1008:
62:
40:
883:
to adjacent to some or every lateral vein. These longitudinal strands occasionally merge into interrupted or continuous bands. Bands of confluent strands that reach veins are known as "pillars". The adaxial sclerenchyma tissue sometimes forms strands that are opposite or extend to
767:
patterns. This distribution of sclerenchyma tissue is an important distinguishing character between species, and though species can be locally distinguished without analyzing these characteristics, to distinguish the genus as a whole the analysis is necessary.
734:"Monographia Festucarum Europaearum" in 1882. Since Linnaeus' publications, seven genera have been proposed for groups of perennial fescues and fifteen for annual fescues, all with varying degrees of acceptance. For example, in 1906 the subgenus
2716:
Inda, Luis A.; Segarra-Moragues, José Gabriel; Müller, Jochen; Peterson, Paul M.; Catalán, Pilar (2008). "Dated historical biogeography of the temperate
Loliinae (Poaceae, Pooideae) grasses in the northern and southern hemispheres".
1159:, is a risk for pregnant mares. During the last three months of pregnancy fescue poisoning increases the risk of spontaneous abortion, stillbirths, retained placenta, absent milk production, and prolonged pregnancy. Incorporating
983:
are shorter to longer than the lemmas, with scabrous-ciliate veins. The regions between the veins are smooth and glabrous near the base of the paleas and become scabrous or puberulent distally. All grasses have three
807:
range from open to the base to closed to the top. Some species have sheaths that persist over years and typically have deciduous blades, and some species have sheaths that quickly shred into fibers and decay in
2790:
1087:
is one of the most important hay and pasture grasses in Europe. Fescue is easily established on bare ground, outcompeting other plants and persisting over several years, and so is often used in
1103:
of the 1930s in the US. Fescues have been used as building material, as rope and as a variety of other things in indigenous
Ethiopian communities, in particular the
763:. Often distinguishing species within the genus requires the analysis of highly specific morphological differences on characters such as ovary pubescence or leaf
2419:
2411:
2227:
2427:
2829:
2441:
2434:
2577:
Flora of North
America Editorial Committee (2007). Mary E. Barkworth; Kathleen M. Capels; Sandy Long; Laurel K. Anderton; Micheal B. Piep (eds.).
3500:
2937:
Ashenafi, Zelealem Tefera; Leader-Williams, N. (2005). "Indigenous Common
Property Resource Management in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia".
3539:
3226:
759:
The taxonomy of the genus is ultimately problematic and controversial, as evidenced by the large number of small genera closely related to
598:
is complex, scientists have not determined how many true species belong to the genus, but estimates range from more than 400 to over 640.
702:. In 1753 the genus is accepted as first being formally described, in Linnaeus' "Species Plantarum". Eleven species were described, with
185:
3585:
3162:
2980:
3435:
3513:
3461:
3349:
3064:
888:
veins. Some strands form "girders" together with the abaxial sclerenchyma tissue that connect epidermides at some or all veins.
799:
of the grasses are typically glabrous and smooth, though some species have scabrous culms or culms that are pubescent below the
2690:
3196:
Müller, Jochen; Catalán, Pilar (2010). "A New
Rhizomatous Species of Festuca (Poaceae, Poeae) from Northwestern Argentina".
3743:
3518:
3344:
1104:
3728:
3718:
2921:
2890:
2586:
952:
956:
864:
817:
3670:
3649:
912:
844:
824:
823:
measure 0.1–8 mm (0.0039–0.3150 in) and are typically longest at the margins. The ligules are typically
3544:
3487:
927:
are typically either scabrous or pubescent, but can occasionally be smooth and glabrous. The subequal or unequal
872:
993:
948:
3644:
2181:
1163:
into the fescue can be a way to increase livestock gains and conception rates, even if the fescue is infected.
1046:
932:
836:
832:
828:
3603:
3526:
947:
and have one (rarely two or three) veins, and the upper glumes have three (rarely four or five) veins. The
3723:
3323:
3318:
3295:
943:, and are typically exceeded by the florets. The lower glumes are as long or shorter than their adjacent
3427:
3401:
1077:
are used as rangeland grasses for livestock, and fescues often provide good forage for native wildlife.
3713:
3703:
3598:
662:' "Stirpium historiae pemptades sex, sive libri XXX" in 1583. However, the plant Dodoens described as
577:
have moved several species, including the forage grasses tall fescue and meadow fescue, from the genus
3055:
2760:
2538:
3675:
3554:
3466:
1655:
542:
2998:
61:
3708:
967:
keeled bases. The lemmas typically have five (rarely six or seven) veins. The lemmas have acute to
3733:
3590:
3422:
2314:
2088:
1948:
1568:
1270:
1155:
3396:
3238:
1677:
1503:
924:
3505:
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are typically glabrous and smooth, but can be occasionally scabrous or rarely pubescent. The
879:
tissue forms longitudinal strands that vary in presence from the margins and opposite of the
3567:
3357:
2946:
2726:
2337:
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2145:
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1956:
1911:
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1546:
1451:
1421:
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20:
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8:
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1737:
1582:
1465:
1437:
1429:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1338:
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and its various subspecies are the most important grazing fescues for North
America, and
1067:
1057:
3388:
2950:
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2917:
2912:. The Fungal Community: Its Organization and Role in the Ecosystem (Third ed.).
