33:
256:
271:
307:
found that cytoplasmic pH was maintained ~5.6 while the environmental pH ranged from ~0-1.2. Variations in the tetraether lipids of the family
Ferroplasmaceae are used for chemotaxonomic identification at the genus and species level because many members possess identical 16S rRNA sequences.
315:
are chemomixotrophs that can oxidize ferrous iron to acquire energy, but despite evidence of carbon fixation, lab cultures often require an organic carbon source such as yeast extract for growth. In the absence of iron, some lab-grown strains have been capable of chemoorganotrophic growth.
292:
cells are pleomorphic and lack a cell-wall. All known members of the genera are acidophiles that thrive in environments where pH ranges from 0.0 to 2.0. They are also mesophilic to moderately thermophilic with optimal temperatures ranging from 35-55 °C.
336:(AMD) sites. When ferrous iron (Fe) is oxidized to ferric iron (Fe) at mine sites, Fe spontaneously reacts with water and iron-sulfur compounds like pyrite to produce sulfate and hydrogen ions. During this reaction ferrous iron, which can be utilized by
836:
Zhou H, Zhang R, Hu P, Zeng W, Xie Y, Wu C, Qiu G (August 2008). "Isolation and characterization of
Ferroplasma thermophilum sp. nov., a novel extremely acidophilic, moderately thermophilic archaeon and its role in bioleaching of chalcopyrite".
498:
Harnessing the power of bioleaching to recover metal from low quality ores and waste material is energetically advantageous compared to smelting and purifying. It also produces fewer toxic byproducts. Studies have shown that the inclusion of
477:
1592:"Ferroplasma acidiphilum gen. nov., sp. nov., an acidophilic, autotrophic, ferrous-iron-oxidizing, cell-wall-lacking, mesophilic member of the Ferroplasmaceae fam. nov., comprising a distinct lineage of the Archaea"
915:"Acidiplasma aeolicum gen. nov., sp. nov., a euryarchaeon of the family Ferroplasmaceae isolated from a hydrothermal pool, and transfer of Ferroplasma cupricumulans to Acidiplasma cupricumulans comb. nov"
609:
L1 from a chalcopyrite column reactor that was inoculated with acid mine drainage (AMD) from the Daye copper mine in China’s Hubei province. In aerobic conditions with low concentrations of yeast extract
1121:
Zhang L, Wu J, Wang Y, Wan L, Mao F, Zhang W, Chen X, Zhou H (May 2014). "Influence of bioaugmentation with
Ferroplasma thermophilum on chalcopyrite bioleaching and microbial community structure".
580:
was isolated from leachate solution collected from the
Myanmar Ivanhoe Copper company (MICCL) mining site in Myanmar. It was noted to be the first slightly thermophilic member of the genus
883:
Hawkes RB, Franzmann PD, Plumb JJ (2006-09-01). "Moderate thermophiles including "Ferroplasma cupricumulans" sp. nov. dominate an industrial-scale chalcocite heap bioleaching operation".
1407:
Chen YT, Li JT, Chen LX, Hua ZS, Huang LN, Liu J, et al. (May 2014). "Biogeochemical processes governing natural pyrite oxidation and release of acid metalliferous drainage".
1322:
Baker-Austin C, Dopson M, Wexler M, Sawers RG, Stemmler A, Rosen BP, Bond PL (May 2007). "Extreme arsenic resistance by the acidophilic archaeon 'Ferroplasma acidarmanus' Fer1".
1035:
Rohwerder T, Gehrke T, Kinzler K, Sand W (December 2003). "Bioleaching review part A: progress in bioleaching: fundamentals and mechanisms of bacterial metal sulfide oxidation".
964:
Macalady JL, Vestling MM, Baumler D, Boekelheide N, Kaspar CW, Banfield JF (October 2004). "Tetraether-linked membrane monolayers in
Ferroplasma spp: a key to survival in acid".
545:
Y uses its arginine fermentation pathway, the pathway itself is an ancient metabolism that traces back to the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) of the three domains of life.
1148:
Merino MP, Andrews BA, Parada P, Asenjo JA (November 2016). "Characterization of
Ferroplasma acidiphilum growing in pure and mixed culture with Leptospirillum ferriphilum".
1078:
Olson GJ, Brierley JA, Brierley CL (December 2003). "Bioleaching review part B: progress in bioleaching: applications of microbial processes by the minerals industries".
