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in 1995, there naturally arose the prospect of creating a similar sort of condensate made from fermionic atoms, which would form a superfluid by the BCS mechanism. However, early calculations indicated that the temperature required for producing Cooper pairing in atoms would be too cold to achieve.
980:
managed to coax fermionic atoms into forming molecular bosons, which then underwent Bose–Einstein condensation. However, this was not a true fermionic condensate. On
December 16, 2003, Jin managed to produce a condensate out of fermionic atoms for the first time. The experiment involved
913:. As long as collisions with the ionic lattice of the solid do not supply enough energy to break the Cooper pairs, the electron fluid will be able to flow without dissipation. As a result, it becomes a superfluid, and the material through which it flows a superconductor.
861:, such as the lack of a definite shape and the ability to flow in response to applied forces. However, superfluids possess some properties that do not appear in ordinary matter. For instance, they can flow at high velocities without dissipating any energy—i.e. zero
916:
The BCS theory was phenomenally successful in describing superconductors. Soon after the publication of the BCS paper, several theorists proposed that a similar phenomenon could occur in fluids made up of fermions other than electrons, such as
1199:
The theory of superfluid helium-3 is a little more complicated than the BCS theory of superconductivity. These complications arise because helium atoms repel each other much more strongly than electrons, but the basic idea is the
1108:) by forming a quark condensate. The existence of such a fermion condensate was first shown explicitly in the lattice formulation of QCD. The quark condensate is therefore an
909:
for describing superconductivity. These authors showed that, below a certain temperature, electrons (which are fermions) can pair up to form bound pairs now known as
925:
showed that helium-3 becomes a superfluid below 0.0025 K. It was soon verified that the superfluidity of helium-3 arises from a BCS-like mechanism.
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suggested a way of bypassing this difficulty. He speculated that fermionic atoms could be coaxed into pairing up by subjecting them to a strong
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Fermionic condensates are attained at lower temperatures than Bose–Einstein condensates. Fermionic condensates are a type of
1272:
Regal, C.A.; Greiner, M.; Jin, D.S. (28 January 2004). "Observation of resonance condensation of
Fermionic atom pairs".
869:, which act as "holes" in the medium where superfluidity breaks down. Superfluidity was originally discovered in liquid
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atoms under similar conditions. The earliest recognized fermionic condensate described the state of
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of a superconductor, giving rise to the unusual electromagnetic properties of such states.
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is an example of a fermionic condensate that appears in theories of massless fermions with
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It is far more difficult to produce a fermionic superfluid than a bosonic one, because the
281:
1362:"NIST/University of Colorado scientists create new form of matter: A Fermionic condensate"
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is partly responsible for giving masses to hadrons (along with other condensates like the
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is analogous. The first atomic fermionic condensate was created by a team led by
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1045:. The bound states themselves then form a condensate. Since the Cooper pair has
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atoms. These speculations were confirmed in 1971, when experiments performed by
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Hägler, Ph. (2010). "Hadron structure from lattice quantum chromodynamics".
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1364:(Press release). University of Colorado. 28 January 2004. Archived from
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In an approximate version of QCD, which has vanishing quark masses for
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1131:. However, the vacuum carries no charge. Hence all the
1049:, this fermion condensate breaks the electromagnetic
1220:DeMarco, Brian; Bohn, John; Cornell, Eric (2006).
1219:
1159:and at very low temperatures, they form two-atom
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1960:
1135:are unbroken. Corrections for the masses of the
46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1373:Rodgers, Peter; Dumé, Bell (January 28, 2004).
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1065:(QCD) the chiral condensate is also called the
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889:prohibits fermions from occupying the same
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1006:breaking, such as the theory of quarks in
960:In 2003, working on Holland's suggestion,
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1112:of transitions between several phases of
941:produced a Bose–Einstein condensate from
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1961:
1393:
1375:"Fermionic condensate makes its debut"
1163:which are bosonic and condense into a
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1026:has a fermion condensate. A pair of
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1034:with opposite spins can form a
808:, a superfluid phase formed by
804:. It is closely related to the
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929:Condensates of fermionic atoms
834:University of Colorado Boulder
1:
1913:Macroscopic quantum phenomena
1426:10.1016/j.physrep.2009.12.008
1304:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.040403
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1923:Order and disorder (physics)
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1119:This is very similar to the
1100:symmetry of the theory. The
7:
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1104:breaks this symmetry to SU(
1088:, there is an exact chiral
988:
949:In 2001, Murray Holland at
10:
2015:
1330:
1222:"Deborah S. Jin 1968–2016"
1141:chiral perturbation theory
1139:can be incorporated using
1123:of superconductivity. The
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887:Pauli exclusion principle
252:Electronic band structure
1974:Condensed matter physics
1948:Thermo-dielectric effect
1847:Enthalpy of vaporization
1541:Bose–Einstein condensate
897:, discovered in 1957 by
806:Bose–Einstein condensate
162:Bose–Einstein condensate
93:Condensed matter physics
32:This article includes a
1842:Enthalpy of sublimation
1338:Guenault, Tony (2003).
1274:Physical Review Letters
1069:. This property of the
970:University of Innsbruck
61:more precise citations.
1857:Latent internal energy
1607:Color-glass condensate
1063:quantum chromodynamics
1056:
1008:Quantum Chromodynamics
787:Fermi–Dirac condensate
1667:Magnetically ordered
1127:are analogous to the
881:Fermionic superfluids
307:Topological insulator
1984:Quantum field theory
1546:Fermionic condensate
1344:Taylor & Francis
783:fermionic condensate
325:Electronic phenomena
172:Fermionic condensate
1969:American inventions
1761:Chemical ionization
1653:Programmable matter
1643:Quantum spin liquid
1511:Supercritical fluid
1418:2010PhR...490...49H
1368:on 7 December 2006.
