Fentanyl - Knowledge

1398: 1528: 1958:, the increased numbers of deaths are not related to an increased number of users but to the lethal effects of fentanyl itself. Fentanyl would require a special status as it is considerably more toxic than other widely abused opioids and opiates. With regard to overdose deaths in pediatric cases, numbers are also concerning. Based on a report by JAMA network, 37.5% of all fatal pediatric cases between 1999 and 2021 were related to fentanyl; most of the deaths were among adolescents (89.6%) and children aged 0 to 4 years (6.6%). According to the UNODC, "the opioid crisis in North America is unabated, fueled by an unprecedented number of overdose deaths." 1805: 1544: 1890: 1901:, MDMA, and other drugs is common. A kilogram of heroin laced with fentanyl may sell for more than US$ 100,000, but the fentanyl itself may be produced far more cheaply, for about US$ 6,000 per kilogram. While Mexico and China are the primary source countries for fentanyl and fentanyl-related substances trafficked directly into the United States, India is emerging as a source for finished fentanyl powder and fentanyl precursor chemicals. The United Kingdom illicit drug market is no longer reliant on China, as domestic fentanyl production is replacing imports. 842: 819: 1867: 40: 2120: 2394: 2352: 2422: 12795: 2693:, or other opiate antagonists. Naloxone is increasingly available to the public. Long acting or sustained release opioids may require repeat dosage. Illicitly synthesized fentanyl powder has also appeared on the United States market. Because of the extremely high strength of pure fentanyl powder, it is very difficult to dilute appropriately, and often the resulting mixture may be far too strong and, therefore, very dangerous. 31: 1305: 2457: 18941: 1182:. Mixing with other drugs or disguising as a pharmaceutical makes it difficult to determine the correct treatment in the case of an overdose, resulting in more deaths. In an attempt to reduce the number of overdoses from taking other drugs mixed with fentanyl, drug testing kits, strips and labs are available. Fentanyl's ease of manufacture and high potency makes it easier to produce and 2929:. U.S. law enforcement had been slow in their response to the fentanyl crisis, according to the Washington Post. The response by the federal government to the fentanyl crisis had also faltered, according to the press release. Overdose deaths by fentanyl and other illegally imported opioids were surging since 2019 and are presently a major cause of death in all U.S. states. 1855:(MHRA) of the UK issued a warning about the potential for life-threatening harm from accidental exposure to transdermal fentanyl patches, particularly in children, and advised that they should be folded, with the adhesive side in, before being discarded. The patches should be kept away from children, who are most at risk from fentanyl overdose. In the US, fentanyl and 2029:

immediate action or attention by health officials, laboratorians, clinicians, and members of the public; and conveys the highest level of importance") was issued during October 2015. A subsequent HAN Alert was issued in July 2018, warning of rising numbers of deaths due to fentanyl abuse and mixing with non-opioids. A December 2020 HAN Advisory warned of:

2241:, which contain seven transmembrane portions, intracellular loops, extracellular loops, intracellular C-terminus, and extracellular N-terminus. The extracellular N-terminus is important in differentiating different types of binding substrates. When fentanyl binds, downstream signaling leads to the inhibitory effects, such as decreased 2535:(FDA) approved Onsolis (fentanyl buccal soluble film), a fentanyl drug in a new dosage form for cancer pain management in opioid-tolerant subjects. It uses a medication delivery technology called BEMA (BioErodible MucoAdhesive), a small dissolvable polymer film containing various fentanyl doses applied to the inner lining of the 2949:

and even Alaska, according to U.S. intelligence sources, and transported onto Mexican territory through a chain of American brokers and couriers often financed by those drug cartels that also engage in money laundering. Therefore, the lack of arms controls in the U.S. has directly contributed to the U.S. opioid overdose crisis.

1599:(FDA) began investigating several respiratory deaths, but doctors in the United Kingdom were not warned of the risks with fentanyl until September 2008. The FDA reported in April 2012 that twelve young children had died and twelve more had become seriously ill from separate accidental exposures to fentanyl skin patches. 12268: 2064:(DEA) called "One Pill Can Kill". This social media campaign's goal is to spread awareness of the prevalence of counterfeit pills that are being sold in America that are leading to the large overdose epidemic in America. This campaign also shows the difference between counterfeit pills and real pills. 2940:

and acute toxicity in laboratory environments, 'clandestine' labs in Mexico relate to making an illicit dosage form from available fentanyl rather than the synthesis itself. Based on further research by investigators, fentanyl and analogues are likely synthesized in labs that have the appearance of a

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are types of fentanyl with various chemical modifications on any number of positions of the molecule, but still maintain, or even exceed, its pharmacological effects. Many fentanyl analogs are termed "designer drugs" because they are synthesized solely to be used in an illicit manner. Carfentanil, a

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A 2021 paper expressed concern that these physical fears over fentanyl may inhibit effective emergency response to overdoses by causing responding officers to spend additional time on unnecessary precautions, and that the media coverage could also perpetuate a wider social stigma that people who use

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by federal agencies made a clear connection between illegal arms trafficking from the U.S. to Mexico and the smuggling of fentanyl into the U.S. Mexico had repeatedly made official complaints due to the fact that illegal guns are easily purchased for example in Arizona and as far north as Wisconsin

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Another form of fentanyl that has appeared on the streets is the Actiq lollipop formulation. The pharmacy retail price ranges from US$ 15 to US$ 50 per unit based on the strength of the lozenge, with the black market cost ranging from US$ 5 to US$ 25, depending on the dose. The attorneys general of

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issued a joint report in 2017 asserting the risk of fentanyl overdose via incidental transdermal exposure is very low, and it would take 200 minutes of breathing fentanyl at the highest airborne concentrations to yield a therapeutic dose, but not a potentially fatal one. The effects being reported

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ng/mL or greater have been associated with fatalities. Over 85% of overdoses involved at least one other drug, and there was no clear correlation showing at which level the mixtures were fatal. The dosages of fatal mixtures varied by over three magnitudes in some cases. This extremely unpredictable

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For pain relief after surgery, use can decrease the amount of inhalational anesthetic needed for emergence from anesthesia. Balancing this medication and titrating the drug based on expected stimuli and the person's responses can result in stable blood pressure and heart rate throughout a procedure

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substantial increases in drug overdose deaths across the United States, primarily driven by rapid increases in overdose deaths involving ... illicitly manufactured fentanyl; a concerning acceleration of the increase in drug overdose deaths, with the largest increase recorded from March 2020 to May

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Public health advisories to prevent fentanyl misuse and fatal overdose have been issued by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). An initial HAN Advisory, also known as a Health Alert Network Advisory ("provides vital, time-sensitive information for a specific incident or situation; warrants

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exposure to fentanyl is extremely unlikely to cause intoxication or overdose (except in cases of prolonged exposure with very large quantities of fentanyl), and first responders such as paramedics and police officers are at minimal risk of fentanyl poisoning through accidental contact with intact

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Some increases in fentanyl deaths do not involve prescription fentanyl but are related to illicitly made fentanyl that is being mixed with or sold as heroin. Death from fentanyl overdose continues to be a public health issue of national concern in Canada since September 2015. In 2016, deaths from

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such as nasal sprays and inhalers generally result in a faster onset of high blood levels, which can provide more immediate analgesia but also more severe side effects, especially in overdose. The much higher cost of some of these appliances may not be justified by marginal benefit compared with

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hours. Rate of absorption is dependent on a number of factors. Body temperature, skin type, amount of body fat, and placement of the patch can have major effects. The different delivery systems used by different makers will also affect individual rates of absorption, and route of administration.

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It also vasodilates arterial and venous blood vessels through a central mechanism, by primarily slowing down vasomotor centers in the brainstem. To a lesser extent, it does this by directly affecting blood vessels. This is much more profound in patients who have an already increased sympathetic

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anesthesia because of its short time to action peak (about 5 minutes), the rapid termination of its effect after a single dose, and the occurrence of relative cardiovascular stability. In obstetrics, the dose must be closely regulated in order to prevent large amounts of transfer from mother to

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approximately 10 mg of the drug, about the size of hair on Abraham Lincoln's head on a penny, should be diluted into 1 teaspoon, or 5 mL, of water. Research in Dr. Lieberman's lab at the University of Notre Dame has reported false positive results on BTNX fentanyl testing strips with

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Fentanyl and fentanyl analogues can be qualitatively detected in drug samples using commercially available fentanyl testing strips or spot reagents. Following the principles of harm reduction, this test is to be used directly on drug samples opposed to urine. To prepare a sample for testing,

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Overall, drug overdose deaths in the United States rose from 2019 to 2021 with more than 106,000 drug overdose deaths reported in 2021. Deaths involving synthetic opioids other than methadone (primarily fentanyl) continued to rise with 70,601 overdose deaths reported in 2021. Those involving

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mucosa to provide rapid analgesia. Fentanyl is a highly lipophilic compound, which is well absorbed sublingually and generally well tolerated. Such forms are particularly useful for breakthrough cancer pain episodes, which are often rapid in onset, short in duration, and severe in intensity.

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Beginning in 2015, Canada has seen a number of fentanyl overdoses. Authorities suspected that the drug was being imported from Asia to the western coast by organized crime groups in powder form and being pressed into pseudo-OxyContin tablets. Traces of the drug have also been found in other

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The fentanyl patch is one of a few medications that may be especially harmful, and in some cases fatal, with just one dose, if misused by a child. Experts have advised that any unused fentanyl patches be kept in a secure location out of children's sight and reach, such as a locked cabinet.

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USA recalled 13 lots of their Fentanyl Buccal Tablets CII due to missing safety information sheets on how to properly administer their product. The corporation issued a consumer recall report and stressed the importance of safety in the use and administration of opioid therapeutics.

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A fentanyl patient-controlled transdermal system (PCTS) is under development, which aims to allow patients to control administration of fentanyl through the skin to treat postoperative pain. The technology consists of a "preprogrammed, self-contained drug-delivery system" that uses

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Gutierrez-Blanco E, Victoria-Mora JM, Ibancovichi-Camarillo JA, Sauri-Arceo CH, Bolio-González ME, Acevedo-Arcique CM, et al. (May 2015). "Postoperative analgesic effects of either a constant rate infusion of fentanyl, lidocaine, ketamine, dexmedetomidine, or the combination

2793:. The 254 pounds (115 kg) of fentanyl, which was estimated to be worth US$ 3.5M, was concealed in a compartment under a false floor of a truck transporting cucumbers. The "China White" form of fentanyl refers to any of a number of clandestinely produced analogues, especially 2339:, the solution will turn purple when introduced to opium drugs. Blood or plasma fentanyl concentrations are expected to be in a range of 0.3–3.0 μg/L in persons using the medication therapeutically, 1–10 μg/L in intoxicated people, and 3–300 μg/L in victims of acute overdosage. 2936:, direct fentanyl shipments from China have stopped since 2022. The majority of illicit fentanyl and analogues now entering the U.S. from Mexico are final products in form of "tablets" and adulterated heroin from previously synthesized fentanyl. From the sophistication of full 2516:

In the mid-1990s, Janssen Pharmaceutica developed and introduced into clinical trials the Duragesic patch, which is a formulation of an inert alcohol gel infused with select fentanyl doses, which are worn to provide constant administration of the opioid over a period of 48 to

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Van Bever WF, Niemegeers CJ, Janssen PA (October 1974). "Synthetic analgesics. Synthesis and pharmacology of the diastereoisomers of N-(3-methyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidyl)-N-phenylpropanamide and N-(3-methyl-1-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidyl)-N-phenylpropanamide".

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in 2002. The siege was ended, but many hostages died from the gas after their health was severely taxed during the days long siege. The Russian Health Minister later stated that the gas was based on fentanyl, but the exact chemical agent has not been clearly identified.

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Like other opioids, fentanyl is a weak base that is highly lipid-soluble, protein-bound, and protonated at physiological pH. All of these factors allow it to rapidly cross cellular membranes, contributing to its quick effect in the body and the central nervous system.

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and excessive coughing by decreasing the cough reflex, becoming useful when intubating people who are awake and have compromised airways. After receiving a bolus dose of fentanyl, people can also experience paradoxical coughing, which is a phenomenon that is not well

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The most dangerous adverse effect of fentanyl is respiratory depression, that is, decreased sensitivity to carbon dioxide leading to reduced rate of breathing, which can cause anoxic brain injury or death. This risk is decreased when the airway is secured with an

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to 70,601. Since 2018, fentanyl and its analogues have been responsible for most drug overdose deaths in the United States, causing over 71,238 deaths in 2021. Fentanyl constitutes the majority of all drug overdose deaths in the United States since it overtook

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fentanyl's potency and short duration of action make it popular as an intra-operative and post-operative analgesic in cats and dogs. This is usually done with off-label fentanyl patches manufactured for humans with chronic pain. In 2012, a highly concentrated

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found the Gupta method was the predominant synthesis route in their samples of seized fentanyl. In 2022, Braga and coworkers described a synthesis of fentanyl involving continuous flow that uses reagents similar to the ones described for the Gupta procedure.

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The bioavailability of intranasal fentanyl is about 70–90%, but with some imprecision due to clotted nostrils, pharyngeal swallow, and incorrect administration. For both emergency and palliative use, intranasal fentanyl is available in doses of 50, 100, 200,

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fentanyl analog, has an additional carboxylic acid group attached to the 4 position. Carfentanil is 20–30 more times as potent as fentanyl, and is common in the illicit drug chain. The drug is commonly used to tranquilize elephants and other large animals.

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India has also emerged as a source of fentanyl and fentanyl precursors, where Mexican cartels have already developed networks for the import of synthetic drugs. It is possible that fentanyl and precursor production may disperse to other countries, such as

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Non-medical use of fentanyl by individuals without opioid tolerance can be very dangerous and has resulted in numerous deaths. Even those with opiate tolerances are at high risk for overdoses. Like all opioids, the effects of fentanyl can be reversed with

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2004, a leading fentanyl supplier, Janssen Pharmaceutica Products recalled one lot, and later, additional lots of fentanyl (brand name: Duragesic) patches because of seal breaches that might have allowed the medication to leak from the patch. A series of

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When using the transdermal patch, patients must be careful to minimize or avoid external heat sources (direct sunlight, heating pads, etc.), which can trigger the release and absorption of too much medication and cause potentially deadly complications.

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production, decreased calcium ion influx, and increased potassium efflux. This inhibits the ascending pathways in the central nervous system to increase pain threshold by changing the perception of pain; this is mediated by decreasing propagation of

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If high boluses of fentanyl are administered quickly, muscle rigidity of the vocal cords can make bag-mask ventilation very difficult. The exact mechanism of this effect is unknown, but it can be prevented and treated using neuromuscular blockers.

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81,230 drug overdose deaths occurred during the 12 months from May 2019 to May 2020, the largest number of drug overdoses for a 12-month interval ever recorded for the U.S. The CDC recommended the following four actions to counter this rise:

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produced, have been identified in the U.S. drug traffic. In February 2018, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration indicated that illicit fentanyl analogs have no medically valid use, and thus applied a "Schedule I" classification to them.

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in small animal patients. In addition, its efficacy is higher than many other pure-opiate and synthetic pure-opioid agonists regarding vomiting, depth of sedation, and cardiovascular effects when given as a continuous infusion as well as a

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died and medical examiners concluded he had accidentally overdosed on fentanyl. Fentanyl was among many substances identified in counterfeit pills recovered from his home, including some that were mislabeled as Watson 385, a combination of

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As a μ-receptor agonist, fentanyl binds 50 to 100 times more potently than morphine. It can also bind to the delta and kappa opioid receptors but with a lower affinity. It has high lipid solubility, allowing it to more easily penetrate the

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stated that "the consensus of the scientific community remains that illness from unintentional exposures is extremely unlikely, because opioids are not efficiently absorbed through the skin and are unlikely to be carried in the air." The

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in the United States. Part of the motivation for AMF is that, despite the extra difficulty from a synthetic standpoint, the resultant drug is more resistant to metabolic degradation. This results in a drug with an increased duration.

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In children, intranasal fentanyl is useful for the treatment of moderate and severe pain and is well tolerated. Furthermore, a 2017 study suggested the efficacy of fentanyl lozenges in children as young as five, weighing as little as

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died from an accidental drug overdose as a result of mixing medications that included fentanyl, acetyl fentanyl, and despropionyl fentanyl (among others). He was reportedly treating "many serious ailments" that included a broken

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of Myanmar has been identified as a major source for fentanyl derivatives. In 2021, the agency reported a further drop in opium poppy cultivation in Burma, as the region's synthetic drug market continues to expand and diversify.

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of the person. When enough fentanyl has been absorbed, the (sedated) person generally lets the lollipop fall from the mouth, indicating sufficient analgesia and somewhat reducing the likelihood of overdose and associated risks.

2821:, and heroin. The drug has been implicated in deaths of people from all walks of life—from homeless individuals to professionals—including teens and young parents. Because of the rising deaths across the country, especially in 1777:

Wooden chest syndrome is unique to the most powerful opioids—which today comprise fentanyl and its analogs—while other less-powerful opioids like heroin produce mild rigidity of the respiratory muscles to a much lesser degree.

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increased from 4,697 reports in 2014 to 117,045 reports in 2020. Fentanyl is often mixed, cut, or ingested alongside other drugs, including cocaine and heroin. Fentanyl has been reported in pill form, including pills mimicking

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The fentanyl epidemic has erupted in a highly acrimonious dispute between the U.S. and Mexican governments. While U.S. officials blame the flood of fentanyl crossing the border primarily on Mexican crime groups, President

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hours, allowing for long-lasting pain management. Dosage is based on the size of the patch, since, in general, the transdermal absorption rate is constant at a constant skin temperature. Each patch should be changed every

12691: 6797: 2448:(4-ANPP). Fentanyl is produced following the reaction of 4-ANPP with an acyl chloride. The Siegfried method has been used in the early 2000s to manufacture fentanyl in both domestic and foreign clandestine laboratories. 9125: 2780:

pills in the appearance of oxycodone and more than 25,000 in the appearance of Xanax. The DEA reported that millions of pills could have been distributed from this location over the course of time. The accused owned a

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A prominent idiosyncratic adverse effect of fentanyl also includes a sudden onset of rigidity of the abdominal muscles and the diaphragm, which induces respiratory failure; this is seen with high doses and is known as

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Moisés EC, de Barros Duarte L, de Carvalho Cavalli R, Lanchote VL, Duarte G, da Cunha SP (August 2005). "Pharmacokinetics and transplacental distribution of fentanyl in epidural anesthesia for normal pregnant women".

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Burns G, DeRienz RT, Baker DD, Casavant M, Spiller HA (June 2016). Seifert SA, Buckley N, Seger D, Thomas S, Caravati EM (eds.). "Could chest wall rigidity be a factor in rapid death from illicit fentanyl abuse?".

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In May 2019, China regulated the entire class of fentanyl-type drugs and two fentanyl precursors. Nevertheless, it remains the principal origin of fentanyl in the United States: Mexican cartels source fentanyl

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Fentanyl is a 4-anilopiperidine class synthetic opioid. The synthesis of Fentanyl is accomplished by one of four main methods as reported in scientific literature: the Janssen, Siegfried, Gupta, or Suh method.

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Connecticut and Pennsylvania have launched investigations into its diversion from the legitimate pharmaceutical market, including Cephalon's "sales and promotional practices for Provigil, Actiq and Gabitril."

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hours; thus, fentanyl patches are often prescribed with a fast-acting opioid (such as morphine or oxycodone) to handle breakthrough pain. It is unclear if fentanyl gives long-term pain relief to people with

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van Leeuwen L, Deen L, Helmers JH (August 1981). "A comparison of alfentanil and fentanyl in short operations with special reference to their duration of action and postoperative respiratory depression".

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Vandergrift GW, Hessels AJ, Palaty J, Krogh ET, Gill CG (April 2018). "Paper spray mass spectrometry for the direct, semi-quantitative measurement of fentanyl and norfentanyl in complex matrices".

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Vandergrift GW, Hessels AJ, Palaty J, Krogh ET, Gill CG (April 2018). "Paper spray mass spectrometry for the direct, semi-quantitative measurement of fentanyl and norfentanyl in complex matrices".

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of pharmaceutical fentanyl and its analogues first appeared in the mid-1970s in the medical community and continues in the present. More than 12 different analogues of fentanyl, all unapproved and

2258:. It attenuates "second pain" with primary effects on slow-conducting, unmyelintated C-fibers and is less effective on neuropathic pain and "first pain" signals through small, myelinated A-fibers. 10315: 2797:(AMF). One US Department of Justice publication lists "China White" as a synonym for a number of fentanyl analogues, including 3-methylfentanyl and α-methylfentanyl, which today are classified as 10048: 9977: 11415: 10503: 7652: 2528:

of fentanyl citrate mixed with inert fillers was introduced in 1998 under the brand name of Actiq, becoming the first quick-acting formation of fentanyl for use with chronic breakthrough pain.

1560:(weakness). Less frequently, in 3–10% of people, fentanyl can cause abdominal pain, headache, fatigue, anorexia and weight loss, dizziness, nervousness, anxiety, depression, flu-like symptoms, 1279:. Because of fentanyl's high lipid solubility, its effects are more localized than morphine, and some clinicians prefer to use morphine to get a wider spread of analgesia. It is widely used in 12662: 8563: 2965:

In the United States, the 800 mcg tablet was 6.75 times more expensive as of 2020 than the lozenge. As of 2023, the average cost for an injectable fentanyl solution (50 mcg/mL) is around

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in 1959 and was approved for medical use in the United States in 1968. In 2015, 1,600 kilograms (3,500 pounds) were used in healthcare globally. As of 2017, fentanyl was the most widely used

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Some heroin dealers mix fentanyl powder with heroin to increase potency or compensate for low-quality heroin. In 2006, illegally manufactured, non-pharmaceutical fentanyl often mixed with

15366: 4011: 9955: 6650: 3364:μg/h Duragesic patches due to a concern that small cuts in the gel reservoir could result in accidental exposure of patients or health care providers to the fentanyl gel. In April 2023, 17223: 12785: 3574:

Bista SR, Haywood A, Hardy J, Lobb M, Tapuni A, Norris R (March 2015). "Protein binding of fentanyl and its metabolite nor-fentanyl in human plasma, albumin and α-1 acid glycoprotein".

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There are many reports of fentanyl users adopting a "folded" posture. Daniel Ciccarone of UCSF has described this as an extreme form of the "nod" posture associated with other opiates.

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Early carbon dioxide retention causing cutaneous vasodilation (releasing more fentanyl), together with acidosis, which reduces protein binding of fentanyl, releasing yet more fentanyl.

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stimulants, including cocaine or psychostimulants with abuse potential (primarily methamphetamine), also continued to increase with 32,537 overdose deaths in 2021 (Source: CDC WONDER).

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is recommended for fentanyl patches, because it is the fastest and surest way to remove them from the home to prevent ingestion by children, pets or others not intended to use them.

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Fentanyl has been discovered for sale in illicit markets in Australia in 2017 and in New Zealand in 2018. In response, New Zealand experts called for wider availability of naloxone.

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Bülow HH, Linnemann M, Berg H, Lang-Jensen T, LaCour S, Jonsson T (August 1995). "Respiratory changes during treatment of postoperative pain with high dose transdermal fentanyl".

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Godwin SA, Burton JH, Gerardo CJ, Hatten BW, Mace SE, Silvers SM, et al. (February 2014). "Clinical policy: procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department".

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In the late 2010s, some media outlets began to report stories of police officers being hospitalized after touching powdered fentanyl, or after brushing it from their clothing.

10555: 9182: 9129: 7151: 4355: 11050: 5345: 4202: 2505:(meperidine) for opioid activity. The widespread use of fentanyl triggered the production of fentanyl citrate (the salt formed by combining fentanyl and citric acid in a 1:1 2123:

The chemical structure of fentanyl has been used as a basis in modern chemistry for the discovery and nomenclature of many new fentanyl analogues, sometimes called fentalogs.

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buccal or oral options. Intranasal fentanyl appears to be equally effective as IV morphine and superior to intramuscular morphine for the management of acute hospital pain.

11864: 11802: 9328: 17674: 15777: 11717: 11315: 7853:"Increase in Fatal Drug Overdoses Across the United States Driven by Synthetic Opioids Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic – HAN 00438 – Health Alert Network Advisory" 7444:

Thors L, Öberg L, Forsberg E, Wigenstam E, Larsson A, Bucht A (September 2020). "Skin penetration and decontamination efficacy following human skin exposure to fentanyl".

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Raynor K, Kong H, Chen Y, Yasuda K, Yu L, Bell GI, et al. (February 1994). "Pharmacological characterization of the cloned kappa-, delta-, and mu-opioid receptors".

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to provide four days of analgesia after a single application before surgery. It is not approved for multiple doses or other species. The drug is also approved in Europe.

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furanfentanyl (Fu-F), the most common analog on said market, the average price per gram was US$ 243.10 for retail listings and US$ 26.50 per gram for wholesale listings.

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Fentanyl may be measured in blood or urine to monitor for abuse, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning, or assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Commercially available

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2020, coinciding with the implementation of widespread mitigation measures for the COVID-19 pandemic; significant increases in overdose deaths involving methamphetamine.

11098: 9126:"RelayHealth's pharmacy connectivity network and reach, aligned with McKesson Specialty Care Solutions' REMS expertise, expands cancer patients' access to pain therapy" 4806:

Karlsen AP, Pedersen DM, Trautner S, Dahl JB, Hansen MS (June 2014). "Safety of intranasal fentanyl in the out-of-hospital setting: a prospective observational study".

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averaged two persons per day. In 2017 the death rate increased by more than 100% with 368 overdose-related deaths in British Columbia between January and April 2017.

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opioid because its lipophilic profile allows a quick onset of action (5–10 min) and intermediate duration of action (60–120 min). Spinal administration of hyperbaric

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drive, like patients who have high blood pressure or congestive heart failure. It does not affect the contractility of the heart when regular doses are administered.

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López-Muñoz F, Alamo C (April 2009). "The consolidation of neuroleptic therapy: Janssen, the discovery of haloperidol and its introduction into clinical practice".

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security forces are suspected to have used a fentanyl analogue, or derivative (suspected to be carfentanil and remifentanil), to rapidly incapacitate people in the

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Fentanyl analogues may be hundreds of times more potent than heroin. Fentanyl is used orally, smoked, snorted, or injected. Fentanyl is sometimes sold as heroin or

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Fentanyl has started to make its way into heroin as well as illicitly manufactured opioids and benzodiazepines. Fentanyl contamination in cocaine, methamphetamine,

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people already stabilized on other opioids who have persistent swallowing problems and cannot tolerate other parenteral routes such as subcutaneous administration.

