Fermentation - Knowledge

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fermentation became increasingly important in the production of bulk chemicals like ethanol, lactic acid, and citric acid. This led to the development of new fermentation techniques and the use of genetically engineered microorganisms to improve yields and reduce production costs. In the 1990s and 2000s, there was a growing interest in the use of fermentation for the production of functional foods and nutraceuticals, which have potential health benefits beyond basic nutrition. This led to the development of new fermentation processes and the use of probiotics and other functional ingredients.

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technologies driving advances in product quality, yield, and efficiency. The period from the 1930s onward saw a number of significant advancements in fermentation technology, including the development of new processes for producing high-value products like antibiotics and enzymes, the increasing importance of fermentation in the production of bulk chemicals, and a growing interest in the use of fermentation for the production of

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United States began producing ethanol on a large scale in the 1980s and 1990s as a fuel additive to gasoline, due to government regulations. Today, ethanol continues to be explored as a sustainable and renewable fuel source, with researchers developing new technologies and biomass sources for its production.

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in which the culture medium flows steadily through a tube while the cells are recycled from the outlet to the inlet. If the process works well, there is a steady flow of feed and effluent and the costs of repeatedly setting up a batch are avoided. Also, it can prolong the exponential growth phase and

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Fed-batch fermentation is a variation of batch fermentation where some of the ingredients are added during the fermentation. This allows greater control over the stages of the process. In particular, production of secondary metabolites can be increased by adding a limited quantity of nutrients during

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The acidity of lactic acid impedes biological processes. This can be beneficial to the fermenting organism as it drives out competitors that are unadapted to the acidity. As a result, the food will have a longer shelf life (one reason foods are purposely fermented in the first place); however, beyond

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While fermentation is simple in overview, its details are more complex. Across organisms, fermentation of glucose involves over 120 different biochemical reactions. Further, multiple pathways can be responsible for forming the same product. For forming acetate from its immediate precursor (pyruvate

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Although showing fermentation resulted from the action of living microorganisms was a breakthrough, it did not explain the basic nature of fermentation; nor did it prove it is caused by microorganisms which appear to be always present. Many scientists, including Pasteur, had unsuccessfully attempted

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Acetic acid (another conversion product) is acidic and not as volatile as ethanol; however, in the presence of limited oxygen, its creation from lactic acid releases additional energy. It is a lighter molecule than lactic acid, forming fewer hydrogen bonds with its surroundings (due to having fewer

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The field of fermentation has been critical to the production of a wide range of consumer goods, from food and drink to industrial chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Since its early beginnings in ancient civilizations, the use of fermentation has continued to evolve and expand, with new techniques and

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Buechner's results are considered to mark the birth of biochemistry. The "unorganized ferments" behaved just like the organized ones. From that time on, the term enzyme came to be applied to all ferments. It was then understood fermentation is caused by enzymes produced by microorganisms. In 1907,

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The high cost of sterilizing the fermentor between batches can be avoided using various open fermentation approaches that are able to resist contamination. One is to use a naturally evolved mixed culture. This is particularly favored in wastewater treatment, since mixed populations can adapt to a

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Fermentation is used by organisms to generate ATP energy for metabolism. One advantage is that it requires no oxygen or other external electron acceptors, and thus it can be carried when those electron acceptors are absent. A disadvantage is that it produces relatively little ATP, yielding only

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The 1950s and 1960s saw the development of new fermentation technologies, such as the use of immobilized cells and enzymes, which allowed for more precise control over fermentation processes and increased the production of high-value products like antibiotics and enzymes. In the 1970s and 1980s,

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demonstrated his engine, which could run on vegetable oils and ethanol, in 1895, but the widespread use of petroleum-based diesel engines made ethanol less popular as a fuel. In the 1970s, the oil crisis reignited interest in ethanol, and Brazil became a leader in ethanol production and use. The

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In a batch process, all the ingredients are combined and the reactions proceed without any further input. Batch fermentation has been used for millennia to make bread and alcoholic beverages, and it is still a common method, especially when the process is not well understood. However, it can be

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molecules and give off two carbon dioxide molecules as waste products. The acetaldehyde is reduced into ethanol using the energy and hydrogen from NADH, and the NADH is oxidized into NAD so that the cycle may repeat. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzymes pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol

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2000s–present: There has been continued interest in ethanol as a renewable and sustainable fuel. Researchers are exploring new sources of biomass for ethanol production, such as switchgrass and algae, and developing new technologies to improve the efficiency of the fermentation process.

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are used in all kinds of industrial segments, such as food (lactose removal, cheese flavor), beverage (juice treatment), baking (bread softness, dough conditioning), animal feed, detergents (protein, starch and lipid stain removal), textile, personal care and pulp and paper industries.

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can be used for enzyme production, where proteins with catalytic activity are produced and secreted by microorganisms. The development of fermentation processes, microbial strain engineering and recombinant gene technologies has enabled the commercialization of a wide range of enzymes.

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avoid byproducts that inhibit the reactions by continuously removing them. However, it is difficult to maintain a steady state and avoid contamination, and the design tends to be complex. Typically the fermentor must run for over 500 hours to be more economical than batch processors.

1209:(1822–1895), during the 1850s and 1860s, repeated Schwann's experiments and showed fermentation is initiated by living organisms in a series of investigations. In 1857, Pasteur showed lactic acid fermentation is caused by living organisms. In 1860, he demonstrated how bacteria cause 239:

Fermentation uses a range of substrates and forms a variety of metabolic end products. Of the 55 end products formed, the most common are acetate and lactate. Of the 46 chemically-defined substrates that have been reported, the most common are glucose and other sugars.

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Batch fermentation goes through a series of phases. There is a lag phase in which cells adjust to their environment; then a phase in which exponential growth occurs. Once many of the nutrients have been consumed, the growth slows and becomes non-exponential, but production of

1228:", which was translated into English in 1879 as "Studies on fermentation". He defined fermentation (incorrectly) as "Life without air", yet he correctly showed how specific types of microorganisms cause specific types of fermentations and specific end-products. 1050:

bacteria can produce lactic acid at temperatures of around 50 °Celsius, sufficient to discourage microbial contamination; and ethanol has been produced at a temperature of 70 °C. This is just below its boiling point (78 °C), making it easy to extract.

318:) molecules. It is used to make bread dough rise: the carbon dioxide forms bubbles, expanding the dough into a foam. The ethanol is the intoxicating agent in alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer and liquor. Fermentation of feedstocks, including 874:

In food and industrial contexts, any chemical modification performed by a living being in a controlled container can be termed "fermentation". The following do not fall into the biochemical sense, but are called fermentation in the larger sense:

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1980s–1990s: The United States began to produce ethanol on a large scale as a fuel additive to gasoline. This was due to the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1990, which required the use of oxygenates, such as ethanol, to reduce emissions.

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1895: German engineer Rudolf Diesel demonstrated his engine, which was designed to run on vegetable oils, including ethanol. However, the widespread use of diesel engines fueled by petroleum made ethanol less popular as a fuel.

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Overall, the period from 1930 onward saw significant advancements in the use of fermentation for industrial purposes, leading to the production of a wide range of fermented products that are now consumed around the world.

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bacteria can produce bioplastics in hypersaline conditions. Solid-state fermentation adds a small amount of water to a solid substrate; it is widely used in the food industry to produce flavors, enzymes and organic acids.