1296:2004PhRvL..92d0403R
1147:Helium-3 superfluid
1129:pseudoscalar mesons
332:Quantum Hall effect
1908:Leidenfrost effect
1837:Enthalpy of fusion
1602:Quark–gluon plasma
923:D.D. Osheroff
907:R. Schrieffer
867:quantized vortices
729:Physics portal
34:list of references
1956:
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1938:Superheated vapor
1933:Superconductivity
1903:Equation of state
1751:Flash evaporation
1703:Phase transitions
1688:String-net liquid
1581:Photonic molecule
1551:Degenerate matter
1353:978-0-7484-0892-4
1340:Basic superfluids
1024:superconductivity
1000:chiral condensate
994:Chiral condensate
974:Wolfgang Ketterle
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1943:Superheating
1816:Vaporization
1811:Triple point
1806:Supercooling
1771:Lambda point
1721:Condensation
1638:Time crystal
1616:Other states
1556:Quantum Hall
1545:
1399:
1395:
1390:</ref>
1382:. Retrieved
1378:
1366:the original
1339:
1277:
1273:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1195:
1161:Cooper pairs
1150:
1125:Cooper pairs
1118:
1114:quark matter
1105:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1066:
1060:
1017:
999:
997:
966:Rudolf Grimm
959:
935:Eric Cornell
932:
915:
911:Cooper pairs
884:
848:
830:potassium-40
802:temperatures
786:
782:
780:
637:von Klitzing
342:Kondo effect
202:Time crystal
182:Fermi liquid
171:
73:
64:
53:Please help
45:
1852:Latent heat
1801:Sublimation
1746:Evaporation
1681:Ferromagnet
1676:Ferrimagnet
1658:Dark matter
1590:High energy
1043:Cooper pair
1039:bound state
962:Deborah Jin
939:Carl Wieman
459:Soft matter
380:Ferromagnet
59:introducing
1963:Categories
1867:Volatility
1830:Quantities
1791:Regelation
1766:Ionization
1741:Deposition
1693:Superglass
1663:Antimatter
1597:QCD matter
1576:Supersolid
1571:Superfluid
1534:Low energy
1207:References
1165:superfluid
1155:atom is a
1121:BCS theory
1102:QCD vacuum
1071:QCD vacuum
1020:BCS theory
1014:BCS theory
851:superfluid
840:Background
796:formed by
791:superfluid
602:Louis NĂ©el
592:Schrieffer
500:Scientists
394:Spin glass
389:Metamagnet
371:Paramagnet
187:Supersolid
1434:0370-1573
1409:0912.5483
1248:0028-0836
1188:Footnotes
1177:Fermi gas
1041:called a
1028:electrons
983:potassium
964:at JILA,
863:viscosity
836:in 2003.
814:electrons
798:fermionic
702:Wetterich
682:Abrikosov
597:Josephson
567:Van Vleck
557:Luttinger
430:Polariton
362:Diamagnet
282:Conductor
277:Semimetal
262:Insulator
177:Fermi gas
1928:Spinodal
1876:Concepts
1756:Freezing
1320:10799388
1312:14995356
1256:27762370
1182:Bose gas
1171:See also
1153:helium-3
1086:flavours
989:Examples
943:rubidium
919:helium-3
871:helium-4
742:Category
687:Ginzburg
662:Laughlin
622:Kadanoff
577:Shockley
562:Anderson
517:von Laue
167:Bose gas
1888:Binodal
1776:Melting
1711:Boiling
1628:Crystal
1623:Colloid
1414:Bibcode
1331:Sources
1292:Bibcode
1157:fermion
1094:) Ă— SU(
968:at the
855:liquids
810:bosonic
789:) is a
692:Leggett
667:Störmer
652:Bednorz
612:Giaever
582:Bardeen
572:Hubbard
547:Peierls
537:Onsager
487:Polymer
472:Colloid
435:Polaron
426:Plasmon
421:Exciton
55:improve
1516:Plasma
1497:Liquid
1432:
1384:29 Jun
1350:
1318:
1310:
1254:
1246:
1226:Nature
1137:quarks
1084:quark
1036:scalar
972:, and
905:, and
875:bosons
828:using
740:
707:Perdew
697:Parisi
657:MĂĽller
647:Rohrer
642:Binnig
632:Wilson
627:Fisher
587:Cooper
552:Landau
440:Magnon
416:Phonon
257:Plasma
157:Plasma
147:Liquid
112:Phases
1506:Vapor
1492:Solid
1485:State
1404:arXiv
1316:S2CID
1282:arXiv
1200:same.
1032:metal
1030:in a
946:atoms
933:When
859:gases
822:atoms
816:in a
794:phase
607:Esaki
532:Bloch
527:Debye
522:Bragg
512:Onnes
445:Roton
142:Solid
40:, or
1477:list
1430:ISSN
1386:2019
1348:ISBN
1308:PMID
1252:PMID
1244:ISSN
1018:The
951:JILA
937:and
857:and
785:(or
677:Tsui
672:Yang
617:Kohn
542:Mott
1502:Gas
1422:doi
1400:490
1300:doi
1234:doi
1230:538
1090:SU(
1077:).
1061:In
1057:QCD
1022:of
978:MIT
976:at
232:QCP
152:Gas
122:QCP
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