10433: 3682: 2135:. Meperidine is a fully synthetic opioid, and other members of the phenylpiperidine family like alfentanil and sufentanil are complex versions of this structure. 17966: 10473: 8489: 5995: 4516: 18156: 12324: 10840: 7048: 326: 19026: 17600: 17388: 14796: 13549: 12784: 11437: 11283: 9720: 9295: 8643: 7765: 10002: 16474: 12832: 11596: 1515:

hours after major surgery, 25% of patients withdrew due to inadequate analgesia. However, the PCTS method proved superior to the placebo, showing lower mean

1397: 350: 235: 10866: 10196: 7071: 6860: 5089: 1527: 17923: 14747: 10525: 10348: 10081: 5961: 377: 18136: 12384: 10265: 7101: 17595: 16469: 10305: 10142: 7184: 4168: 1852: 1799: 10038: 9987: 9679: 8983: 5550:"The safety and efficacy of a fentanyl patient-controlled transdermal system for acute postoperative analgesia: a multicenter, placebo-controlled trial" 17712: 4589:"Anesthesiology: Longnecker DE, Brown DL, Newman MF, Zapol WM, Editors, McGraw Hill, New York (2007) ISBN: 978-0-07-145984-6, 2278 pp, hardcover, $ 249 2747: 2472:

and skips the direct use of 4-ANPP/NPP; rather the compounds are formed only as impurities or temporary intermediates. For the first half of 2021, the

1259:

with fentanyl may be the optimal combination. The almost immediate onset of fentanyl reduces visceral discomfort and even nausea during the procedure.

14806: 11405: 10495: 7644: 1145:

in medicine; in 2019, it was the 278th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than a million prescriptions. It is on the

303: 18805: 15351: 14816: 12651: 8482:"News: April 2022 – UNODC: Three precursors of the most common synthesis routes used in illicit fentanyl manufacture now under international control" 3096: 12033: 11160: 4236: 2809:(CDC) issued a health advisory to emergency departments alerting to 14 overdose deaths among intravenous drug users in Rhode Island associated with 16364: 15837: 11009: 6890: 3312: 2547: 2131:, oxycodone, and hydromorphone are synthesized by simple modifications of morphine, fentanyl and its relatives are synthesized by modifications of 10722: 7818:"Rising Numbers of Deaths Involving Fentanyl and Fentanyl Analogs, Including Carfentanil, and Increased Usage and Mixing with Non-opioids – 00413" 7725:

Persaud E, Jennings CR (August 2020). "Pilot Study on Risk Perceptions and Knowledge of Fentanyl Exposure Among New York State First Responders".

3931: 17916: 17881: 17522: 17514: 16575: 16033: 15918: 15727: 15574: 10758: 10232: 9811: 9360: 6755: 6402: 8798: 8001:

Zawilska JB, Kuczyńska K, Kosmal W, Markiewicz K, Adamowicz P (March 2021). "Carfentanil – from an animal anesthetic to a deadly illicit drug".

3994: 18006: 17791: 17555: 15832: 13848: 9947: 8519: 6984: 2739: 5288:"Opioid switch from low dose of oral oxycodone to transdermal fentanyl matrix patch for patients with stable thoracic malignancy-related pain" 2977:$ 75 and AU$ 450 on illicit markets. Furthermore, in another 2020 study, the average price per gram of non-pharmaceutical fentanyl on various 1511:μg of fentanyl hydrochloride over ten minutes. In a 2004 experiment including 189 patients with moderate to severe postoperative pain up to 24 18176: 17981: 17570: 16895: 16780: 16173: 15528: 15191: 14851: 12861: 12443: 8564:"Designation of Benzylfentanyl and 4-Anilinopiperidine, Precursor Chemicals Used in the Illicit Manufacture of Fentanyl, as List I Chemicals" 4893:

Coombes L, Burke K, Anderson AK (October 2017). "The use of rapid onset fentanyl in children and young people for breakthrough cancer pain".

73: 12619: 11771: 11348: 11243: 9019: 8614: 8541: 5381: 4565: 3307:

to stop the heart. The use of fentanyl in execution caused concern among death penalty experts because it was part of a previously untested

2008:

Many experts in toxicology are skeptical of police truly overdosing through mere touch. "This has never happened," said Dr. Ryan Marino, an

1134:(also known as Narcan) can reverse the effects of an opioid overdose, but because fentanyl is so potent, multiple doses might be necessary. 18825: 17717: 17687: 17638: 17358: 17348: 16449: 16444: 15953: 12099: 11648: 11543: 10404:"A California police union director is being charged with importing opioids, including fentanyl, disguised as chocolate and wedding favors" 9509: 7430: 7007: 942: 12467:"The history and pharmacology of fentanyl: relevance to a novel, long-acting transdermal fentanyl solution newly approved for use in dogs" 9392: 7390: 6499:"Chest wall rigidity in fentanyl abuse: illicit fentanyl could be a major factor in sudden onset of this potentially lethal adverse event" 4739:"Induction opioids for caesarean section under general anaesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials" 18317: 18196: 18076: 17826: 17298: 17152: 16815: 16630: 16273: 15682: 13796: 12583:

Becker WM, Mama KR, Rao S, Palmer RH, Egger EL (April 2013). "Prevalence of dysphoria after fentanyl in dogs undergoing stifle surgery".

12068: 10370: 9264: 9048: 3448: 1687:

Saturation of the body fat compartment in people with rapid and profound body fat loss (people with cancer, cardiac or infection-induced

11675: 10927: 9214: 9103: 6733: 1697:

Reduced sedation, losing a useful early warning sign of opioid toxicity and resulting in levels closer to respiratory-depressant levels.

18800: 18497: 18437: 17737: 17727: 16920: 15933: 10104: 9932: 9905: 8950: 7886: 7856: 7367: 6886: 4230: 3756: 3718: 3295:

series of four drugs that included fentanyl citrate, to inhibit breathing and render the subject unconscious. The other drugs included

2957:

Brand names include Sublimaze, Actiq, Durogesic, Duragesic, Fentora, Matrifen, Haldid, Onsolis, Instanyl, Abstral, Lazanda and others.

2806: 908: 1474:) when patients cannot tolerate morphine, or whose breathlessness is refractory to morphine. Fentanyl is useful for such treatment in 1156:. From 2011 to 2021, prescription opioid deaths per year remained stable, while synthetic opioid deaths per year increased from 2,600 18585: 18191: 18106: 17773: 17742: 17643: 17530: 17383: 17363: 17253: 17233: 16960: 16283: 15281: 14911: 12362: 11886: 10411: 10165: 9902:"Recommendations for Laboratory Testing for Acetyl Fentanyl and Patient Evaluation and Treatment for Overdose with Synthetic Opioids" 8511: 10563: 9189: 9069: 7141: 4347: 2327:

are often used as initial screening tests, but chromatographic techniques are generally used for confirmation and quantitation. The

315: 18247: 16965: 16529: 16318: 15418: 14740: 11042: 9742: 5337: 4194: 4044: 2910: 1951: 9238: 9160: 6912: 3901: 2590: 2485:

The Suh (or 'total synthesis') method skips the direct use of piperidine precursors in favor of creating the ring system in-situ.

17453: 17378: 17373: 17308: 11856: 11794: 11379: 10496:"DHS Investigation Leads to Indictments Against China-Based Companies and Employees for Fentanyl Trafficking | Homeland Security" 9318: 6601:"Causes, Nature and Toxicology of Fentanyl-Associated Deaths: A Systematic Review of Deaths Reported in Peer-Reviewed Literature" 6348: 3277: 1985: 11707: 11305: 8872: 8846: 8668:

Braga FC, Ramos TO, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT (November 2022). "Synthesis of Fentanyl under Continuous Photoflow Conditions".

6571: 6216:

Regnard C, Pelham A (December 2003). "Severe respiratory depression and sedation with transdermal fentanyl: four case studies".

3792: 15677: 12011: 11978: 11955: 10818: 10615: 2981:

was US$ 1,470.40 for offerings of less than five grams; the average for offers over five grams was US$ 139.50. In addition, on

1981: 1589: 12171: 9473: 7890: 3762: 1552:

Fentanyl's most common side effects, which affect more than 10% of people, include nausea, vomiting, constipation, dry mouth,

14691: 13243: 11143: 10666: 8151: 7951: 7926: 7860: 6290: 6114: 4985: 4559: 4426: 4386: 4074: 4005: 3442: 3252:

in The Bronx, New York City, due to fentanyl contamination, which is also believed to have caused sickness in other children.

1146: 11825: 11470: 11196: 11076: 6304: 5403:

van Dijk M, Mooren KJ, van den Berg JK, van Beurden-Moeskops WJ, Heller-Baan R, de Hosson SM, et al. (September 2021).

4738: 1031:. Depending on the method of delivery, fentanyl can be very fast acting and ingesting a relatively small quantity can cause 19006: 18996: 13299: 12298: 12246: 11503: 6820: 5526: 4104: 3868: 3838: 3255:

On 22 March 2024, Mark D'Wit was sentenced to a minimum of 37 years imprisonment for murdering Stephen and Carol Baxter in

2865: 1153: 12544:"Comparison of medetomidine and fentanyl-droperidol in dogs: sedation, analgesia, arterial blood gases and lactate levels" 12135: 9661: 5708: 1333:

kg. Lozenges are more inclined to be used as the child is in control of sufficient dosage, in contrast to buccal tablets.

15331: 14733: 14307: 13868: 13836: 11917: 8259: 7546:"ACMT and AACT position statement: preventing occupational fentanyl and fentanyl analog exposure to emergency responders" 2970: 2785:

and ordered fentanyl in powder form from China. A seizure of a record amount of fentanyl occurred on 2 February 2019, by

2605: 1705:, which quickly induces complete respiratory failure by paralyzing the thoracic muscles, explained in more detail in the 1595:

The duration of action of fentanyl has sometimes been underestimated, leading to harm in a medical context. In 2006, the

10904: 9636: 7825: 7795: 3649: 12720:"Fentanyl-Induced Block of hERG Channels Is Exacerbated by Hypoxia, Hypokalemia, Alkalosis, and the Presence of hERG1b" 10443: 9901: 5987: 3675: 2786: 1950:

In June 2023, overdose deaths in the U.S. and Canada again reached record numbers. According to a 2023 report from the

1447: 10465: 8481: 4486: 2764:

Several large quantities of illicitly produced fentanyl have been seized by U.S. law enforcement agencies. In November

970:

InChI=1S/C22H28N2O/c1-2-22(25)24(20-11-7-4-8-12-20)21-14-17-23(18-15-21)16-13-19-9-5-3-6-10-19/h3-12,21H,2,13-18H2,1H3

12854: 12320: 10961:"Listed for sale: Analyzing data on fentanyl, fentanyl analogs and other novel synthetic opioids on one cryptomarket" 7040: 5875:

Brown DL (November 1985). "Postoperative analgesia following thoracotomy. Danger of delayed respiratory depression".

4273: 2376:

of fentanyl test strips vary depending on the concentration of fentanyl tested, particularly from 10–250 ng/mL.

962: 12436:"Teva Initiates Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Specific Lots of FENTANYL Buccal Tablets CII Due to a Labeling Error" 12406:"Teva Initiates Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Specific Lots of FENTANYL Buccal Tablets CII Due to a Labeling Error" 11273: 9710: 9539: 9287: 8636: 7761: 6401:

Torralva R, Janowsky A (November 2019). Trew KD, Dodenhoff R, Vore M, Siuciak JA, Perry J, Wood C, Blumer J (eds.).

5151:

Ward J, Laird B, Fallon M (2011). "The UK breakthrough cancer pain registry: Origin, methods and preliminary data".

2521:

hours. After a set of successful clinical trials, Duragesic fentanyl patches were introduced into medical practice.

987: 124: 17950: 17095: 14708: 13260: 8117: 7262: 6856: 4619: 3304: 2636: 18725: 11577: 2550:(ACSCN) of 9801. Its annual aggregate manufacturing quota has significantly reduced in recent years from 2,300,000 1588:

is associated with fentanyl use. Existing studies advise medical practitioners to exercise caution when combining

17090: 11218: 10274: 9683: 9505: 8385:"Fentanyl-related compounds and derivatives: current status and future prospects for pharmaceutical applications" 7676:"Can touch this: training to correct police officer beliefs about overdose from incidental contact with fentanyl" 7595:"Can touch this: training to correct police officer beliefs about overdose from incidental contact with fentanyl" 7110: 6852: 6577: 5673:"Fentanyl HCl patient-controlled iontophoretic transdermal system for the management of acute postoperative pain" 5606: 5085: 4269: 2933: 2921:

In 2023, a California police union director was charged with importing synthetic opioids, including fentanyl and

2543: 2473: 2441: 2061: 2017: 1227:. To maintain anesthesia, inhaled anesthetics and additional fentanyl may be used. These are often given in 15–30 561: 275: 105: 11447: 10533: 10338: 10071: 5973: 2681:, diverted from legitimate medical supplies. The gel from inside the patches is sometimes ingested or injected. 18407: 17015: 12385:"Teva Issues Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Specific Lots of FENTANYL Buccal Tablets CII to the Consumer Level" 3232: 2242: 1726: 12203:"Analysis of clothing and urine from Moscow theatre siege casualties reveals carfentanil and remifentanil use" 10134: 9687: 8972: 8829: 8434:"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Synthetic Opioids Belonging to the Fentanyl Class: A Review" 7173: 6553: 5730:

Kirschner R, Donovan JW (May 2010). "Serotonin syndrome precipitated by fentanyl during procedural sedation".

4160: 639: 5962:"Fentanyl patches: serious and fatal overdose from dosing errors, accidental exposure, and inappropriate use" 3327: 3273: 3241: 3056: 2643:. He believes that the crisis of a lack of family values in the United States drives people to use the drug. 1976: 9183:"Procedures, programs and drugs that require precertification: Participating provider precertification list" 8293:"High concentrations of illicit stimulants and cutting agents cause false positives on fentanyl test strips" 6403:"Noradrenergic Mechanisms in Fentanyl-Mediated Rapid Death Explain Failure of Naloxone in the Opioid Crisis" 4417:

Gropper MA, Miller RD, Eriksson LI, Fleisher LA, Wiener-Kronish JP, Cohen LH, et al. (7 October 2019).

19021: 18986: 18917: 16213: 14163: 13806: 12847: 12658: 12358: 11102: 11046: 9384:"China has promised to crack down on Fentanyl. Here's what that could mean for overdose deaths in the U.S." 9015: 8979: 7180: 5991: 5640: 4936:

Plante GE, VanItallie TB (October 2010). "Opioids for cancer pain: the challenge of optimizing treatment".

3411: 2532: 2295:

Pain relief: Primarily, fentanyl provides the relief of pain by acting on the brain and spinal μ-receptors.

1596: 1357:

are used. The patches work by slowly releasing fentanyl through the skin into the bloodstream over 48 to 72

837: 690: 338: 1824:

is unpredictable. In its pharmaceutical form, most overdose deaths attributed solely to fentanyl occur at

18976: 18452: 18146: 17939: 17783: 8344:"Selectivity and sensitivity of urine fentanyl test strips to detect fentanyl analogues in illicit drugs" 6882: 5611: 4224: 3520:"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)" 3284: 2614:

is known to have been home to the world's longest documented fentanyl epidemic, especially following the

2373: 1454: 798: 7978:(Press release). Commission on Narcotic Drugs, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 16 March 2017. 5918:

Nilsson C, Rosberg B (June 1982). "Recurrence of respiratory depression following neurolept analgesia".

2849:

between Canada and China hindered cooperation to seize imports, with Beijing being accused of inaction.

19016: 18931: 17193: 17188: 16580: 15923: 15011: 13826: 12828: 12175: 11219:"Ex-Wilco guitarist died of a drug overdose, says coroner: Jay Bennett had been taking pain medication" 9815: 7211:"Synthesis and biological evaluation of some novel 1-substituted fentanyl analogs in Swiss albino mice" 6274: 3923: 3017:. In the United States where patches cannot always be returned through a medication take-back program, 2846: 2721: 2510: 2238: 2147: 2104: 1856: 1804: 1767: 1252: 18227: 18222: 10762: 10667:"Mexican drug cartels pay Americans to smuggle weapons across the border, intelligence documents show" 9350: 6471: 3410:

solution, brand name Recuvyra, has become commercially available for dogs only. It is approved by the

2108: 759: 522: 17213: 16203: 15928: 15246: 12819: 10788: 10729: 10700: 4131: 3519: 3249: 1683:. The precise reason for sudden respiratory depression is unclear, but there are several hypotheses: 18710: 18257: 18096: 10642:"Treasury Sanctions Individuals Linked to CJNG's Arms Trafficking, Fuel Theft, and Money Laundering" 10586:"Briefing on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Countering Illicit Fentanyl Trafficking Hearing" 6976: 18835: 18750: 17183: 17125: 16585: 16344: 15589: 14541: 14502: 13292: 12976: 10310: 7497:"Media Reports of Unintentional Opioid Exposure of Public Safety First Responders in North America" 7284: 6599:

Cheema E, McGuinness K, Hadi MA, Paudyal V, Elnaem MH, Alhifany AA, et al. (7 December 2020).

5371: 2773: 2677:

Fentanyl is sometimes sold on the black market in the form of transdermal fentanyl patches such as

2586: 2572: 2430: 1478:

settings where pain and shortness of breath are severe and need to be treated with strong opioids.

814: 12435: 11247: 5497:"Postoperative pain management with a patient-controlled transdermal delivery system for fentanyl" 3078:

died from an accidental overdose; medical examiners determined fentanyl was a contributing factor.

2298:

Sedation: Fentanyl produces sleep and drowsiness, as the dosage is increased, and can produce the

1847:(sold under the brand name Narcan) can completely or partially reverse an opioid overdose. In July 17763: 17178: 15802: 15584: 14696: 14412: 13816: 13472: 13248: 12883: 11339:"Patton Oswalt reveals wife died due to prescription medications and undiagnosed heart condition" 11338: 9498: 8594: 6498: 3224:(Artis Leon Ivey, Jr.) died from an accidental overdose of fentanyl, heroin, and methamphetamine. 3068: 1820:

Fentanyl poses an exceptionally high overdose risk in humans, since the amount required to cause

1771: 1613: 1543: 1495: 200: 185: 63: 12166: 12164: 19011: 18397: 18026: 16590: 15604: 15579: 15478: 14460: 13416: 9383: 9256: 6792: 6760: 6138:

McLoughlin R, McQuillan R (September 1997). "Transdermal fentanyl and respiratory depression".

3316: 3300: 3031: 2340: 2255: 1993:

and chills, were not symptoms of a fentanyl overdose, and were more commonly associated with a

1680: 1580:. Despite being a more potent analgesic, fentanyl tends to induce less nausea, as well as less 1012: 780: 739: 426: 11129: 9041: 8074:

Suzuki J, El-Haddad S (February 2017). "A review: Fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls".

6260: 3620: 3432: 3245:, died from an accidental overdose of methamphetamine, cocaine, fentanyl, and benzodiazepines. 1679:

Sustained release fentanyl preparations, such as patches, may also produce unexpected delayed

18991: 16745: 15041: 14219: 13913: 13831: 13821: 13533: 13476: 12505: 12161: 12072: 9715: 9544: 9221: 9091: 8533: 7788:"Increases in Fentanyl Drug Confiscations and Fentanyl-related Overdose Fatalities HAN 00384" 6725: 6518:, United States of America: Intellisphere, LLC./ MJH Life Sciences (Multimedia Medical LLC). 5286:

Minami S, Kijima T, Nakatani T, Yamamoto S, Ogata Y, Hirata H, et al. (8 October 2014).

4844:

Murphy A, O'Sullivan R, Wakai A, Grant TS, Barrett MJ, Cronin J, et al. (October 2014).

3548: 3382: 3174: 2906: 2857: 2655: 2498: 2020:. "There has never been an overdose through skin contact or accidentally inhaling fentanyl." 1756: 1702: 1516: 1458: 1401:

A fentanyl transdermal patch with a release rate of 12 micrograms per hour, on a person's arm

630: 18242: 18232: 8942: 7976:"Commission on Narcotic Drugs takes decisive step to help prevent deadly fentanyl overdoses" 4980:(in German) (62nd ed.). Vienna, AU: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. pp. 2621ff. 2043:

local need to expand the distribution and use of naloxone and overdose prevention education,

1759:. The syndrome is believed to be the main cause of death as a result of fentanyl overdoses. 1027:

for cancer patients and those recovering from painful surgeries. Fentanyl is also used as a

19001: 18981: 18580: 18552: 18542: 18161: 14821: 14801: 14430: 14391: 14224: 14214: 14209: 14036: 13841: 13757: 13399: 12815: 7453: 7359: 6511: 5031:

Derry S, Stannard C, Cole P, Wiffen PJ, Knaggs R, Aldington D, et al. (October 2016).

4487:"An update of evaluation of intravenous sedation on diagnostic spinal injection procedures" 3365: 3134: 2303: 1762:

Wooden chest syndrome is reversed by naloxone and is believed to be caused by a release of

1272: 699: 466: 161: 18237: 16558: 15901: 14767: 12346: 10371:

UNODC report: Opium production drops again in Myanmar as the synthetic drug market expands

3166:, died as a result of the toxic effects of fentanyl in a manner that was ruled accidental. 2744:

United States sanctions against China § Sanctions on producers of fentanyl precursors

2509:). Fentanyl citrate entered medical use as a general anaesthetic in 1968, manufactured by 2261:

Fentanyl can produce the following clinical effects strongly, through μ-receptor agonism:

2207: 2197: 2187: 1889: 1836:μg/mL. In contexts of poly-substance use, blood fentanyl concentrations of approximately 7 1036: 679: 8: 18966: 18382: 18282: 18206: 17908: 17886: 17472: 17318: 17278: 16605: 16424: 16404: 15702: 15664: 15619: 14179: 13811: 13640: 13541: 13480: 13367: 13356: 13285: 13153: 12870: 11619:"Tyler Skaggs' autopsy: Fentanyl, oxycodone and alcohol led to death by choking on vomit" 11135: 10438: 9829:

Kram TC, Cooper DA, Allen AC (October 1981). "Behind the identification of China White".

9781: 9355: 9065: 7544:

Moss MJ, Warrick BJ, Nelson LS, McKay CA, Dubé PA, Gosselin S, et al. (April 2018).

7395: 6917: 6417: 6352: 4036: 3308: 3196: 3185: 3152: 2945: 2437: 1453:

in Afghanistan used fentanyl lozenges in the form of lollipops on combat casualties from

594: 585: 208: 18576: 10526:"U.S. indicts major Chinese traffickers and three Americans for selling fentanyl online" 7495:

Herman PA, Brenner DS, Dandorf S, Kemp S, Kroll B, Trebach J, et al. (April 2020).

7457: 7360:"Are people really falling ill from touching fentanyl? In most cases, scientists say no" 7335: 7310: 6883:"Reported law enforcement encounters testing positive for Fentanyl increase across U.S." 2969:$ 17 for a supply of 20 milliliters, depending on the pharmacy. In a 2020 report by the 2794: 841: 818: 83: 18855: 18610: 18411: 17942: 17418: 16725: 16414: 16148: 16038: 15692: 15372: 15156: 14996: 14956: 14759: 14617: 14184: 14082: 13753: 13611: 13545: 12749: 12560: 12543: 12141: 11583: 11508: 11442: 11278: 10985: 10960: 10641: 10343: 9589: 9564: 9445: 9242: 8923: 8779: 8767: 8736: 8693: 8463: 8409: 8384: 8319: 8026: 7702: 7621: 7570: 7545: 7521: 7496: 7477: 7235: 7210: 7072:"What it means for the U.S. that China will label Fentanyl as 'a controlled substance'" 6825: 6702: 6677: 6627: 6458: 6380: 6241: 6198: 6186: 6043: 6018: 5943: 5931: 5900: 5824: 5807: 5700: 5579: 5566: 5549: 5431: 5314: 5263: 5212: 5187: 5168: 5128: 5111: 5057: 5032: 4918: 4870: 4845: 4776: 4719: 4667: 4642: 4225:"U.S. Overdose Deaths In 2021 Increased Half as Much as in 2020 – But Are Still Up 15%" 3893: 3599: 3496: 3471: 3269: 3214: 2937: 2730:

was detected as an adulterant in illicitly sold fentanyl in the United States in 2024.

2169: 2013: 2009: 1905: 1585: 1276: 1268: 1071: 135: 17203: 16359: 15599: 11918:"Angus Cloud's Cause of Death Revealed: Actor Overdosed on Fentanyl, Cocaine and More" 11371: 9432: 9415: 8236: 8201: 7762:"Cops say they're being poisoned by fentanyl. Experts say the risk is 'extremely low'" 6922: 5472: 5455: 5235:

Aurilio C, Pace MC, Pota V, Sansone P, Barbarisi M, Grella E, et al. (May 2009).

5188:"Pain management in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease" 4819: 4463: 1054:

Pharmaceutical fentanyl's adverse effects are identical to those of other opioids and

18971: 18961: 18560: 18267: 17208: 16600: 16595: 16369: 15614: 15176: 14811: 14401: 14256: 14244: 14131: 13537: 13051: 13046: 12956: 12800: 12753: 12741: 12600: 12596: 12565: 12524: 12488: 12483: 12466: 12224: 11588: 11513: 11475: 11410: 11343: 11139: 10990: 10976: 9882: 9846: 9628: 9594: 9437: 8915: 8821: 8771: 8728: 8697: 8685: 8467: 8455: 8414: 8365: 8324: 8240: 8205: 8157: 8147: 8091: 8087: 8053: 8030: 8018: 7957: 7947: 7922: 7742: 7707: 7626: 7575: 7526: 7481: 7469: 7340: 7326: 7240: 6707: 6632: 6582: 6527: 6519: 6463: 6445: 6437: 6372: 6364: 6296: 6286: 6233: 6190: 6155: 6120: 6110: 6048: 5935: 5892: 5857: 5829: 5788: 5783: 5766: 5747: 5692: 5571: 5518: 5477: 5436: 5319: 5268: 5217: 5164: 5133: 5062: 4981: 4953: 4910: 4875: 4823: 4780: 4768: 4711: 4672: 4611: 4555: 4508: 4467: 4432: 4422: 4392: 4382: 4001: 3976: 3971: 3954: 3830: 3784: 3591: 3501: 3438: 3387: 3163: 3148:

died from accidental toxicity resulting from the combination of alcohol and fentanyl.

3085:

died of a fentanyl overdose; he had been battling heroin addiction for over a decade.