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expensive because the fermentor must be sterilized using high pressure steam between batches. Strictly speaking, there is often addition of small quantities of chemicals to control the pH or suppress foaming.

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Vouillamoz JF, McGovern PE, Ergul A, Söylemezoğlu GK, Tevzadze G, Meredith CP, et al. (2006). "Genetic characterization and relationships of traditional grape cultivars from Transcaucasia and Anatolia".

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1970s: The oil crisis of the 1970s led to renewed interest in ethanol as a fuel. Brazil became a leader in ethanol production and use, due in part to government policies that encouraged the use of biofuels.

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Liu L, Wang J, Rosenberg D, Zhao H, Lengyel G, Nadel D (2018). "Fermented beverage and food storage in 13,000 y-old stone mortars at Raqefet Cave, Israel: Investigating Natufian ritual feasting".

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give meat its characteristic texture, flavor, color, and aroma. The myoglobin and leghemoglobin ingredients can be used to replicate this property, despite them coming from a vat instead of meat.

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The definition of fermentation has evolved over the years. The most modern definition is catabolism where organic compounds are both the electron donor and acceptor. A common electron donor is

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Fermentation can be used to make alternative protein sources. It is commonly used to modify existing protein foods, including plant-based ones such as soy, into more flavorful forms such as

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and is converted to pyruvate. From pyruvate, pathways branch out to form a number of end products (e.g. lactate). At several points, electrons are released and accepted by redox cofactors (

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defined it as "la vie sans air" (life without air). This definition came before the discovery of anaerobic respiration. Later, it had been defined as catabolism that forms ATP through only

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1850s: Ethanol was first used as a fuel in the United States during the California Gold Rush. Miners used ethanol as a fuel for lamps and stoves because it was cheaper than whale oil. (2)

1022:(including commercially important antibiotics and enzymes) accelerates. This continues through a stationary phase after most of the nutrients have been consumed, and then the cells die. 1243:

ground up yeast, extracted a juice from them, then found to his amazement this "dead" liquid would ferment a sugar solution, forming carbon dioxide and alcohol much like living yeasts.

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uses batch or fed-batch procedures, although continuous fermentation can be more economical if various challenges, particularly the difficulty of maintaining sterility, can be met.

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Phylogenetic tree of bacteria and archaea, highlighting those that carry out fermentation. Their end products are also highlighted. Figure modified from Hackmann (2024).

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1826: Samuel Morey, an American inventor, was the first to produce ethanol by fermenting corn. However, ethanol was not widely used as a fuel until many years later. (1)

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Advances in microbiology and fermentation technology have continued steadily up until the present. For example, in the 1930s, it was discovered microorganisms could be

3534: 831: 260:, which in turn transfers them to an organic compound. ATP is generated in the process, and it can be formed by substrate-level phosphorylation or by ATP synthase. 859: 1190:, continued to view fermentation as a simple chemical reaction and rejected the notion that living organisms could be involved. This was seen as a reversion to 1213:

in milk, a process formerly thought to be merely a chemical change. His work in identifying the role of microorganisms in food spoilage led to the process of

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If lactose is fermented (as in yogurts and cheeses), it is first converted into glucose and galactose (both six-carbon sugars with the same atomic formula):

1186:. Schwann boiled grape juice to kill the yeast and found that no fermentation would occur until new yeast was added. However, a lot of chemists, including 722:, and longer monocarboxylic acids are produced, the amount of acidity produced per glucose consumed will decrease, as with ethanol, allowing faster growth. 2601: 1258:

with physical and chemical treatments to be higher-yielding, faster-growing, tolerant of less oxygen, and able to use a more concentrated medium. Strain

279:). At later points, these cofactors donate electrons to their final acceptor and become oxidized. ATP is also formed at several points in the pathway. 1892:

Logan BK, Distefano S (1997). "Ethanol content of various foods and soft drinks and their potential for interference with a breath-alcohol test".

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When an organic compound is fermented, it is broken down to a simpler molecule and releases electrons. The electrons are transferred to a redox

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independently published papers concluding, as a result of microscopic investigations, that yeast is a living organism that reproduces by

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Ethanol, into which lactic acid can be easily converted, is volatile and will readily escape, allowing the reaction to proceed easily. CO

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Li T, Chen XB, Chen JC, Wu Q, Chen GQ (December 2014). "Open and continuous fermentation: products, conditions and bioprocess economy".

546:(producing only lactic acid) is the simplest type of fermentation. Pyruvate from glycolysis undergoes a simple redox reaction, forming 119:

Fermentation is important in several areas of human society. Humans have used fermentation in production of food for 13,000 years.

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Single lines: pathways common to most lifeforms. Double lines: pathways not in humans (occurs in e.g. plants, fungi, prokaryotes).

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Animals, including humans, also carry out fermentation. The product of fermentation in humans is lactate, and it is formed during

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have microbes in the gut that carry out fermentation, releasing products used by the host for energy. Fermentation is used at an

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Glyoxylate fermentation is a type of fermentation used by microbes that are able to utilize glyoxylate as a nitrogen source.

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Bergman EN (April 1990). "Energy contributions of volatile fatty acids from the gastrointestinal tract in various species".

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Studies on beer, its diseases, causes which provoke them, process to make it unalterable: With a new theory of fermentation

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In continuous fermentation, substrates are added and final products removed continuously. There are three varieties:

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groups that can form such bonds), thus is more volatile and will also allow the reaction to proceed more quickly.

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Over 25% of bacteria and archaea carry out fermentation. This type of metabolism is most common in the phylum

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The history of ethanol as a fuel spans several centuries and is marked by a series of significant milestones.

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The biochemical pathways of fermentation of glucose in poster format. Figure modified from Hackmann (2024).

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The high concentration of lactic acid (the final product of fermentation) drives the equilibrium backwards (

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and lactate. In total, fermentation forms more than 50 metabolic end products with a wide range of uses.

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Overview of the biochemical pathways for fermentation of glucose. Figure modified from Hackmann (2024).

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the non-exponential growth phase. Fed-batch operations are often sandwiched between batch operations.

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Yahalomi D, Atkinson SD, Neuhof M, Chang ES, Philippe H, Cartwright P, et al. (March 2020).

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Wang HL, Swain EW, Hesseltine CW (1980). "Phytase of molds used in oriental food fermentation".

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The most common substrates and products of fermentation. Figure modified from Hackmann (2024).

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In ethanol fermentation, one glucose molecule is converted into two ethanol molecules and two

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Some sources define fermentation loosely as any large-scale biological manufacturing process.

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Studies on fermentation: The diseases of beer, their causes, and the means of preventing them

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van Waarde A, Thillart GV, Verhagen M (1993). "Ethanol Formation and pH-Regulation in Fish".

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to ADP, which converts it to ATP, and convert NAD to NADH. The pyruvates break down into two

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Müller M, Mentel M, van Hellemond JJ, Henze K, Woehle C, Gould SB, et al. (June 2012).