2907:
2886:
2813:
2789:
Esch, Robert E.; Hartsell, Cecelia J.; Crenshaw, Rodger; Jacobson, Robert S. (2001).
2742:
2582:
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2015:
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1024:
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813:
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535:
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3287:
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2702:
1140:
Fescue is sometimes used as feed for horses. However, fescue poisoning, caused by
682:. In the first edition of "Genera Plantarum", Linnaeus describes seven species of
3300:
2603:
2380:
2373:
2284:
2269:
2067:
2038:
2023:
1979:
1827:
1761:
1715:
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1603:
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1414:
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1133:
1121:
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651:
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99:
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2738:
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1887:
1873:
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1729:
1707:
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1314:
1127:
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are used in parks, deforested areas, and sports fields for land stabilization.
1001:
989:
980:
944:
863:
surfaces of leaf blades are glabrous or scabrous and occasionally pubescent or
562:
86:
2958:
2906:
Schardl CL, Leuchtmann L (2005). J Dighton, J F White Jr., P Oudemans (eds.).
3692:
3261:
3016:
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2174:
1971:
1648:
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1346:
1306:
1292:
1079:
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206:
112:
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2746:
1820:
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972:
876:
840:
764:
2576:
642:
541:
tufted grasses with a height range of 10–200 cm (4–79 in) and a
3474:
3310:
3270:
804:
587:
125:
3209:
3105:
2862:
2670:
871:
surfaces of leaf blades are typically scabrous, though occasionally are
740:
was introduced for North
American species. The annual habit and shorter
3440:
2639:
936:
574:
546:
39:
3479:
3448:
3383:
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1148:
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916:
908:
856:
852:
722:
550:
527:
155:
3375:
2715:
3492:
2983:. Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine. Archived from
1032:
896:
880:
868:
860:
788:
659:
523:
145:
3362:
2879:
Aiken, S. G.; Darbyshire, S. J. (1990). Jane T. Buckley (ed.).
2849:
Piper, Charles V. (1906). "North
American Species of Festuca".
1160:
1151:
985:
964:
920:
900:
820:
812:
and typically have blades that are not deciduous. Species lack
792:
741:
736:
678:
634:
602:
202:
135:
3084:
Catalán, Pilar; Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M. (2009). "
2909:
The
Epichloë Endophytes of Grasses and the Symbiotic Continuum
1004:
vary in length from half as long to as long as the caryopses.
2878:
1141:
1028:
976:
928:
647:
622:
512:
175:
165:
73:
2788:
2791:"Common Allergenic Pollens, Fungi, Animals, and Arthropods"
2770:. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2022
2581:. Vol. 24. Oxford University Press. pp. 389–392.
2653:
StanÄŤĂk, Daniel; Peterson, Paul M. (2007). "A Revision of
971:
apices that are occasionally doubly pointed, and terminal
1099:, 'Kentucky 31', was used in land reclamation during the
1036:
903:, with one to two (rarely three) branches at their lower
716:
708:
being the type species. Of these eleven, one species was
2899:
1000:. The oblong caryopses have adaxial grooves. The linear
19:"Helleria" redirects here. For the woodlouse genus, see
2936:
2851:
Contributions from the United States
National Herbarium
2659:
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
1107:
where it is referred to as 'Guassa Grass'. The grasses
3083:
1039:
for livestock, being a highly nutritious stock feed.
3145:"Festuca edlundiae S. Aiken, Consaul and Lefkovitch"
3094:
Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas
3092:(Poaceae: Loliinae), Two New Species from Hawai'i".
907:. The branches are erect and begin to spread during
676:used the name to describe other various species of
996:apices on which hairs persist when ovaries become
621:represents a major evolutionary line of the tribe
2905:
3690:
2657:(Poaceae: Loliinae) in South American Paramos".
629:that possess more advanced characteristics than
2652:
2601:
3120:"Festuca breviglumis Swallen — The Plant List"
3195:
2688:
2019:– (historical) perennial and Italian ryegrass
1055:are used as lawn grasses, and these species,
791:, some lack rhizomes, and rarely species are
650:word meaning "stem" or "stalk" first used by
2798:Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
585:, or alternatively into the segregate genus
3173:(in Italian). ActaPlantarum. Archived from
2844:
2842:
38:
2874:
2872:
2595:
625:. The ancient group has produced various
3149:Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago
1006:
436:(Bluff, Nees & Schauer) Rchb. (1841)
3227:University of Arizona Extension Service
3065:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2839:
2753:
2579:Flora of North America: North of Mexico
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2449:
637:inflorescences and more annual habits.