3075: 3063: 2717: 2713: 2310: 1866: 1609: 1354: 1212: 770: 216: 97: 12001: 11947: 11857:"Michael K. Williams' Died From Accidental Overdose, New York Medical Examiner Says" 10810: 9614:"Nonpharmaceutical fentanyl-related deaths—multiple states, April 2005 – March 2007" 9449: 8973:"ACTIQ® (fentanyl citrate) oral transmucosal lozenge (1968 version revised in 2011)" 8740: 8014: 6945:

Fentanyl-detected in illicit drug overdose deaths, January 1, 2012 to April 30, 2016

6384: 6245: 6202: 5704: 5583: 5172: 4723: 3603: 3005:, where there are environmental concerns about toilet flushing or garbage disposal, 2593:(REMS) program. In order to curb misuse, many health insurers have begun to require 2046:

expand awareness, access, and availability of treatment for substance use disorders,

18845: 18565: 18447: 18377: 18262: 18252: 18166: 18016: 17608: 17545: 17368: 17084: 17010: 16735: 16464: 16218: 16058: 15772: 15031: 14478: 13952: 12731: 12592: 12555: 12516: 12478: 12214: 11375: 10980: 10972: 9982: 9874: 9838: 9584: 9576: 9463: 9427: 8927: 8907: 8813: 8783: 8763: 8720: 8677: 8606: 8445: 8404: 8396: 8355: 8314: 8304: 8232: 8197: 8083: 8010: 7882: 7734: 7697: 7687: 7616: 7606: 7565: 7557: 7516: 7508: 7461: 7330: 7322: 7230: 7222: 6697: 6689: 6622: 6612: 6453: 6429: 6356: 6344: 6340: 6278: 6225: 6182: 6147: 6038: 6030: 5947: 5927: 5904: 5884: 5819: 5778: 5743: 5739: 5684: 5561: 5508: 5467: 5426: 5416: 5376: 5309: 5299: 5258: 5248: 5207: 5199: 5160: 5123: 5052: 5048: 5044: 4945: 4922: 4902: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4815: 4758: 4750: 4703: 4662: 4654: 4603: 4547: 4503: 4498: 4459: 4135: 3966: 3750: 3583: 3491: 3483: 3357: 3288: 2998: 2896: 2822: 2790: 2671: 2355:

Image of testing strip instructions from the harm reduction organization Dance Safe

2165: 2084: 2002: 1990: 1961: 1883: 1457:

blasts and other trauma. The stick is taped to a finger and the lozenge put in the

1373: 1142: 854: 396: 258: 248: 55: 8450: 8433: 7852: 7561: 6693: 6360: 4949: 4539: 4066: 2868:, China halted cooperation with the United States on combatting drug trafficking. 2752: 18945: 18522: 18417: 18297: 17258: 16785: 16740: 16088: 16063: 15106: 15036: 14891: 14782: 14756: 14662: 14581: 14563: 14376: 14141: 14126: 14067: 13450: 13351: 11310: 11191: 11072: 9468: 9387: 8360: 8343: 6282: 6264: 5203: 4906: 4692: 4551: 3587: 3487: 3123: 3052: 3034: 2861: 2798: 2651: 2401:

The original synthesis as patented in 1964 by Paul Janssen involves synthesis of

2369: 2361: 2328: 2127:

The structures of opioids share many similarities. Whereas opioids like codeine,

1795: 1569: 1475: 1406: 1342: 1107: 1067: 1024: 619: 452: 436: 404: 17198: 16354: 15594: 13316: 13312: 12874: 12290: 12242: 11471:"Lil Peep, hero to the emo and hip-hop scenes, dies of suspected overdose at 21" 10959:

Lamy FR, Daniulaityte R, Barratt MJ, Lokala U, Sheth A, Carlson RG (June 2020).

8681: 6107:

Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and clinical application

4096: 3860: 2864:, which are finished in Mexico and smuggled to the United States. Following the 1612:(as during anesthesia). This risk is higher in specific groups, like those with 1367:

Under normal circumstances, the patch will reach its full effect within 12 to 24

18870: 18790: 18660: 18517: 18372: 18337: 17996: 17560: 16885: 16183: 16163: 16158: 15963: 15221: 15181: 15171: 15131: 15026: 14991: 14896: 14871: 14826: 14702: 14657: 14420: 14300: 14275: 14151: 14136: 13606: 13486: 13437: 13404: 13254: 13061: 12941: 12936: 10233:"China and synthetic drugs control: Fentanyl, methamphetamines, and precursors" 9931:

Characteristics of Fentanyl overdose — Massachusetts, 2014–2016 (Report). U.S.

8309: 8292: 7692: 7675: 7611: 7594: 7512: 7209:

Yadav SK, Maurya CK, Gupta PK, Jain AK, Ganesan K, Bhattacharya R (June 2014).

6151: 6034: 5672: 5496: 5421: 5404: 4754: 4607: 3822: 3292: 3119: 2810: 2413:. It is norfentanyl that forms fentanyl upon reaction with phenethyl chloride. 2402: 2309:

Suppression of the cough reflex: Fentanyl can decrease the struggle against an

1904:

The intravenous dose causing 50% of opioid-naive experimental subjects to die (

1841:

volatility with other drugs makes it especially difficult to avoid fatalities.

1166: 1119: 11979:"Fentanyl poisoner jailed for at least 37 years for murder of couple in Essex" 11504:"Tom Petty Died From Accidental Drug Overdose Involving Opioids, Coroner Says" 10197:"'We Are Shipping To The U.S.': Inside China's Online Synthetic Drug Networks" 8161: 7961: 7465: 6300: 6229: 6124: 5513: 5402: 4707: 4658: 4436: 2393: 2052:

improve detection of overdose outbreaks to facilitate more effective response.

18955: 18810: 18685: 18570: 18532: 18427: 18392: 18327: 18126: 18086: 17986: 17876: 17535: 17313: 17268: 17218: 17141: 17129: 16835: 16750: 16730: 16715: 16710: 16655: 16429: 16419: 16123: 16043: 15767: 15707: 15697: 15634: 15609: 15403: 15346: 15136: 15081: 15071: 15066: 15046: 14981: 14931: 14916: 14831: 14725: 14591: 14586: 14576: 14506: 14468: 13926: 13701: 13631: 13491: 13460: 13409: 13171: 13132: 13036: 12961: 12946: 12906: 12839: 11712: 11680: 11592: 11548: 11517: 10896: 9978:"Fentanyl doesn't discriminate, killing the homeless and young professionals" 9909: 9613: 7817: 7787: 7674:

Del Pozo B, Sightes E, Kang S, Goulka J, Ray B, Beletsky LA (November 2021).

7593:

Del Pozo B, Sightes E, Kang S, Goulka J, Ray B, Beletsky LA (November 2021).

7012: 6523: 4615: 4396: 3723: 3170: 2834: 2506: 2336: 1825: 1763: 1504: 1424: 1417: 1157: 1087: 1032: 929: 830: 362: 192: 11010:"Accidental Exposures to Fentanyl Patches Continue to Be Deadly to Children" 9611: 7226: 6587:

photo illustration of 2 milligrams of fentanyl, a lethal dose in most people

6531: 6433: 5304: 5287: 5253: 5236: 3268:

In August 2018, Nebraska became the first American state to use fentanyl to

2237:

Fentanyl, like other opioids, acts on opioid receptors. These receptors are

2073: 18895: 18865: 18840: 18795: 18740: 18735: 18720: 18715: 18705: 18700: 18625: 18527: 18507: 18492: 18487: 18482: 18467: 18362: 18352: 18181: 18121: 18056: 18051: 18046: 18041: 18021: 18011: 17871: 17806: 17732: 17540: 17115: 17080: 16880: 16685: 16544: 16138: 16133: 16028: 16003: 15998: 15822: 15747: 15493: 15448: 15301: 15296: 15251: 15151: 14986: 14951: 14946: 14596: 14571: 14329: 14234: 14118: 13905: 13893: 13883: 13858: 13726: 13716: 13646: 13521: 13516: 13427: 13204: 13186: 13137: 13031: 13026: 12896: 12803:

was created from a revision of this article dated 1 December 2011

12745: 12736: 12719: 12604: 12528: 12492: 12321:"How Opioids Were Used as Weapons During the Moscow Theater Hostage Crisis" 12228: 11983: 10994: 9632: 9598: 9441: 9323: 9288:"What we can learn from a tiny Baltic country's two-decade Fentanyl crisis" 8825: 8775: 8689: 8610: 8459: 8418: 8369: 8328: 8244: 8209: 8095: 8022: 7746: 7711: 7630: 7579: 7530: 7473: 7344: 7244: 7146: 6711: 6636: 6467: 6449: 6376: 6368: 6316: 6237: 6052: 5888: 5792: 5751: 5696: 5631: 5629: 5575: 5522: 5481: 5456:"Fentanyl for the relief of refractory breathlessness: a systematic review" 5440: 5323: 5272: 5221: 5137: 5066: 4957: 4914: 4879: 4827: 4772: 4715: 4676: 4512: 4471: 3834: 3595: 3505: 3145: 3130: 3018: 2982: 2978: 2877: 2782: 2709: 2623: 2594: 2494: 2469: 2461: 2406: 2332: 2286:

It also produces sedation and spinal analgesia through Κ-receptor agonism.

2096: 2057: 1994: 1450: 1346: 1293: 1138: 1103: 253: 243: 13277: 12569: 11578:"'Mike's candyshop': Behind the overdose death of HQ Trivia's Colin Kroll" 11406:"Completing Vancouver musician's album cathartic for those he left behind" 10306:"White House confirms China has stopped cooperating on anti-drug measures" 9886: 9850: 9549: 8919: 8732: 8057: 6261:"Section 2 – Respiratory physiology: Chapter 25: Anaesthesia and the lung" 6194: 6159: 5939: 5896: 5861: 5767:"Serotonin syndrome caused by interaction between citalopram and fentanyl" 4737:

White LD, Hodsdon A, An GH, Thang C, Melhuish TM, Vlok R (November 2019).

4265: 3995:

Narcotic Drugs Estimated World Requirements for 2017 / Statistics for 2015

3980: 2397:

Portion of the Janssen Method of synthesis, to synthesize a related opioid

1701:

Another related complication of fentanyl overdoses includes the so-called

18880: 18850: 18830: 18780: 18655: 18650: 18635: 18605: 18432: 18387: 18347: 18342: 18292: 18287: 18272: 18111: 18071: 17976: 17801: 17778: 17692: 17618: 17585: 17565: 17443: 17428: 17423: 17413: 17403: 17323: 17293: 17288: 17133: 17105: 17100: 17070: 17055: 17045: 17025: 17020: 16980: 16945: 16935: 16890: 16870: 16855: 16850: 16820: 16765: 16760: 16755: 16700: 16675: 16660: 16635: 16625: 16615: 16610: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16499: 16439: 16434: 16409: 16268: 16258: 16238: 16198: 16193: 16168: 16153: 16118: 16113: 16013: 15988: 15882: 15877: 15867: 15857: 15847: 15782: 15712: 15669: 15513: 15443: 15413: 15398: 15383: 15356: 15321: 15306: 15291: 15276: 15241: 15231: 15201: 15186: 15161: 15126: 15121: 15111: 15101: 15061: 15056: 15016: 15006: 14941: 14926: 14901: 14861: 14846: 14836: 14642: 14622: 14531: 14440: 14371: 14363: 14324: 14249: 14199: 14194: 14093: 14029: 13957: 13801: 13786: 13777: 13711: 13696: 13691: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13621: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13560: 13555: 13511: 13496: 13465: 13444: 13422: 13117: 13112: 13084: 13021: 13013: 12998: 12951: 12219: 12202: 10076: 8911: 5833: 3407: 3398: 3228: 3200: 3115: 3082: 3045: 3010: 3006: 2889: 2842: 2571:

In the UK, fentanyl is classified as a controlled Class A drug under the

2410: 2324: 2299: 2247: 2128: 2100: 1809: 1722: 1256: 1111: 204: 91: 39: 22: 11306:"Official: Mislabeled pills found at Prince's estate contained fentanyl" 9878: 9842: 8711:

Suh YG, Cho KH, Shin DY (February 1998). "Total synthesis of fentanyl".

8109: 7738: 7258: 6617: 6600: 5626: 4763: 4588: 4140: 3888: 3886: 3390:. As with other pure-opioid agonists, fentanyl has been associated with 1409:, transdermal fentanyl patches have a definitive, but limited role for: 659: 18860: 18820: 18765: 18755: 18695: 18680: 18665: 18645: 18620: 18615: 18595: 18590: 18547: 18537: 18502: 18477: 18457: 18422: 18401: 18357: 18332: 18116: 18081: 18066: 18061: 18030: 17991: 17971: 17896: 17866: 17841: 17722: 17633: 17613: 17590: 17433: 17408: 17398: 17353: 17343: 17328: 17243: 17137: 17065: 17060: 17035: 17005: 16995: 16970: 16955: 16930: 16900: 16875: 16865: 16825: 16805: 16795: 16775: 16705: 16690: 16509: 16489: 16484: 16459: 16389: 16328: 16308: 16263: 16253: 16248: 16188: 16178: 16108: 16023: 15872: 15862: 15852: 15842: 15807: 15797: 15762: 15732: 15722: 15717: 15654: 15498: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15453: 15438: 15408: 15326: 15316: 15311: 15261: 15216: 15196: 15166: 15116: 15096: 15051: 14976: 14866: 14856: 14672: 14667: 14612: 14549: 14492: 14473: 14450: 14445: 14435: 14425: 14386: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14290: 14285: 14267: 14204: 14189: 14174: 14108: 14088: 14019: 14009: 13978: 13932: 13919: 13888: 13853: 13736: 13731: 13706: 13656: 13651: 13626: 13581: 13506: 13225: 13199: 13194: 13176: 13161: 13143: 13127: 12931: 12901: 12891: 11228: 8724: 8400: 6977:"Fentanyl contributed to hundreds of deaths in Canada so far this year" 6515: 4321: 3472:"Fentanyl in the US heroin supply: A rapidly changing risk environment" 3377:

Fentanyl is commonly used for analgesia and as a component of balanced

3159: 3155:

died from an accidental overdose caused by cocaine laced with fentanyl.

3108: 2922: 2914: 2769: 2132: 2092: 2088: 2001:

drugs are dangerous to be around. A 2020 survey of first responders in

1971: 1647: 1639: 1553: 1385: 1289: 1284:

fetus. At high doses, the drug may act on the fetus to cause postnatal

1280: 1220: 1204: 1175: 1099: 1083: 1075: 1001: 884: 670: 223: 212: 12520: 12507:

lidocaine-ketamine-dexmedetomidine after ovariohysterectomy in dogs".

10039:"Winnipeg Naloxone-distribution program could prevent fentanyl deaths" 9948:"Lethal fentanyl profiting gangs in Western Canada while deaths climb" 9580: 8817: 8178:, 11th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, pp. 883–886. 7794:. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Preventation. 15 October 2015. 6351:/ European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologist / 5688: 2768:

2016, the DEA uncovered an operation making counterfeit oxycodone and

2351: 1519:

pain scores and having no significant respiratory depression effects.

1154:

epidemic of synthetic opioid drug overdose deaths in the United States

18785: 18775: 18770: 18760: 18745: 18730: 18675: 18630: 18600: 18462: 18442: 18367: 18307: 18302: 18171: 18101: 18091: 18036: 17851: 17846: 17796: 17768: 17697: 17658: 17653: 17628: 17623: 17550: 17458: 17448: 17338: 17248: 17162: 17120: 17110: 17050: 17040: 17030: 17000: 16990: 16985: 16940: 16910: 16790: 16770: 16670: 16665: 16620: 16539: 16534: 16494: 16479: 16454: 16384: 16323: 16293: 16243: 16233: 16228: 16093: 15983: 15948: 15943: 15887: 15812: 15792: 15787: 15757: 15687: 15649: 15629: 15624: 15564: 15548: 15538: 15483: 15393: 15341: 15336: 15271: 15226: 15206: 15086: 15076: 14921: 14677: 14637: 14632: 14486: 14334: 14295: 14239: 14169: 14103: 14098: 14075: 14057: 14042: 14014: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13942: 13898: 13686: 13661: 13526: 13455: 13383: 13308: 13220: 13107: 13079: 13069: 13041: 12926: 12921: 12911: 11887:"Coroner says rapper Coolio died at 59 from effects of several drugs" 6821:"The first count of Fentanyl deaths in 2016 – up 540% in three years" 6270: 5548:

Chelly JE, Grass J, Houseman TW, Minkowitz H, Pue A (February 2004).

5186:

Roy PJ, Weltman M, Dember LM, Liebschutz J, Jhamb M (November 2020).

3883: 3391: 3138: 3100: 2926: 2881: 2678: 2674:

overdose deaths in the EU, due to its high rate of recreational use.

2663: 2579: 2502: 2119: 2005:

found that 80% believed “briefly touching fentanyl could be deadly.”

1874: 1627: 1581: 1561: 1532: 1479: 1428: 1296:

may be more suitable in the context of inducing general anaesthesia.

1285: 1236: 1232: 1208: 1183: 1179: 1170: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1008: 605: 539: 173: 77: 11826:"Michael K. Williams' cause of death determined by medical examiner" 11544:"Mac Miller's cause of death: Accidental Fentanyl, cocaine overdose" 9565:"Illicit fentanyls in the opioid street market: desired or imposed?" 9012:"Questions and Answers about Onsolis (fentanyl buccal soluble film)" 5112:"Abstral (Fentanyl Sublingual Tablets for Breakthrough Cancer Pain)" 4643:"Current evidence for spinal opioid selection in postoperative pain" 4296:"DrugsData.org: Lab Analysis / Drug Checking for Recreational Drugs" 3676:"Guideline for administration of fentanyl for pain relief in labour" 3259:, England on 9 April 2023 by giving them drinks laced with fentanyl. 3037:, also known as "Pitbull #2", died from a fentanyl-induced overdose. 2589:. Distributors of Abstral are required to implement an FDA-approved 2585:

In the U.S., fentanyl is a Schedule II controlled substance per the

1619:

Other factors that increase the risk of respiratory depression are:

1576:, and urinary retention. Fentanyl use has also been associated with 18690: 18670: 18640: 18472: 18322: 18312: 18186: 17856: 17648: 17393: 17303: 17283: 17273: 17228: 17157: 16950: 16860: 16845: 16810: 16680: 16504: 16399: 16374: 16313: 16298: 16208: 16128: 16078: 16048: 15993: 15973: 15938: 15827: 15752: 15737: 15659: 15639: 15508: 15503: 15488: 15458: 15428: 15388: 15256: 15146: 15001: 14936: 14906: 14791: 14647: 14526: 14521: 14381: 14280: 14052: 14047: 14024: 13973: 13947: 13937: 13746: 13741: 13721: 13616: 13565: 13378: 13363: 13166: 13102: 13074: 13003: 12993: 12916: 12294: 12104: 12100:"Nebraska will make history in its execution of a death row inmate" 12038: 12006: 11182: 10616:"Felon Arrested for Attempting To Trade Fentanyl for Four Firearms" 10043: 10011: 7824:. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Preventation. 11 July 2018. 6421: 5237:"Opioids switching with transdermal systems in chronic cancer pain" 3378: 3323: 3296: 3280: 3209: 3089: 3014: 2838: 2690: 2628: 2525: 1898: 1844: 1821: 1813: 1688: 1664: 1643: 1557: 1350: 1224: 1216: 1187: 1131: 1091: 1028: 1020: 719: 650: 196: 119: 11099:"Drug Disposal: Flush Potentially Dangerous Medicine (Flush list)" 9220:. BlueCross BlueShield of Arizona. 5 November 2007. Archived from 6496:

Petrou I (1 September 2016). Levine L, Tan TQ, Shippoli J (eds.).

6441: 4846:"Intranasal fentanyl for the management of acute pain in children" 3111:

died from an accidental overdose of fentanyl, cocaine and alcohol.

2421: 2049:

intervene early with individuals at highest risk for overdose, and

1384:

Sublingual fentanyl dissolves quickly and is absorbed through the

907: 786: 18900: 18885: 18815: 18277: 18001: 17821: 17702: 17580: 17263: 17147: 16925: 16915: 16143: 16073: 16008: 15958: 15817: 15569: 15543: 15533: 15518: 15423: 15236: 15211: 14961: 14841: 14652: 14627: 14497: 14482: 14229: 14159: 13791: 13763: 13586: 13501: 13346: 12985: 11708:"Riley Gale, Singer for Thrash Metal Band Power Trip, Dead at 34" 10434:"Cause of death: Washington faltered as fentanyl gripped America" 9743:"Cottonwood Heights drug bust one of the largest in Utah history" 9042:"2022 Aggregate Production Quota History for Selected Substances" 8000: 7919:

Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

7883:"Fentanyl | CDC's Response to the Opioid Overdose Epidemic | CDC" 7391:"Analysis | Why you're hearing so much about fentanyl these days" 4379:

Goodman & Gilman's: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics

3434:

Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and administrative procedures

3189: 2899:

and police confiscated 990 gallons of "methyl fentanyl" [

2885: 2873: 2837:

is putting a rush on a review of the prescription-only status of

2697: 2667: 2615: 2611: 1967: 1577: 1565: 1483: 1471: 1304: 1123: 919: 10556:"China's Role in Illicit Fentanyl Running Rampant on US Streets" 4348:"China's Role in Illicit Fentanyl Running Rampant on US Streets" 3625:(2nd ed.). Quick Review of Pharmacology. 2010. p. 172. 3576:

Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems

3192:

died from an accidental overdose of fentanyl, meth, and alcohol.

2941:

legal entity, or are diverted from pharmaceutical laboratories.

1962:

False reports by police of poisonings through secondary exposure

30: 17831: 17816: 17811: 17682: 17575: 17238: 16905: 16720: 16379: 16303: 16288: 16278: 16053: 15644: 15523: 15141: 15021: 13432: 13334: 13325: 13094: 12136:"Fentanyl used to execute Nebraska inmate, in a first for U.S." 10003:"2021 is now B.C.'s deadliest year in the opioid crisis, with 2 6426:

American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

6017:

Topacoglu H, Karcioglu O, Cimrin AH, Arnold J (November 2005).

4195:"Fentanyl overtakes heroin as the No. 1 opioid overdose killer" 3221: 3178: 3002: 2705: 2704:

caused an outbreak of overdose deaths in the United States and

2701: 1955: 1863:

deaths in 2017, a large increase over the previous four years.

1573: 1536: 1162: 1127: 1079: 1016: 1004: 750: 445: 228: 12201:

Riches JR, Read RW, Black RM, Cooper NJ, Timperley CM (2012).

7311:"National Trends in Pediatric Deaths From Fentanyl, 1999-2021" 7041:"Exclusive data reveals just how often Fentanyl is in cocaine" 6016: 5600: 4843: 3315:

advocates at the prison during the execution and later at the

2829:

deaths were reported in 2020 and 1,782 from January to October

1638:

Simultaneous use of CNS depressants like benzodiazepines (i.e

17836: 17438: 17333: 17075: 16830: 16695: 16068: 16018: 15978: 15742: 15433: 15377: 15286: 14971: 14966: 13666: 13373: 13338: 12966: 11676:"Justin Townes Earle death ruled an accidental drug overdose" 10958: 10375: 10072:"China won't stop flood of fentanyl into Canada, sources say" 8667: 8222: 8187: 6172: 5454:

Simon ST, Köskeroglu P, Gaertner J, Voltz R (December 2013).

4538:

Gudin MA, López R, Estrada J, Ortigosa E (28 November 2011).

4416: 4295: 3256: 3041: 2727: 2536: 2456: 1095: 898: 730: 441: 14777: 5547: 5453: 5285: 4377:

Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollmann BC (5 December 2017).

4376: 3820: 3698:

Onset of action after I.V. administration of Fentanyl is 3–5

3151:

On 20 August 2020, American singer, songwriter and musician

2973:, a 100-microgram transdermal patch was valued from between 2501:

in 1959. It was developed by screening chemicals similar to

1893:

Illegal fentanyl flow to the US from various regions in 2019

803: 16840: 12129: 12127: 12069:"Nebraska carries out 1st execution using Fentanyl in U.S." 12034:"Nebraska becomes first state to use fentanyl in execution" 11274:"Prince died from accidental overdose of opioid painkiller" 10466:"DEA zeroes in on China as fentanyl deaths soar – CBS News" 9711:"Thousands of fentanyl pills confiscated in Utah drug raid" 8142:

Butterworth IV JV, Wasnick JD, MacKey DC (21 August 2018).

8141: 7645:"State Departments Issue Guidance Around Fentanyl Exposure" 7443: 6950:(Report). British Columbia Coroners Service. Archived from 6653:. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 6598: 6554:"Here's why fentanyl users on S.F.'s streets are bent over" 4805: 4128:

World Health Organization model list of essential medicines

3144:

On 1 January 2020, American rapper, singer, and songwriter

2818: 2757: 2640: 2365: 2331:

may also be used to detect the presence of fentanyl. Using

1482:

fentanyl citrate is used to relieve end-of-life dyspnea in

1444: 1115: 710: 17938: 11764:"PASSAGES: MARK GOFFENEY, 'BIG TOE' MUSICIAN WITHOUT ARMS" 11740: 11007: 10897:"Fentanyl Prices, Coupons, Copay & Patient Assistance" 10784: 10105:"Could fentanyl be Australia's next deadly drug epidemic?" 9863: 9806: 9804: 9773:"U.S. border officers make largest-ever fentanyl bust: 254 9612:

Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (July 2008).

8290: 6788:"MHRA warns about fentanyl patches after children exposed" 5372:"Airborne EMTs Shave Seconds to Save Lives in Afghanistan" 5185: 2578:

In the Netherlands, fentanyl is a List I substance of the

1243:

and a faster emergence from anesthesia with minimal pain.

1130:) can synergistically exacerbate fentanyl's side effects. 12172:"Nebraska executes inmate using powerful opioid fentanyl" 12063: 12061: 11649:"Accidental overdose killed St. Paul rapper Lexii Alijai" 11363: 11223: 11131:

Hardcore History: The Extremely Unauthorized Story of ECW

10692: 10201: 9464:"Synthetic drug fentanyl causes overdose boom in Estonia" 8342:

Bergh MS, Øiestad ÅM, Baumann MH, Bogen IL (April 2021).

7673: 7592: 7075: 6410:

The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

6329: 4537: 4449: 3527: 3430: 3236: 3204: 3126:, died from an overdose of fentanyl, heroin, and cocaine. 2974: 2966: 2901: 17951: 12124: 11948:"US child dies from fentanyl kept under nursery nap mat" 11161:"Is Wilco's Jeff Tweedy Living the Life He Sings About?" 10803: 9899: 9666:

The Center for Forensic Science Research & Education

9096:

Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties

8341: 7494: 7008:"How Fentanyl is contaminating America's cocaine supply" 5765:

Ailawadhi S, Sung KW, Carlson LA, Baer MR (April 2007).

5764: 2944:

Recent investigations and convictions of members of the

2909:

for the illicit synthesis of the drug. According to the

2346: 1169:

estimates fentanyl reports by federal, state, and local

11795:"Digital Underground's Shock G Cause of Death Revealed" 9801: 9144: 5030: 4188: 4186: 2841:

in an effort to combat overdoses of the drug. In 2018,

2639:

insists that the main source of this synthetic drug is

2429:

The Siegfried method involves the initial synthesis of

2409:. The resulting benzylfentanyl is used as feedstock to 1808:

2 mg of fentanyl (white powder to the right) is a

1147:

World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines

1094:, a subset of the latter known as "narcotic delirium", 12058: 10166:"NZ's 'deadly' indifference to drug overdose antidote" 9562: 9351:"As fentanyl crisis grows, U.S.-Mexico divide deepens" 7543: 6259:

Chambers D, Huang CL, Matthews G (1 September 2019) .