5031: 4580: 3856: 3841: 3612: 3317: 3293: 3255: 2616: 2508: 1781: 1570: 1559:"Using neural networks to mine text and predict metabolic traits for thousands of microbes" 1510: 1332: 433: 305: 8: 5146: 4874: 4634: 4608: 4324: 3557: 3176: 3100: 2202: 1834: 1259: 917: 350: 220: 188:. This definition focuses on the process of manufacturing rather than metabolic details. 152: 93: 2978:

The enigma of ferment: from the philosopher's stone to the first biochemical Nobel prize

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McGovern PE, Zhang J, Tang J, Zhang Z, Hall GR, Moreau RA, et al. (December 2004).

1997: 1785: 1574: 1531: 1514: 1498: 1455: 1430: 1199: 170:. However, several pathways of fermentation have been discovered to form ATP through an 5166: 5087: 4997:. Click any text (name of pathway or metabolites) to link to the corresponding article. 4391: 4352: 4298: 4161: 3680: 3353: 3298: 3285: 3063: 2650: 2582: 2415: 2116: 1944: 1927: 1804: 1765: 1645: 1620: 1593: 1558: 1144: 1092: 212: 2531: 2496: 2359: 2264: 2227: 2179: 2154: 219:. No animal is known to survive on fermentation alone, even as one parasitic animal ( 5161: 5131: 4990: 4938: 4906: 4187: 3802: 3552: 3348: 3192: 3150: 3145: 3030: 2982: 2955: 2848: 2823: 2719: 2642: 2536: 2475: 2445: 2407: 2363: 2322: 2314: 2269: 2251: 2184: 2127: 2076: 2048: 2023: 1949: 1909: 1872: 1845: 1809: 1712: 1650: 1598: 1536: 1460: 1372: 1352: 1342: 1318: 1195: 1187: 1031: 898: 3092: 2789: 2586: 2419: 740:

gas is produced in many types of fermentation as a way to regenerate NAD from NADH.

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is also produced, but it is only weakly acidic and even more volatile than ethanol.

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The Indigenous Fermented Foods of the Sudan: A Study in African Food and Nutrition

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Kirk O, Borchert TV, Fuglsang CC (August 2002). "Industrial enzyme applications".

1708: 342:, it provides energy when oxygen is scarce (along with lactic acid fermentation). 4943: 4208: 4148: 4032: 3957: 3761: 3529: 3411: 2952:

New beer in an old bottle: Eduard Buchner and the growth of biochemical knowledge

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Before fermentation, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules (

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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is a common electron acceptor. This definition distinguishes fermentation from

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a certain point, the acidity starts affecting the organism that produces it.

598:, giving it its sour taste. These lactic acid bacteria can carry out either 4915: 4883: 4790: 4785: 4769: 4641: 4465: 4419: 4272: 3927: 3458: 3428: 3205: 2646: 2540: 2411: 2403: 2367: 2273: 1953: 1905: 1813: 1654: 1602: 1540: 1522: 1464: 969: 894: 782: 719: 583: 429: 358: 175: 1913: 1716: 1636: 574:

It occurs in the muscles of animals when they need energy faster than the

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in the 1850s that ethanol was first used as a fuel in the United States.

327: 86: 789:, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen gas: The reaction leading to acetate is: 208:. Their most common habitat is host-associated ones, such as the gut. 4966: 4897: 4848: 4827: 4818: 4762: 4717: 4681: 4594: 4533: 4458: 4433: 4382: 4263: 3942: 3828: 3731: 3685: 3407: 3328: 3309: 3241: 3184: 3127: 3123: 2578: 1052: 973: 761: 745: 515: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 400: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 346: 276: 264: 74: 58: 4867: 4852: 4843: 4721: 4711: 4699: 4686: 4672: 4661: 4657: 4626: 4621: 4614: 4573: 4135: 3580: 3387: 3131: 2600:

Cavalieri D, McGovern PE, Hartl DL, Mortimer R, Polsinelli M (2003).

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between 2 to 4.5 per glucose compared to 32 for aerobic respiration.

124: 2743:[List of Lithuanian gods in "Kronikas" by M. Strijkovskis]. 490: 375: 4890: 4694: 4568: 4561: 4338: 2553: 1298: 1255: 1191: 1112: 741: 737: 335: 331: 148: 109: 97: 78: 2900:. Science.howstuffworks.com (2009-07-01). Retrieved on 2011-01-04. 2066: 2064: 1312: 27:

Metabolic redox process producing energy in the absence of oxygen.

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mentions many Medicated Wines, 6000 BCE in Georgia, 3150 BCE in

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Fermentation had been defined differently in the past. In 1876,

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developed as well, affecting most modern food fermentations.

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Heterolactic fermentation is in a sense intermediate between

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Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization

1996:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from 1827: 1825: 1823: 2439: 2155:"Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria" 2045:

Introductory Botany: plants, people, and the Environment

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and has been documented dating from 7000 to 6600 BCE in

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Because oxygen is not required, it is an alternative to

2686:"Fermented fruits and vegetables. A global perspective" 1224:, Pasteur published his famous paper on fermentation, " 1139:

Rugutis was worshiped as the agent of fermentation. In

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or acetyl-CoA), six separate pathways have been found.

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The chemical logic behind fermentation and respiration

2777:]. Vol. 2. Vilnius: Vagam. 1999. p. 293. 2497:"Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China" 2494: 2474:(Second ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 92. 2152: 2075:(2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 61. 1820: 610:

pathway), acetate, or other metabolic products, e.g.:

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Batch fermentation modeling, monitoring, and control

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Modern History Sourcebook Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

