriarchy 4805:Christian 4785:Religious 4726:Socialist 4516:Anarchist 4461:States of 4399:Australia 4084:2169-7574 3880:CiteSeerX 3764:Gauntlett 3752:MacDonald 3725:MacDonald 3713:Gauntlett 3701:Gauntlett 3586:MacDonald 3504:2376-6980 3445:Gauntlett 3330:146460260 3191:CiteSeerX 3148:Eat Behav 3099:Eat Behav 2951:CiteSeerX 2809:cited in 2195:0955-6222 2101:232231822 2085:0014-0139 1733:149016375 1519:PsycNET / 1121:, c. 1615 1080:miniskirt 1074:. In the 553:Rectangle 517:Hourglass 450:Hourglass 381:menopause 257:menopause 186:menopause 175:prolactin 164:pregnancy 129:Estrogens 6037:Category 5971:American 5843:Thailand 5798:Pakistan 5768:Malaysia 5751:Paraguay 5741:Honduras 5589:Ethiopia 5455:Pedagogy 5381:Rhetoric 5371:Sexology 5364:Womanist 5359:Thealogy 5354:Theology 5152:Misogyny 5020:Femicide 5005:Equality 4954:Concepts 4869:Orthodox 4832:Neopagan 4820:Womanist 4800:Buddhist 4768:Africana 4763:Womanism 4659:Maternal 4649:Lipstick 4615:Activism 4585:Equality 4551:Cultural 4536:Carceral 4471:Virginia 4451:Timeline 4394:Timeline 4331:timeline 4316:Timeline 4293:Feminism 4189:23209791 4149:PLOS ONE 4125:10 March 4102:25674372 4042:10 March 3928:14 April 3902:17469900 3857:37023505 3849:18959228 3754:, p. 202 3727:, p. 201 3715:, p. 201 3703:, p. 200 3647:BBC News 3573:15478132 3536:10 March 3512:31651388 3447:, p. 113 3389:18359190 3168:15135331 3129:17606230 3080:40115821 3072:17136587 3035:4 August 2978:4 August 2913:17160976 2872:25660426 2864:17173598 2805:25886537 2765:PLOS ONE 2671:Archived 2587:10097394 2523:BBC News 2469:14 April 2464:HuffPost 2342:21 March 2288:12 March 2258:12 March 2093:33719914 1926:31804468 1855:Archived 1820:Archived 1772:Archived 1753:Archived 1438:Awoulaba 1431:See also 1231:body fat 1181:and the 1143:Diabetes 907:anorexia 890:rib cage 885:cup size 855:body fat 541:Triangle 354:buttocks 350:estrogen 335:body fat 331:estrogen 301:and the 242:hormones 230:buttocks 207:Estrogen 5983:Parties 5858:Ukraine 5853:Vietnam 5763:Lebanon 5661:Germany 5651:Finland 5646:Denmark 5621:Albania 5609:Senegal 5604:Nigeria 5519:Therapy 5502:Science 5413:Biology 4930:Mizrahi 4898:Chicana 4859:Islamic 4795:Atheist 4731:Marxist 4701:Radical 4637:Liberal 4632:Lesbian 4610:Hip hop 4590:Eugenic 4531:Atheist 4504:General 4476:Wyoming 4309:General 4301:History 4180:3510069 4157:Bibcode 4093:4323395 4019:9610425 3415:8 April 3213:8366421 3120:3033406 3010:Bibcode 2921:8868828 2796:4401783 2773:Bibcode 2668:article 2578:1689653 2503:Vulture 1656:. 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