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Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research

5234: 4381:(13th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. 4000:(Report). New York: United Nations. 2016. p. 40. 2343:(PS-MS) may be useful for initial testing of samples. 1470:

Fentanyl is used to help relieve shortness of breath (

18929: 12833:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

12200: 10925: 10339:"Raids reveal massive fentanyl production in Myanmar" 8146:(6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. 6258: 4546:. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 261–291. 3652:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 3573: 2631:

have voluntarily banned the trafficking of fentanyl.

1267:

Fentanyl is sometimes given intrathecally as part of

12412:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 28 April 2023. 11075:. College of Pharmacists of British Columbia. 2019. 11043:"Disposal of Unused Medicines: What You Should Know" 9682:. Office of Forensic Sciences. Washington, DC: U.S. 9153:"With a few stumbles, REMS begins to hit its atride" 8291:

Lockwood TE, Vervoordt A, Lieberman M (March 2021).

8137: 8135: 8043: 7208: 4892: 4183: 3955:"The history and development of the fentanyl series" 3650:"Fentanyl, Fentanyl Citrate, Fentanyl Hydrochloride" 2425:

Siegfried Method from NPP through 4-ANPP to fentanyl

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Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

7142:"Coronavirus triggers UK shortage of illicit drugs" 6137: 4736: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3512: 2756:Fentanyl powder (23% fentanyl) seized by police in 1853:

Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency

1800:

U.S. drug overdose death rates and totals over time

638: 12134: 11576: 11399: 11397: 11244:"Slipknot bassist died of an overdose of morphine" 10226: 10224: 9319:"Dark web dealers voluntarily ban deadly fentanyl" 6497: 3181:with his feet), died from an overdose of fentanyl. 3081:On 11 November 2016, Canadian video game composer 2748:China and the opioid epidemic in the United States 11996: 11994: 11438:"Toxic combo of prescription drugs killed rapper" 10926:Broadhurst R, Ball M, Trivedi H (February 2020). 10069: 9118: 8847:"Sublimaze- fentanyl citrate injection, solution" 8642:. Drug Enforcement Administration. pp. 1–2. 8132: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6082: 5365: 5363: 4484: 3821:Ramos-Matos CF, Bistas KG, Lopez-Ojeda W (2022). 3097:Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner 3074:On 21 April 2016, American author and journalist 2318: 1650:), barbiturates, alcohol, and inhaled anesthetics 1584:-mediated itching, than morphine. In rare cases, 1288:. For this reason, shorter acting agents such as 18953: 17899:(met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer) 12652:"Original new animal drug application: Recuvyra" 12351:mcg/hr Duragesic (Fentanyl transdermal system) c 10000: 8753: 7727:Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 6400: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6062: 5729: 5088:. UK Electronic Medicines Compendium. May 2016. 4971: 4969: 4967: 4935: 4155: 4153: 4151: 3807: 3463: 3114:On 16 December 2018, American tech entrepreneur 2627:indicated that many major drug suppliers on the 2548:Administrative Controlled Substances Code Number 1721:Fentanyl decreases the heart rate by increasing 1070:(which, if extensive and untreated, may lead to 618: 11394: 11372:"Oswalt says heart condition, meds killed wife" 11271: 10221: 10070:Cooper S, Bell S, Russell A (1 December 2018). 9828: 9215:"Notice regarding precertification requirement" 8176:Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man 8073: 7724: 5150: 5002:"Fentanyl patches (Durogesic) for chronic pain" 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 3829:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 3059:died from an overdose of morphine and fentanyl. 2618:ban on opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan. 2497:under the label of his relatively newly formed 1231:minute intervals throughout procedures such as 1186:, resulting in fentanyl replacing other abused 593: 14755: 12869: 11991: 11008:Office of the Commissioner (26 January 2022). 9563:Mars SG, Rosenblum D, Ciccarone D (May 2019). 9257:"Canada's Controlled Drugs and Substances Act" 9100:Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations 8941:Mandal A (11 April 2010). SRobertson S (ed.). 8382: 8144:Morgan & Mikhail's Clinical Anesthesiology 7912: 7910: 7908: 6678:"Fatalities caused by novel opioids: a review" 6349:American Academy of Clinical Toxicology (AACT) 5917: 5808:"Delayed respiratory depression with fentanyl" 5360: 5192:Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 4688: 4686: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 3173:, also known as "Big Toe" (because being born 2740:Anti-fentanyl legislation in the United States 2107:, such as carfentanil, are up to 10,000 times 1507:technology to administer on-demand doses of 40 1167:The United States National Forensic Laboratory 19027:World Health Organization essential medicines 17924: 14741: 13293: 12855: 12541: 12464: 12002:"Nebraska first to use fentanyl in execution" 11267: 11265: 9416:"Fentanyl-laced street drugs "kill hundreds"" 9407: 8595:"A Convenient One-Pot Synthesis of Fenta4nyl" 7429:(Press release). 18 July 2017. Archived from 7302: 6215: 6059: 5771:Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 5666: 5664: 5662: 4964: 4839: 4837: 4743:International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 4540:"Neuraxial Blockade: Subarachnoid Anesthesia" 4148: 3924:"Fentanyl: Uses, Warnings & Side Effects" 3431:Bonewit-West K, Hunt SA, Applegate E (2012). 3048:died from an accidental overdose of fentanyl. 3009:recommend that unused patches be sealed in a 2493:Fentanyl was first synthesized in Belgium by 1308:A fentanyl nasal spray with a strength of 100 11854: 11187:"Coroner: Painkiller killed ex-Wilco member" 11037: 11035: 10260: 10258: 10230: 9857: 9814:. U.S. Department of Justice. Archived from 8799:"A personal perspective on Dr. Paul Janssen" 8747: 8704: 8069: 8067: 8037: 7946:(14th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 7916: 6669: 6551: 6209: 6109:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. 6104: 6019:"Respiratory arrest after low-dose fentanyl" 5670: 5488: 4421:(9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. 4403: 4125: 3118:, founder of social media video-sharing app 2600:In Canada, fentanyl is considered a schedule 2468:The Gupta (or 'one-pot') method starts from 123: 18207: 13307: 11823: 9493: 9491: 9006: 9004: 8661: 7905: 6845: 6726:"Narcan (Naloxone hydrochloride injection)" 6396: 6394: 6166: 6131: 5911: 5868: 5840: 5037:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4850:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4683: 4485:Smith HS, Colson J, Sehgal N (April 2013). 4251: 2932:According to the national archives and the 1989:in these cases, including rapid heartbeat, 1423:troublesome side effects of oral morphine, 1211:. To induce anesthesia, it is given with a 18258:Allopregnanedione (5α-dihydroprogesterone) 17931: 17917: 14748: 14734: 13300: 13286: 12862: 12848: 11501: 11262: 11091: 10928:"Fentanyl availability on darknet markets" 10001:Mangione K, Hasegawa R (9 December 2021). 9933:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 9906:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 9128:. Atlanta. 20 January 2011. Archived from 8710: 8257: 7968: 7887:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 7857:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 7847: 7845: 7843: 6887:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5988:"Fentanyl patch can be deadly to children" 5799: 5659: 5595: 5593: 5501:American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 5338:"Fentanyl (Transdermal Route) Precautions" 4834: 4231:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3757:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3283:in the United States, was executed at the 2807:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2170: 1712: 1669:Decreased fentanyl clearance from the body 1597:United States Food and Drug Administration 840: 817: 678: 38: 29: 12735: 12559: 12482: 12218: 11976: 11673: 11369: 11336: 11246:. MSNBC. Associated Press. Archived from 11032: 10984: 10336: 10255: 9900:CDC Health Alert Network (20 June 2013). 9588: 9532: 9530: 9431: 8449: 8408: 8359: 8318: 8308: 8064: 7701: 7691: 7620: 7610: 7569: 7520: 7423:"Position Statement on Fentanyl Exposure" 7334: 7234: 6701: 6626: 6616: 6457: 6042: 5823: 5782: 5565: 5512: 5471: 5430: 5420: 5369: 5313: 5303: 5262: 5252: 5211: 5127: 5056: 5033:"Fentanyl for neuropathic pain in adults" 4869: 4762: 4696:European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 4666: 4502: 4139: 4130:(22nd list (2021) ed.). Geneva, CH: 3970: 3495: 3469: 3437:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 571. 3276:, at the time one of the longest-serving 3129:On 1 July 2019, American baseball player 2250:signals, resulting in analgesic effects. 2208: 2198: 2188: 1935:mg/kg by intravenous administration, 17.5 1602: 1465: 1039:. Fentanyl is sold under the brand names 698: 17956:Tooltip Constitutive androstane receptor 12811:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 12794: 11915: 11855:Cordero R, Hipes P (24 September 2021). 11792: 11574: 11127: 11065: 10163: 10135:"Fentanyl found at New Zealand festival" 9945: 9488: 9413: 9381: 9316: 9239:"Medications requiring precertification" 9001: 8790: 8438:Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 8348:The International Journal on Drug Policy 7139: 6391: 6105:Hemmings HC, Egan TD (19 October 2018). 5980: 4192: 3946: 3785:"Fentanyl: MedlinePlus Drug Information" 3615: 3613: 3476:The International Journal on Drug Policy 3092:died of an accidental fentanyl overdose. 2911:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2751: 2708:, heavily concentrated in the cities of 2455: 2420: 2392: 2350: 2118: 1952:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 1888: 1865: 1803: 1749: 1542: 1539:tip) is a lethal amount for most people. 1526: 1396: 1303: 12718:Tschirhart JN, Zhang S (October 2020). 12548:Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 12339: 11761: 9150: 7941: 7840: 7382: 7308: 7005: 6812: 6675: 5590: 5080: 5078: 5076: 4119: 3952: 3629: 3137:while under the influence of fentanyl, 2988: 2817:recreational drugs, including cocaine, 2595:precertification and/or quantity limits 2591:risk evaluation and mitigation strategy 1986:American Academy of Clinical Toxicology 1770:and also possibly via an activation of 1203:Intravenous fentanyl is often used for 813: 658: 96: 18954: 18711:Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone) 18097:Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone) 12269:"115 Hostages in Moscow Killed by Gas" 11958:from the original on 20 September 2023 11928:from the original on 21 September 2023 11867:from the original on 24 September 2021 11536: 11403: 11272:Eligon J, Kovaleski SF (2 June 2016). 10285:from the original on 30 September 2022 10243:from the original on 23 September 2022 10102: 9708: 9527: 9285: 9267:from the original on 28 September 2018 8940: 8900:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 8522:from the original on 28 December 2022. 8431: 7655:from the original on 13 September 2022 7427:American College of Medical Toxicology 7121:from the original on 30 September 2022 6987:from the original on 14 September 2017 6657:from the original on 10 September 2022 6495: 5972:(2): 2. September 2008. Archived from 5460:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 4640: 3987: 3959:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 3311:. The execution was also protested by 2561: 2289: 2154: 2083:Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid in the 1982:American College of Medical Toxicology 1882:fentanyl overdoses in the province of 1725:in the brainstem, which increases the 1590:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor 1246: 950:O=C(CC)N(C1CCN(CC1)CCc2ccccc2)c3ccccc3 831: 383: 371: 344: 17912: 14729: 13281: 12843: 12668:from the original on 4 September 2015 12446:from the original on 15 November 2023 12416:from the original on 15 November 2023 12327:from the original on 15 November 2023 11483:from the original on 18 November 2017 11468: 11241: 11158: 11109:from the original on 4 September 2019 11079:from the original on 2 September 2019 11053:from the original on 2 September 2019 10506:from the original on 15 November 2023 10476:from the original on 15 November 2023 10019:from the original on 25 December 2021 9753:from the original on 23 November 2016 9723:from the original on 24 November 2016 9241:. Oxford Health Plans. Archived from 9072:from the original on 14 November 2012 9054:from the original on 19 January 2023. 8989:from the original on 10 February 2017 8796: 8592: 8492:from the original on 15 November 2023 8383:Vardanyan RS, Hruby VJ (March 2014). 7863:from the original on 20 December 2022 7828:from the original on 21 December 2022 7798:from the original on 21 December 2022 7768:from the original on 27 November 2023 7069: 6863:from the original on 28 November 2015 6833:from the original on 4 September 2017 5874: 5805: 5614:from the original on 15 November 2023 4975: 4596:Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 4586: 4358:from the original on 16 February 2023 4345: 4205:from the original on 12 December 2018 4171:from the original on 23 February 2023 4077:from the original on 12 February 2021 3871:from the original on 20 February 2023 3795:from the original on 27 November 2023 3656:from the original on 14 December 2017 3610: 3263: 3213:, died from an overdose of fentanyl, 3107:On 7 September 2018, American rapper 3088:On 15 November 2017, American rapper 3013:container that is then returned to a 2558:kg in 2021, a nearly 68.2% decrease. 2347:Detection for harm reduction purposes 2114: 1023:; its primary clinical utility is in 779: 758: 738: 356: 114: 82: 12632:from the original on 19 January 2023 12542:Pettifer GR, Dyson DH (April 1993). 12509:Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 12465:Kukanich B, Clark TP (August 2012). 12261: 11738: 11720:from the original on 8 November 2021 11688:from the original on 9 November 2021 11556:from the original on 5 November 2018 11524:from the original on 20 January 2018 11418:from the original on 21 October 2020 10940:from the original on 26 January 2023 10907:from the original on 26 January 2023 10785:"Lazanda (fentanyl nasal spray) CII" 10500:U.S. Department of Homeland Security 10266:"Fentanyl Flow to the United States" 10194: 9642:from the original on 2 December 2022 9537: 9395:from the original on 6 December 2018 9331:from the original on 2 December 2018 9106:from the original on 19 January 2023 8953:from the original on 27 January 2023 8649:from the original on 25 January 2023 8617:from the original on 24 January 2023 8574:from the original on 5 November 2021 7388: 7357: 7190:from the original on 31 October 2020 7102:"Fentanyl Flow to the United States" 7082:from the original on 6 December 2018 7051:from the original on 24 January 2020 7038: 7020:from the original on 6 November 2018 6818: 6736:from the original on 24 October 2019 6552:Toledo A, Greene CM (17 July 2024). 6307:from the original on 8 February 2023 5671:Mayes S, Ferrone M (December 2006). 5348:from the original on 19 January 2023 5153:BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care 5073: 5012:from the original on 7 December 2021 4568:from the original on 8 February 2023 4519:from the original on 19 October 2015 4276:from the original on 4 December 2018 4017:from the original on 22 October 2017 3934:from the original on 5 November 2023 3731:from the original on 5 November 2023 3702:minutes; duration of action is 30–60 3451:from the original on 10 January 2023 3162:, frontman for the Texas metal band 2866:2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan 2474:U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration 1943:mg/kg by oral administration. The LD 1706: 1379: 785: 527: 474: 329:(Special prescription form required) 257: 247: 12182:from the original on 15 August 2018 12149:from the original on 14 August 2018 12112:from the original on 14 August 2018 12080:from the original on 14 August 2018 12046:from the original on 14 August 2018 12014:from the original on 15 August 2018 11940: 11824:Moshtaghian A (24 September 2021). 11805:from the original on 31 August 2022 11629:from the original on 30 August 2019 11599:from the original on 3 October 2019 11318:from the original on 22 August 2016 11181: 11073:"Safe Disposal of Fentanyl Patches" 10318:from the original on 1 October 2022 10209:from the original on 1 October 2022 9018:(FDA). 16 July 2009. Archived from 8637:"Fentanyl Profiling Program Report" 6175:Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 5920:Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 5711:from the original on 1 October 2012 5494: 4239:from the original on 10 August 2022 4047:from the original on 7 January 2017 3169:On 2 March 2021, American musician 2971:Australian Institute of Criminology 2646: 2606:Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 2554:kg in 2015 and 2016 to only 731,452 2142: 1970:(or transdermal; via the skin) and 1251:Fentanyl is the most commonly used 718: 609: 333: 13: 12781: 12710: 11897:from the original on 26 April 2023 11836:from the original on 17 March 2022 11382:from the original on 30 April 2018 11351:from the original on 11 April 2018 11286:from the original on 5 August 2017 11020:from the original on 12 April 2022 10791:from the original on 25 April 2012 10303: 9363:from the original on 29 April 2023 8768:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.01.005 8544:from the original on 5 August 2022 8272:from the original on 19 April 2023 7982:from the original on 20 March 2017 7893:from the original on 28 April 2022 7370:from the original on 7 August 2021 6541:– via Gale Academic OneFile. 6266:Basic Physiology for Anaesthetists 6187:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1995.tb04180.x 5932:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1982.tb01762.x 5647:from the original on 13 March 2013 5567:10.1213/01.ANE.0000093314.13848.7E 5529:from the original on 6 August 2018 5092:from the original on 23 March 2017 4107:from the original on 11 April 2020 3841:from the original on 15 March 2023 3765:from the original on 28 April 2022 3250:an infant died at a daycare center 3231:, best known for his portrayal of 2787:U.S. Customs and Border Protection 1740: 1522: 1439: 1392: 1299: 1137:Fentanyl was first synthesized by 14: 19038: 16716:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol) 16044:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol) 14997:Dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene) 14982:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol) 14392:Tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol) 12762: 12717: 12694:from the original on 4 March 2016 12301:from the original on 19 June 2018 12275:. 27 October 2002. Archived from 12249:from the original on 31 July 2017 11655:from the original on 26 June 2021 11446:. 8 December 2017. Archived from 10877:from the original on 31 July 2020 10847:from the original on 31 July 2020 10821:from the original on 16 June 2018 10703:from the original on 22 July 2010 10532:. 17 October 2017. Archived from 10384:from the original on 4 March 2021 10176:from the original on 7 April 2018 10145:from the original on 7 April 2018 10084:from the original on 13 June 2021 9958:from the original on 17 July 2022 9515:from the original on 11 June 2016 9476:from the original on 28 July 2018 9298:from the original on 8 March 2021 8873:"Actiq- fentanyl citrate lozenge" 8237:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.02.005 8202:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.02.005 8120:from the original on 11 July 2017 7944:Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 7403:from the original on 15 July 2022 7265:from the original on 11 July 2017 7174:"Fentanyl citrate injection, USP" 6893:from the original on 2 March 2022 6800:from the original on 9 April 2016 6768:from the original on 8 April 2016 5998:from the original on 25 July 2013 5732:The Journal of Emergency Medicine 5473:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.02.019 5370:Shachtman N (10 September 2009). 4820:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.10.025 4622:from the original on 18 July 2021 4544:Essentials of Regional Anesthesia 4464:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.10.015 4319: 3688:from the original on 4 March 2016 3372: 3348:II recalls was initiated in March 3024: 2078: 1828:concentrations at a mean of 0.025 1672:Decreased blood flow to the liver 544:Mostly urinary (metabolites, < 284: 146: 18939: 17096:Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether 12793: 12680: 12644: 12611: 12597:10.1111/j.1532-950X.2012.01080.x 12576: 12535: 12499: 12484:10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01416.x 12458: 12428: 12398: 12377: 12365:from the original on 13 May 2008 12313: 12283: 12235: 12207:Journal of Analytical Toxicology 12194: 12092: 12026: 11970: 11916:Franklin M (21 September 2023). 11909: 11879: 11848: 11817: 11786: 11755: 11741:"Statement from a family member" 11732: 11700: 11667: 11641: 11611: 11568: 11495: 11462: 11430: 11330: 11298: 11235: 11211: 11175: 11152: 11121: 11001: 10977:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108115 10952: 10919: 10889: 10867:"Fentanyl Citrate Generic Actiq" 10859: 10833: 10777: 10751: 10739:from the original on 20 May 2012 10715: 10685: 10659: 10634: 10608: 10578: 10562:. 8 January 2023. Archived from 10548: 10518: 10488: 10458: 10426: 10396: 10363: 10351:from the original on 8 June 2021 10330: 10297: 10231:Felbab-Brown V (23 March 2022). 10188: 10157: 10127: 10096: 10063: 10051:from the original on 31 May 2018 10031: 9994: 9986:. 22 August 2015. Archived from 9970: 9939: 9924: 9893: 9822: 9789:from the original on 8 June 2020 9765: 9735: 9702: 9672: 9654: 9605: 9556: 9540:"Painkiller is topic of inquiry" 9456: 9375: 9343: 9310: 9279: 9249: 9231: 9207: 9175: 9084: 9058: 9034: 8965: 8934: 8891: 8865: 8839: 8629: 8586: 8556: 8526: 8504: 8474: 8425: 8376: 8335: 8284: 8251: 8216: 8181: 8168: 8102: 8088:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.033 7994: 7935: 7875: 7810: 7780: 7759: 7753: 7718: 7667: 7637: 7586: 7537: 7488: 7437: 7415: 7351: 7327:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.0793 6857:National Institute on Drug Abuse 5784:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2007.00813.x 5384:from the original on 6 July 2010 5165:10.1136/bmjspcare-2011-000020.71 4787:from the original on 22 May 2022 4165:National Institute on Drug Abuse 4097:"Fentanyl Drug Usage Statistics" 3904:from the original on 11 May 2023 3898:National Institute on Drug Abuse 3865:National Institute on Drug Abuse 3622:Clinically Oriented Pharmacology 2805:In June 2013, the United States 2524:Following the patch, a flavored 2513:under the brand name Sublimaze. 2060:campaign from the United States 1691:can lose 80% of their body fat). 871: 865: 507:Sublingual (single dose): 5–13.5 17091:Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether 12620:"Perioperative Pain Management" 12617: 12291:"Russia names Moscow siege gas" 11674:Bernstein J (1 December 2020). 11370:McCartney A (3 February 2017). 11337:Mizoguchi K (3 February 2017). 10410:. 31 March 2023. Archived from 10337:Beech H, Nang S (19 May 2020). 10275:Drug Enforcement Administration 10115:from the original on 8 May 2018 10007:months of data left to collect" 9684:Drug Enforcement Administration 9506:Drug Enforcement Administration 8015:10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110715 7277: 7251: 7202: 7166: 7154:from the original on 9 May 2020 7133: 7111:Drug Enforcement Administration 7094: 7063: 7032: 6999: 6969: 6937: 6905: 6875: 6780: 6748: 6718: 6643: 6592: 6578:Drug Enforcement Administration 6564: 6545: 6489: 6323: 6252: 6010: 5954: 5758: 5723: 5607:Drug Enforcement Administration 5541: 5447: 5396: 5330: 5279: 5228: 5179: 5144: 5104: 5024: 4994: 4929: 4886: 4799: 4730: 4634: 4580: 4531: 4478: 4443: 4370: 4339: 4313: 4288: 4270:Drug Enforcement Administration 4217: 4193:Reinberg S (12 December 2018). 4089: 4059: 4029: 3916: 3853: 3777: 3743: 3553:European Medicines Agency (EMA) 3188:frontman, rapper, and musician 3030:On 25 September 2003, American 2860:from Chinese suppliers such as 2566: 2544:Drug Enforcement Administration 2302:often seen in natural sleep on 2067: 2062:Drug Enforcement Administration 2018:Case Western Reserve University 1832:μg/mL, with a range 0.005–0.027 1416:people with moderate to severe 1336: 1193: 1190:and becoming more widely used. 1035:. Fentanyl works by activating 1019:and 100 times more potent than 975:Key:PJMPHNIQZUBGLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 321: 18263:Allopregnanolone (brexanolone) 17016:Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide 14160:Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) 12243:"Gas 'killed Moscow hostages'" 9867:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 9777:pounds hidden under cucumbers" 9382:Ducharme J (3 December 2018). 9317:Townsend M (1 December 2018). 8906:(5): 704–706. September 1968. 8806:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 8713:Archives of Pharmacal Research 8432:Valdez CA (17 November 2022). 8260:"Fentanyl Test Strip Guidance" 8258:Cunningham C (22 March 2023). 8003:Forensic Science International 7285:"UNODC World Drug Report 2023" 5744:10.1016/j.jemermed.2008.01.003 5049:10.1002/14651858.CD011605.pub2 4862:10.1002/14651858.CD009942.pub2 3711: 3668: 3567: 3541: 3424: 2952: 2733: 2319:Detection in biological fluids 1975:skin. A 2020 article from the 1152:Fentanyl continues to fuel an 877: 859: 310: 297: 1: 18918:Receptor/signaling modulators 18876:Tropanyl 3,5-dimethulbenzoate 18726:Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile 16991:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine) 16184:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin) 15793:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine) 15222:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin) 12690:. European Medicines Agency. 12392:Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc 11977:Rawlinson K (22 March 2024). 11651:. MPR News. 28 January 2020. 11575:Paybarah A (3 October 2019). 9433:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69181-2 8451:10.1080/10408347.2021.1927668 7921:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 7562:10.1080/15563650.2017.1373782 7501:Journal of Medical Toxicology 6921:. 20 May 2016. Archived from 6694:10.1080/20961790.2018.1460063 6361:10.3109/15563650.2016.1157722 5677:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 4950:10.1016/j.metabol.2010.07.010 3417: 3328:Moscow theater hostage crisis 3220:On 28 September 2022, rapper 2604:I drug as listed in Canada's 2341:Paper spray-mass spectrometry 2160:Fentanyl at opioid receptors 2023: 1977:Journal of Medical Toxicology 1939:mg/kg intraperitoneally, 27.8 1931:in mice has been given as 6.9 1870:A package of 30 lozenges, 600 1262: 1198: 1000:is a highly potent synthetic 16214:N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon 12659:Food and Drug Administration 12410:Office of Regulatory Affairs 12359:Food and Drug Administration 11469:Brown A (16 November 2017). 11128:Williams SE (1 March 2006). 11103:Food and Drug Administration 11047:Food and Drug Administration 10164:Buchanan J (27 March 2018). 10103:Bonini T (13 October 2017). 9946:Burgmann T (6 August 2015). 9016:Food and Drug Administration 8980:Food and Drug Administration 8361:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103065 7215:Interdisciplinary Toxicology 7181:Food and Drug Administration 7140:Grierson J (12 April 2020). 7006:Scaccia A (9 October 2018). 6424:, United States of America: 6283:10.1017/CBO9781139226394.027 5992:Food and Drug Administration 5641:Food and Drug Administration 5204:10.1097/MNH.0000000000000646 5086:"Abstral sublingual tablets" 4907:10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.07.010 4895:Scandinavian Journal of Pain 4808:Annals of Emergency Medicine 4552:10.1007/978-1-4614-1013-3_11 4452:Annals of Emergency Medicine 3972:10.1016/0885-3924(92)90047-L 3588:10.3109/00498254.2014.971093 3488:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.06.010 3412:Food and Drug Administration 2960: 2533:Food and Drug Administration 2436:(NPP). This intermediate is 2416: 2379: 1592:(SSRI) drugs with fentanyl. 1535:dose of fentanyl powder (on 1011:. It is 20 to 40 times more 934:87.5 °C (189.5 °F) 7: 19007:Products introduced in 1960 18997:Mu-opioid receptor agonists 18453:Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid 18212:Tooltip Pregnane X receptor 17940:Xenobiotic-sensing receptor 17867:β-Lipotropin (proendorphin) 17495:((pF)Phe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH 16876:Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29) 15362:Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone 13802:Paracetamol (acetaminophen) 11793:Atkinson K (10 June 2021). 11762:Raferty M (14 March 2021). 10965:Drug and Alcohol Dependence 10195:Feng E (17 November 2020). 9686:. June 2006. Archived from 9538:Mims B (11 November 2004). 9286:Naylor A (6 January 2020). 9261:Canada Justice Laws Website 9188:. Aetna Inc. Archived from 9151:Shelley S (22 April 2011). 8682:10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03338 8593:Gupta P (9 November 2005). 8076:Drug and Alcohol Dependence 7917:Yaksh T, Wallace M (2011). 7070:Chang A (3 December 2018). 6819:Katz J (2 September 2017). 4161:"Drug Overdose Death Rates" 3470:Ciccarone D (August 2017). 3285:Nebraska State Penitentiary 3195:On 6 September 2021, actor 3069:hydrocodone and paracetamol 3062:On 21 April 2016, musician 2637:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 2374:sensitivity and specificity 2239:G-protein-coupled receptors 1789: 10: 19043: 17887:Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) 17507:-NH)Gly)Nociceptin(1-13)NH 16611:Adrenorphin (metorphamide) 15778:Methylsamidorphan chloride 15012:Dimethylaminopivalophenone 14837:Adrenorphin (metorphamide) 12176:Public Broadcasting System 10304:Lo K (29 September 2022). 9812:"List of Schedule I Drugs" 9414:Boddiger D (August 2006). 9066:"Misuse of Drugs Act 1971" 8389:Future Medicinal Chemistry 8310:10.1186/s12954-021-00478-4 7822:Health Alert Network (HAN) 7693:10.1186/s40352-021-00163-5 7612:10.1186/s40352-021-00163-5 7513:10.1007/s13181-020-00762-y 6756:"Fentanyl patches warning" 6682:Forensic Sciences Research 6275:Cambridge University Press 6152:10.1177/026921639701100515 6035:10.5144/0256-4947.2005.508 5422:10.1186/s12890-021-01647-8 5122:(2): 2–28. February 2011. 4755:10.1016/j.ijoa.2019.04.007 4647:The Korean Journal of Pain 4608:10.1016/j.rapm.2008.03.003 4504:10.36076/ppj.2013/16/SE217 4346:Falco G (8 January 2023). 4144:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02. 3334: 3303:as a muscle relaxant, and 2845:reported allegations that 2737: 2722:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 2488: 2388: 2178:Tooltip Inhibitor constant 2074:Opioid § Pharmacology 2071: 1793: 1325:out-of-hospital patients. 849:Chemical and physical data 18909: 18205: 17949: 17807:Racecadotril (acetorphan) 17755: 17667: 17482: 17471: 17214:Buprenorphine/samidorphan 17171: 17126:Tricyclic antidepressants 16568: 16557: 16337: 16204:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl 15911: 15900: 15557: 15247:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl 14766: 14686: 14605: 14562: 14540: 14503:Tricyclic antidepressants 14459: 14411: 14400: 14362: 14317: 14266: 14150: 14117: 14066: 14002: 13966: 13876: 13867: 13776: 13574: 13392: 13333: 13324: 13238: 13213: 13185: 13152: 13093: 13060: 13012: 12984: 12975: 12882: 12361:(FDA). 12 February 2008. 11404:Kurucz J (18 June 2019). 11242:Crumb MJ (21 June 2010). 11105:(FDA). 19 December 2018. 10730:European Medicines Agency 9621:MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 7859:(CDC). 17 December 2020. 7466:10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104914 7074:. All Things Considered. 6859:(NIDA). 29 January 2021. 6572:"Fentanyl. Image 4 of 17" 6230:10.1191/0269216303pm838cr 4708:10.1007/s00228-005-0967-9 4659:10.3344/kjp.2014.27.3.200 4132:World Health Organization 3953:Stanley TH (April 1992). 2776:. They found about 70,000 2597:for Actiq prescriptions. 2272:Respiratory depression (μ 2213:Tooltip κ-opioid receptor 2203:Tooltip δ-opioid receptor 2193:Tooltip μ-opioid receptor 2164: 1927:mg/kg in monkeys." The LD 983: 958: 938: 928: 918: 896: 883: 853: 848: 829: 797: 769: 749: 729: 709: 689: 669: 649: 629: 604: 584: 557: 552: 538: 521: 465: 451: 435: 425: 403: 395: 274: 269: 234: 222: 184: 172: 160: 134: 104: 90: 72: 62: 51: 46: 37: 28: 18836:Testosterone isocaproate 18751:Reverse triiodothyronine 17792:Dexecadotril (retorphan) 17764:Enkephalinase inhibitors 17693:BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094) 17675:(Nphe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH 17591:Nociceptin (orphanin FQ) 13837:+propyphenazone/caffeine 11049:(FDA). 1 February 2019. 10311:South China Morning Post 9680:"DEA Microgram Bulletin" 8898:"Fentanyl (sublimaze)". 7358:Ross C (9 August 2017). 7309:Gaither JR (July 2023). 6605:Journal of Pain Research 6023:Annals of Saudi Medicine 5554:Anesthesia and Analgesia 4602:(4). BMJ Journals: 380. 4497:(2 Suppl): SE217–SE228. 4126:Organization WH (2021). 4037:"Fentanyl and analogues" 3095:On 19 January 2018, the 2774:Cottonwood Heights, Utah 2670:has the highest rate of 2587:Controlled Substance Act 2573:Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 2451: 2265:Supraspinal analgesia (μ 2056:Another initiative is a 1816:is 19 mm (0.75 in) wide. 1496:routes of administration 1489: 1239:and in emergency rooms. 378:Narcotic Schedule I 18228:17α-Hydroxyprogesterone 18223:17α-Hydroxypregnenolone 17490:(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin 16761:Dynorphin B (rimorphin) 15803:Nalorphine dinicotinate 11159:Lisle A (14 May 2009). 9157:Pharmaceutical Commerce 8756:Brain Research Bulletin 8534:"Synthesis of Fentanyl" 7889:(CDC). 2 October 2021. 