2741:"M. Strijkovskio "Kronikos" lietuvių dievų sąrašas" 2103:. Vol. 3. Longmans, Green and Co. p. 159. 1832:Purves WK, Sadava DE, Orians GH, Heller HC (2003). 1552: 1550: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1127:. Fermented foods have a religious significance in 578:can supply oxygen. It also occurs in some kinds of 2115: 1123:, 2000 BCE in pre-Hispanic Mexico, and 1500 BC in 602:, where the end-product is mostly lactic acid, or 2954:. València: Universitat de Valencia. p. 25. 2294:. Food-Navigator.com, William Reed Business Media 1194:and was lampooned in an anonymous publication by 191: 5113: 2818:Lengeler JW, Drews G, Schlegel HG, eds. (1999). 2790:"A Brief History of Fermentation, East and West" 2440:Cinar A, Parulekar SJ, Undey C, Birol G (2003). 2153:Thauer RK, Jungermann K, Decker K (March 1977). 1547: 1471: 996: 2981:. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific. p. 7. 1424: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1414: 2946: 1891: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1394: 3716: 3108: 2914:. Landmarks of Science. Macmillan Publishers. 1556: 1496: 1239:Success came in 1897 when the German chemist 155:, where oxygen is the acceptor, and types of 104:carry out fermentation, and they live in the 2842: 2389: 1742: 1614: 1612: 81:to other organic molecules. In the process, 2813: 2811: 2787: 1757: 1391: 3723: 3709: 3115: 3101: 3024: 2974: 2472:Biotechnology : an illustrated primer 2226:Valentine RC, Drucker H, Wolfe RS (1964). 2114:Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Parker J (1996). 1766:"A cnidarian parasite of salmon (Myxozoa: 1723: 1688: 1670:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 1625:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 1091:The use of fermentation, particularly for 590:. It is the type of bacteria that convert 159:where inorganic compound is the acceptor. 3083:– Pasteur Brewing (archived 24 June 2010) 2781: 2690:FAO Agricultural Services Bulletins - 134 2628: 2593: 2568: 2547: 2530: 2520: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2263: 2178: 1943: 1803: 1793: 1748: 1644: 1609: 1592: 1582: 1530: 1454: 531:Learn how and when to remove this message 416:Learn how and when to remove this message 2808: 2796:. Soyfoods Center, Lafayette, California 2738: 2488: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2285: 2283: 1428: 1232:to extract the fermentation enzyme from 1161: 958:Recombinant whey for dairy replacement ( 888: 281: 247: 230: 223:) is known to survive without oxygen. 131:to produce commodity chemicals, such as 45: 2927: 2909: 2867: 2289: 2070: 1729: 1694: 1497:Hackmann TJ, Zhang B (September 2023). 1220:In 1877, working to improve the French 1068:, which hold nutrient levels constant; 869: 243: 227:Substrates and products of fermentation 14: 5114: 4964: 4955: 4948: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4904: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4872: 4865: 4858: 4841: 4832: 4825: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4795: 4767: 4760: 4753: 4746: 4734: 4727: 4705: 4692: 4679: 4655: 4648: 4639: 4632: 4606: 4599: 4578: 4559: 4545: 4531: 4522: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4481: 4472: 4463: 4456: 4447: 4440: 4431: 4424: 4417: 4396: 4389: 4380: 4373: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4315: 4198: 4183: 4170: 4157: 4144: 4131: 4118: 4103: 4073: 4060: 4045: 4028: 4013: 3998: 3985: 3968: 3953: 3938: 3892: 3881: 3868: 3853: 3838: 3825: 3812: 3799: 3784: 3771: 3758: 3027:Handbook of Indigenous Fermented Foods 2930:"Physiological Theory of Fermentation" 2680: 2678: 2458: 2098: 1864: 1858: 1661: 878: 4936: 4783: 4776: 4670: 4619: 4592: 4566: 4490: 4410: 4403: 4303: 4296: 4287: 4270: 4261: 4243: 4230: 4217: 4088: 3923: 3908: 3704: 3096: 3001: 2836: 2713: 2707: 2470:Schmid RD, Schmidt-Dannert C (2016). 2426: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2312: 2306: 2280: 1985: 1072:, which keep cell mass constant; and 334:. In some species of fish, including 263:When glucose is fermented, it enters 3225:Electron acceptors other than oxygen 2936:. Translated by Faulkner F, Robb DC. 2042: 1932:Canadian Medical Association Journal 1753:(8th ed.). New York: Macmillan. 1751:Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 1738:] (in French). Gauthier-Villars. 1338:Acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation 1143:, fermentation ("putrefaction") was 893:Fermentation is used to produce the 864:acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation 846:Other types of fermentation include 513:adding citations to reliable sources 484: 398:adding citations to reliable sources 369: 330:, produces ethanol that is added to 2675: 1557:Hackmann TJ, Zhang B (March 2021). 295:Biochemistry of individual products 24: 3730: 3064:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1980.tb06534.x 2870:"Accomplishments of Louis Pasteur" 2374: 1991: 1081:History of the use of fermentation 366:History of bioethanol fermentation 25: 5178: 3074: 2101:A dictionary of applied chemistry 916:More modern "fermentation" makes 5093: 5077: 5061: 5049: 5037: 5025: 5013: 5001: 4983: 3750: 2348:Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2047:. Cengage Learning. p. 86. 1938:(11): 1394–1395. November 1926. 1894:Journal of Analytical Toxicology 1311: 1297: 1151: 733:Fermentative hydrogen production 489: 374: 85:and organic end products (e.g., 3246:Substrate-level phosphorylation 3043: 3018: 2995: 2968: 2940: 2903: 2891: 2861: 2762: 2732: 2339: 2219: 2195: 2146: 2118:Brock biology of microorganisms 2107: 2011: 1960: 1920: 1885: 1770:) lacks a mitochondrial genome" 1348:Disproportionation#Biochemistry 1166:Louis Pasteur in his laboratory 1087:Fermentation in food processing 944:for faux meat (Motif Foodworks) 748:, which in turn is oxidized by 726: 500:needs additional citations for 385:needs additional citations for 168:substrate-level phosphorylation 3029:(Second ed.). CRC Press. 2609:Journal of Molecular Evolution 2171:10.1128/MMBR.41.1.100-180.1977 2022:. CRC Press. pp. 157–70. 1928:"The Alcohol Content of Bread" 468: 192:Biological role and prevalence 61:carried out in the absence of 13: 1: 3649:Reverse cholesterol transport 3004:"A Treasury of World Science" 2898:HowStuffWorks "Louis Pasteur" 2360:10.1016/S0958-1669(02)00328-2 2290:Southey F (27 January 2022). 1871:. W. H. Freeman and Company. 1709:10.1152/physrev.1990.70.2.567 1384: 1269: 1059: 997:Modes of industrial operation 965:Recombinant egg white (EVERY) 824: 138: 34:Fermentation (disambiguation) 3301:(protein→peptide→amino acid) 3089:(archived 17 September 2008) 3008:Journal of Medical Education 2248:10.1128/jb.87.2.241-246.1964 2228:"GLYOXYLATE FERMENTATION BY 1836:Life, the science of biology 1682:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.06.011 1584:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008757 1205:The turning point came when 1025: 204:, and it is least common in 7: 2843:Tobin A, Dusheck J (2005). 2444:. New York: Marcel Dekker. 1290: 1172:Charles Cagniard de la Tour 10: 5183: 3686:Phospagen system (ATP-PCr) 3156:Primary nutritional groups 2820:Biology of the prokaryotes 2657:. 15008419. Archived from 1749:Nelson DL, Cox MM (2021). 