188:
662:"Characterization of Ferroplasma isolates and Ferroplasma acidarmanus sp. nov., extreme acidophiles from acid mine drainage and industrial bioleaching environments"
562:, California. Iron Mountain (CA) is a former mine that is known for its acid mine drainage (AMD) and heavy metal contamination. In addition to being acidophilic,
1752:
1726:
345:
1446:"Structural insights into the low pH adaptation of a unique carboxylesterase from Ferroplasma: altering the pH optima of two carboxylesterases"
1765:
724:"Ferroplasma and relatives, recently discovered cell wall-lacking archaea making a living in extremely acid, heavy metal-rich environments"
340:, is also regenerated leading to a "propagation cycle" where pH is lowered. The reaction can be described by the following equation:
1713:
1739:
1491:"Arsenic resistance in the archaeon "Ferroplasma acidarmanus": new insights into the structure and evolution of the ars genes"
1019:
1744:
588:, was identified. It was proposed that, based on 16S rRNA similarity and DNA-DNA hybridization, be transferred to the genus
484:
species are often present at AMD sites where they participate in this cycle through the biotic oxidation of ferrous iron.
32:
1770:
541:
Y is a facultative anaerobe with all the required genes for arginine fermentation. Although it is unclear whether
1490:
1283:"Molecular insight into extreme copper resistance in the extremophilic archaeon 'Ferroplasma acidarmanus' Fer1"
1243:
Zúñiga M, Pérez G, González-Candelas F (December 2002). "Evolution of arginine deiminase (ADI) pathway genes".
1590:
Golyshina OV, Pivovarova TA, Karavaiko GI, Kondratéva TF, Moore ER, Abraham WR, et al. (May 2000).
515:
can bioaugment the leaching process of chalcopyrite and increase the rate at which copper is recovered.
219:
The archaean family
Ferroplasmaceae was first described in the early 2000s. To date very few species of
511:
1811:
533:
has been shown to grow as a chemomixotroph and to grow synergistically with the acidophilic bacteria
282:
505:
1806:
913:
Golyshina OV, Yakimov MM, LĂĽnsdorf H, Ferrer M, Nimtz M, Timmis KN, et al. (November 2009).
774:"Environmental, biogeographic, and biochemical patterns of archaea of the family Ferroplasmaceae"
181:
174:
152:
1821:
1640:
631:
1731:
1678:
1626:
1783:
1816:
1700:
1416:
785:
673:
8:
1194:
Golyshina OV, Tran H, Reva ON, Lemak S, Yakunin AF, Goesmann A, et al. (June 2017).
1420:
789:
677:
1573:
1548:
1535:
1472:
1445:
1395:
1347:
1220:
1195:
1173:
1103:
1060:
989:
862:
806:
773:
559:
333:
47:
1256:
694:
661:
1778:
1687:
1609:
1578:
1527:
1477:
1444:
Ohara K, Unno H, Oshima Y, Hosoya M, Fujino N, Hirooka K, et al. (August 2014).
1432:
1387:
1339:
1304:
1260:
1225:
1165:
1095:
1052:
1015:
981:
946:
854:
850:
811:
745:
740:
723:
699:
164:
106:
1539:
1399:
1370:
Grigor'eva NV, Tsaplina IA, Paniushkina AE, Kondrat'eva TF (25 September 2014). "".
1351:
1107:
1064:
993:
866:
685:
1599:
1568:
1560:
1517:
1509:
1467:
1457:
1424:
1379:
1331:
1294:
1252:
1215:
1207:
1177:
1157:
1134:
1130:
1087:
1044:
973:
936:
926:
896:
892:
846:
801:
793:
735:
689:
681:
569:
1692:
1505:
209:
118:
1564:
1369:
1663:
1211:
94:
1604:
1591:
1549:"Genetic exchange across a species boundary in the archaeal genus ferroplasma"
1513:
1383:
1335:
1091:
1048:
977:
622:
ecologically important for iron and sulfur cycling at pyrite-rich mine sites.