7389:Bump P (15 July 2022). 7227:10.2478/intox-2014-0013 7039:Daly M (30 July 2019). 6651:"Fentanyl drug profile" 6558:San Francisco Chronicle 6504:Contemporary Pedriatics 6434:10.1124/jpet.119.258566 5514:10.1093/ajhp/62.11.1171 5305:10.1186/1472-684X-13-46 5254:10.1186/1756-9966-28-61 4641:Bujedo BM (July 2014). 4587:Buggy D (1 July 2008). 4352:Congressman David Trone 4201:. CBS Interactive Inc. 2434:-phenethyl-4-piperidone 2087:family, which includes 1923:mg/kg in dogs, and 0.03 1782:"Fentanyl fold" posture 1713:Heart and blood vessels 1707:Muscle rigidity section 1614:obstructive sleep apnea 1341:It is also used in the 1122:and other drugs (e.g., 1082:, visual disturbances, 17106:Spiradoline (U-62,066) 17051:Pethidine (meperidine) 16244:Pethidine (meperidine) 15934:ADL-5747 (PF-04856881) 15580:4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide 15479:Tetrahydropapaveroline 15394:Pethidine (meperidine) 13687:Pethidine (meperidine) 12789: 12769:Listen to this article 12737:10.1124/mol.119.119271 12724:Molecular Pharmacology 8982:(FDA). December 2011. 8797:Black J (March 2005). 8611:10.1002/chin.200549130 8297:Harm Reduction Journal 8046:Molecular Pharmacology 6889:(CDC). 9 August 2021. 6885:(Press release). U.S. 6793:Pharmaceutical Journal 6761:Pharmaceutical Journal 5994:(FDA). 19 April 2012. 5889:10.1378/chest.88.5.779 5409:BMC Pulmonary Medicine 3317:Nebraska State Capitol 3301:cisatracurium besylate 3248:On 15 September 2023, 3217:, heroin, and cocaine. 2761: 2480: 2465: 2426: 2398: 2356: 2256:central nervous system 2124: 2109:stronger than morphine 2036: 1947:in humans is unknown. 1894: 1878: 1817: 1768:α-adrenergic receptors 1681:respiratory depression 1603:Respiratory depression 1549: 1540: 1466:Breathing difficulties 1402: 1313: 1068:respiratory depression 17967:6,7-Dimethylesculetin 17797:Ecadotril (sinorphan) 17284:CERC-501 (LY-2456302) 17184:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone 16746:Dinalbuphine sebacate 16621:Alazocine (SKF-10047) 16345:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone 16304:Thiobromadol (C-8813) 15944:Alazocine (SKF-10047) 15590:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone 15570:2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol 15042:Dinalbuphine sebacate 14308:+paracetamol/caffeine 14286:Metamizole (dipyrone) 14220:Morpholine salicylate 14164:+paracetamol/caffeine 12835:(NIOSH). 8 July 2021. 12788: 12073:National Public Radio 11954:. 19 September 2023. 11502:Coscarelli J (2018). 10693:"Introducing Onsolis" 9935:(CDC). 14 April 2017. 9908:(CDC). Archived from 9716:The Salt Lake Tribune 9545:The Salt Lake Tribune 9094:[Opium Act]. 8265:. State of New York. 8225:Clinical Biochemistry 8190:Clinical Biochemistry 4976:Jasek W, ed. (2007). 4067:"The Top 300 of 2019" 3352:2004, and in February 3291:, administered as an 3032:professional wrestler 2755: 2738:Further information: 2499:Janssen Pharmaceutica 2459: 2424: 2396: 2354: 2122: 2031: 1892: 1869: 1807: 1794:Further information: 1772:cholinergic receptors 1757:wooden chest syndrome 1750:Wooden chest syndrome 1703:wooden chest syndrome 1546: 1530: 1400: 1307: 1171:forensic laboratories 1108:loss of consciousness 1007:primarily used as an 18554:Hypericum perforatum 18543:Hetacillin potassium 17654:Sunobinop (S-117957) 17389:N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic 16721:Diamorphine (heroin) 16054:Diamorphine (heroin) 15022:Diamorphine (heroin) 14822:Acetyldihydrocodeine 14802:7-Hydroxymitragynine 14797:7-Acetoxymitragynine 14431:Gabapentin enacarbil 14225:Potassium salicylate 14215:Magnesium salicylate 14210:Imidazole salicylate 14037:Indometacin farnesil 13433:Diamorphine (heroin) 13400:Acetyldihydrocodeine 13187:Neuroactive steroids 13154:Arylcyclohexylamines 12820:More spoken articles 11768:East County Magazine 10109:ABC News (Australia) 9990:on 20 December 2016. 9831:Analytical Chemistry 9749:. 22 November 2016. 9552:on 24 December 2007. 8912:10.1002/cpt196895704 8512:"Fentanyl Synthesis" 7792:Health Alert Network 7680:Health & Justice 7599:Health & Justice 6853:Overdose Death Rates 6353:Taylor & Francis 6277:. pp. 107–110. 5495:Koo PJ (June 2005). 4944:(Suppl 1): S47–S52. 3894:"Fentanyl DrugFacts" 3867:. 21 December 2021. 3727:. 14 November 2018. 3366:Teva Pharmaceuticals 3135:pulmonary aspiration 2989:Storage and disposal 2507:stoichiometric ratio 2446:-phenethylpiperidine 2438:reductively aminated 2304:electroencephalogram 1626:Simultaneous use of 1273:epidural anaesthesia 417:100% (intramuscular) 58:or /ˈfɛntənəl/ 19022:Transdermal patches 18987:General anesthetics 18383:Cyproterone acetate 18283:Amlodipine besylate 17857:Ubenimex (bestatin) 17601:Nociceptin (1-13)NH 17209:β-Chlornaltrexamine 17179:4′-Hydroxyflavanone 16601:β-Chlornaltrexamine 16475:N-Benzylnaltrindole 16370:β-Chlornaltrexamine 16289:TAN-67 (SB-205,607) 15954:AR-M100390 (ARM390) 15615:β-Chlornaltrexamine 15585:4′-Hydroxyflavanone 14812:α-Chlornaltrexamine 14180:Carbasalate calcium 12871:General anesthetics 12347:"Pricara recalls 25 12297:. 31 October 2002. 12273:The Washington Post 12245:. 27 October 2002. 11774:on 18 February 2023 11552:. 5 November 2018. 11450:on 10 December 2017 10673:. 18 September 2023 10566:on 16 February 2023 10439:The Washington Post 9879:10.1021/jm00256a003 9843:10.1021/ac00235a003 9837:(12): 1379A–1386A. 9785:. 31 January 2019. 9782:The Washington Post 9356:The Washington Post 9245:on 15 October 2006. 8835:on 10 October 2007. 8247:. 10.25316/IR-4343. 7942:Katzung BG (2017). 7739:10.1017/dmp.2019.95 7550:Clinical Toxicology 7458:2020ToxVi..6704914T 7446:Toxicology in Vitro 7396:The Washington Post 6918:The Huffington Post 6913:"Fentanyl Overdose" 6676:Drummer OH (2019). 6618:10.2147/JPR.S280462 6585:on 8 October 2018. 6333:Clinical Toxicology 6218:Palliative Medicine 6140:Palliative Medicine 5812:Anesthesia Progress 5601:"One Pill Can Kill" 5292:BMC Palliative Care 4419:Miller's Anesthesia 4167:. 9 February 2023. 4043:. 16 October 2017. 3299:as a tranquilizer, 3287:. Moore received a 3199:, who performed as 3197:Michael K. Williams 3186:Digital Underground 3158:On 24 August 2020, 3153:Justin Townes Earle 2946:Sinaloa drug cartel 2847:diplomatic tensions 2562:Society and culture 2511:McNeil Laboratories 2290:Therapeutic effects 2279:Physical dependence 2161: 2155:Mechanism of action 1675:Renal insufficiency 1660:levels in the serum 1623:High fentanyl doses 1566:shortness of breath 1355:transdermal patches 1247:Regional anesthesia 548:10% unchanged drug) 25: 18977:Belgian inventions 18856:Thonzonium bromide 18611:Methylprednisolone 18412:prasterone sulfate 17419:Norbinaltorphimine 16726:Diacetylnalorphine 16415:Diacetylnalorphine 16039:Desmethylclozapine 15693:Diacetylnalorphine 15373:Papaver somniferum 14957:Chloroxymorphamine 14713:Never to phase III 14618:Analgesic adjuvant 14519:1.7/1.8-selective: 14185:Choline salicylate 13612:Dextropropoxyphene 13265:Never to phase III 12790: 12585:Veterinary Surgery 12323:. 5 October 2023. 12220:10.1093/jat/bks078 12178:. 14 August 2018. 12145:. 14 August 2018. 12142:The New York Times 12108:. 14 August 2018. 12042:. 14 August 2018. 12010:. 14 August 2018. 11861:Deadline Hollywood 11625:. 30 August 2019. 11584:The New York Times 11509:The New York Times 11443:The New York Times 11314:. 22 August 2016. 11279:The New York Times 10622:. 6 September 2023 10344:The New York Times 9818:on 9 January 2010. 9227:on 28 August 2008. 9163:on 29 January 2016 9132:on 29 January 2016 9102:] (in Dutch). 8943:"Fentanyl History" 8879:. 18 December 2023 8725:10.1007/BF03216756 8401:10.4155/fmc.13.215 8174:Baselt, R. (2017) 7649:State of Tennessee 7433:on 31 August 2018. 6826:The New York Times 5976:on 1 January 2015. 5966:Drug Safety Update 3965:(3 Suppl): S3–S7. 3761:. 7 October 2022. 3313:anti-death penalty 3305:potassium chloride 3264:Governmental usage 3215:parafluorofentanyl 3184:On 22 April 2021, 2938:fentanyl synthesis 2905:], as well as 2762: 2542:Fentanyl has a US 2466: 2460:Gupta Method from 2427: 2399: 2357: 2329:Marquis Color test 2159: 2125: 2115:Structure-activity 2105:fentanyl analogues 2014:addiction medicine 1895: 1879: 1859:caused over 29,000 1818: 1812:in most people. A 1766:, which activates 1586:serotonin syndrome 1550: 1541: 1403: 1314: 1271:or epidurally for 1072:respiratory arrest 1037:μ-opioid receptors 523:Duration of action 501:Transdermal: 20–27 421:100% (intravenous) 21: 19017:Synthetic opioids 18927: 18926: 18561:Indinavir sulfate 18268:Alpha-Lipoic acid 18243:Δ-Androstenedione 18233:Δ-Androstenedione 17906: 17905: 17751: 17750: 17596:Nociceptin (1-11) 17467: 17466: 16596:14-Methoxymetopon 16553: 16552: 16470:Methylnaltrindole 15896: 15895: 15565:(3S,4S)-Picenadol 15177:Levacetylmethadol 14723: 14722: 14558: 14557: 14542:Potassium openers 14479:Local anesthetics 14421:Alcohol (ethanol) 14358: 14357: 14257:methyl salicylate 14245:Sodium salicylate 14132:Meclofenamic acid 13807:+aspirin/caffeine 13772: 13771: 13275: 13274: 13234: 13233: 13052:Thiotetrabarbital 12957:Trichloroethylene 12786: 12521:10.1111/vaa.12215 12477:(Suppl 2): 3–19. 12279:on 13 March 2007. 11623:Los Angeles Times 11476:Los Angeles Times 11411:Vancouver Courier 11145:978-1-59670-021-5 11136:Sports Publishing 10841:"Fentanyl Buccal" 10646:home.treasury.gov 10141:. 20 March 2018. 9873:(10): 1047–1051. 9709:Tanner C (2016). 9581:10.1111/add.14474 9472:. 30 March 2012. 9426:(9535): 569–570. 8818:10.1021/jm040195b 8676:(45): 8331–8336. 8570:. 15 April 2020. 8153:978-1-259-83442-4 7953:978-1-259-64115-2 7928:978-0-07-162442-8 6292:978-1-108-46399-7 6116:978-0-323-56886-9 5689:10.1345/aph.1H135 5683:(12): 2178–2186. 5507:(11): 1171–1176. 4987:978-3-85200-181-4 4561:978-1-4614-1012-6 4458:(2): 247–58.e18. 4428:978-0-323-61264-7 4388:978-1-259-58473-2 4007:978-92-1-048163-2 3444:978-1-4557-0150-6 3388:transdermal patch 3360:recalled their 25 3227:On 31 July 2023, 3076:Michelle McNamara 2718:Detroit, Michigan 2714:Chicago, Illinois 2621:A 2018 report by 2311:endotracheal tube 2235: 2234: 1954:(UNODC) based in 1919:mg/kg in cats, 14 1877:of fentanyl, each 1610:endotracheal tube 1556:, confusion, and 1380:Breakthrough pain 1269:spinal anesthesia 1213:sedative-hypnotic 995: 994: 909:Interactive image 799:CompTox Dashboard 495:Intranasal: 15–25 409:92% (transdermal) 387: 375: 360: 348: 336: 324: 313: 301: 293:(Controlled drug) 288: 150: 117: 68:Sublimaze, others 16:Opioid medication 19034: 18944: 18943: 18942: 18935: 18846:Thiamylal sodium 18581:γ-linolenic acid 18577:α-Linolenic acid 18575:Linolenic acid: 18566:Lasalocid sodium 18556:(St John's wort) 18448:Docusate calcium 18378:Cyclophosphamide 18253:Allopregnanediol 18238:Δ-Androstenediol 18213: 18209: 18167:Ethinylestradiol 18017:Cyclophosphamide 17957: 17953: 17933: 17926: 17919: 17910: 17909: 17786: 17713:Nociceptin (1-7) 17609:Norbuprenorphine 17546:Dihydroetorphine 17480: 17479: 17369:Methylnaltrexone 17279:Catechin gallate 17011:Norbuprenorphine 16736:Dihydroetorphine 16606:β-Funaltrexamine 16566: 16565: 16465:Methylnaltrexone 16405:Catechin gallate 16219:Norbuprenorphine 16059:Dihydroetorphine 15909: 15908: 15773:Methylnaltrexone 15665:Catechin gallate 15620:β-Funaltrexamine 15032:Dihydroetorphine 14775: 14774: 14750: 14743: 14736: 14727: 14726: 14413:Calcium blockers 14409: 14408: 14305: 14254: 14080: 14068:COX-2 inhibitors 14034: 13953:Tiaprofenic acid 13924: 13911: 13903: 13874: 13873: 13751: 13531: 13470: 13442: 13414: 13331: 13330: 13302: 13295: 13288: 13279: 13278: 12982: 12981: 12864: 12857: 12850: 12841: 12840: 12836: 12810: 12808: 12797: 12796: 12787: 12777: 12775: 12770: 12757: 12739: 12704: 12703: 12701: 12699: 12684: 12678: 12677: 12675: 12673: 12667: 12656: 12648: 12642: 12641: 12639: 12637: 12631: 12624: 12615: 12609: 12608: 12580: 12574: 12573: 12563: 12539: 12533: 12532: 12503: 12497: 12496: 12486: 12462: 12456: 12455: 12453: 12451: 12432: 12426: 12425: 12423: 12421: 12402: 12396: 12395: 12394:. 27 April 2023. 12389: 12381: 12375: 12374: 12372: 12370: 12355:II pain patches" 12354: 12350: 12343: 12337: 12336: 12334: 12332: 12317: 12311: 12310: 12308: 12306: 12287: 12281: 12280: 12265: 12259: 12258: 12256: 12254: 12239: 12233: 12232: 12222: 12198: 12192: 12191: 12189: 12187: 12174:. PBS NewsHour. 12168: 12159: 12158: 12156: 12154: 12138: 12131: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12117: 12096: 12090: 12089: 12087: 12085: 12065: 12056: 12055: 12053: 12051: 12030: 12024: 12023: 12021: 12019: 11998: 11989: 11988: 11974: 11968: 11967: 11965: 11963: 11944: 11938: 11937: 11935: 11933: 11913: 11907: 11906: 11904: 11902: 11893:. 6 April 2023. 11891:ABC7 Los Angeles 11883: 11877: 11876: 11874: 11872: 11852: 11846: 11845: 11843: 11841: 11821: 11815: 11814: 11812: 11810: 11790: 11784: 11783: 11781: 11779: 11770:. Archived from 11759: 11753: 11752: 11750: 11748: 11736: 11730: 11729: 11727: 11725: 11704: 11698: 11697: 11695: 11693: 11671: 11665: 11664: 11662: 11660: 11645: 11639: 11638: 11636: 11634: 11615: 11609: 11608: 11606: 11604: 11580: 11572: 11566: 11565: 11563: 11561: 11540: 11534: 11533: 11531: 11529: 11499: 11493: 11492: 11490: 11488: 11466: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11455: 11434: 11428: 11427: 11425: 11423: 11401: 11392: 11391: 11389: 11387: 11376:Associated Press 11367: 11361: 11360: 11358: 11356: 11334: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11323: 11302: 11296: 11295: 11293: 11291: 11269: 11260: 11259: 11257: 11255: 11239: 11233: 11232: 11231:on 3 March 2016. 11227:. Archived from 11215: 11209: 11208: 11206: 11204: 11195:. Archived from 11185:(23 June 2009). 11179: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11168: 11156: 11150: 11149: 11125: 11119: 11118: 11116: 11114: 11095: 11089: 11088: 11086: 11084: 11069: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11058: 11039: 11030: 11029: 11027: 11025: 11005: 10999: 10998: 10988: 10956: 10950: 10949: 10947: 10945: 10939: 10932: 10923: 10917: 10916: 10914: 10912: 10893: 10887: 10886: 10884: 10882: 10863: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10852: 10837: 10831: 10830: 10828: 10826: 10807: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10796: 10781: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10770: 10761:. Archived from 10755: 10749: 10748: 10746: 10744: 10738: 10727: 10719: 10713: 10712: 10710: 10708: 10689: 10683: 10682: 10680: 10678: 10663: 10657: 10656: 10654: 10652: 10638: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10627: 10612: 10606: 10605: 10603: 10601: 10592:. Archived from 10582: 10576: 10575: 10573: 10571: 10552: 10546: 10545: 10543: 10541: 10522: 10516: 10515: 10513: 10511: 10492: 10486: 10485: 10483: 10481: 10462: 10456: 10455: 10453: 10451: 10446:on 25 March 2023 10442:. Archived from 10430: 10424: 10423: 10421: 10419: 10400: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10389: 10367: 10361: 10360: 10358: 10356: 10334: 10328: 10327: 10325: 10323: 10301: 10295: 10294: 10292: 10290: 10284: 10278:. January 2020. 10270: 10262: 10253: 10252: 10250: 10248: 10228: 10219: 10218: 10216: 10214: 10192: 10186: 10185: 10183: 10181: 10170:HealthCentral NZ 10161: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10150: 10131: 10125: 10124: 10122: 10120: 10100: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10089: 10067: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10056: 10035: 10029: 10028: 10026: 10024: 10006: 9998: 9992: 9991: 9983:Edmonton Journal 9974: 9968: 9967: 9965: 9963: 9943: 9937: 9936: 9928: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9917: 9897: 9891: 9890: 9861: 9855: 9854: 9826: 9820: 9819: 9808: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9794: 9776: 9769: 9763: 9762: 9760: 9758: 9739: 9733: 9732: 9730: 9728: 9706: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9676: 9670: 9669: 9658: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9647: 9641: 9618: 9609: 9603: 9602: 9592: 9560: 9554: 9553: 9548:. Archived from 9534: 9525: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9514: 9503: 9495: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9481: 9460: 9454: 9453: 9435: 9411: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9379: 9373: 9372: 9370: 9368: 9347: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9336: 9314: 9308: 9307: 9305: 9303: 9283: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9272: 9253: 9247: 9246: 9235: 9229: 9228: 9226: 9219: 9211: 9205: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9194: 9187: 9179: 9173: 9172: 9170: 9168: 9159:. Archived from 9148: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9122: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9088: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9062: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9046: 9038: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9008: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8988: 8977: 8969: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8958: 8947:News-Medical.net 8938: 8932: 8931: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8869: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8843: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8828:. Archived from 8812:(6): 1687–1688. 8803: 8794: 8788: 8787: 8751: 8745: 8744: 8708: 8702: 8701: 8665: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8654: 8648: 8641: 8633: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8622: 8590: 8584: 8583: 8581: 8579: 8568:Federal Register 8560: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8530: 8524: 8523: 8518:. 18 June 2020. 8508: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8478: 8472: 8471: 8453: 8444:(8): 1938–1968. 8429: 8423: 8422: 8412: 8380: 8374: 8373: 8363: 8339: 8333: 8332: 8322: 8312: 8288: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8277: 8271: 8264: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8220: 8214: 8213: 8185: 8179: 8172: 8166: 8165: 8139: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8106: 8100: 8099: 8071: 8062: 8061: 8041: 8035: 8034: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7939: 7933: 7932: 7914: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7849: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7833: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7773: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7722: 7716: 7715: 7705: 7695: 7671: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7660: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7624: 7614: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7573: 7541: 7535: 7534: 7524: 7492: 7486: 7485: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7338: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7295: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7238: 7206: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7189: 7178: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7120: 7114:. January 2020. 7106: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7067: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6983:. 31 July 2017. 6973: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6956: 6949: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6705: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6647: 6641: 6640: 6630: 6620: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6581:. Archived from 6568: 6562: 6561: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6501: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6476: 6470:. Archived from 6461: 6407: 6398: 6389: 6388: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6314: 6312: 6269:(2nd ed.). 6256: 6250: 6249: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6102: 6057: 6056: 6046: 6014: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6003: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5850:Der Anaesthesist 5844: 5838: 5837: 5827: 5806:Smydo J (1979). 5803: 5797: 5796: 5786: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5668: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5633: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5597: 5588: 5587: 5569: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5516: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5475: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5434: 5424: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5367: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5317: 5307: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5266: 5256: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5215: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5131: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5082: 5071: 5070: 5060: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5006:NPS Medicinewise 4998: 4992: 4991: 4973: 4962: 4961: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4873: 4856:(10): CD009942. 4841: 4832: 4831: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4766: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4690: 4681: 4680: 4670: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4592: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4506: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4414: 4401: 4400: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4262: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4190: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4157: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4016: 3999: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3974: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3928:Cleveland Clinic 3920: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3890: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3818: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3693: 3687: 3680: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3646: 3627: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3607: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3524:nctr-crs.fda.gov 3516: 3510: 3509: 3499: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3428: 3405: 3363: 3358:ALZA Corporation 3355: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3289:lethal injection 3274:Carey Dean Moore 3051:On 24 May 2010, 3040:On 24 May 2009, 2999:British Columbia 2897:Myanmar military 2832: 2828: 2823:British Columbia 2799:Schedule I drugs 2795:α-methylfentanyl 2791:Nogales, Arizona 2779: 2767: 2672:3-methylfentanyl 2647:Recreational use 2603: 2557: 2553: 2531:In 2009, the US 2520: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2190: 2179: 2175: 2162: 2158: 2148:Fentanyl analogs 2143:Fentanyl analogs 2085:phenylpiperidine 1991:hyperventilation 1942: 1938: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1915:mg/kg in rats, 1 1914: 1884:British Columbia 1873: 1862: 1857:fentanyl analogs 1850: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1723:vagal nerve tone 1653:Hyperventilation 1514: 1510: 1505:electrotransport 1374:neuropathic pain 1370: 1365: 1360: 1332: 1324: 1320: 1311: 1230: 1143:synthetic opioid 1051:, among others. 991: 990: 911: 891: 879: 873: 867: 861: 844: 833: 822: 821: 807: 805: 789: 783: 762: 742: 722: 702: 682: 662: 642: 622: 612: 611: 597: 547: 533: 529: 516: 510: 504: 498: 492: 486: 480: 476: 470: 460: 411:90% (intranasal) 385: 382: 373: 370: 365: 358: 355: 346: 343: 335: 332: 323: 320: 312: 309: 306:(Narcotic drugs) 299: 296: 286: 283: 261: 251: 148: 145: 127: 116: 113: 100: 86: 42: 33: 26: 24: 20: 19042: 19041: 19037: 19036: 19035: 19033: 19032: 19031: 18952: 18951: 18950: 18940: 18938: 18930: 18928: 18923: 18905: 18806:Suberoylanilide 18523:Fluorometholone 18418:Dibunate sodium 18298:Aurothioglucose 18211: 18201: 18137:3,17β-Estradiol 17955: 17945: 17937: 17907: 17902: 17784: 17747: 17678: 17663: 17604: 17526: 17518: 17510: 17506: 17498: 17475: 17463: 17259:Binaltorphimine 17204:6β-Naltrexol-d4 17167: 16786:Ethylketazocine 16741:Dihydromorphine 16561: 16549: 16360:6β-Naltrexol-d4 16333: 16089:Ethylketazocine 16064:Dihydromorphine 15904: 15892: 15600:6β-Naltrexol-d4 15553: 15352:Oxymorphonazine 15107:Furanylfentanyl 15037:Dihydromorphine 14892:Benzhydrocodone 14781: 14779: 14770: 14762: 14757:Opioid receptor 14754: 14724: 14719: 14718: 14703:Clinical trials 14682: 14663:Phenazopyridine 14601: 14582:Cyclobenzaprine 14554: 14536: 14518: 14461:Sodium blockers 14455: 14403: 14396: 14354: 14313: 14303: 14262: 14252: 14146: 14142:Tolfenamic acid 14127:Flufenamic acid 14113: 14078: 14062: 14032: 13998: 13962: 13922: 13909: 13901: 13863: 13827:+metoclopramide 13768: 13749: 13570: 13529: 13468: 13451:Dihydromorphine 13440: 13412: 13388: 13320: 13306: 13276: 13271: 13270: 13255:Clinical trials 13230: 13209: 13181: 13148: 13089: 13062:Benzodiazepines 13056: 13008: 12971: 12878: 12868: 12827: 12824: 12823: 12812: 12806: 12804: 12801:This audio file 12798: 12791: 12782: 12779: 12773: 12772: 12768: 12765: 12760: 12713: 12711:Further reading 12708: 12707: 12697: 12695: 12686: 12685: 12681: 12671: 12669: 12665: 12654: 12650: 12649: 12645: 12635: 12633: 12629: 12622: 12616: 12612: 12581: 12577: 12540: 12536: 12504: 12500: 12463: 12459: 12449: 12447: 12434: 12433: 12429: 12419: 12417: 12404: 12403: 12399: 12387: 12383: 12382: 12378: 12368: 12366: 12352: 12348: 12345: 12344: 12340: 12330: 12328: 12319: 12318: 12314: 12304: 12302: 12289: 12288: 12284: 12267: 12266: 12262: 12252: 12250: 12241: 12240: 12236: 12199: 12195: 12185: 12183: 12170: 12169: 12162: 12152: 12150: 12133: 12132: 12125: 12115: 12113: 12098: 12097: 12093: 12083: 12081: 12067: 12066: 12059: 12049: 12047: 12032: 12031: 12027: 12017: 12015: 12000: 11999: 11992: 11975: 11971: 11961: 11959: 11946: 11945: 11941: 11931: 11929: 11914: 11910: 11900: 11898: 11885: 11884: 11880: 11870: 11868: 11853: 11849: 11839: 11837: 11822: 11818: 11808: 11806: 11791: 11787: 11777: 11775: 11760: 11756: 11746: 11744: 11743:. Big Toe Rocks 11737: 11733: 11723: 11721: 11716:. 25 May 2021. 11706: 11705: 11701: 11691: 11689: 11672: 11668: 11658: 11656: 11647: 11646: 11642: 11632: 11630: 11617: 11616: 11612: 11602: 11600: 11573: 11569: 11559: 11557: 11542: 11541: 11537: 11527: 11525: 11500: 11496: 11486: 11484: 11467: 11463: 11453: 11451: 11436: 11435: 11431: 11421: 11419: 11402: 11395: 11385: 11383: 11368: 11364: 11354: 11352: 11335: 11331: 11321: 11319: 11311:Chicago Tribune 11304: 11303: 11299: 11289: 11287: 11270: 11263: 11253: 11251: 11250:on 24 June 2010 11240: 11236: 11217: 11216: 11212: 11202: 11200: 11199:on 25 June 2009 11192:Chicago Tribune 11180: 11176: 11166: 11164: 11163:. Memphis Flyer 11157: 11153: 11146: 11138:. p. 211. 11126: 11122: 11112: 11110: 11097: 11096: 11092: 11082: 11080: 11071: 11070: 11066: 11056: 11054: 11041: 11040: 11033: 11023: 11021: 11006: 11002: 10957: 10953: 10943: 10941: 10937: 10930: 10924: 10920: 10910: 10908: 10895: 10894: 10890: 10880: 10878: 10865: 10864: 10860: 10850: 10848: 10839: 10838: 10834: 10824: 10822: 10809: 10808: 10804: 10794: 10792: 10787:. Lazanda.com. 10783: 10782: 10778: 10768: 10766: 10765:on 14 July 2011 10757: 10756: 10752: 10742: 10740: 10736: 10725: 10721: 10720: 10716: 10706: 10704: 10691: 10690: 10686: 10676: 10674: 10665: 10664: 10660: 10650: 10648: 10640: 10639: 10635: 10625: 10623: 10614: 10613: 10609: 10599: 10597: 10596:on 5 April 2023 10584: 10583: 10579: 10569: 10567: 10560:trone.house.gov 10554: 10553: 10549: 10539: 10537: 10536:on 5 April 2023 10524: 10523: 10519: 10509: 10507: 10494: 10493: 10489: 10479: 10477: 10472:. 10 May 2022. 10464: 10463: 10459: 10449: 10447: 10432: 10431: 10427: 10417: 10415: 10414:on 2 April 2023 10402: 10401: 10397: 10387: 10385: 10369: 10368: 10364: 10354: 10352: 10335: 10331: 10321: 10319: 10302: 10298: 10288: 10286: 10282: 10268: 10264: 10263: 10256: 10246: 10244: 10229: 10222: 10212: 10210: 10193: 10189: 10179: 10177: 10162: 10158: 10148: 10146: 10139:KnowYourStuffNZ 10133: 10132: 10128: 10118: 10116: 10101: 10097: 10087: 10085: 10068: 10064: 10054: 10052: 10037: 10036: 10032: 10022: 10020: 10004: 9999: 9995: 9976: 9975: 9971: 9961: 9959: 9944: 9940: 9930: 9929: 9925: 9915: 9913: 9912:on 24 June 2013 9898: 9894: 9862: 9858: 9827: 9823: 9810: 9809: 9802: 9792: 9790: 9774: 9771: 9770: 9766: 9756: 9754: 9741: 9740: 9736: 9726: 9724: 9707: 9703: 9693: 9691: 9690:on 21 July 2009 9678: 9677: 9673: 9660: 9659: 9655: 9645: 9643: 9639: 9616: 9610: 9606: 9561: 9557: 9535: 9528: 9518: 9516: 9512: 9501: 9497: 9496: 9489: 9479: 9477: 9469:BBC News Online 9462: 9461: 9457: 9412: 9408: 9398: 9396: 9380: 9376: 9366: 9364: 9349: 9348: 9344: 9334: 9332: 9315: 9311: 9301: 9299: 9284: 9280: 9270: 9268: 9255: 9254: 9250: 9237: 9236: 9232: 9224: 9217: 9213: 9212: 9208: 9198: 9196: 9192: 9185: 9181: 9180: 9176: 9166: 9164: 9149: 9145: 9135: 9133: 9124: 9123: 9119: 9109: 9107: 9090: 9089: 9085: 9075: 9073: 9064: 9063: 9059: 9051: 9044: 9040: 9039: 9035: 9025: 9023: 9022:on 22 July 2017 9010: 9009: 9002: 8992: 8990: 8986: 8975: 8971: 8970: 8966: 8956: 8954: 8939: 8935: 8897: 8896: 8892: 8882: 8880: 8871: 8870: 8866: 8856: 8854: 8853:. 21 April 2008 8845: 8844: 8840: 8832: 8801: 8795: 8791: 8752: 8748: 8709: 8705: 8670:Organic Letters 8666: 8662: 8652: 8650: 8646: 8639: 8635: 8634: 8630: 8620: 8618: 8591: 8587: 8577: 8575: 8562: 8561: 8557: 8547: 8545: 8532: 8531: 8527: 8510: 8509: 8505: 8495: 8493: 8480: 8479: 8475: 8430: 8426: 8381: 8377: 8340: 8336: 8289: 8285: 8275: 8273: 8269: 8262: 8256: 8252: 8221: 8217: 8186: 8182: 8173: 8169: 8154: 8140: 8133: 8123: 8121: 8114:www.drugbank.ca 8108: 8107: 8103: 8072: 8065: 8042: 8038: 7999: 7995: 7985: 7983: 7974: 7973: 7969: 7954: 7940: 7936: 7929: 7915: 7906: 7896: 7894: 7881: 7880: 7876: 7866: 7864: 7851: 7850: 7841: 7831: 7829: 7816: 7815: 7811: 7801: 7799: 7786: 7785: 7781: 7771: 7769: 7758: 7754: 7723: 7719: 7672: 7668: 7658: 7656: 7643: 7642: 7638: 7591: 7587: 7542: 7538: 7493: 7489: 7442: 7438: 7421: 7420: 7416: 7406: 7404: 7387: 7383: 7373: 7371: 7356: 7352: 7315:JAMA Pediatrics 7307: 7303: 7293: 7291: 7283: 7282: 7278: 7268: 7266: 7257: 7256: 7252: 7207: 7203: 7193: 7191: 7187: 7176: 7172: 7171: 7167: 7157: 7155: 7138: 7134: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7104: 7100: 7099: 7095: 7085: 7083: 7068: 7064: 7054: 7052: 7037: 7033: 7023: 7021: 7004: 7000: 6990: 6988: 6975: 6974: 6970: 6960: 6958: 6957:on 25 June 2016 6954: 6947: 6943: 6942: 6938: 6928: 6926: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6896: 6894: 6881: 6880: 6876: 6866: 6864: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6836: 6834: 6817: 6813: 6803: 6801: 6786: 6785: 6781: 6771: 6769: 6754: 6753: 6749: 6739: 6737: 6724: 6723: 6719: 6674: 6670: 6660: 6658: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6597: 6593: 6570: 6569: 6565: 6550: 6546: 6536: 6534: 6494: 6490: 6480: 6478: 6477:on 9 March 2020 6474: 6405: 6399: 6392: 6328: 6324: 6310: 6308: 6293: 6257: 6253: 6214: 6210: 6171: 6167: 6136: 6132: 6117: 6103: 6060: 6015: 6011: 6001: 5999: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5916: 5912: 5873: 5869: 5845: 5841: 5804: 5800: 5763: 5759: 5728: 5724: 5714: 5712: 5669: 5660: 5650: 5648: 5635: 5634: 5627: 5617: 5615: 5599: 5598: 5591: 5546: 5542: 5532: 5530: 5493: 5489: 5452: 5448: 5401: 5397: 5387: 5385: 5374:. Danger Room. 5368: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5284: 5280: 5233: 5229: 5184: 5180: 5149: 5145: 5110: 5109: 5105: 5095: 5093: 5084: 5083: 5074: 5043:(5): CD011605. 5029: 5025: 5015: 5013: 5008:. August 2006. 5000: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4974: 4965: 4934: 4930: 4891: 4887: 4842: 4835: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4735: 4731: 4691: 4684: 4639: 4635: 4625: 4623: 4598:(book review). 4590: 4585: 4581: 4571: 4569: 4562: 4536: 4532: 4522: 4520: 4483: 4479: 4448: 4444: 4429: 4415: 4404: 4389: 4375: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4344: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4322:"Drug Checking" 4318: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4264: 4263: 4252: 4242: 4240: 4235:. 11 May 2022. 4223: 4222: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4191: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4159: 4158: 4149: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4050: 4048: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4008: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3951: 3947: 3937: 3935: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3907: 3905: 3900:. 1 June 2021. 