3691:
3079:
3077:
2869:
911:, and occasionally lower branches are
545:, occurring on every continent except
3237:
3236:
2848:
2719:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1749:– various-leaved fescue, shade fescue
1326:– northern rough fescue, Altai fescue
1166:
748:has since been enough to distinguish
658:first appears to describe grasses in
3650:6c3a4fbf-b1a6-48ba-adc4-5812293a3ef9
3555:2513af0c-b0cc-427c-86ef-6e7d603409be
3189:
3047:
2885:. Agriculture Canada. pp. 1–3.
2699:Grass Manual. Flora of North America
2684:
2682:
2680:
2559:
1095:) is good for this purpose, and one
3074:
2782:
2709:
2646:
2531:
919:have two to twelve mostly bisexual
783:plants that are densely to loosely
13:
2689:Darbyshire, S. J.; Pavlick, L. E.
2063:– meadow fescue, English bluegrass
1105:Guassa Community Conservation Area
895:of species are open or contracted
831:, though they can occasionally be
549:. The genus is closely related to
14:
3755:
3220:
2677:
690:grasses with the other two being
16:Genus in the grass family Poaceae
3604:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328907-2
2459:Proposed for inclusion in genus
605:is a significant contributor to
332:E.H.L.Krause (1914), nom. illeg.
60:
3229:, flora and fauna image gallery
3155:
3137:
3112:
3053:
3027:
3021:Ohio State University Extension
3009:
2991:
2973:
2930:
1772:– Idaho fescue, blue bunchgrass
1091:control programs. Tall fescue (
992:are glabrous with occasionally
484:M.E.Jones (1912), nom. superfl.
1137:are all grown as ornamentals.
771:
380:V.I.Krecz. & Bobrov (1934)
1:
3171:Galleria della Flora italiana
2524:
1243:(Fr. ex Andersson) Hack. 1882
654:to describe a weed. The word
3151:. Canadian Museum of Nature.
3003:Department of Animal Science
2999:"Fescue Toxicosis in Horses"
1666:– fine-leaved sheep's fescue
1425:– alpine fescue, rock fescue
1248:Festuca sect. Breviaristatae
557:), and recent evidence from
340:E.Fourn. (1886), nom. illeg.
7:
3744:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2739:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.022
1379:– Arizona fescue, pinegrass
1216:Festuca subg. Austrofestuca
875:or puberulent. The abaxial
612:
569:shows that the genus lacks
492:Panz. (1813), nom. superfl.
452:Dulac (1867), nom. superfl.
244:Nábelek (1929), nom. illeg.
10:
3760:
2768:Plants of the World Online
2546:Plants of the World Online
1711:– blue fescue, gray fescue
1268:
1264:
779:grasses are perennial and
686:, five of which are truly
18:
3245:
2959:10.1007/s10745-005-5159-9
1944:– alpine Chewing's fescue
1656:Festuca extremiorientalis
1192:Festuca subg. Asperifolia
1184:Festuca sect. Aristulatae
1023:Some fescues are used as
752:as a separate genus from
543:cosmopolitan distribution
468:Panz. (1813), nom. illeg.
221:
214:
57:Scientific classification
55:
46:
37:
30:
3729:Grasses of South America
3719:Grasses of North America
2882:Fescue grasses of Canada
2810:10.1385/criai:21:2-3:261
2602:Darbyshire, S J (1993).
1256:Festuca sect. Bromochloa
1176:Festuca sect. Amphigenes
316:Link (1844), nom. illeg.
260:Host (1809), nom. illeg.
2315:Festuca subverticillata
2215:– Rocky Mountain fescue
2089:Festuca pseudodalmatica
1949:Festuca novae-zelandiae
1899:– alpine fescue tussock
1569:Festuca densipaniculata
1492:– mountain rough fescue
1208:Festuca sect. Aulaxyper
1018:
672:. Other authors before
519:belonging to the grass
3067:(GRIN) online database
1678:Festuca frederikseniae
1504:Festuca chimborazensis
1410:– Baffin Island fescue
1015:
324:Heist. ex Fabr. (1759)
3005:. Cornell University.
2420:Festuca washingtonica
1733:– plains rough fescue
1590:Festuca dolichophylla
1484:– southwestern fescue
1240:Festuca sect. Bovinae
1235:Fr. ex Andersson 1852
1224:Festuca sect. Banksia
1200:Festuca sect. Atropis
1010:
959:lemmas have somewhat
573:. As a result, plant
3124:www.theplantlist.org
3035:"Tropicos — Windows"
2916:. pp. 475–503.