1563:PLOS Computational Biology 1180:Friedrich Traugott Kützing 1084: 1029: 979: 882: 730: 478: 472: 353:is used to bind inorganic 303: 299: 38: 31: 3739: 3661: 3621: 3593: 3574: 3548: 3520:Anoxygenic photosynthesis 3510: 3503: 3474: 3442:Pentose phosphate pathway 3437: 3420: 3403: 3396: 3376: 3337: 3308: 3284: 3275: 3232: 3216: 3197:Oxidative phosphorylation 3175: 3164: 3138: 2868:Collazo FJ (2005-12-30). 2775:Encyclopedia of Mythology 2771:Mitologijos enciklopedija 2718:. UK: CAB International. 2639:10.1007/s00239-003-0031-2 2230:STREPTOCOCCUS ALLANTOICUS 1435:FEMS Microbiology Reviews 1429:Hackmann TJ (June 2024). 1358:Gut fermentation syndrome 604:heterolactic fermentation 269:pentose phosphate pathway 3540:Entner-Doudoroff pathway 3202:electron transport chain 3189:Pyruvate decarboxylation 3002:Runes DD (August 1962). 1249:Nobel Prize in chemistry 1095:, has existed since the 1046:wide variety of wastes. 1008: 841: 778:Clostridium pasteurianum 698:Le Chatelier's principle 682:lactic acid fermentation 475:Lactic acid fermentation 349:). The energy from this 172:electron transport chain 65:. During fermentation, 39:Not to be confused with 5008:carbohydrate metabolism 3634:Sphingolipid metabolism 3535:DeLey-Doudoroff pathway 3383:carbohydrate catabolism 3378:Carbohydrate metabolism 3364:Purine nucleotide cycle 3052:Journal of Food Science 2788:Shurtleff W, Aoyagi A. 2522:10.1073/pnas.0407921102 2236:Journal of Bacteriology 2159:Bacteriological Reviews 1795:10.1073/pnas.1909907117 1363:Industrial fermentation 1328:List of fermented foods 1040: 1003:industrial fermentation 985:Industrial fermentation 885:List of fermented foods 852:butanediol fermentation 848:mixed acid fermentation 832:glyoxylate fermentation 600:homolactic fermentation 544:Homolactic fermentation 481:Mixed acid fermentation 185:Industrial fermentation 3603:Fatty acid degradation 3323:Amino acid degradation 3081:Works of Louis Pasteur 2615:(Suppl 1): S226–S232. 2404:10.1002/biot.201400084 2313:Simon M (2017-09-20). 1523:10.1126/sciadv.adg8687 1447:10.1093/femsre/fuae016 1378:Symbiotic fermentation 1167: 972:such as myoglobin and 902: 686:alcoholic fermentation 684:and other types, e.g. 287: 253: 236: 51: 5056:amino acid metabolism 3639:Eicosanoid metabolism 3595:Fatty acid metabolism 3359:Pyrimidine metabolism 3218:Anaerobic respiration 3025:Steinkraus K (2018). 2975:Lagerkvist U (2005). 2822:. Stuttgart: Thieme 2392:Biotechnology Journal 1697:Physiological Reviews 1637:10.1128/MMBR.05024-11 1165: 1020:secondary metabolites 936:. Some examples are: 892: 883:Further information: 860:caproate fermentation 856:butyrate fermentation 285: 251: 234: 157:anaerobic respiration 49: 41:Anaerobic respiration 5157:Alchemical processes 5032:cellular respiration 3613:Fatty acid synthesis 3318:Amino acid synthesis 1994:"Ethanol from Sugar" 1906:10.1093/jat/22.3.181 1333:Aerobic fermentation 1279:and nutraceuticals. 870:In the broader sense 781:ferments glucose to 756:. Hydrogen gas is a 594:into lactic acid in 509:improve this article 434:California Gold Rush 394:improve this article 306:Ethanol fermentation 244:Biochemical overview 32:For other uses, see 5127:Anaerobic digestion 4204:Transcription & 3177:Aerobic respiration 2696:on January 19, 2007 2664:on December 9, 2006 2621:2003JMolE..57S.226C 2513:2004PNAS..10117593M 2507:(51): 17593–17598. 1786:2020PNAS..117.5358Y 1575:2021PLSCB..17E8757H 1515:2023SciA....9G8687H 1226:Etudes sur la Bière 918:recombinant protein 879:Alternative protein 744:are transferred to 351:exothermic reaction 221:Henneguya zschokkei 153:aerobic respiration 94:aerobic respiration 57:is a type of redox 4991:metabolic pathways 3681:Ethanol metabolism 3629:Steroid metabolism 3354:Nucleotide salvage 3286:Protein metabolism 2928:Pasteur L (1879). 2910:Pasteur L (1879). 2579:10.1079/PGR2006114 2099:Thorpe TE (1922). 2071:Anestis M (2006). 1730:Pasteur L (1876). 1168: 1074:plug flow reactors 903: 288: 254: 237: 213:anaerobic exercise 52: 5152:Food preservation 5109: 5108: 4979: 4978: 4939:Neurotransmitters 4318:Nucleotide sugars 4051:Direct / C4 / CAM 3698: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3657: 3656: 3570: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3553:Xylose metabolism 3499: 3498: 3372: 3371: 3349:Purine metabolism 3294:Protein synthesis 3271: 3270: 3193:Citric acid cycle 3151:Metabolic network 3146:Metabolic pathway 2988:978-981-256-421-4 2961:978-84-370-3328-0 2845:Asking about life 2714:Dirar HA (1993). 2398:(12): 1503–1511. 2133:978-0-13-520875-5 2082:978-0-07-147630-0 2054:978-0-534-46669-5 2029:978-0-8493-4226-4 2020:Surviving Hypoxia 1878:978-0-7167-0174-3 1865:Stryer L (1975). 1851:978-0-7167-9856-9 1780:(10): 5358–5363. 1373:Photofermentation 1353:Fermentation lock 1343:Dark fermentation 1319:Technology portal 1247:Buechner won the 1196:Justus von Liebig 1188:Antoine Lavoisier 1032:Fed-batch culture 899:Impossible Burger 541: 540: 533: 426: 425: 418: 67:organic molecules 16:(Redirected from 5174: 5103: 5100:lipid metabolism 5097: 5096: 5091: 5081: 5080: 5075: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5005: 5004: 4987: 4986: 4969: 4962: 4953: 4946: 4944:thyroid hormones 4934: 4925: 4918: 4911: 4902: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4870: 4863: 4856: 4839: 4830: 4823: 4814: 4807: 4800: 4793: 4781: 4774: 4765: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4732: 4725: 4703: 4690: 4677: 4668: 4653: 4646: 4637: 4630: 4617: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4576: 4564: 4557: 4543: 4529: 4520: 4511: 4504: 4497: 4488: 4479: 4470: 4461: 4454: 4445: 4438: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4401: 4394: 4387: 4378: 4371: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4341: 4334: 4327: 4320: 4313: 4301: 4294: 4285: 4268: 4256: 4252: 4241: 4237: 4228: 4224: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4196: 4192: 4181: 4177: 4168: 4164: 4155: 4151: 4142: 4138: 4129: 4125: 4116: 4112: 4101: 4097: 4086: 4082: 4071: 4067: 4058: 4054: 4043: 4039: 4026: 4022: 4011: 4007: 3996: 3992: 3983: 3979: 3966: 3962: 3951: 3947: 3936: 3932: 3921: 3917: 3903: 3900: 3890: 3887: 3879: 3876: 3866: 3863: 3851: 3848: 3836: 3833: 3823: 3820: 3810: 3807: 3797: 3794: 3782: 3779: 3769: 3766: 3754: 3743: 3725: 3718: 3711: 3702: 3701: 3669:Metal metabolism 3591: 3590: 3576:Lipid metabolism 3508: 3507: 3401: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3306: 3305: 3282: 3281: 3208: 3173: 3172: 3117: 3110: 3103: 3094: 3093: 3068: 3067: 3058:(5): 1262–1266. 3047: 3041: 3040: 3022: 3016: 3015: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2948:Cornish-Bowden A 2944: 2938: 2937: 2925: 2916: 2915: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2885: 2876:. Archived from 2865: 2859: 2858: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2815: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2756: 2747:. Archived from 2739:Beresneviius G. 2736: 2730: 2729: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2701: 2692:. Archived from 2682: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2669: 2663: 2632: 2606: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2572: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2534: 2524: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2467: 2456: 2455: 2437: 2424: 2423: 2387: 2372: 2371: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2287: 2278: 2277: 2267: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2213: 2207:academic.oup.com 2199: 2193: 2192: 2182: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2141: 2140: 2122:(8th ed.). 