3892: 3891: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3819: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3648: 3647: 3630: 3619: 3618: 3611: 3572: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3549:"Instanyl EPAR" 3547: 3546: 3542: 3532: 3530: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3468: 3464: 3454: 3452: 3445: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3403: 3375: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3337: 3266: 3035:Anthony Durante 3027: 2991: 2963: 2955: 2862:Yuancheng Group 2830: 2826: 2777: 2772:from a home in 2765: 2760:, United States 2750: 2736: 2649: 2601: 2569: 2564: 2555: 2551: 2518: 2491: 2483: 2454: 2419: 2391: 2382: 2370:diphenhydramine 2362:methamphetamine 2349: 2321: 2292: 2282:Muscle rigidity 2275: 2268: 2231:1:>2564:654 2212: 2202: 2192: 2177: 2174: 2157: 2145: 2117: 2081: 2076: 2070: 2026: 1964: 1946: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1930: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1871: 1860: 1848: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1802: 1796:Opioid overdose 1792: 1784: 1752: 1743: 1741:Muscle rigidity 1727:parasympathetic 1715: 1659: 1605: 1570:hypoventilation 1564:(indigestion), 1525: 1523:Adverse effects 1512: 1508: 1492: 1476:palliative care 1468: 1442: 1440:Combat medicine 1407:palliative care 1395: 1393:Palliative care 1382: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1339: 1330: 1322: 1318: 1309: 1302: 1300:Pain management 1265: 1249: 1228: 1201: 1196: 1100:muscle rigidity 1025:pain management 986: 984: 979: 976: 971: 966: 965: 954: 951: 946: 945: 914: 889: 876: 870: 864: 825: 801: 793: 765: 745: 725: 705: 685: 665: 645: 625: 608: 600: 580: 577: 565: 564: 545: 531: 514: 513:Buccal: 3.2–6.4 512: 508: 506: 502: 500: 496: 494: 490: 488: 484: 482: 478: 468: 458: 453:Onset of action 444:, primarily by 427:Protein binding 420: 418: 416: 415:33% (ingestion) 414: 412: 410: 405:Bioavailability 397:Pharmacokinetic 391: 363: 265: 187: 175: 163: 156: 137: 130: 17: 12: 11: 5: 19040: 19030: 19029: 19024: 19019: 19014: 19009: 19004: 18999: 18994: 18989: 18984: 18979: 18974: 18969: 18964: 18949: 18948: 18925: 18924: 18922: 18921: 18914: 18910: 18907: 18906: 18904: 18903: 18898: 18889: 18888: 18883: 18878: 18873: 18871:Troleandomycin 18868: 18863: 18858: 18853: 18848: 18843: 18838: 18833: 18828: 18823: 18818: 18813: 18808: 18803: 18798: 18793: 18791:Spironolactone 18788: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18768: 18763: 18758: 18753: 18748: 18743: 18738: 18733: 18728: 18723: 18718: 18713: 18708: 18703: 18698: 18693: 18688: 18683: 18678: 18673: 18668: 18663: 18661:Norelgestromin 18658: 18653: 18648: 18643: 18638: 18633: 18628: 18623: 18618: 18613: 18608: 18603: 18598: 18593: 18588: 18583: 18573: 18568: 18563: 18558: 18550: 18545: 18540: 18535: 18530: 18525: 18520: 18518:Flucloxacillin 18515: 18510: 18505: 18500: 18495: 18490: 18485: 18480: 18475: 18470: 18465: 18460: 18455: 18450: 18445: 18440: 18435: 18430: 18425: 18420: 18415: 18405: 18395: 18390: 18385: 18380: 18375: 18373:Corticosterone 18370: 18365: 18360: 18355: 18350: 18345: 18340: 18338:Chlorpromazine 18335: 18330: 18325: 18320: 18315: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18295: 18290: 18285: 18280: 18275: 18270: 18265: 18260: 18255: 18250: 18245: 18240: 18235: 18230: 18225: 18216: 18214: 18203: 18202: 18200: 18199: 18194: 18189: 18184: 18179: 18174: 18169: 18164: 18159: 18157:17-Androstanol 18154: 18152:3β-Androstanol 18149: 18147:3α-Androstenol 18144: 18142:3α-Androstanol 18139: 18130: 18129: 18124: 18119: 18114: 18109: 18104: 18099: 18094: 18089: 18084: 18079: 18074: 18069: 18064: 18059: 18054: 18049: 18044: 18039: 18034: 18024: 18019: 18014: 18009: 18004: 17999: 17997:Chlorpromazine 17994: 17989: 17984: 17979: 17974: 17969: 17960: 17958: 17947: 17946: 17936: 17935: 17928: 17921: 17913: 17904: 17903: 17901: 17900: 17890: 17889: 17884: 17879: 17874: 17869: 17860: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17839: 17834: 17829: 17824: 17819: 17814: 17809: 17804: 17799: 17794: 17789: 17787:-Phenylalanine 17781: 17776: 17771: 17759: 17757: 17753: 17752: 17749: 17748: 17746: 17745: 17740: 17735: 17730: 17725: 17720: 17715: 17710: 17705: 17700: 17695: 17690: 17685: 17680: 17676: 17671: 17669: 17665: 17664: 17662: 17661: 17656: 17651: 17646: 17641: 17636: 17631: 17626: 17621: 17616: 17614:Racemethorphan 17611: 17606: 17602: 17598: 17593: 17588: 17583: 17578: 17573: 17568: 17563: 17561:Levomethorphan 17558: 17553: 17548: 17543: 17538: 17533: 17528: 17524: 17520: 17516: 17512: 17508: 17504: 17500: 17496: 17492: 17486: 17484: 17477: 17469: 17468: 17465: 17464: 17462: 17461: 17456: 17451: 17446: 17441: 17436: 17431: 17426: 17421: 17416: 17411: 17406: 17401: 17396: 17391: 17386: 17381: 17376: 17371: 17366: 17361: 17356: 17351: 17346: 17341: 17336: 17331: 17326: 17321: 17316: 17311: 17306: 17301: 17296: 17291: 17286: 17281: 17276: 17271: 17266: 17261: 17256: 17251: 17246: 17241: 17236: 17231: 17226: 17221: 17216: 17211: 17206: 17201: 17196: 17191: 17186: 17181: 17175: 17173: 17169: 17168: 17166: 17165: 17160: 17155: 17150: 17145: 17123: 17118: 17113: 17108: 17103: 17098: 17093: 17088: 17078: 17073: 17068: 17066:Racemethorphan 17063: 17058: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17028: 17023: 17018: 17013: 17008: 17003: 16998: 16993: 16988: 16983: 16978: 16973: 16968: 16963: 16958: 16953: 16948: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16918: 16913: 16908: 16903: 16898: 16893: 16888: 16886:Levomethorphan 16883: 16878: 16873: 16868: 16863: 16858: 16853: 16848: 16843: 16838: 16833: 16828: 16823: 16818: 16813: 16808: 16803: 16798: 16793: 16788: 16783: 16778: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16758: 16753: 16748: 16743: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16713: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16688: 16683: 16678: 16673: 16668: 16663: 16658: 16653: 16648: 16643: 16638: 16633: 16628: 16623: 16618: 16613: 16608: 16603: 16598: 16593: 16588: 16583: 16578: 16572: 16570: 16563: 16555: 16554: 16551: 16550: 16548: 16547: 16542: 16537: 16532: 16527: 16522: 16517: 16512: 16507: 16502: 16497: 16492: 16487: 16482: 16477: 16472: 16467: 16462: 16457: 16452: 16447: 16442: 16437: 16432: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16387: 16382: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16362: 16357: 16352: 16347: 16341: 16339: 16335: 16334: 16332: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16286: 16281: 16276: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16254:Racemethorphan 16251: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16231: 16226: 16221: 16216: 16211: 16206: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16171: 16166: 16164:Levomethorphan 16161: 16159:Leu-enkephalin 16156: 16151: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16106: 16101: 16096: 16091: 16086: 16081: 16076: 16071: 16066: 16061: 16056: 16051: 16046: 16041: 16036: 16031: 16026: 16021: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15976: 15971: 15966: 15961: 15956: 15951: 15946: 15941: 15936: 15931: 15926: 15921: 15915: 15913: 15906: 15898: 15897: 15894: 15893: 15891: 15890: 15885: 15880: 15875: 15870: 15865: 15860: 15855: 15850: 15845: 15840: 15838:Naltrexonazine 15835: 15830: 15825: 15820: 15815: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15647: 15642: 15637: 15632: 15627: 15622: 15617: 15612: 15607: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15587: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15561: 15559: 15555: 15554: 15552: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15496: 15491: 15486: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15456: 15451: 15446: 15441: 15439:Racemethorphan 15436: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15391: 15386: 15381: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15182:Levomethorphan 15179: 15174: 15172:Leu-enkephalin 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15134: 15132:Hydromorphinol 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15027:Dihydrocodeine 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14992:Dextromoramide 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14897:Benzylmorphine 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14869: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14827:Acetylfentanyl 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14788: 14786: 14772: 14764: 14763: 14753: 14752: 14745: 14738: 14730: 14721: 14720: 14717: 14716: 14715: 14714: 14711: 14700: 14694: 14688: 14687: 14684: 14683: 14681: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14658:Methoxyflurane 14655: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14609: 14607: 14603: 14602: 14600: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14568: 14566: 14560: 14559: 14556: 14555: 14553: 14552: 14546: 14544: 14538: 14537: 14535: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14516: 14511: 14510: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14476: 14471: 14465: 14463: 14457: 14456: 14454: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14417: 14415: 14406: 14398: 14397: 14395: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14374: 14368: 14366: 14360: 14359: 14356: 14355: 14353: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14321: 14319: 14315: 14314: 14312: 14311: 14301:Propyphenazone 14298: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14276:Aminophenazone 14272: 14270: 14264: 14263: 14261: 14260: 14247: 14242: 14237: 14232: 14227: 14222: 14217: 14212: 14207: 14202: 14197: 14192: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14156: 14154: 14148: 14147: 14145: 14144: 14139: 14137:Mefenamic acid 14134: 14129: 14123: 14121: 14115: 14114: 14112: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14072: 14070: 14064: 14063: 14061: 14060: 14055: 14050: 14045: 14040: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14006: 14004: 14000: 13999: 13997: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13970: 13968: 13964: 13963: 13961: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13917: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13880: 13878: 13871: 13865: 13864: 13862: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13846: 13845: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13783: 13781: 13774: 13773: 13770: 13769: 13767: 13766: 13761: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13609: 13607:Dextromoramide 13604: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13578: 13576: 13572: 13571: 13569: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13487:Hydromorphinol 13484: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13438:Dihydrocodeine 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13407: 13405:Benzylmorphine 13402: 13396: 13394: 13390: 13389: 13387: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13361: 13360: 13359: 13354: 13343: 13341: 13328: 13322: 13321: 13305: 13304: 13297: 13290: 13282: 13273: 13272: 13269: 13268: 13267: 13266: 13263: 13252: 13246: 13240: 13239: 13236: 13235: 13232: 13231: 13229: 13228: 13223: 13217: 13215: 13211: 13210: 13208: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13191: 13189: 13183: 13182: 13180: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13158: 13156: 13150: 13149: 13147: 13146: 13141: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13099: 13097: 13091: 13090: 13088: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13066: 13064: 13058: 13057: 13055: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13018: 13016: 13010: 13009: 13007: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12990: 12988: 12979: 12973: 12972: 12970: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12942:Methoxypropane 12939: 12937:Methoxyflurane 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12888: 12886: 12880: 12879: 12867: 12866: 12859: 12852: 12844: 12838: 12837: 12813: 12799: 12792: 12780: 12767: 12766: 12764: 12763:External links 12761: 12759: 12758: 12730:(4): 508–517. 12714: 12712: 12709: 12706: 12705: 12679: 12643: 12625:. p. 11. 12610: 12591:(3): 302–307. 12575: 12534: 12515:(3): 309–318. 12498: 12457: 12427: 12397: 12376: 12338: 12312: 12282: 12260: 12234: 12213:(9): 647–656. 12193: 12160: 12123: 12091: 12057: 12025: 11990: 11969: 11939: 11908: 11878: 11847: 11816: 11785: 11754: 11731: 11699: 11666: 11640: 11610: 11567: 11535: 11494: 11461: 11429: 11393: 11362: 11329: 11297: 11261: 11234: 11210: 11174: 11151: 11144: 11120: 11090: 11064: 11031: 11000: 10951: 10918: 10888: 10858: 10832: 10802: 10776: 10750: 10714: 10684: 10658: 10633: 10607: 10577: 10547: 10517: 10487: 10457: 10425: 10395: 10362: 10329: 10296: 10254: 10220: 10187: 10156: 10126: 10095: 10062: 10030: 9993: 9969: 9938: 9923: 9892: 9856: 9821: 9800: 9764: 9734: 9701: 9671: 9653: 9604: 9575:(5): 774–780. 9555: 9526: 9508:. March 2015. 9487: 9455: 9406: 9374: 9342: 9309: 9278: 9248: 9230: 9206: 9195:on 9 July 2021 9174: 9143: 9117: 9083: 9057: 9033: 9000: 8964: 8949:. AZoNetwork. 8933: 8890: 8864: 8838: 8789: 8762:(2): 130–141. 8746: 8703: 8660: 8628: 8585: 8555: 8525: 8503: 8473: 8424: 8395:(4): 385–412. 8375: 8334: 8283: 8250: 8215: 8180: 8167: 8152: 8131: 8101: 8063: 8052:(2): 330–334. 8036: 7993: 7967: 7952: 7934: 7927: 7904: 7874: 7839: 7809: 7779: 7752: 7733:(4): 437–441. 7717: 7666: 7636: 7585: 7556:(4): 297–300. 7536: 7507:(2): 112–115. 7487: 7436: 7414: 7381: 7350: 7321:(7): 733–735. 7301: 7276: 7250: 7201: 7165: 7132: 7093: 7062: 7031: 6998: 6968: 6936: 6925:on 5 June 2016 6904: 6874: 6844: 6811: 6779: 6747: 6717: 6668: 6642: 6591: 6563: 6544: 6488: 6390: 6322: 6291: 6251: 6224:(8): 714–716. 6208: 6181:(6): 835–839. 6165: 6130: 6115: 6058: 6029:(6): 508–510. 6009: 5979: 5953: 5926:(3): 240–241. 5910: 5883:(5): 779–780. 5867: 5856:(8): 397–399. 5839: 5798: 5777:(2): 199–202. 5757: 5738:(4): 477–480. 5722: 5658: 5625: 5589: 5560:(2): 427–433. 5540: 5487: 5466:(6): 874–886. 5446: 5395: 5359: 5329: 5278: 5227: 5198:(6): 671–680. 5178: 5143: 5103: 5072: 5023: 4993: 4986: 4963: 4928: 4901:(1): 256–259. 4885: 4833: 4814:(6): 699–703. 4798: 4729: 4702:(7): 517–522. 4682: 4653:(3): 200–209. 4633: 4579: 4560: 4530: 4491:Pain Physician 4477: 4442: 4427: 4402: 4387: 4369: 4338: 4312: 4287: 4250: 4216: 4182: 4147: 4118: 4088: 4058: 4028: 4006: 3986: 3945: 3915: 3882: 3852: 3806: 3776: 3742: 3710: 3667: 3628: 3609: 3582:(3): 207–212. 3566: 3555:. 20 July 2009 3540: 3511: 3462: 3443: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3374: 3373:Veterinary use 3371: 3336: 3333: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3260: 3253: 3246: 3225: 3218: 3193: 3182: 3167: 3156: 3149: 3142: 3141:, and alcohol. 3127: 3112: 3105: 3099:said musician 3093: 3086: 3079: 3072: 3060: 3049: 3038: 3026: 3025:Notable deaths 3023: 2990: 2987: 2962: 2959: 2954: 2951: 2811:acetylfentanyl 2735: 2732: 2648: 2645: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2490: 2487: 2482: 2479: 2453: 2450: 2418: 2415: 2405:from N-Benzyl- 2403:benzylfentanyl 2390: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2348: 2345: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2315: 2307: 2296: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2205: 2195: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2172: 2156: 2153: 2144: 2141: 2116: 2113: 2080: 2079:Classification 2077: 2069: 2066: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2025: 2022: 1963: 1960: 1944: 1928: 1907: 1791: 1788: 1783: 1780: 1751: 1748: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1730: 1714: 1711: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1624: 1604: 1601: 1524: 1521: 1491: 1488: 1467: 1464: 1441: 1438: 1433: 1432: 1421: 1418:kidney failure 1414: 1394: 1391: 1381: 1378: 1338: 1335: 1301: 1298: 1264: 1261: 1248: 1245: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1178:drugs such as 1176:pharmaceutical 1096:narcotic ileus 1088:hallucinations 993: 992: 981: 980: 978: 977: 974: 972: 969: 961: 960: 959: 956: 955: 953: 952: 949: 941: 940: 939: 936: 935: 932: 926: 925: 922: 916: 915: 913: 912: 904: 902: 894: 893: 887: 881: 880: 874: 868: 862: 857: 851: 850: 846: 845: 835: 827: 826: 824: 823: 810: 808: 795: 794: 792: 791: 775: 773: 767: 766: 764: 763: 755: 753: 747: 746: 744: 743: 735: 733: 727: 726: 724: 723: 715: 713: 707: 706: 704: 703: 695: 693: 687: 686: 684: 683: 675: 673: 667: 666: 664: 663: 655: 653: 647: 646: 644: 643: 635: 633: 627: 626: 624: 623: 615: 613: 602: 601: 599: 598: 590: 588: 582: 581: 579: 578: 568: 560: 559: 558: 555: 554: 550: 549: 542: 536: 535: 525: 519: 518: 493:hours (T1/2 ɣ) 487:hours (T1/2 β) 472: 463: 462: 455: 449: 448: 439: 433: 432: 429: 423: 422: 407: 401: 400: 393: 392: 390: 389: 380: 368: 353: 341: 330: 318: 307: 294: 280: 278: 272: 271: 267: 266: 264: 263: 240: 238: 232: 231: 226: 220: 219: 190: 188:administration 182: 181: 178: 170: 169: 166: 158: 157: 155: 154: 152: 142: 140: 132: 131: 129: 128: 110: 108: 102: 101: 94: 88: 87: 80: 70: 69: 66: 60: 59: 53: 49: 48: 44: 43: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19039: 19028: 19025: 19023: 19020: 19018: 19015: 19013: 19012:Propionamides 19010: 19008: 19005: 19003: 19000: 18998: 18995: 18993: 18990: 18988: 18985: 18983: 18980: 18978: 18975: 18973: 18970: 18968: 18965: 18963: 18960: 18959: 18957: 18947: 18937: 18936: 18933: 18920: 18919: 18915: 18912: 18911: 18908: 18902: 18899: 18897: 18894: 18891: 18890: 18887: 18884: 18882: 18879: 18877: 18874: 18872: 18869: 18867: 18864: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18829: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18817: 18814: 18812: 18811:Sulfisoxazole 18809: 18807: 18804: 18802: 18799: 18797: 18794: 18792: 18789: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18772: 18769: 18767: 18764: 18762: 18759: 18757: 18754: 18752: 18749: 18747: 18744: 18742: 18739: 18737: 18734: 18732: 18729: 18727: 18724: 18722: 18719: 18717: 18714: 18712: 18709: 18707: 18704: 18702: 18699: 18697: 18694: 18692: 18689: 18687: 18686:Phenobarbital 18684: 18682: 18679: 18677: 18674: 18672: 18669: 18667: 18664: 18662: 18659: 18657: 18654: 18652: 18649: 18647: 18644: 18642: 18639: 18637: 18634: 18632: 18629: 18627: 18624: 18622: 18619: 18617: 18614: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18602: 18599: 18597: 18594: 18592: 18589: 18587: 18584: 18582: 18578: 18574: 18572: 18571:Levothyroxine 18569: 18567: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18557: 18555: 18551: 18549: 18546: 18544: 18541: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18533:Guggulsterone 18531: 18529: 18526: 18524: 18521: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18509: 18506: 18504: 18501: 18499: 18496: 18494: 18491: 18489: 18486: 18484: 18481: 18479: 18476: 18474: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18446: 18444: 18441: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18429: 18428:Dicloxacillin 18426: 18424: 18421: 18419: 18416: 18413: 18409: 18406: 18403: 18399: 18396: 18394: 18393:Dexamethasone 18391: 18389: 18386: 18384: 18381: 18379: 18376: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18361: 18359: 18356: 18354: 18351: 18349: 18346: 18344: 18341: 18339: 18336: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18328:Cephaloridine 18326: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18294: 18291: 18289: 18286: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18276: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18264: 18261: 18259: 18256: 18254: 18251: 18249: 18246: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18236: 18234: 18231: 18229: 18226: 18224: 18221: 18218: 18217: 18215: 18210: 18204: 18198: 18195: 18193: 18190: 18188: 18185: 18183: 18180: 18178: 18175: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18155: 18153: 18150: 18148: 18145: 18143: 18140: 18138: 18135: 18132: 18131: 18128: 18127:Valproic acid 18125: 18123: 18120: 18118: 18115: 18113: 18110: 18108: 18105: 18103: 18100: 18098: 18095: 18093: 18090: 18088: 18087:Phenobarbital 18085: 18083: 18080: 18078: 18075: 18073: 18070: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18060: 18058: 18055: 18053: 18050: 18048: 18045: 18043: 18040: 18038: 18035: 18032: 18028: 18025: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18015: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17995: 17993: 17990: 17988: 17987:Carbamazepine 17985: 17983: 17980: 17978: 17975: 17973: 17970: 17968: 17965: 17962: 17961: 17959: 17954: 17948: 17944: 17941: 17934: 17929: 17927: 17922: 17920: 17915: 17914: 17911: 17898: 17895: 17892: 17891: 17888: 17885: 17883: 17882:Pronociceptin 17880: 17878: 17877:Proenkephalin 17875: 17873: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17862: 17861: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17840: 17838: 17835: 17833: 17830: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17810: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17800: 17798: 17795: 17793: 17790: 17788: 17782: 17780: 17777: 17775: 17772: 17770: 17767: 17765: 17761: 17760: 17758: 17754: 17744: 17741: 17739: 17736: 17734: 17731: 17729: 17726: 17724: 17721: 17719: 17716: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17679: 17673: 17672: 17670: 17666: 17660: 17657: 17655: 17652: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17640: 17637: 17635: 17632: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17599: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17589: 17587: 17584: 17582: 17579: 17577: 17574: 17572: 17569: 17567: 17564: 17562: 17559: 17557: 17554: 17552: 17549: 17547: 17544: 17542: 17539: 17537: 17536:Buprenorphine 17534: 17532: 17529: 17527: 17521: 17519: 17513: 17511: 17501: 17499: 17493: 17491: 17488: 17487: 17485: 17481: 17478: 17474: 17470: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17445: 17442: 17440: 17437: 17435: 17432: 17430: 17427: 17425: 17422: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17412: 17410: 17407: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17377: 17375: 17372: 17370: 17367: 17365: 17362: 17360: 17357: 17355: 17352: 17350: 17347: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17337: 17335: 17332: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17310: 17307: 17305: 17302: 17300: 17297: 17295: 17292: 17290: 17287: 17285: 17282: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17269:Buprenorphine 17267: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17252: 17250: 17247: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17219:Amentoflavone 17217: 17215: 17212: 17210: 17207: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17177: 17176: 17174: 17170: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17149: 17146: 17143: 17142:nortriptyline 17139: 17135: 17131: 17130:amitriptyline 17127: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17089: 17086: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17074: 17072: 17069: 17067: 17064: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17014: 17012: 17009: 17007: 17004: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16994: 16992: 16989: 16987: 16984: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16962: 16959: 16957: 16954: 16952: 16949: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16939: 16937: 16934: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16917: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16849: 16847: 16844: 16842: 16839: 16837: 16836:Hydromorphone 16834: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16822: 16819: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16807: 16804: 16802: 16799: 16797: 16794: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16784: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16751:Diprenorphine 16749: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16731:Difelikefalin 16729: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16711:Cyprenorphine 16709: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16694: 16692: 16689: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16664: 16662: 16659: 16657: 16656:Big dynorphin 16654: 16652: 16649: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16619: 16617: 16614: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16604: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16577: 16576:3CS-nalmefene 16574: 16573: 16571: 16567: 16564: 16560: 16556: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16538: 16536: 16533: 16531: 16528: 16526: 16523: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16493: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16481: 16478: 16476: 16473: 16471: 16468: 16466: 16463: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16420:Diprenorphine 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16342: 16340: 16336: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16222: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16190: 16187: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16124:Hydromorphone 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16034:Deltorphin II 16032: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15970: 15967: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15957: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15919:3CS-nalmefene 15917: 15916: 15914: 15910: 15907: 15903: 15899: 15889: 15886: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15854: 15851: 15849: 15846: 15844: 15841: 15839: 15836: 15834: 15831: 15829: 15826: 15824: 15821: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15768:Methocinnamox 15766: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15728:Ginsenoside R 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15698:Diprenorphine 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15575:3CS-nalmefene 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15562: 15560: 15556: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15404:Phencyclidine 15402: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15379: 15375: 15374: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15347:Oxymorphazone 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15137:Hydromorphone 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15082:Ethylmorphine 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15072:Endomorphin-2 15070: 15068: 15067:Endomorphin-1 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15047:Diphenoxylate 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14932:Butyrfentanyl 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14917:Buprenorphine 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14832:Acrylfentanyl 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14807:ψ-Akuammigine 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14776: 14773: 14769: 14765: 14761: 14758: 14751: 14746: 14744: 14739: 14737: 14732: 14731: 14728: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14689: 14685: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14610: 14608: 14604: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14592:Methocarbamol 14590: 14588: 14587:Mephenoxalone 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14577:Chlorzoxazone 14575: 14573: 14570: 14569: 14567: 14565: 14561: 14551: 14548: 14547: 14545: 14543: 14539: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14513: 14512: 14508: 14507:amitriptyline 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14488: 14484: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14469:Carbamazepine 14467: 14466: 14464: 14462: 14458: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14418: 14416: 14414: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14399: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14369: 14367: 14365: 14361: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14322: 14320: 14316: 14309: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14273: 14271: 14269: 14265: 14258: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14165: 14161: 14158: 14157: 14155: 14153: 14149: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14124: 14122: 14120: 14116: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14084: 14077: 14074: 14073: 14071: 14069: 14065: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14038: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14007: 14005: 14001: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13971: 13969: 13965: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13928: 13927:Dexketoprofen 13921: 13918: 13915: 13907: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13881: 13879: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13866: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13804: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13775: 13765: 13762: 13759: 13755: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13702:Phenoperidine 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13642: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13632:Ethoheptazine 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13579: 13577: 13573: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13551: 13547: 13543: 13539: 13535: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13492:Hydromorphone 13490: 13488: 13485: 13482: 13478: 13474: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13461:Ethylmorphine 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13446: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13418: 13411: 13410:Buprenorphine 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13397: 13395: 13393:Semisynthetic 13391: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13369: 13365: 13362: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13349: 13348: 13345: 13344: 13342: 13340: 13336: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13323: 13318: 13314: 13310: 13303: 13298: 13296: 13291: 13289: 13284: 13283: 13280: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13241: 13237: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13218: 13216: 13212: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13192: 13190: 13188: 13184: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13172:Phencyclidine 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13159: 13157: 13155: 13151: 13145: 13142: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13133:Phenoperidine 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13100: 13098: 13096: 13092: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13067: 13065: 13063: 13059: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13037:Narcobarbital 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13019: 13017: 13015: 13011: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12991: 12989: 12987: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12974: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12947:Nitrous oxide 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12907:Diethyl ether 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12889: 12887: 12885: 12881: 12876: 12872: 12865: 12860: 12858: 12853: 12851: 12846: 12845: 12842: 12834: 12830: 12826: 12825: 12821: 12817: 12802: 12755: 12751: 12747: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12729: 12725: 12721: 12716: 12715: 12693: 12689: 12683: 12664: 12660: 12653: 12647: 12628: 12621: 12614: 12606: 12602: 12598: 12594: 12590: 12586: 12579: 12571: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12554:(2): 99–105. 12553: 12549: 12545: 12538: 12530: 12526: 12522: 12518: 12514: 12510: 12502: 12494: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12476: 12472: 12468: 12461: 12445: 12441: 12437: 12431: 12415: 12411: 12407: 12401: 12393: 12386: 12380: 12364: 12360: 12356: 12342: 12326: 12322: 12316: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12286: 12278: 12274: 12270: 12264: 12248: 12244: 12238: 12230: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12212: 12208: 12204: 12197: 12181: 12177: 12173: 12167: 12165: 12148: 12144: 12143: 12137: 12130: 12128: 12111: 12107: 12106: 12101: 12095: 12079: 12075: 12074: 12070: 12064: 12062: 12045: 12041: 12040: 12035: 12029: 12013: 12009: 12008: 12003: 11997: 11995: 11986: 11985: 11980: 11973: 11957: 11953: 11949: 11943: 11927: 11923: 11919: 11912: 11896: 11892: 11888: 11882: 11866: 11862: 11858: 11851: 11835: 11831: 11827: 11820: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11789: 11773: 11769: 11765: 11758: 11742: 11735: 11719: 11715: 11714: 11713:Rolling Stone 11709: 11703: 11687: 11683: 11682: 11681:Rolling Stone 11677: 11670: 11654: 11650: 11644: 11628: 11624: 11620: 11614: 11598: 11594: 11590: 11586: 11585: 11579: 11571: 11555: 11551: 11550: 11549:Rolling Stone 11545: 11539: 11523: 11519: 11515: 11511: 11510: 11505: 11498: 11482: 11478: 11477: 11472: 11465: 11449: 11445: 11444: 11439: 11433: 11417: 11413: 11412: 11407: 11400: 11398: 11381: 11377: 11373: 11366: 11350: 11346: 11345: 11340: 11333: 11317: 11313: 11312: 11307: 11301: 11285: 11281: 11280: 11275: 11268: 11266: 11249: 11245: 11238: 11230: 11226: 11225: 11220: 11214: 11198: 11194: 11193: 11188: 11184: 11178: 11162: 11155: 11147: 11141: 11137: 11133: 11132: 11124: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11094: 11078: 11074: 11068: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11038: 11036: 11019: 11015: 11011: 11004: 10996: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10970: 10966: 10962: 10955: 10936: 10933:. p. 1. 