2412:Festuca viviparoidea
2338:Festuca trachyphylla
2303:– crinkle-awn fescue
2242:Festuca sclerophylla
2228:Festuca scabriuscula
2146:Festuca richardsonii
2125:Festuca purpurascens
1957:Festuca occidentalis
1912:Festuca molokaiensis
1907:– smallflower fescue
1787:– Macaronesia fescue
1746:Festuca heterophylla
1547:Festuca chrysophylla
1452:Festuca caerulescens
1422:Festuca brachyphylla
1171:Infrageneric ranks:
1156:Epichloë coenophiala
396:(Gaudin) Link (1844)
356:(Piper) Rydb. (1912)
21:Helleria (woodlouse)
2951:2005HumEc..33..539A
2731:2008MolPE..46..932I
2506:Lolium mazzettianum
2501:Festuca mazzettiana
2482:Lolium arundinaceum
2470:Festuca arundinacea
2428:Festuca weberbaueri
2423:– Washington fescue
2407:– viviparous fescue
2308:Festuca subulifolia
2300:Festuca subuliflora
2278:Festuca spectabilis
2212:Festuca saximontana
2197:Festuca rupicaprina
2139:Festuca quadriflora
2082:Festuca pseudoeskia
2075:Festuca psammophila
1904:Festuca minutiflora
1881:Festuca magellanica
1738:Festuca hawaiiensis
1583:Festuca djimilensis
1469:– California fescue
1466:Festuca californica
1438:Festuca brunnescens
1430:Festuca breviglumis
1407:Festuca baffinensis
1399:Festuca arvernensis
1391:Festuca arundinacea
1339:Festuca amethystina
787:. Some grasses are
3724:Grasses of Oceania
3017:"Fescue Toxicosis"
2987:on April 13, 2008.
2333:– Thurber's fescue
2190:– Chewing's fescue
2103:Festuca pseudovina
2096:Festuca pseudodura
2009:Festuca parciflora
1994:Festuca panciciana
1987:Festuca pallescens
1941:Festuca nigrescens
1934:Festuca multinodis
1896:Festuca matthewsii
1859:Festuca longifolia
1852:Festuca litvinovii
1847:– Guadalupe fescue
1792:Festuca juncifolia
1769:Festuca idahoensis
1754:Festuca hyperborea
1723:Festuca gracillima
1663:Festuca filiformis
1564:– oil shale fescue
1489:Festuca campestris
1384:Festuca armoricana
1364:– rush-leaf fescue
1354:Festuca amplissima
1286:Festuca abyssinica
1167:Infrageneric ranks
1016:
851:and are sometimes
726:. The first major
388:Duval-Jouve (1880)
3714:Grasses of Europe
3704:Grasses of Africa
3686:
3685:
3563:Open Tree of Life
3239:Taxon identifiers
3059:
2520:) – meadow fescue
2513:Festuca pratensis
2442:Festuca yalaensis
2415:– northern fescue
2359:Festuca valesiaca
2345:Festuca vaginalis
2263:Festuca sodiroana
2207:– furrowed fescue
2168:Festuca rivularis
2161:Festuca rigescens
2132:Festuca pyrenaica
2118:Festuca punctoria
2111:Festuca pulchella
2060:Festuca pratensis
2046:Festuca polycolea
2032:Festuca picturata
1965:Festuca octoflora
1920:Festuca monticola
1915:– Moloka'i fescue
1831:– confused fescue
1814:Festuca kurtziana
1807:Festuca komarovii
1777:Festuca indigesta
1701:Festuca glacialis
1688:– bearskin fescue
1629:– Edlund's fescue
1626:Festuca edlundiae
1611:Festuca durissima
1561:Festuca dasyclada
1540:Festuca cumminsii
1525:Festuca contracta
1518:Festuca circinata
1481:Festuca calligera
1376:Festuca arizonica
1369:Festuca argentina
1331:Festuca altissima
1300:Festuca alatavica
1279:Species include:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1227:E.B. Alexeev 1984
1220:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1195:E.B. Alexeev 1981
1188:
1180:
730:on the genus was
699:Festuca pratensis
567:mitochondrial DNA
500:
499:
210:
49:Festuca pratensis
3751:
3679:
3678:
3666:
3665:
3653:
3652:
3640:
3639:
3630:
3629:
3620:
3619:
3607:
3606:
3594:
3593:
3581:
3580:
3575:Panartic Flora:
3571:
3570:
3558:
3557:
3548:
3547:
3535:
3534:
3532:NHMSYS0000458754
3522:
3521:
3509:
3508:
3496:
3495:
3483:
3482:
3470:
3469:
3457:
3456:
3444:
3443:
3431:
3430:
3418:
3417:
3405:
3404:
3392:
3391:
3379:
3378:
3366:
3365:
3353:
3352:
3340:
3339:
3327:
3326:
3314:
3313:
3304:
3303:
3291:
3290:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3234:
3233:
3214:
3213:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3165:Festuca riccerii
3159:
3153:
3152:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3081:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2828:. Archived from
2804:(2–3): 261–292.