2121: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2096: 2087: 2086: 2068: 2059: 2058: 2043:Berg LR (2007). 2040: 2034: 2033: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2005: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1947: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1839: 1829: 1818: 1817: 1807: 1797: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1665: 1659: 1658: 1648: 1616: 1607: 1606: 1596: 1586: 1554: 1545: 1544: 1534: 1509:(39): eadg8687. 1503:Science Advances 1494: 1469: 1468: 1458: 1426: 1321: 1316: 1315: 1307: 1302: 1301: 1277:functional foods 1222:brewing industry 1200:Friedrich Wöhler 1155: 953:Impossible Foods 930:cheese analogues 920:to help produce 766:sulfate reducers 536: 529: 525: 522: 516: 493: 485: 421: 414: 410: 407: 401: 378: 370: 129:industrial level 21: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5078: 5076: 5062: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5038: 5036: 5026: 5024: 5014: 5012: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4995:metro-style map 4988: 4980: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4949: 4947: 4941: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4930:Polyunsaturated 4928: 4926: 4921: 4919: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4889: 4887: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4866: 4864: 4859: 4857: 4846: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4810: 4808: 4803: 4801: 4796: 4794: 4788: 4784: 4782: 4777: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4761: 4759: 4754: 4752: 4747: 4745: 4739: 4735: 4733: 4728: 4726: 4715: 4706: 4704: 4697: 4693: 4691: 4684: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4656: 4654: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4633: 4631: 4624: 4620: 4618: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4600: 4598: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4579: 4577: 4571: 4567: 4565: 4560: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4507: 4505: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4425: 4423: 4418: 4416: 4411: 4409: 4404: 4402: 4397: 4395: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4358: 4356: 4351: 4349: 4344: 4342: 4337: 4335: 4330: 4328: 4323: 4321: 4316: 4314: 4308: 4304: 4302: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4278: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4242: 4235: 4231: 4229: 4222: 4218: 4216: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4197: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4182: 4175: 4171: 4169: 4162: 4158: 4156: 4150:Steroidogenesis 4149: 4145: 4143: 4136: 4132: 4130: 4123: 4119: 4117: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4102: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4087: 4081:phosphorylation 4080: 4078: 4074: 4072: 4065: 4061: 4059: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4044: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4027: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4012: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3997: 3990: 3986: 3984: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3967: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3952: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3937: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3922: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3755: 3735: 3729: 3699: 3690: 3674:Iron metabolism 3653: 3617: 3578: 3562: 3544: 3530:Carbon fixation 3495: 3470: 3433: 3416: 3412:Gluconeogenesis 3385: 3380: 3368: 3340: 3333: 3304: 3277: 3267: 3228: 3212: 3200: 3167: 3160: 3134: 3121: 3077: 3072: 3071: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3023: 3019: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2973: 2969: 2962: 2945: 2941: 2926: 2919: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2883: 2881: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2816: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2786: 2782: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2754: 2752: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2712: 2708: 2699: 2697: 2684: 2683: 2676: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2630:10.1.1.628.6396 2604: 2598: 2594: 2570:10.1.1.611.7102 2552: 2548: 2493: 2489: 2482: 2468: 2459: 2452: 2438: 2427: 2388: 2375: 2344: 2340: 2331: 2329: 2311: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2288: 2281: 2224: 2220: 2211: 2209: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2151: 2147: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2112: 2108: 2097: 2090: 2083: 2069: 2062: 2055: 2041: 2037: 2030: 2016: 2012: 2003: 2001: 1990: 1986: 1976: 1974: 1966: 1965: 1961: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1890: 1886: 1879: 1863: 1859: 1852: 1830: 1821: 1762: 1758: 1747: 1743: 1728: 1724: 1693: 1689: 1666: 1662: 1617: 1610: 1569:(3): e1008757. 1555: 1548: 1495: 1472: 1427: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1317: 1310: 1303: 1296: 1293: 1272: 1241:Eduard Buechner 1176:Theodor Schwann 1158: 1089: 1083: 1062: 1043: 1034: 1028: 1011: 999: 982: 951:for faux meat ( 934:egg substitutes 926:milk substitute 887: 881: 872: 844: 830:Main article: 827: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 755: 735: 729: 706: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 608:phosphoketolase 569: 565: 561: 557: 537: 526: 520: 517: 506: 494: 483: 477: 471: 422: 411: 405: 402: 391: 379: 368: 362:dehydrogenase. 317: 308: 302: 297: 246: 229: 217:cancerous cells 194: 141: 96:. Over 25% of 89:) are formed. 44: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5180: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5107: 5106: 5044:cell signaling 5020:photosynthesis 5018:Violet nodes: 5006:Orange nodes: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4663: 4609:Aromatic amino 4516:Branched-chain 4066:Light reaction 3757: 3756: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3728: 3727: 3720: 3713: 3705: 3696: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3607:Beta oxidation 3599: 3597: 3588: 3572: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3560: 3555: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3525:Chemosynthesis 3522: 3517: 3515:Photosynthesis 3511: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3464:Leloir pathway 3456: 3455: 3454: 3452:Polyol pathway 3444: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3431: 3425:Glycogenolysis 3421: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3404: 3398: 3391: 3374: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3345: 3343: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3312: 3303: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3288: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3238: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3210: 3181: 3179: 3170: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3120: 3119: 3112: 3105: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3084: 3076: 3075:External links 3073: 3070: 3069: 3042: 3035: 3017: 2994: 2987: 2967: 2960: 2939: 2917: 2902: 2890: 2860: 2853: 2835: 2828: 2807: 2794:Soyinfo Center 2780: 2761: 2731: 2724: 2706: 2674: 2592: 2563:(2): 144–158. 