10929: 10922: 10906: 10902: 10898: 10892: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10862: 10846: 10842: 10836: 10820: 10816: 10812: 10806: 10790: 10786: 10780: 10764: 10760: 10754: 10735: 10731: 10724: 10718: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10688: 10672: 10668: 10662: 10647: 10643: 10637: 10621: 10617: 10611: 10595: 10591: 10590:Wilson Center 10587: 10581: 10565: 10561: 10557: 10551: 10535: 10531: 10527: 10521: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10491: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10461: 10445: 10441: 10440: 10435: 10429: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10399: 10383: 10379: 10377: 10372: 10366: 10350: 10346: 10345: 10340: 10333: 10317: 10313: 10312: 10307: 10300: 10281: 10277: 10276: 10267: 10261: 10259: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10227: 10225: 10208: 10204: 10203: 10198: 10191: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10160: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10130: 10114: 10110: 10106: 10099: 10083: 10079: 10078: 10073: 10066: 10050: 10046: 10045: 10040: 10034: 10018: 10014: 10013: 10008: 9997: 9989: 9985: 9984: 9979: 9973: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9942: 9934: 9927: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9896: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9860: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9825: 9817: 9813: 9807: 9805: 9788: 9784: 9783: 9778: 9768: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9738: 9722: 9718: 9717: 9712: 9705: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9675: 9667: 9663: 9657: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9627:(29): 793–6. 9626: 9622: 9615: 9608: 9600: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9559: 9551: 9547: 9546: 9541: 9533: 9531: 9511: 9507: 9500: 9494: 9492: 9475: 9471: 9470: 9465: 9459: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9417: 9410: 9394: 9390: 9389: 9385: 9378: 9362: 9358: 9357: 9352: 9346: 9330: 9326: 9325: 9320: 9313: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9282: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9252: 9244: 9240: 9234: 9223: 9216: 9210: 9191: 9184: 9178: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9147: 9131: 9127: 9121: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9087: 9071: 9067: 9061: 9050: 9043: 9037: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9007: 9005: 8985: 8981: 8974: 8968: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8937: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8894: 8878: 8874: 8868: 8852: 8848: 8842: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8800: 8793: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8750: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8707: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8664: 8645: 8638: 8632: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8589: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8559: 8543: 8540:. Siegfried. 8539: 8535: 8529: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8507: 8491: 8487: 8486:www.unodc.org 8483: 8477: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8428: 8420: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8379: 8371: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8338: 8330: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8287: 8268: 8261: 8254: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8219: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8184: 8177: 8171: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8149: 8145: 8138: 8136: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8105: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8070: 8068: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8040: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 7997: 7981: 7977: 7971: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7949: 7945: 7938: 7930: 7924: 7920: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7878: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7813: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7783: 7767: 7763: 7756: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7721: 7713: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7670: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7640: 7632: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7589: 7581: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7540: 7532: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7491: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7440: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7418: 7402: 7398: 7397: 7392: 7385: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7354: 7346: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7305: 7290: 7286: 7280: 7264: 7260: 7254: 7246: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7221:(2): 93–102. 7220: 7216: 7212: 7205: 7186: 7182: 7175: 7169: 7153: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7136: 7117: 7113: 7112: 7103: 7097: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7066: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7035: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7013:Rolling Stone 7009: 7002: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6972: 6953: 6946: 6940: 6924: 6920: 6919: 6914: 6908: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6878: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6848: 6832: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6815: 6799: 6795: 6794: 6789: 6783: 6767: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6751: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6721: 6713: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6688:(2): 95–110. 6687: 6683: 6679: 6672: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6638: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6611:: 3281–3294. 6610: 6606: 6602: 6595: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6579: 6573: 6567: 6559: 6555: 6548: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6500: 6492: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6395: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6326: 6318: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6255: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6112: 6108: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6054: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6013: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5914: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5794: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5726: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5632: 5630: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5594: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5544: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5450: 5442: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5366: 5364: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5147: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5091: 5087: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5068: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4989: 4983: 4979: 4978:Austria-Codex 4972: 4970: 4968: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4840: 4838: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4687: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4583: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4275: 4271: 4268:(factsheet). 4267: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4238: 4234: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4189: 4187: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4013: 4009: 4003: 3996: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3949: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3887: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3764: 3760: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3724:Health Canada 3720: 3714: 3707: 3684: 3677: 3671: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3624: 3623: 3616: 3614: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3436: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3400: 3397:Furthermore, 3395: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3370: 3367: 3359: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3309:drug cocktail 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3239:drama series 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3207:drama series 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3171:Mark Goffeney 3168: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3125: 3122:and quiz app 3121: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3084: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2979:cryptomarkets 2976: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2950: 2947: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2928: 2925:disguised as 2924: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2903: 2898: 2895:In 2020, the 2893: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2835:Health Canada 2824: 2820: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2775: 2771: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2686: 2682: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2657: 2656:clandestinely 2653: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2607: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2576: 2574: 2559: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2522: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2486: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2458: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2439: 2435: 2433: 2423: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2395: 2386: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2353: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2337:sulfuric acid 2334: 2330: 2326: 2312: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2278: 2271: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2251: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2230: 2227: 2225:>1,000 nM 2224: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2167: 2163: 2152: 2149: 2140: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2121: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2075: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2021: 2019: 2016:physician at 2015: 2011: 2006: 2004: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1910: 1902: 1900: 1891: 1887: 1885: 1876: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1854: 1846: 1842: 1827: 1823: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1787: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764:noradrenaline 1760: 1758: 1747: 1734: 1733:Vasodilation: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1600: 1598: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1545: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1520: 1518: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1451:combat medics 1449: 1446: 1437: 1430: 1426: 1425:hydromorphone 1422: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1408: 1399: 1390: 1387: 1377: 1375: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1334: 1326: 1306: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1244: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1118:, and death. 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1003: 999: 989: 982: 973: 968: 967: 964: 957: 948: 947: 944: 937: 933: 931: 930:Melting point 927: 924:1.1 g/cm 923: 921: 917: 910: 906: 905: 903: 900: 895: 888: 886: 882: 858: 856: 852: 847: 843: 839: 836: 834: 832:ECHA InfoCard 828: 820: 816: 815:DTXSID9023049 812: 811: 809: 800: 796: 788: 787:RCSB PDB 782: 777: 776: 774: 772: 768: 761: 757: 756: 754: 752: 748: 741: 737: 736: 734: 732: 728: 721: 717: 716: 714: 712: 708: 701: 697: 696: 694: 692: 688: 681: 677: 676: 674: 672: 668: 661: 657: 656: 654: 652: 648: 641: 637: 636: 634: 632: 628: 621: 617: 616: 614: 607: 603: 596: 592: 591: 589: 587: 583: 575: 571: 567: 566: 563: 556: 551: 543: 541: 537: 526: 524: 520: 481:mins (T1/2 α) 473: 471: 464: 456: 454: 450: 447: 443: 440: 438: 434: 430: 428: 424: 419:80% (inhaled) 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 388: Rx-only 381: 379: 369: 366: 354: 352: 342: 340: 331: 328: 319: 317: 308: 305: 295: 292: 282: 281: 279: 277: 273: 268: 260: 255: 250: 245: 242: 241: 239: 237: 233: 230: 227: 225: 221: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 201:intramuscular 198: 194: 191: 189: 183: 179: 177: 171: 167: 165: 159: 153: 144: 143: 141: 139: 133: 126: 121: 112: 111: 109: 107: 103: 99: 95: 93: 89: 85: 81: 79: 75: 71: 67: 65: 61: 57: 54: 52:Pronunciation 50: 47:Clinical data 45: 41: 36: 32: 27: 19: 18992:HERG blocker 18916: 18896:Ketoconazole 18893:Antagonists: 18892: 18866:Troglitazone 18841:Tetracycline 18796:Spiroxatrine 18741:Quingestrone 18736:Progesterone 18721:Pregnenolone 18716:Pregnanolone 18706:Pregnanediol 18701:Prednisolone 18626:Mifepristone 18553: 18528:Griseofulvin 18512: 18508:Fenbendazole 18493:Famprofazone 18488:Erythromycin 18483:Epothilone B 18468:Eburnamonine 18363:Clotrimazole 18353:Clofenvinfos 18288:Antimycotics 18219: 18182:Okadaic acid 18134:Antagonists: 18133: 18122:Troglitazone 18057:Mifepristone 18052:Methoxychlor 18047:Griseofulvin 18042:Ellagic acid 18022:Cypermethrin 18012:Clotrimazole 17963: 17893: 17872:Prodynorphin 17864:Propeptides: 17863: 17762: 17733:Thienorphine 17556:JNJ-19385899 17541:Cebranopadol 17523:Ac-RYYRIK-NH 17515:Ac-RYYRWK-NH 17199:6β-Naltrexol 17116:Thienorphine 17081:Salvinorin A 16881:Levallorphan 16800: 16686:Cebranopadol 16545:Thienorphine 16355:6β-Naltrexol 16139:JNJ-20788560 16134:Isomethadone 16098: 16029:Deltorphin I 16024:Deltorphin A 16004:Cebranopadol 15999:Casokefamide 15833:Naltrexazone 15823:Naloxonazine 15748:Levallorphan 15595:6β-Naltrexol 15494:Thienorphine 15449:Remifentanil 15371: 15302:Nicomorphine 15297:Nicodicodine 15252:Morphiceptin 15152:Ketobemidone 15091: 14987:Desomorphine 14972:DAMGO (DAGO) 14952:Cebranopadol 14947:Casokefamide 14597:Orphenadrine 14572:Carisoprodol 14564:Myorelaxants 14514: 14364:Cannabinoids 14330:Floctafenine 14235:Salicylamide 13914:+paracetamol 13906:Dexibuprofen 13894:Flurbiprofen 13884:Benoxaprofen 13859:Propacetamol 13849:Parapropamol 13817:+hydrocodone 13758:+paracetamol 13727:Remifentanil 13717:Proheptazine 13647:Ketobemidone 13636: 13587:Alphaprodine 13534:+paracetamol 13522:Nicomorphine 13517:Nicodicodine 13473:+paracetamol 13445:+paracetamol 13428:Desomorphine 13357:+paracetamol 13205:Hydroxydione 13138:Remifentanil 13122: 13032:Methohexital 13027:Hexobarbital 13014:Barbiturates 12897:Cyclopropane 12884:Inhalational 12727: 12723: 12696:. 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Retrieved 3433: 3426: 3396: 3381:and general 3376: 3338: 3321: 3272:a prisoner. 3267: 3240: 3208: 3177:, he played 3175:without arms 3146:Lexii Alijai 3131:Tyler Skaggs 2996: 2992: 2964: 2956: 2943: 2931: 2920: 2900: 2894: 2878:South Africa 2870: 2854: 2851: 2815: 2804: 2783:tablet press 2763: 2726: 2710:Dayton, Ohio 2695: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2661: 2650: 2633: 2624:The Guardian 2622: 2620: 2610: 2599: 2584: 2577: 2570: 2567:Legal status 2541: 2530: 2523: 2515: 2495:Paul Janssen 2492: 2484: 2470:4-Piperidone 2467: 2462:4-Piperidone 2443: 2431: 2428: 2407:4-Piperidone 2400: 2383: 2358: 2333:formaldehyde 2325:immunoassays 2322: 2285: 2260: 2252: 2236: 2217:MOR:DOR:KOR 2146: 2137: 2126: 2097:remifentanil 2082: 2068:Pharmacology 2058:social media 2055: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2007: 1999: 1995:panic attack 1965: 1949: 1903: 1896: 1880: 1843: 1819: 1785: 1776: 1761: 1753: 1744: 1732: 1719:Bradycardia: 1718: 1700: 1678: 1663:Respiratory 1656:Decreased CO 1618: 1606: 1594: 1551: 1501: 1493: 1469: 1443: 1434: 1404: 1383: 1347:chronic pain 1340: 1337:Chronic pain 1327: 1317:400(PecFent) 1315: 1294:remifentanil 1266: 1250: 1241: 1202: 1194:Medical uses 1151: 1139:Paul Janssen 1136: 1104:constipation 1058:, including 1053: 1048: 1044: 1040: 997: 996: 985: 740:CHEBI:119915 576:-propanamide 573: 569: 467:Elimination 413:50% (buccal) 276:Legal status 270:Legal status 106:License data 18: 19002:Piperidines 18982:Euphoriants 18881:Zafirlukast 18851:Thiothixene 18831:Terconazole 18781:Simvastatin 18656:Nisoldipine 18651:Nilvadipine 18636:Nicardipine 18606:Metacycline 18433:Dimercaprol 18388:Demecolcine 18348:Clindamycin 18343:Ciglitazone 18293:Artemisinin 18273:Ambrisentan 18177:Nigramide J 18112:Telmisartan 18072:Nicardipine 17982:Benfuracarb 17977:Artemisinin 17802:Kelatorphan 17779:Candoxatril 17668:Antagonists 17619:Racemorphan 17586:NNC 63-0532 17571:Lexanopadol 17566:Levorphanol 17444:Quadazocine 17429:Pawhuskin A 17424:Noribogaine 17414:Navacaprant 17404:Naltrindole 17324:Epicatechin 17289:Clocinnamox 17172:Antagonists 17134:desipramine 17101:Samidorphan 17071:Racemorphan 17056:Phenazocine 17046:Pentazocine 17026:Norketamine 17021:Noribogaine 16981:Nalfurafine 16946:Mirtazapine 16936:Metkefamide 16896:Lexanopadol 16891:Levorphanol 16871:Laudanosine 16856:ICI-204,448 16851:ICI-199,441 16821:Hemorphin-4 16781:Erinacine E 16766:Eluxadoline 16756:Dynorphin A 16701:Cyclazocine 16676:Butorphanol 16661:Bremazocine 16636:Asimadoline 16626:Allomatrine 16616:Akuammicine 16525:Quadazocine 16520:Pawhuskin A 16515:Noribogaine 16500:Naltrindole 16440:Epicatechin 16435:Eluxadoline 16410:Clocinnamox 16338:Antagonists 16269:Samidorphan 16259:Racemorphan 16239:Oxymorphone 16199:Mitragynine 16194:Metkefamide 16174:Lexanopadol 16169:Levorphanol 16154:Laudanosine 16119:Hydrocodone 16114:Hemorphin-4 16014:Cyclazocine 15989:Butorphanol 15964:β-Endorphin 15883:Samidorphan 15878:Quadazocine 15868:Pawhuskin A 15858:Noribogaine 15848:Naltrindole 15783:Naldemedine 15713:Epicatechin 15670:Clocinnamox 15558:Antagonists 15529:Tubotaiwine 15514:Trimebutine 15444:Racemorphan 15414:Piritramide 15399:Phenazocine 15384:Pentazocine 15357:Oxymorphone 15322:Oliceridine 15307:Norketamine 15292:Nicocodeine 15277:Naltalimide 15242:Mitragynine 15232:Metkefamide 15202:Loxicodegol 15192:Lexanopadol 15187:Levorphanol 15162:Laudanosine 15127:Hydrocodone 15122:Hodgkinsine 15112:Hemorphin-4 15102:Frakefamide 15062:Embutramide 15057:Dynorphin A 15017:Eluxadoline 15007:Dimenoxadol 14942:Carfentanil 14927:Butorphanol 14902:Bezitramide 14872:β-Endorphin 14862:Anileridine 14852:Akuammidine 14847:Akuammicine 14817:α-Narcotine 14699:from market 14643:Frunevetmab 14623:Bedinvetmab 14532:PF-05089771 14441:Mirogabalin 14402:Ion channel 14372:Cannabidiol 14325:Benzydamine 14268:Pyrazolones 14250:Wintergreen 14200:Ethenzamide 14195:Dipyrocetyl 14152:Salicylates 14094:Lumiracoxib 14030:Indometacin 13958:Zaltoprofen 13877:Propionates 13787:Acetanilide 13778:Paracetamol 13712:Piritramide 13697:Phenazocine 13692:Phenadoxone 13682:Pentazocine 13677:Oliceridine 13672:Norpipanone 13641:+fluanisone 13622:Dimenoxadol 13602:Carfentanil 13597:Bezitramide 13592:Anileridine 13561:Papaveretum 13556:Oxymorphone 13550:+naltrexone 13512:Nicocodeine 13497:Levorphanol 13466:Hydrocodone 13423:Butorphanol 13368:+naltrexone 13251:from market 13118:Embutramide 13113:Anileridine 13085:Remimazolam 13022:Amobarbital 12999:Fospropofol 12962:Vinyl ether 12952:Sevoflurane 12450:15 November 12420:15 November 12331:15 November 11778:18 February 11692:29 December 11487:16 November 11113:2 September 11083:2 September 11057:2 September 10697:Onsolis.com 10677:16 December 10651:16 December 10626:16 December 10510:15 November 10480:15 November 10077:Global News 10023:25 December 9757:23 November 9727:23 November 9271:8 September 9026:26 December 8993:26 December 8719:(1): 70–2. 8496:15 November 8231:: 106–111. 8196:: 106–111. 8082:: 107–116. 7867:21 December 7832:21 December 7802:21 December 7772:27 November 7144:. Society. 6981:Global News 6867:22 November 6837:4 September 6428:: 453–475. 6355:: 420–423. 5715:17 December 5651:4 September 5618:15 November 5342:Mayo Clinic 4362:20 February 4331:12 December 4305:12 December 4209:20 February 4175:20 February 4051:14 December 4021:14 December 3908:20 February 3875:20 February 3845:20 February 3789:MedlinePlus 3769:20 February 3482:: 107–111. 3408:transdermal 3399:transdermal 3339:In February 3293:intravenous 3229:Angus Cloud 3201:Omar Little 3116:Colin Kroll 3083:Saki Kaskas 3046:Jay Bennett 3011:child-proof 3007:pharmacists 2983:DreamMarket 2953:Brand names 2890:Netherlands 2843:Global News 2825:where 1,716 2734:Enforcement 2652:Illicit use 2464:to fentanyl 2411:norfentanyl 2314:understood. 2248:nociceptive 2129:hydrocodone 2101:carfentanil 1810:lethal dose 1531:A two 1281:obstetrical 1257:bupivacaine 1253:intrathecal 1112:hypotension 892: g·mol 838:100.006.468 553:Identifiers 367:Schedule II 217:transdermal 209:intravenous 205:intrathecal 92:MedlinePlus 64:Trade names 56:/ˈfɛntənɪl/ 18967:Analgesics 18956:Categories 18861:Tianeptine 18826:Tenylidone 18821:Tacrolimus 18766:Rimexolone 18756:Rifampicin 18696:Plicamycin 18681:Paclitaxel 18666:Omeprazole 18646:Nifedipine 18621:Mevastatin 18616:Metyrapone 18596:Lovastatin 18591:Loratadine 18548:Hyperforin 18538:Haloprogin 18503:Felodipine 18478:Enzacamene 18458:Dronabinol 18423:Diclazuril 18402:prasterone 18358:Chloroxine 18333:Cephradine 18303:Bile acids 18117:Tolnaftate 18082:Permethrin 18067:Nevirapine 18062:Nefazodone 18031:prasterone 17992:Carvedilol 17972:Amiodarone 17943:modulators 17897:Kyotorphin 17842:Spinorphin 17723:SB-612,111 17718:Nocistatin 17688:BAN-ORL-24 17639:SCH-486757 17634:SCH-221510 17473:Nociceptin 17434:PF-4455242 17409:Naringenin 17399:Naltrexone 17359:LY-2795050 17354:LY-2459989 17349:LY-2444296 17344:LY-2196044 17329:Hyperoside 17244:Aticaprant 17138:imipramine 17061:Proxorphan 17036:Oxilorphan 17006:Niravoline 16996:Nalorphine 16971:Nalbuphine 16956:Moxazocine 16931:Metazocine 16901:Lofentanil 16866:Ketazocine 16826:Herkinorin 16806:Gemazocine 16796:Fedotozine 16776:Eptazocine 16706:Cyclorphan 16691:Ciprefadol 16510:Naringenin 16490:Naltrexone 16485:Nalorphine 16460:LY-2196044 16450:ICI-174864 16445:ICI-154129 16390:Bevenopran 16365:α-Santolol 16329:Zenazocine 16309:Tonazocine 16264:RWJ-394674 16249:Proglumide 16189:Metazocine 16179:Lofentanil 16109:Fluorophen 15873:Rimonabant 15863:Oxilorphan 15853:Naringenin 15843:Naltrexone 15808:Naloxazone 15798:Nalorphine 15763:LY-2196044 15733:Hyperoside 15723:Gemazocine 15718:Eptazocine 15655:Bevenopran 15499:Tianeptine 15474:Tapentadol 15469:Sufentanil 15464:Sinomenine 15454:Salsolinol 15409:Piminodine 15327:Oxycodegol 15317:Octreotide 15312:Nufenoxole 15262:Nalbuphine 15217:Meptazinol 15197:Loperamide 15167:Lefetamine 15117:Herkinorin 15097:Fluorophen 15052:Dipipanone 14977:Dermorphin 14867:Apparicine 14857:Alfentanil 14780:(abridged; 14760:modulators 14673:Rimazolium 14668:Proglumide 14613:Analgecine 14550:Flupirtine 14493:Mexiletine 14474:Lacosamide 14451:Ziconotide 14446:Pregabalin 14436:Leconotide 14426:Gabapentin 14404:modulators 14387:Nabiximols 14350:Proquazone 14345:Nimesulide 14340:Nabumetone 14291:Nifenazone 14205:Guacetisal 14190:Diflunisal 14175:Benorylate 14109:Valdecoxib 14089:Etoricoxib 14020:Diclofenac 14010:Acemetacin 13979:Lornoxicam 13933:Loxoprofen 13920:Ketoprofen 13889:Fenoprofen 13854:Phenacetin 13832:+oxycodone 13822:+ibuprofen 13754:+celecoxib 13737:Tapentadol 13732:Sufentanil 13707:Piminodine 13657:Meptazinol 13652:Lofentanil 13627:Dipipanone 13582:Alfentanil 13542:+ibuprofen 13507:Nalbuphine 13477:+ibuprofen 13309:Analgesics 13226:Propanidid 13200:Alfaxalone 13195:Alfadolone 13177:Tiletamine 13162:Esketamine 13144:Sufentanil 13128:Alfentanil 13047:Thiopental 12932:Isoflurane 12902:Desflurane 12892:Chloroform 12831:(Report). 12816:Audio help 12807:2011-12-01 12688:"Recuvyra" 12636:19 January 11560:5 November 11528:20 January 11454:9 December 11422:21 January 11355:5 November 10971:: 108115. 10944:26 January 10911:26 January 10825:23 January 10811:"Fentanyl" 10728:(Report). 10380:(Report). 10080:. Canada. 10055:16 January 9646:2 December 9499:"Fentanyl" 9399:6 December 9335:3 December 9302:31 January 9167:5 November 9136:5 November 9110:19 January 9092:"Opiumwet" 8957:27 January 8653:25 January 8621:24 January 8599:ChemInform 8578:28 January 8548:24 January 8516:GPTA India 8354:: 103065. 8162:1039081701 8124:18 January 8110:"Fentanyl" 8009:: 110715. 7962:1015240036 7452:: 104914. 7269:18 January 7259:"Fentanyl" 7086:6 December 7024:5 November 6855:(Report). 6516:New Jersey 6442:sf80000806 6301:1088737571 6146:(5): 419. 6125:1063667873 5637:"Fentanyl" 5415:(1): 289. 5352:19 January 5016:7 December 4938:Metabolism 4437:1124935549 4280:4 December 4266:"Fentanyl" 3938:5 November 3861:"Fentanyl" 3827:StatPearls 3823:"Fentanyl" 3799:5 November 3751:"Fentanyl" 3735:5 November 3719:"Fentanyl" 3660:8 December 3533:22 October 3418:References 3383:anesthesia 3356:2008, the 3164:Power Trip 3160:Riley Gale 3133:died from 3109:Mac Miller 3044:guitarist 2923:tapentadol 2915:Shan State 2907:precursors 2888:, and the 2858:precursors 2442:4-anilino- 2166:Affinities 2133:meperidine 2093:alfentanil 2089:sufentanil 2072:See also: 2024:Prevention 1972:inhalative 1851:2014, the 1648:clonazepam 1640:alprazolam 1554:somnolence 1486:settings. 1448:Pararescue 1386:sublingual 1349:including 1343:management 1312:μg per use 1290:alfentanyl 1263:Obstetrics 1221:thiopental 1207:and as an 1205:anesthesia 1199:Anesthesia 1084:dyskinesia 1076:drowsiness 1002:piperidine 897:3D model ( 885:Molar mass 771:PDB ligand 700:UF599785JZ 671:ChemSpider 631:IUPHAR/BPS 586:CAS Number 562:IUPAC name 437:Metabolism 327:Anlage III 316:Schedule I 224:Drug class 213:sublingual 162:Dependence 18786:Sirolimus 18776:Ritonavir 18771:Riodipine 18761:Rifaximin 18746:Reserpine 18731:Proadifen 18676:Oxatomide 18631:Nafcillin 18601:Meclizine 18463:Droxidopa 18443:Docetaxel 18368:Colforsin 18318:Bumecaine 18308:Bithionol 18220:Agonists: 18197:T-0901317 18172:Meclizine 18102:Reserpine 18092:Phenytoin 18077:Octicizer 18037:Efavirenz 17964:Agonists: 17852:Tynorphin 17847:Thiorphan 17827:Opiorphan 17769:Amastatin 17698:J-113,397 17659:TH-030418 17629:Ro65-6570 17624:Ro64-6198 17551:Etorphine 17459:Zyklophin 17449:Taxifolin 17339:LY-255582 17299:Cyclofoxy 17249:Axelopran 17163:Xorphanol 17153:U-54,494A 17121:Tifluadom 17111:TH-030418 17041:Oxycodone 17031:Oripavine 17001:Naltriben 16986:Nalmefene 16941:Mianserin 16911:Lufuradom 16816:GR-103545 16791:Etorphine 16771:Enadoline 16671:Butorphan 16666:BRL-52537 16631:Apadoline 16540:Taxifolin 16535:SoRI-9409 16495:Naltriben 16480:Nalmefene 16455:LY-255582 16385:Axelopran 16324:Xorphanol 16294:TH-030418 16274:SB-235863 16234:Oxycodone 16229:Oripavine 16094:Etorphine 15984:Butorphan 15949:Amoxapine 15888:Taxifolin 15813:Naloxegol 15788:Nalmefene 15758:LY-255582 15688:Cyprodime 15683:Cyclofoxy 15650:Axelopran 15630:Alvimopan 15625:Akuammine 15610:α-Gliadin 15549:Xorphanol 15539:Valorphin 15484:TH-030418 15342:Oxycodone 15337:Oripavine 15272:Nalmexone 15227:Methadone 15207:LS-115509 15087:Etorphine 15077:Eseroline 14922:Butorphan 14783:full list 14709:Phase III 14697:Withdrawn 14678:Tanezumab 14638:Clonidine 14633:Capsaicin 14487:lidocaine 14335:Glafenine 14296:Phenazone 14240:Salsalate 14170:Aloxiprin 14119:Fenamates 14104:Rofecoxib 14099:Parecoxib 14083:+tramadol 14076:Celecoxib 14058:Zomepirac 14043:Ketorolac 14015:Bromfenac 13994:Tenoxicam 13989:Piroxicam 13984:Meloxicam 13943:Oxaprozin 13899:Ibuprofen 13842:+tramadol 13797:Butacetin 13662:Methadone 13575:Synthetic 13546:+naloxone 13527:Oxycodone 13456:Etorphine 13417:+naloxone 13384:Paregoric 13261:Phase III 13249:Withdrawn 13221:Etomidate 13108:Oxycodone 13080:Lorazepam 13070:Midazolam 13042:Thiamylal 12977:Injection 12927:Halothane 12922:Fluroxene 12912:Enflurane 12754:216084895 12440:USA Today 12186:15 August 12153:15 August 12116:15 August 12084:15 August 12050:15 August 12018:15 August 11799:Billboard 11747:18 August 11633:30 August 11593:0362-4331 11518:0362-4331 11322:22 August 10901:Drugs.com 10815:Drugs.com 10769:7 January 10759:"Abstral" 10378:(Myanmar) 10322:1 October 10289:4 October 10237:Brookings 10213:1 October 9569:Addiction 8698:253396263 8468:235255612 8303:(1): 30. 8276:3 October 8031:231918983 7686:(1): 34. 7605:(1): 34. 7482:219704174 7364:Stat News 7289:ReliefWeb 7055:9 January 6524:8750-0507 6418:Rockville 6271:Cambridge 5298:(1): 46. 5247:(1): 61. 5116:P & T 4781:181816438 4616:1098-7339 4397:993810322 4326:DanceSafe 4320:Nasir A. 4300:DrugsData 4111:7 October 4081:7 October 3692:7 October 3455:20 August 3394:in dogs. 3392:dysphoria 3278:death row 3139:oxycodone 3124:HQ Trivia 3101:Tom Petty 3057:Paul Gray 2961:Economics 2927:chocolate 2882:Indonesia 2679:Duragesic 2664:oxycodone 2580:Opium Law 2503:pethidine 2417:Siegfried 2380:Synthesis 2010:emergency 1635:Older age 1628:methadone 1582:histamine 1562:dyspepsia 1533:milligram 1480:Nebulized 1429:oxycodone 1353:. Often, 1286:Stimulant 1277:analgesia 1237:surgeries 1233:endoscopy 1209:analgesic 1188:narcotics 1180:oxycodone 1165:in 2018. 1158:overdoses 1064:confusion 1060:addiction 1056:narcotics 1049:Sublimaze 1045:Duragesic 1009:analgesic 760:ChEMBL596 540:Excretion 469:half-life 186:Routes of 180:Very High 176:liability 174:Addiction 164:liability 136:Pregnancy 84:Monograph 78:Drugs.com 18972:Anilides 18962:Fentanyl 18946:Medicine 18913:See also 18801:SR-12813 18691:Piperine 18671:Orlistat 18641:Nicotine 18513:Fentanyl 18498:Febantel 18473:Ecopipam 18438:Dinaline 18323:Cafestol 18313:Bosentan 18187:PK-11195 17738:Trap-101 17728:SR-16430 17649:SR-16435 17503:(PheΨ(CH 17483:Agonists 17394:Naloxone 17304:Dezocine 17274:Catechin 17229:Apigenin 17158:U-69,593 16951:Morphine 16921:MB-1C-OH 16861:Ketamine 16846:Ibogaine 16811:GR-89696 16801:Fentanyl 16681:BW373U86 16569:Agonists 16559:κ-opioid 16505:Naloxone 16400:Catechin 16375:Apigenin 16314:Tramadol 16299:Thebaine 16209:Morphine 16129:Ibogaine 16099:Fentanyl 16079:DPI-3290 16049:Dezocine 15994:BW373U86 15974:Biphalin 15939:ADL-5859 15912:Agonists 15902:δ-opioid 15828:Naloxone 15753:Lobeline 15738:Ibogaine 15660:Catechin 15640:Apigenin 15509:Tramadol 15504:Tilidine 15489:Thebaine 15459:SC-17599 15429:Propiram 15389:Pericine 15332:OM-3-MNZ 15257:Morphine 15147:Ketamine 15092:Fentanyl 15002:Dezocine 14937:BW373U86 14907:Biphalin 14792:3-HO-PCP 14778:Agonists 14768:μ-opioid 14648:Ketamine 14527:Funapide 14522:DSP-2230 14382:Nabilone 14377:Cannabis 14281:Ampyrone 14053:Tolmetin 14048:Sulindac 14025:Etodolac 14003:Acetates 13974:Isoxicam 13948:Suprofen 13938:Naproxen 13812:+codeine 13747:Tramadol 13742:Tilidine 13722:Propiram 13637:Fentanyl 13617:Dezocine 13566:Thebacon 13538:+aspirin 13481:+aspirin 13379:Laudanum 13364:Morphine 13352:+aspirin 13167:Ketamine 13123:Fentanyl 13103:Morphine 13075:Diazepam 13004:Propofol 12994:Ciprofol 12917:Ethylene 12829:Fentanyl 12818: · 12746:32321735 12698:28 March 12692:Archived 12663:Archived 12627:Archived 12605:23231071 12529:25039918 12493:22731771 12444:Archived 12414:Archived 12363:Archived 12325:Archived 12299:Archived 12295:BBC News 12247:Archived 12229:23002178 12180:Archived 12147:Archived 12110:Archived 12105:Newsweek 12078:Archived 12044:Archived 12039:NBC News 12012:Archived 12007:BBC News 11956:Archived 11952:BBC News 11926:Archived 11895:Archived 11865:Archived 11834:Archived 11803:Archived 11718:Archived 11686:Archived 11653:Archived 11627:Archived 11603:29 April 11597:Archived 11554:Archived 11522:Archived 11481:Archived 11416:Archived 11386:30 April 11380:Archived 11349:Archived 11316:Archived 11284:Archived 11107:Archived 11077:Archived 11051:Archived 11024:12 April 11018:Archived 10995:32585419 10935:Archived 10905:Archived 10875:Archived 10845:Archived 10819:Archived 10789:Archived 10734:Archived 10723:Instanyl 10701:Archived 10671:CBS News 10504:Archived 10474:Archived 10470:CBS News 10382:Archived 10349:Archived 10316:Archived 10280:Archived 10241:Archived 10207:Archived 10174:Archived 10143:Archived 10113:Archived 10082:Archived 10049:Archived 10044:CBC News 10017:Archived 10012:CTV News 9956:Archived 9952:CTV News 9787:Archived 9751:Archived 9721:Archived 9637:Archived 9633:18650786 9599:30512204 9510:Archived 9474:Archived 9450:39788629 9442:16909503 9393:Archived 9361:Archived 9329:Archived 9296:Archived 9265:Archived 9104:Archived 9076:22 March 9070:Archived 9049:Archived 8984:Archived 8951:Archived 8877:DailyMed 8851:DailyMed 8826:15771410 8776:19186209 8741:31408546 8690:36346151 8644:Archived 8615:Archived 8572:Archived 8542:Archived 8520:Archived 8490:Archived 8460:34053394 8419:24635521 8370:33333419 8329:33750405 8267:Archived 8245:29432758 8210:29432758 8118:Archived 8096:28068563 8023:33581655 7986:19 March 7980:Archived 7897:27 April 7891:Archived 7861:Archived 7826:Archived 7796:Archived 7766:Archived 7760:Mann B. 7747:31571559 7712:34817717 7653:Archived 7631:34817717 7580:28872357 7531:32096007 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