2795:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2701:. Archived from
2686:
2675:
2674:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2604:"Realignment of
2599:
2593:
2592:
2574:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2535:
2518:Lolium pratensis
2496:) – giant fescue
2494:Lolium giganteum
2489:Festuca gigantea
2435:Festuca xanthina
2404:Festuca vivipara
2396:Festuca viridula
2389:Festuca violacea
2352:Festuca vaginata
2330:Festuca thurberi
2318:– nodding fescue
2295:– bearded fescue
2292:Festuca subulata
2256:Festuca sinensis
2249:Festuca sibirica
2235:Festuca scariosa
2204:Festuca rupicola
2154:Festuca riccerii
2027:– Azorean fescue
2016:Festuca perennis
2004:– cluster fescue
2001:Festuca paradoxa
1975:– sheep's fescue
1960:– western fescue
1952:– fescue tussock
1927:Festuca muelleri
1867:Festuca longipes
1844:Festuca ligulata
1836:Festuca lenensis
1693:Festuca gigantea
1685:Festuca gautieri
1621:– Earle's fescue
1576:Festuca dimorpha
1554:Festuca dahurica
1533:Festuca cretacea
1474:Festuca callieri
1459:Festuca caldasii
1445:Festuca burnatii
1361:Festuca arenaria
1258:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1232:Festuca Bovinae
1226:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1147:produced by the
979:. The bidentate
843:leaf blades are
693:Festuca gigantea
669:Bromus secalinus
517:flowering plants
493:
485:
477:
476:C.C.Gmel. (1805)
469:
461:
453:
445:
437:
429:
421:
413:
405:
397:
389:
381:
373:
365:
357:
349:
348:Rauschert (1982)
341:
333:
325:
317:
309:
301:
293:
285:
277:
269:
261:
253:
252:W.A.Weber (1984)
245:
237:
227:
201:
65:
64:
42:
28:
27:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3709:Grasses of Asia
3689:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3674:
3669:
3661:
3656:
3648:
3643:
3635:
3633:
3625:
3623:
3615:
3610:
3602:
3597:
3589:
3584:
3576:
3574:
3566:
3561:
3553:
3551:
3543:
3538:
3530:
3525:
3517:
3512:
3504:
3499:
3491:
3486:
3478:
3473:
3465:
3460:
3452:
3447:
3439:
3434:
3426:
3421:
3413:
3408:
3400:
3395:
3387:
3382:
3374:
3369:
3361:
3356:
3348:
3343:
3335:
3330:
3322:
3317:
3309:
3307:
3299:
3294:
3286:
3284:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3241:
3223:
3218:
3217:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3177:on 16 June 2013
3161:
3160:
3156:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3090:F. Molokaiensis
3082:
3075:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3015:
3014:
3010:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2877:
2870:
2847:
2840:
2832:
2793:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2714:
2710:
2687:
2678:
2651:
2647:
2632:10.2307/3391460
2612:with the genus
2600:
2596:
2589:
2575:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2484:) – tall fescue
2478:Festuca elatior
2455:
2447:
2381:Festuca versuta
2374:Festuca venusta
2285:Festuca stricta
2273:– ravine fescue
2270:Festuca sororia
2223:– munnik fescue
2149:– arctic fescue
2068:Festuca procera
2039:Festuca pilgeri
2024:Festuca petraea
1980:Festuca pallens
1839:– tundra fescue
1828:Festuca lemanii
1762:Festuca hystrix
1757:– boreal fescue
1741:– Hawaii fescue
1716:Festuca glumosa
1634:Festuca elegans
1604:Festuca drymeja
1528:– tufted fescue
1511:Festuca cinerea
1497:Festuca caprina
1415:Festuca beckeri
1342:– tufted fescue
1323:Festuca altaica
1318:– alpine fescue
1277:
1267:
1179:(Janka) Tzvelev
1169:
1063:F. trachyphylla
1021:
899:, occasionally
839:. The flat and
774:
652:Pliny the Elder
615:
581:into the genus
496:
491:
483:
475:
467:
459:
451:
443:
435:
427:
419:
411:
403:
395:
387:
379:
371:
363:
355:
347:
339:
331:
323:
315:
307:
299:
291:
283:
275:
267:
259:
251:
243:
235:
229:
228:
225:
200:
59:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3757:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3734:Poaceae genera
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3667:
3663:wfo-4000014703
3654:
3641:
3631:
3621:
3608:
3595:
3582:
3572:
3559:
3549:
3536:
3523:
3510:
3497:
3484:
3471:
3458:
3445:
3432:
3419:
3406:
3393:
3380:
3367:
3354:
3341:
3328:
3315:
3305:
3292:
3282:
3267:
3251:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3231:
3230:
3222:
3221:External links
3219:
3216:
3215:
3188:
3154:
3136:
3111:
3073:
3046:
3026:
3008:
2990:
2972:
2945:(4): 539–563.