2546: 2487: 2480: 2457: 2450: 2425: 2373: 2354:(4): 345–351. 2338: 2305: 2279: 2242:(2): 241–246. 2218: 2194: 2165:(1): 100–180. 2145: 2132: 2106: 2088: 2081: 2060: 2053: 2035: 2028: 2010: 1984: 1959: 1919: 1900:(3): 181–183. 1884: 1877: 1857: 1850: 1819: 1756: 1741: 1722: 1703:(2): 567–590. 1687: 1660: 1631:(2): 444–495. 1608: 1546: 1470: 1441:(4): fuae016. 1389: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1308: 1305:Biology portal 1292: 1289: 1271: 1268: 1251:for his work. 1215:pasteurization 1156: 1119:, 3000 BCE in 1107:, 5000 BCE in 1085:Main article: 1082: 1079: 1061: 1058: 1042: 1039: 1027: 1024: 1010: 1007: 998: 995: 981: 978: 967: 966: 963: 956: 945: 911:fermented tofu 880: 877: 871: 868: 843: 840: 826: 823: 822: 821: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 753: 731:Main article: 728: 725: 724: 723: 716:propionic acid 712: 708: 704: 701: 694: 678: 677: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 643: 642: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 572: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 539: 538: 497: 495: 488: 473:Main article: 470: 467: 466: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 446: 424: 423: 382: 380: 373: 367: 364: 315: 312:carbon dioxide 304:Main article: 301: 298: 296: 293: 245: 242: 228: 225: 206:Actinomycetota 193: 190: 140: 137: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5179: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5101: 5098:Green nodes: 5089: 5085: 5082:Brown nodes: 5073: 5069: 5057: 5045: 5033: 5021: 5009: 4996: 4992: 4968: 4961: 4952: 4945: 4940: 4933: 4924: 4917: 4916:Sphingolipids 4910: 4909:sphingolipids 4901: 4892: 4885: 4884:Glycerolipids 4878: 4877:phospholipids 4869: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4838: 4829: 4822: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4791:proteoglycans 4787: 4786:Glycoproteins 4780: 4773: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4738: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4709: 4701: 4696: 4688: 4683: 4676: 4666: 4659: 4652: 4645: 4636: 4628: 4623: 4616: 4612: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4570: 4563: 4556: 4551: 4542: 4537: 4528: 4519: 4510: 4503: 4496: 4487: 4478: 4469: 4460: 4453: 4444: 4437: 4428: 4421: 4414: 4407: 4400: 4393: 4386: 4377: 4370: 4361: 4354: 4347: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4307: 4300: 4293: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4267: 4260: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4240: 4239: 4238: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4206: 4195: 4194: 4193: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4115: 4114: 4113: 4100: 4099: 4098: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4070: 4069: 4068: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4053:carbon intake 4042: 4041: 4040: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4010: 4009: 4008: 3995: 3994: 3993: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3935: 3934: 3933: 3920: 3919: 3918: 3907: 3902: 3901: 3889: 3888: 3878: 3877: 3865: 3864: 3850: 3849: 3835: 3834: 3822: 3821: 3809: 3808: 3796: 3795: 3781: 3780: 3768: 3767: 3753: 3745: 3744: 3738: 3733: 3726: 3721: 3719: 3714: 3712: 3707: 3706: 3703: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3559: 3558:Radiotrophism 3556: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3502: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3480: 3479:Glycosylation 3477: 3476: 3473: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3436: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3419: 3413: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3099: 3098: 3095: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3046: 3038: 3036:9781351442510 3032: 3028: 3021: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2971: 2963: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2922: 2913: 2906: 2899: 2894: 2880:on 2010-11-30 2879: 2875: 2874:Fjcollazo.com 2871: 2864: 2856: 2854:9780534406530 2850: 2846: 2839: 2831: 2829:9783131084118 2825: 2821: 2814: 2812: 2795: 2791: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2765: 2751:on 2020-06-26 2750: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2727: 2725:0-85198-858-X 2721: 2717: 2710: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2679: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2491: 2483: 2481:9783527335152 2477: 2473: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2453: 2451:9780203911358 2447: 2443: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2309: 2293: 2286: 2284: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2231: 2222: 2208: 2204: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2135: 2129: 2125: 2124:Prentice Hall 2120: 2119: 2110: 2102: 2095: 2093: 2084: 2078: 2074: 2067: 2065: 2056: 2050: 2046: 2039: 2031: 2025: 2021: 2014: 2000:on 2007-09-10 1999: 1995: 1988: 1973: 1969: 1963: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1880: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1861: 1853: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1837: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1760: 1752: 1745: 1737: 1733: 1726: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1691: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1664: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1615: 1613: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1553: 1551: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1390: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1368:Non-fermenter 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1314: 1309: 1306: 1300: 1295: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1278: 1267: 1265: 1264:hybridization 1261: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1244: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1207:Louis Pasteur 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1164: 1160: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117:ancient Egypt 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1088: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1038: 1033: 1023: 1021: 1015: 1006: 1004: 994: 991: 986: 977: 975: 971: 970:Heme proteins 964: 961: 957: 954: 950: 949:leghemoglobin 946: 943: 939: 938: 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 922:meat analogue 919: 914: 912: 908: 900: 897:found in the 896: 891: 886: 876: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 839: 836: 835: 833: 792: 791: 790: 788: 784: 780: 779: 775:For example, 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 752:, producing H 751: 747: 743: 739: 734: 721: 717: 713: 709: 702: 699: 695: 691: 690: 689: 687: 683: 648: 647: 646: 613: 612: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 553: 552: 551: 549: 545: 535: 532: 524: 514: 510: 504: 503: 498:This section 496: 492: 487: 486: 482: 476: 462: 458: 454: 450: 447: 444: 443: 442: 439: 438:Rudolf Diesel 435: 431: 420: 417: 409: 399: 395: 389: 388: 383:This section 381: 377: 372: 371: 363: 360: 356: 352: 348: 343: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 313: 307: 292: 284: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 261: 259: 250: 241: 233: 224: 222: 218: 214: 209: 207: 203: 198: 189: 187: 186: 179: 177: 173: 169: 165: 164:Louis Pasteur 160: 158: 154: 150: 146: 136: 134: 130: 126: 122: 