1800:
324:
Iron is the fourth most abundant mineral in Earth's crust. As iron-oxidizers
82:
70:
1462:
1757:
1613:
1582:
1531:
1481:
1436:
1391:
1343:
1308:
1264:
1229:
1169:
1099:
1056:
985:
950:
931:
914:
858:
815:
749:
703:
472:{\displaystyle {\ce {FeS2 + 14Fe^3+ + 8H2O-> 15Fe^2+ + 2SO4^2- + 16H+}}}
144:
1299:
1282:
1672:
1522:
797:
491:
300:
cellular membrane and allow cells to maintain a pH gradient. A study of
270:
255:
1718:
941:
1589:
1428:
1281:
Baker-Austin C, Dopson M, Wexler M, Sawers RG, Bond PL (August 2005).
1161:
584:. However, in 2009 a new genus of acidophilic, thermophilic archaea,
1634:
494:
occurs naturally in the highly acidic environments that are home to
1657:
660:
Dopson M, Baker-Austin C, Hind A, Bowman JP, Bond PL (April 2004).
216:
are typically acidophillic, pleomorphic, irregularly shaped cocci.
963:
614:
grows by oxidizing ferrous iron. However, in anaerobic conditions
490:
may have important applications for bioleaching metals. Microbial
1596:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
1010:
Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Bender KS, Buckley DH, Stahl DA (2015).
919:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
205:
58:
571:
Ferroplasma cupricumulans (formerly
Ferroplasma cyprexacervatum)
274:
259:
223:
have been isolated and characterized. Isolated species include
1705:
1321:
1280:
912:
605:
In 2008, Zhou, et al. described the isolation of the organism
1547:
Eppley JM, Tyson GW, Getz WM, Banfield JF (September 2007).
1242:
1009:
659:
1489:
Gihring TM, Bond PL, Peters SC, Banfield JF (April 2003).
1034:
1488:
1147:
400:
360:
1546:
1014:. United States of America: Pearson. pp. 652–653.
1193:
250:
1443:
1077:
908:
906:
566:
Fer1 is highly resistant to both copper and arsenic.
348:
296:
Tetraether-based lipids are an important part of the
882:
887:. 16th International Biohydrometallurgy Symposium.
903:
471:
239:was later determined to belong to a separate genus
558:Fer1 was isolated from mine samples collected at
1798:
1620:
835:
721:
1120:
1406:
618:reduces ferric iron and sulfate. This makes
598:
328:participate in the biogeochemical of iron.
722:Golyshina OV, Timmis KN (September 2005).
548:
523:
31:
1603:
1572:
1521:
1471:
1461:
1298:
1219:
940:
930:
805:
771:
739:
693:
457:
432:
412:
389:
369:
319:
269:
254:
1799:
1456:(35). JBC Papers in Press: 24499–510.
1409:Environmental Science & Technology
1080:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
1037:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
778:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
666:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1639:
1638:
1276:
1274:
1245:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1189:
1187:
878:
876:
831:
829:
827:
825:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
717:
715:
713:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
1005:
1003:
1450:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
518:
251:Cell characteristics and Physiology
13:
1362:
1271:
1184:
873:
822:
756:
710:
644:
14:
1833:
1000:
1621:Madigan MT, Martinko JM (2005).
851:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03807.x
741:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00861.x
283:CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins
1623:Brock Biology of Microorganisms
1315:
1236:
1141:
1114:
1071:
1012:Brock Biology of Microorganisms
839:Journal of Applied Microbiology
686:10.1128/AEM.70.4.2079-2088.2004
281:Y with one operon encoding the
1135:10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.02.013
1028:
957:
897:10.1016/j.hydromet.2006.03.027
406:
1:
1257:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00277-4
637:
772:Golyshina OV (August 2011).
7:
1565:10.1534/genetics.107.072892
625:
10:
1838:
1212:10.1038/s41598-017-03904-5
728:Environmental Microbiology
594:Acidiplasma cupricumulans.
535:Leptospirillum ferriphilum
512:Leptospirillum ferriphilum
208:that belong to the family
1647:
1605:10.1099/00207713-50-3-997
1598:. 50 Pt 3 (3): 997–1006.