2929:
2922:
2898:
2891:
2868:
2838:
2835:on 2011-09-14.
2781:
2752:
2725:(3): 932–957.
2708:
2705:on 2012-10-25.
2676:
2645:
2626:(3): 239–243.
2594:
2587:
2558:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2465:
2464:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2399:– green fescue
2392:
2385:
2384:– Texas fescue
2377:
2370:
2363:
2362:– Volga fescue
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2323:Festuca tatrae
2319:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2220:Festuca scabra
2216:
2208:
2200:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2053:Festuca porcii
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1891:– Atlas fescue
1888:Festuca mairei
1884:
1877:
1874:Festuca lucida
1870:
1863:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1802:– spike fescue
1799:Festuca kingii
1795:
1788:
1784:Festuca jubata
1780:
1773:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1730:Festuca hallii
1726:
1719:
1712:
1708:Festuca glauca
1704:
1697:
1696:– giant fescue
1689:
1681:
1674:
1671:Festuca flacca
1667:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1644:– coast fescue
1641:Festuca elmeri
1637:
1630:
1622:
1618:Festuca earlei
1614:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1402:– field fescue
1395:
1387:
1380:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1315:Festuca alpina
1311:
1310:– aloha fescue
1303:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1269:Main article:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1168:
1165:
1110:F. amethystina
1093:F. arundinacea
1085:F. arundinacea
1068:F. saximontana
1058:F. arundinacea
1020:
1017:
1011:Fescue grass,
893:inflorescences
801:inflorescences
773:
770:
664:Festuca altera
614:
611:
563:DNA sequencing
561:studies using
498:
497:
495:
494:
486:
478:
470:
462:
454:
446:
438:
430:
422:
414:
412:Roshev. (1937)
406:
398:
390:
382:
374:
372:Griseb. (1852)
366:
358:
350:
342:
334:
326:
318:
310:
302:
297:Distomomischus
294:
286:
278:
276:De Not. (1847)
270:
262:
254:
246:
238:
224:
223:
222:
219:
218:
212:
211:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
116:
115:
110:
103:
102:
97:
90:
89:
84:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
53:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3756:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3086:Festuca Aloha
3080:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3061:
3050:
3036:
3030:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2981:"Tall Fescue"
2976:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2939:Human Ecology
2933:
2925:
2923:0-8247-2355-4
2919:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2892:0-660-13483-7
2888:
2884:
2883:
2875:
2873:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2843:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2769:
2766:
2765:Tourn. ex L."
2764:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2598:
2590:
2588:9780195310719
2584:
2580:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2547:
2544:
2543:Tourn. ex L."
2542:
2534:
2530:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2367:Festuca varia
2364:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2183:Festuca rubra
2180:
2179:
2178:– red fescue
2177:
2176:
2175:Festuca rubra
2172:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:Festuca ovina
1969:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1862:– blue fescue
1861:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1649:Festuca eskia
1646:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1597:Festuca donax
1594:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1394:– tall fescue
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1347:Festuca ampla
1344:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1334:– wood fescue
1333:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:Festuca aloha
1304:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1293:Festuca actae
1290:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1187:E.B. Alexeev
1185:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1074:F. idahoensis
1070:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1042:Festuca rubra
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
955:or sometimes
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
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874:
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854:
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846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
819:
815:
811:
806:
802:
798:
794:
793:stoloniferous
790:
786:
782:
778:
769:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:
733:
729:
725:
724:
719:
718:
713:
712:
707:
706:
701:
700:
695:
694:
689:
685:
681:
680:
675:
671:
670:
665:
661:
657:
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649:
645:
644:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
610:
608:
604:
599:
597:
592:
590:
589:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
537:
533:
529:
525:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:
490:
487:
482:
479:
474:
471:
466:
463:
458:
455:
450:
447:
442:
439:
434:
431:
426:
423:
420:Villar (1925)
418:
415:
410:
407:
402:
399:
394:
391:
386:
383:
378:
375:
370:
367:
362:
359:
354:
351:
346:
343:
338:
335:
330:
327:
322:
319:
314:
311:
306:
303:
298:
295:
290:
287:
282:
279:
274:
271:
266:
263:
258:
255:
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118:
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108:
105:
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101:
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91:
88:
87:Tracheophytes
85:
82:
79:
78:
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72:
69:
68:
63:
58:
54:
51:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
3246:
3204:(1): 87–92.
3201:
3197:
3191:
3179:. Retrieved
3175:the original
3170:
3164:
3157:
3148:
3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3123:
3114:
3100:(1): 51–58.