117: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 90: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 48: 42: 35: 30: 19: 5142:Food science 5122:Fermentation 5066:Grey nodes: 5054:Blue nodes: 5042:Pink nodes: 4960:cannabinoids 4798:Chlorophylls 4749:Antioxidants 4502:Serine group 4413:Photosystems 4399:P-glycerates 4346:P-glycerates 4311:sialic acids 4306:Amino sugars 4258: 4246: 4245: 4233: 4232: 4220: 4219: 4201: 4200: 4186: 4185: 4173: 4172: 4160: 4159: 4147: 4146: 4134: 4133: 4121: 4120: 4106: 4105: 4091: 4090: 4076: 4075: 4063: 4062: 4048: 4047: 4031: 4030: 4016: 4015: 4001: 4000: 3991:Fermentation 3988: 3987: 3971: 3970: 3956: 3955: 3941: 3940: 3926: 3925: 3911: 3910: 3905: 3894: 3883: 3870: 3855: 3840: 3827: 3814: 3801: 3786: 3773: 3760: 3459:Galactolysis 3429:Glycogenesis 3234:Fermentation 3233: 3206:ATP synthase 3055: 3051: 3045: 3026: 3020: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2977: 2970: 2951: 2942: 2933: 2911: 2905: 2893: 2882:. Retrieved 2878:the original 2873: 2863: 2844: 2838: 2819: 2798:. Retrieved 2793: 2783: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2753:. Retrieved 2749:the original 2744: 2734: 2715: 2709: 2698:. Retrieved 2694:the original 2689: 2666:. Retrieved 2659:the original 2612: 2608: 2595: 2560: 2556: 2549: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2471: 2441: 2395: 2391: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2330:. Retrieved 2318: 2308: 2296:. Retrieved 2239: 2235: 2229: 2221: 2210:. Retrieved 2206: 2197: 2162: 2158: 2148: 2137:. Retrieved 2117: 2109: 2100: 2072: 2044: 2038: 2019: 2013: 2002:. Retrieved 1998:the original 1987: 1975:. Retrieved 1971: 1962: 1935: 1931: 1922: 1897: 1893: 1887: 1868:Biochemistry 1867: 1860: 1835: 1777: 1773: 1767: 1759: 1750: 1744: 1735: 1731: 1725: 1700: 1696: 1690: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1628: 1624: 1566: 1562: 1506: 1502: 1438: 1434: 1285: 1281: 1273: 1253: 1245: 1238: 1230: 1225: 1219: 1204: 1169: 1133:Christianity 1090: 1070:turbidostats 1063: 1048:Thermophilic 1044: 1035: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1000: 983: 968: 947:Recombinant 940:Recombinant 915: 904: 895:heme protein 873: 845: 837: 829: 828: 776: 774: 736: 727:Hydrogen gas 720:butyric acid 679: 644: 630:CHOHCOOH + C 603: 584:lactobacilli 573: 543: 542: 527: 521:January 2021 518: 507:Please help 502:verification 499: 430:Samuel Morey 427: 412: 403: 392:Please help 387:verification 384: 359:acetaldehyde 344: 309: 289: 262: 255: 238: 210: 199: 195: 182: 180: 176:ATP synthase 161: 142: 118: 91: 55:Fermentation 54: 53: 29: 5090:metabolism. 5074:metabolism. 5030:Red nodes: 4967:Eicosanoids 4932:fatty acids 4861:Cholesterol 4849:carotenoids 4828:Polyketides 4763:Nucleotides 4718:tocopherols 4682:Calciferols 4595:Amino acids 4588:amino acids 4518:amino acids 4493:Respiratory 4236:Proteolysis 4223:Translation 4210:replication 4176:MEP pathway 4163:MVA pathway 4124:Lipogenesis 4096:deamination 3886:Peroxisomal 3778:respiration 3585:lipogenesis 3447:Fructolysis 3261:Lactic acid 2769:"Rūgutis". 1676:: 783–793. 960:Perfect Day 817:+ 4 H + 4 H 813:COO + 2 HCO 762:methanogens 750:hydrogenase 586:) and some 548:lactic acid 469:Lactic acid 406:August 2023 328:sugar beets 77:and donate 75:catabolized 5147:Metabolism 5116:Categories 5084:nucleotide 4868:Bile acids 4844:Terpenoids 4675:vitamin Bs 4658:Cobalamins 4586:glucogenic 4574:polyamines 4534:Homoserine 4406:Glyoxylate 4299:Inositol-P 4094:Amino acid 4034:feeders to 3862:elongation 3817:Glyoxylate 3806:acid cycle 3732:Metabolism 3408:Glycolysis 3341:metabolism 3339:Nucleotide 3329:Urea cycle 3310:Amino acid 3299:Catabolism 3242:Glycolysis 3185:Glycolysis 3168:metabolism 3128:catabolism 3124:Metabolism 2884:2011-01-04 2755:2013-10-27 2700:2007-01-28 2668:2007-01-28 2332:2020-10-28 2298:27 January 2212:2024-09-27 2139:2010-07-12 2073:AP Biology 2004:2007-09-04 1992:Jacobs J. 1385:References 1270:Post 1930s 1145:symbolized 1137:Baltic god 1066:chemostats 1060:Continuous 1053:Halophilic 1030:See also: 974:hemoglobin 825:Glyoxylate 746:ferredoxin 479:See also: 355:phosphates 347:glycolysis 277:ferredoxin 265:glycolysis 139:Definition 123:and their 59:metabolism 5167:Catalysis 4853:vitamin A 4837:backbones 4835:Terpenoid 4730:Cofactors 4722:vitamin E 4712:vitamin K 4700:vitamin A 4695:Retinoids 4687:vitamin D 4662:vitamin B 4627:vitamin C 4622:Ascorbate 4615:histidine 4602:Shikimate 4581:Ketogenic 4548:Glutamate 4525:Aspartate 4477:glutarate 4392:Pentose-P 4376:Succinate 4367:Propionyl 4360:Tetrose-P 4353:Pentose-P 4249:Glycosyl- 4189:Shikimate 4137:Lipolysis 4079:Oxidative 4036:gluconeo- 3978:oxylation 3959:Gluconeo- 3916:genolysis 3899:oxidation 3875:oxidation 3847:synthesis 3791:phosphate 3581:lipolysis 3388:anabolism 3132:anabolism 3014:(8): 803. 2745:spauda.lt 2625:CiteSeerX 2565:CiteSeerX 2327:1059-1028 2256:0021-9193 1972:Drugs.com 1968:"Alcohol" 1768:Henneguya 1260:selection 1170:In 1837, 1149:Capricorn 1097:Neolithic 1093:beverages 1026:Fed-batch 942:myoglobin 758:substrate 742:Electrons 582:(such as 320:sugarcane 202:Bacillota 178:, also. 125:livestock 110:sediments 79:electrons 18:Fermented 5162:Mycology 5132:Oenology 5072:cofactor 4951:Steroids 4891:Acyl-CoA 4875:Glycero- 4779:Proteins 4742:minerals 4737:Vitamins 4708:Quinones 4644:pigments 4569:Creatine 4562:Arginine 4466:Succinyl 4420:Pyruvate 4339:Glycerol 4332:Triose-P 4325:Hexose-P 4277:multiple 3974:Pyruvate 3765:fixation 3504:Nonhuman 3489:O-linked 3484:N-linked 3276:Specific 2950:(1997). 2800:30 April 2647:15008419 2587:85577497 2541:15590771 2420:21524147 2412:25476917 2368:12323357 2274:14151040 1977:26 April 1954:20316063 1814:32094163 1655:22688819 1603:33651810 1541:37756392 1532:10530074 1465:38821505 1456:11187502 1291:See also 1192:vitalism 1113:Ayurveda 809:O → 2 CH 783:butyrate 738:Hydrogen 580:bacteria 570:CHOHCOOH 336:goldfish 332:gasoline 258:cofactor 149:pyruvate 98:bacteria 5137:Brewing 5088:protein 5068:vitamin 4770:Nucleic 4673:Various 4555:proline 4509:Alanine 4475:α-Keto- 4452:acetate 4443:Citrate 4427:Lactate 4283:glycans 4191:pathway 4111:shuttle 4109:Citrate 4038:genesis 4021:genesis 3976:decarb- 3961:genesis 3931:genesis 3793:pathway 3789:Pentose 3644:Ketosis 3256:Ethanol 3139:General 2655:7914033 2617:Bibcode 2509:Bibcode 1945:1709087 1914:9602932 1805:7071853 1782:Bibcode 1717:2181501 1646:3372258 1594:7954334 1571:Bibcode 1511:Bibcode 1256:mutated 1211:souring 1184:budding 1141:alchemy 1129:Judaism 1121:Babylon 990:Enzymes 980:Enzymes 787:acetate 665:O → 2 C 638:OH + CO 592:lactose 300:Ethanol 267:or the 145:glucose 133:ethanol 102:archaea 87:lactate 71:glucose 69:(e.g., 4989:Major 4942:& 4907:Glyco- 4847:& 4819:Acetyl 4789:& 4740:& 4716:& 4613:& 4572:& 4553:& 4541:lysine 4539:& 4486:bodies 4484:Ketone 4459:Malate 4450:Oxalo- 4434:Acetyl 4383:Acetyl 4309:& 4292:sugars 4290:Simple 4281:& 4279:sugars 4273:Double 3944:Glyco- 3929:Glyco- 3914:Glyco- 3804:Citric 3776:Photo- 3763:Carbon 3166:Energy 3033: 2985: 2958: 2851: 2826: 2722: 2653: 2645: 2627: 2585: 2567: 2539: 2532:539767 2529: 2478: 2448: 2418: 2410: 2366: 2325: 2272: 2265:276999 2262: 2254: 2189:860983 2187: 2180:413997 2177: 2130: 2079: 2051: 2026: 1952: 1942: 1912: 1875: 1848: 1812: 1802: 1715: 1653: 1643: 1601: 1591: 1539: 1529: 1463: 1453: 1135:. 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