1514:10.1007/s00792-002-0303-6
1384:10.1134/S0026261714040043
1336:10.1007/s00792-006-0052-z
1092:10.1007/s00253-003-1404-6
1049:10.1007/s00253-003-1448-7
978:10.1007/s00792-004-0404-5
578:Ferroplasma cupricumulans
237:Ferroplasma cupricumulans
170:
163:
150:
143:
48:Scientific classification
46:
39:
30:
23:
607:Ferroplasma thermophilum
600:Ferroplasma thermophilum
506:Acidithiobacillus caldus
503:along with the bacteria
501:Ferroplasma thermophilum
332:are often identified at
233:Ferroplasma thermophilum
229:Ferroplasma acidarmanus,
1463:10.1074/jbc.M113.521856
556:Ferroplasma acidarmanus
550:Ferroplasma acidarmanus
543:Ferroplasma acidiphilum
539:Ferroplasma acidiphilum
531:Ferroplasma acidiphilum
525:Ferroplasma acidiphilum
264:Ferroplasma acidiphilum
225:Ferroplasma acidiphilum
153:Ferroplasma acidiphilum
41:Ferroplasma acidiphilum
1150:Biotechnology Progress
932:10.1099/ijs.0.009639-0
632:List of Archaea genera
473:
286:
267:
1627:Pearson Prentice Hall
1300:10.1099/mic.0.28076-0
474:
320:Ecological Importance
311:Members of the genus
273:
258:
158:Golyshina et al. 2000
138:Golyshina et al. 2000
798:10.1128/AEM.00726-11
346:
247:are iron-oxidizers.
1421:2014EnST...48.5537C
1293:(Pt 8): 2637–2646.
790:2011ApEnM..77.5071G
678:2004ApEnM..70.2079D
450:
402:
362:
235:. A fourth isolate
1200:Scientific Reports
925:(Pt 11): 2815–23.
469:
433:
390:
350:
334:acid mine drainage
287:
268:
1794:
1793:
1779:Open Tree of Life
1641:Taxon identifiers
1625:(11th ed.).
1429:10.1021/es500154z
1162:10.1002/btpr.2340
1021:978-0-321-89739-8
461:
436:
416:
405:
393:
373:
353:
266:Y (aka DSM:12658)
212:. Members of the
197:
196:
107:Thermoplasmatales
1829:
1812:Metallotolerants
1787:
1786:
1774:
1773:
1761:
1760:
1758:ferroplasma.html
1748:
1747:
1735:
1734:
1722:
1721:
1709:
1708:
1696:
1695:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1617:
1607:
1586:
1576:
1543:
1525:
1495:
1485:
1475:
1465:
1440:
1403:
1356:
1355:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1278:
1269:
1268:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1156:(6): 1390–1396.
1145:
1139:
1138:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1007:
998:
997:
961:
955:
954:
944:
934:
910:
901:
900:
880:
871:
870:
833:
820:
819:
809:
769:
754:
753:
743:
719:
708:
707:
697:
657:
519:Isolated Species
478:
476:
475:
470:
468:
467:
466:
459:
449:
441:
434:
425:
424:
414:
403:
401:
398:
391:
382:
381:
371:
361:
358:
351:
35:
21:
20:
16:Genus of archaea
1837:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1769:
1764:
1756:
1751:
1743:
1738:
1730:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1643:
1633:
1506:Springer-Verlag
1493:
1415:(10): 5537–45.
1365:
1363:Further reading
1360:
1359:
1320:
1316:
1279:
1272:
1241:
1237:
1192:
1185:
1146:
1142:
1123:Hydrometallurgy
1119:
1115:
1076:
1072:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1008:
1001:
962:
958:
911:
904:
885:Hydrometallurgy
881:
874:
834:
823:
770:
757:
720:
711:
658:
645:
640:
628:
620:F. thermophilum
616:F. thermophilum
612:F. thermophilum
603:
574:
553:
528:
521:
496:Ferroplasma sp.
488:Ferroplasma sp.
462:
458:
442:
437:
417:
413:
399:
394:
374:
370:
359:
354:
349:
347:
344:
343:
330:Ferroplasma sp.
326:Ferroplasma sp.
322:
253:
245:Ferroplasma sp.
210:Ferroplasmaceae
189:F. thermophilum
159:
156:
139:
136:
135:
121:
119:Ferroplasmaceae
109:
97:
85:
73:
61:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1835:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1807:Archaea genera
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1775:
1762:
1749:
1736:
1723:
1710:
1697:
1684:
1669:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1632:
1631:
1618:
1587:
1544:
1486:
1441:
1404:
1372:Mikrobiologiia
1366:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1314:
1270:
1235:
1183:
1140:
1113:
1070:
1027:
1020:
999:
956:
902:
891:(1): 229–236.