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3063:
3049:
3038:. Retrieved
3029:
3020:
3011:
3002:
2993:
2985:the original
2975:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2908:
2901:
2881:
2854:
2850:
2830:the original
2801:
2797:
2784:
2772:. Retrieved
2767:
2762:
2755:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2703:the original
2698:
2692:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2578:
2549:. Retrieved
2545:
2540:
2533:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2468:
2460:
2458:
2451:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2372:
2365:
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2350:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2195:
2186:
2182:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2106:– pseudovina
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2022:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1821:Festuca laxa
1819:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1736:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1472:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1255:
1251:Krivot. 1960
1247:
1239:
1231:
1223:
1219:Tzvelev 1971
1215:
1207:
1203:(Trin.) 1936
1199:
1191:
1183:
1175:
1170:
1154:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1092:
1089:soil erosion
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1029:turf grasses
1022:
963:rounded and
890:
877:sclerenchyma
841:conduplicate
805:leaf sheaths
776:
775:
765:sclerenchyma
760:
758:
753:
749:
745:
735:
721:
715:
709:
703:
697:
691:
687:
683:
677:
667:
663:
655:
641:
639:
633:, including
630:
618:
616:
600:
594:Because the
593:
586:
582:
578:
559:phylogenetic
554:
530:). They are
508:
503:
502:
501:
488:
480:
472:
464:
460:Trin. (1820)
456:
448:
444:Phil. (1856)
440:
432:
424:
416:
408:
400:
392:
384:
376:
368:
360:
353:Hesperochloa
352:
345:Hellerochloa
344:
336:
328:
320:
312:
308:Holub (1984)
304:
300:Dulac (1867)
296:
292:Pilg. (1943)
289:Dielsiochloa
288:
280:
272:
264:
256:
249:Argillochloa
248:
240:
236:Janka (1860)
232:
196:
195:
162:Supertribe:
119:
106:
93:
80:
47:
31:
25:
3475:iNaturalist
3271:Wikispecies
2610:Schedonorus
2452:Schedonorus
994:hispidulous
953:chartaceous
939:, acute to
789:rhizomatous
772:Description
588:Schedonorus
575:taxonomists
526:(subfamily
428:Rouy (1913)
425:Narduroides
404:Link (1821)
364:Ohwi (1932)
284:Raf. (1825)
268:Raf. (1825)
152:Subfamily:
126:Commelinids
100:Angiosperms
3693:Categories
3198:Darwiniana
3040:2009-05-09
2857:(1): 1–8.
2774:22 January
2616:(Poaceae)"
2525:References
1433:– Swallen
1149:endophytic
1134:F. pallens
1122:F. elegans
1116:F. cinerea
1025:ornamental
957:coriaceous
937:lanceolate
865:puberulent
818:membranous
810:senescence
720:, and one
640:The word "
627:segregates
617:The genus
547:Antarctica
536:herbaceous
449:Prosphysis
441:Podophorus
417:Narduretia
393:Micropyrum
321:Festucaria
313:Festucaria
305:Drymochloa
233:Amphigenes
182:Subtribe:
3449:GrassBase
3384:FloraBase
2914:CRC Press
2665:: 1–184.
2608:subgenus
2450:Subgenus
2187:commutata
1145:alkaloids
1128:F. glauca
1101:Dust Bowl
1052:commutata
998:caryopses
969:attenuate
941:acuminate
925:rachillas
917:spikelets
886:epidermal
849:convolute
785:cespitose
728:monograph
711:Danthonia
666:is truly
607:hay fever
571:monophyly
565:of plant
539:perennial
532:evergreen
481:Wasatchia
409:Nabelekia
401:Mygalurus
273:Ctenopsis
265:Chloamnia
241:Anatherum
70:Kingdom:
3739:Pooideae
3645:VicFlora
3634:VASCAN:
3617:40009139
3612:Tropicos
3454:gen00246
3345:eFloraSA
3308:BioLib:
3256:Wikidata
3210:23230221
3181:30 April
3106:41972126
3060:Festuca"
2967:55025015
2863:23491541
2826:10980420
2818:11725608
2747:18226932
2671:23493233
1271:List of
1097:cultivar
1080:F. ovina
1048:F. rubra
965:distally
961:dorsally
913:reflexed
909:anthesis
897:panicles
857:pruinose
853:glaucous
845:involute
825:truncate
814:auricles
781:bisexual
732:Hackel's
723:Koeleria
705:F. ovina
674:Linnaeus
635:racemose
613:Taxonomy
596:taxonomy
551:ryegrass
528:Pooideae
457:Psilurus
433:Nardurus
377:Loliolum
369:Leucopoa
337:Helleria
257:Asprella
226:Synonymy
216:Synonyms
186:Loliinae
156:Pooideae
142:Family:
113:Monocots
3699:Festuca
3627:5866113
3506:1300618
3493:18083-1
3441:2704913
3415:Festuca
3350:Festuca
3277:Festuca
3262:Q157337
3247:Festuca
3129:9 April
2947:Bibcode
2763:Festuca
2727:Bibcode
2693:Festuca
2655:Festuca
2640:3391460
2606:Festuca
2541:Festuca
2185:subsp.