872:
845:(2): 591–601.
821:
784:(15): 5071–8.
755:
734:(9): 1277–88.
709:
672:(4): 2079–88.
642:
641:
639:
636:
635:
634:
627:
624:
602:
597:
573:
568:
564:F. acidarmanus
552:
547:
527:
522:
520:
517:
465:
456:
453:
448:
445:
440:
431:
428:
423:
420:
411:
408:
397:
388:
385:
380:
377:
368:
365:
357:
321:
318:
279:F. acidiphilum
252:
249:
204:is a genus of
195:
194:
193:
192:
185:
182:F. acidarmanus
178:
175:F. acidiphilum
168:
167:
161:
160:
157:
148:
147:
141:
140:
137:
129:
127:
123:
122:
117:
115:
111:
110:
105:
103:
99:
98:
95:Thermoplasmata
93:
91:
87:
86:
81:
79:
75:
74:
69:
67:
63:
62:
57:
55:
51:
50:
44:
43:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1834:
1823:
1822:Euryarchaeota
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1559:(1): 407–16.
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1523:2027.42/42444
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:Extremophiles
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1378:(5): 565–74.
1377:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1330:(3): 425–34.
1329:
1325:
1324:Extremophiles
1318:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:(3): 429–44.
1250:
1246:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:(3): 249–57.
1085:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:(3): 239–48.
1042:
1038:
1031:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1004:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
966:Extremophiles
960:
952:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
909:
907:
898:
894:
890:
886:
879:
877:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
832:
830:
828:
826:
817:
813:
808:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
751:
747:
742:
737:
733:
729:
725:
718:
716:
714:
705:
701:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
643:
633:
630:
629:
623:
621:
617:
613:
608:
601:
596:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
572:
567:
565:
561:
560:Iron Mountain
557:
551:
546:
544:
540:
537:. The strain
536:
532:
526:
516:
514:
513:
508:
507:
502:
497:
493:
489:
485:
483:
479:
463:
454:
451:
446:
443:
438:
429:
426:
421:
418:
409:
395:
386:
383:
378:
375:
366:
363:
355:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
317:
314:
309:
306:
303:
299:
294:
291:
285:(red arrows).
284:
280:
276:
272:
265:
261:
257:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:
191:
190:
186:
184:
183:
179:
177:
176:
172:
171:
169:
166:
162:
155:
154:
149:
146:
142:
134:
133:
128:
125:
124:
120:
116:
113:
112:
108:
104:
101:
100:
96:
92:
89:
88:
84:
83:Euryarchaeota
80:
77:
76:
72:
71:Euryarchaeota
68:
65:
64:
60:
56:
53:
52:
49:
45:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1648:
1622:
1595:
1556:
1552:
1501:
1497:
1453:
1449:
1412:
1408:
1375:
1371:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1290:
1287:Microbiology
1286:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1203:
1199:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1011:
972:(5): 411–9.
969:
965:
959:
922:
918:
888:
884:
842:
838:
781:
777:
731:
727:
669:
665:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
599:
593:
592:and renamed
589:
585:
581:
577:
575:
570:
563:
555:
554:
549:
542:
538:
534:
530:
529:
524:
510:
504:
500:
495:
487:
486:
481:
480:
342:
337:
329:
325:
323:
312:
310:
304:
301:
297:
295:
289:
288:
278:
263:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
218:
213:
200:
199:
198:
187:
180:
173:
151:
145:Type species
131:
130:
40:
24:
18:
1817:Acidophiles
1679:Ferroplasma
1673:Wikispecies
1649:Ferroplasma
1206:(1): 3682.
942:10033/90258
590:Acidiplasma
586:Acidiplasma
582:Ferroplasma
492:bioleaching
482:Ferroplasma
338:Ferroplasma
313:Ferroplasma
305:acidarmanus
298:Ferroplasma
290:Ferroplasma
221:Ferroplasma
214:Ferroplasma
201:Ferroplasma
132:Ferroplasma
25:Ferroplasma
1801:Categories
1508:: 123–30.
638:References
243:All known
1129:: 15–23.