1275:species
1273:Festuca
1265:Species
1211:Dumort.
1161:legumes
1050:subsp.
1033:pasture
1031:and as
1013:Montana
990:ovaries
986:anthers
921:florets
901:racemes
881:midvein
873:hirsute
869:adaxial
861:abaxial
829:ciliate
821:ligules
777:Festuca
761:Festuca
754:Festuca
742:anthers
684:Festuca
660:Dodoens
656:Festuca
646:" is a
643:festuca
631:Festuca
619:Festuca
601:Fescue
579:Festuca
524:Poaceae
511:) is a
504:Festuca
385:Loretia
361:Leiopoa
281:Dasiola
197:Festuca
192:Genus:
172:Tribe:
146:Poaceae
132:Order:
74:Plantae
32:Festuca
3676:425771
3624:uBio:
3586:PLANTS
3568:105596
3552:NZOR:
3428:112750
3402:112750
3363:108085
3324:120928
3288:190766
3285:APDB:
3208:
3104:
3058:genus
2965:
2920:
2889:
2861:
2824:
2816:
2745:
2669:
2638:
2614:Lolium
2585:
2551:1 July
2461:Lolium
1259:Drejer
1152:fungus
1131:, and
1061:, and
988:. The
981:paleas
977:mucros
945:lemmas
929:glumes
923:. The
915:. The
867:. The
859:. The
816:. The
803:. The
795:. The
750:Vulpia
746:Vulpia
737:Vulpia
714:, one
688:Bromus
679:Bromus
603:pollen
583:Lolium
555:Lolium
521:family
509:fescue
473:Vulpia
465:Tragus
329:Gramen
209:(1753)
203:Tourn.
166:Poodae
136:Poales
3671:WoRMS
3591:FESTU
3519:40792
3501:IRMNG
3480:57170
3410:FoAO2
3389:21012
3376:1FESG
3337:8VXP2
3311:42369
3301:75064
3206:JSTOR
3102:JSTOR
2963:S2CID
2859:JSTOR
2833:(PDF)
2822:S2CID
2794:(PDF)
2667:JSTOR
2636:JSTOR
2620:Novon
1142:ergot
949:calli
933:ovate
837:erose
833:acute
797:culms
648:Latin
623:Poeae
513:genus
489:Zerna
176:Poeae
120:Clade
107:Clade
94:Clade
81:Clade
3637:1173
3599:POWO
3578:3422
3545:4605
3540:NCBI
3514:ITIS
3488:IPNI
3467:4658
3462:GRIN
3436:GBIF
3371:EPPO
3319:BOLD
3296:APNI
3183:2013
3131:2018
3088:and
2918:ISBN
2887:ISBN
2814:PMID
2776:2022
2743:PMID
2583:ISBN
2553:2023
2475:syn.
1071:and
1045:and
1035:and
1027:and
1019:Uses
1002:hila
973:awns
931:are
905:node
891:The
827:and
696:and
3658:WFO
3527:NBN
3423:FoC
3397:FNA
3358:EoL
3332:CoL
2955:doi
2806:doi
2735:doi
2628:doi
1037:hay
975:or
935:to
855:or
847:or
835:or
744:of
717:Poa
534:or
515:of
205:ex
3695::
3673::
3660::
3647::
3614::
3601::
3588::
3565::
3542::
3529::
3516::
3503::
3490::
3477::
3464::
3451::
3438::
3425::
3412::
3399::
3386::
3373::
3360::
3347::
3334::
3321::
3298::
3273::
3258::
3202:48
3200:.
3169:.
3147:.
3122:.
3096:.
3076:^
3062:.
3019:.
3001:.
2961:.
2953:.
2943:33
2941:.
2871:^
2855:10
2853:.
2841:^
2820:.
2812:.
2802:21
2800:.
2796:.
2741:.
2733:.
2723:46
2721:.
2697:.
2679:^
2663:56
2661:.
2634:.
2622:.
2618:.
2561:^
2480:,
1125:,
1119:,
1113:,
756:.
609:.
591:.
207:L.
122::
109::
96::
83::
3212:.
3185:.
3167:"
3163:"
3133:.
3108:.
3098:3
3069:.
3056:"
3043:.
3023:.
2969:.
2957::
2949::
2926:.
2895:.
2865:.
2808::
2778:.
2761:"
2749:.
2737::
2729::
2695:"
2691:"
2673:.
2642:.
2630::
2624:3
2591:.
2555:.
2539:"
2516:(
2508:)
2504:(
2492:(
2473:(
553:(
507:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