447:−
407:⟶
277:locus in
66:Kingdom:
1664:Q2666248
1658:Wikidata
1614:10843038
1583:17603112
1553:Genetics
1540:16997297
1532:12664264
1482:25043762
1437:24730689
1400:14429161
1392:25844468
1352:12982793
1344:17268768
1309:16079342
1265:12450748
1230:28623373
1170:27535541
1108:24078490
1100:14566430
1065:25547087
1057:14566432
994:15702103
986:15258835
951:19628615
867:25924161
859:18422958
816:21685165
750:16104851
704:15066799
626:See also
576:In 2006
114:Family:
78:Phylum:
54:Domain:
1732:1067765
1719:1000083
1574:2013692
1473:4148875
1417:Bibcode
1221:5473848
1178:2765684
807:3147448
786:Bibcode
674:Bibcode
262:map of
206:Archaea
165:Species
126:Genus:
102:Order:
90:Class:
59:Archaea
1784:781440
1745:951492
1612:
1581:
1571:
1538:
1530:
1480:
1470:
1435:
1398:
1390:
1350:
1342:
1307:
1263:
1228:
1218:
1176:
1168:
1106:
1098:
1063:
1055:
1018:
992:
984:
949:
865:
857:
814:
804:
748:
702:
695:383147
692:
275:CRISPR
260:Genome
1771:74968
1727:IRMNG
1706:97659
1536:S2CID
1504:(2).
1494:(PDF)
1396:S2CID
1348:S2CID
1174:S2CID
1104:S2CID
1061:S2CID
990:S2CID
863:S2CID
1766:NCBI
1753:LPSN
1740:ITIS
1714:GBIF
1693:4JVX
1610:PMID
1579:PMID
1528:PMID
1478:PMID
1433:PMID
1388:PMID
1340:PMID
1305:PMID
1261:PMID
1226:PMID
1166:PMID
1096:PMID
1053:PMID
1016:ISBN
982:PMID
947:PMID
855:PMID
812:PMID
746:PMID
700:PMID
509:and
231:and
1701:EoL
1688:CoL
1600:doi
1569:PMC
1561:doi
1557:177
1518:hdl
1510:doi
1468:PMC
1458:doi
1454:289
1425:doi
1380:doi
1332:doi
1295:doi
1291:151
1253:doi
1216:PMC
1208:doi
1196:"T"
1158:doi
1131:doi
1127:146
1088:doi
1045:doi
974:doi
937:hdl
927:doi
893:doi
847:doi
843:105
802:PMC
794:doi
736:doi
690:PMC
682:doi
352:FeS
1803::
1781::
1768::
1755::
1742::
1729::
1716::
1703::
1690::
1675::
1660::
1608:.
1594:.
1577:.
1567:.
1555:.
1551:.
1534:.
1526:.
1516:.
1500:.
1496:.
1476:.
1466:.
1452:.
1448:.
1431:.
1423:.
1413:48
1411:.
1394:.
1386:.
1376:83
1374:.
1346:.
1338:.
1328:11
1326:.
1303:.
1289:.
1285:.
1273:^
1259:.
1249:25
1247:.
1224:.
1214:.
1202:.
1198:.
1186:^
1172:.
1164:.
1154:32
1152:.
1125:.
1102:.
1094:.
1084:63
1082:.
1059:.
1051:.
1041:63
1039:.
1002:^
988:.
980:.
968:.
945:.
935:.
923:59
921:.
917:.
905:^
889:83
875:^
861:.
853:.
841:.
824:^
810:.
800:.
792:.
782:77
780:.
776:.
758:^
744:.
730:.
726:.
712:^
698:.
688:.
680:.
670:70
668:.
664:.
646:^
455:16
435:SO
415:Fe
410:15
372:Fe
367:14
302:F.
227:,
1629:.
1616:.
1602::
1585:.
1563::
1542:.
1520::
1512::
1502:7
1484:.
1460::
1439:.
1427::
1419::
1402:.
1382::
1354:.
1334::
1311:.
1297::
1267:.
1255::
1232:.
1210::
1204:7
1180:.
1160::
1137:.
1133::
1110:.
1090::
1067:.
1047::
1024:.
996:.
976::
970:8
953:.
939::
929::
899:.
895::
869:.
849::
818:.
796::
788::
752:.
738::
732:7
706:.
684::
676::
464:+
460:H
452:+
444:2
439:4
430:2
427:+
422:+
419:2
404:O
396:2
392:H
387:8
384:+
379:+
376:3
364:+
356:2
241:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
