Fortification - Knowledge

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region, the sultanate was subdued and a majority of kotas dismantled or destroyed. kotas were not only used by the Muslims as defense against Spaniards and other foreigners, renegades and rebels also built fortifications in defiance of other chiefs in the area. During the American occupation, rebels built strongholds and the datus, rajahs, or sultans often built and reinforced their kotas in a desperate bid to maintain rule over their subjects and their land. Many of these forts were also destroyed by American expeditions, as a result, very very few kotas still stand to this day.

2297: 4684: 3259: 3330: 3742: 3909: 2806: 10744: 7935: 2703: 3157: 4197: 2870: 2613: 5914: 4492: 4247: 3026: 2459: 69: 2913:. Casemate walls could surround an entire settlement, but most only protected part of it. The three different types included freestanding casemate walls, then integrated ones where the inner wall was part of the outer buildings of the settlement, and finally filled casemate walls, where the rooms between the walls were filled with soil right away, allowing for a quick, but nevertheless stable construction of particularly high walls. 4307: 3102:. Even a small town—for instance, Kotada Bhadli, exhibiting sophisticated fortification-like bastions—shows that nearly all major and minor towns of the Indus Valley Civilization were fortified. Forts also appeared in urban cities of the Gangetic valley during the second urbanisation period between 600 and 200 BC, and as many as 15 fortification sites have been identified by archaeologists throughout the Gangetic valley, such as 10755: 4122: 2893:, having the meaning of a double wall protecting a city or fortress, with transverse walls separating the space between the walls into chambers. These could be used as such, for storage or residential purposes, or could be filled with soil and rocks during siege in order to raise the resistance of the outer wall against battering rams. Originally thought to have been introduced to the region by the 2905:. Casemate walls became a common type of fortification in the Southern Levant between the Middle Bronze Age (MB) and Iron Age II, being more numerous during the Iron Age and peaking in Iron Age II (10th–6th century BC). However, the construction of casemate walls had begun to be replaced by sturdier solid walls by the 3634:

on hills and elevated areas to protect themselves during times of war. These fortifications were likened to European castles because of their purpose. Usually, the only entrance to the castles would be via a rope ladder that would only be lowered for the villagers and could be kept away when invaders

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There is also an intermediate branch known as semi-permanent fortification. This is employed when in the course of a campaign it becomes desirable to protect some locality with the best imitation of permanent defences that can be made in a short time, ample resources and skilled civilian labour being

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In addition, since in theory the defensive line only had to hold out long enough for mobile reserves to reinforce it, terrain that did not permit rapid advance could be held more weakly because the enemy's advance into it would be slower, giving the defenders more time to reinforce that point in the

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The strength of the defensive line in an area varied according to how rapidly an attacking force could progress in the terrain that was being defended—both the terrain the defensive line was built on and the ground behind it that an attacker might hope to break out into. This was both for reasons of

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to protect their communities. Usually, many of the occupants of these kotas are entire families rather than just warriors. Lords often had their own kotas to assert their right to rule, it served not only as a military installation but as a palace for the local Lord. It is said that at the height of

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by a gently sloping open area so as to eliminate possible cover for enemy forces, while the fort itself provided a minimal target for enemy fire. The entrypoint became a sunken gatehouse in the inner face of the ditch, reached by a curving ramp that gave access to the gate via a rolling bridge that

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to block British advances. Some of these fortifications were over a hundred yards long, with heavy parallel tree trunks. They were impervious to destruction by artillery fire. Behind these stockades, numerous Ashanti soldiers were mobilized to check enemy movement. While formidable in construction,

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Traditional fortification however continued to be applied by European armies engaged in warfare in colonies established in Africa against lightly armed attackers from amongst the indigenous population. A relatively small number of defenders in a fort impervious to primitive weaponry could hold out

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The new forts abandoned the principle of the bastion, which had also been made obsolete by advances in arms. The outline was a much-simplified polygon, surrounded by a ditch. These forts, built in masonry and shaped stone, were designed to shelter their garrison against bombardment. One organizing

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to protect against invaders from neighbouring territories, as well as circle-shaped mud brick walls around their cities. Many of the fortifications of the ancient world were built with mud brick, often leaving them no more than mounds of dirt for today's archaeologists. A massive prehistoric stone

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stores closer to the aircraft. At Bien Hoa South Vietnam on the morning of 16 May 1965, as aircraft were being re-fuelled and armed, a chain reaction explosion destroyed 13 aircraft, killed 34 personnel, and injured over 100; this, along with damage and losses of aircraft to enemy attack (by both

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Gone were citadels surrounding towns: forts were to be moved to the outside of the cities some 12 km to keep the enemy at a distance so their artillery could not bombard the city center. From now on a ring of forts were to be built at a spacing that would allow them to effectively cover the

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Many United States Army installations are known as forts, although they are not always fortified. During the pioneering era of North America, many outposts on the frontiers, even non-military outposts, were referred to generically as forts. Larger military installations may be called fortresses;

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Aircrew and ground personnel will need protection during enemy attacks and fortifications range from culvert section "duck and cover" shelters to permanent air-raid shelters. Soft locations with high personnel densities such as accommodation and messing facilities can have limited protection by

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many of these strongpoints failed because Ashanti guns, gunpowder and bullets were poor, and provided little sustained killing power in defense. Time and time again British troops overcame or bypassed the stockades by mounting old-fashioned bayonet charges, after laying down some covering fire.

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for example had several sites surrounded by the full range of earthworks and ramparts seen elsewhere, and sited on ground. This improved defensive potential—such as hills and ridges. Yoruba fortifications were often protected with a double wall of trenches and ramparts, and in the Congo forests

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with kotas and other fortifications to block the Spanish advance into the region. These kotas were usually made of stone and bamboo or other light materials and surrounded by trench networks. As a result, some of these kotas were burned easily or destroyed. With further Spanish campaigns in the

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The second weakness of permanent fortification was its very permanency. Because of this, it was often easier to go around a fortification and, with the rise of mobile warfare in the beginning of World War II, this became a viable offensive choice. When a defensive line was too extensive to be

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starting from 4700 BC had a diameter of about 300 feet (91 m), was home to 350 people living in two-storey houses, and was encircled by a fortified wall. The huge walls around the settlement, which were built very tall and with stone blocks which are 6 feet (1.8 m) high and 4.5 feet

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The ever-escalating power, speed, and reach of artillery and airpower meant that almost any target that could be located could be destroyed if sufficient force were massed against it. As such, the more resources a defender devoted to reinforcing a fortification, the more combat power that

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However, there are some modern fortifications that are referred to as forts. These are typically small semi-permanent fortifications. In urban combat, they are built by upgrading existing structures such as houses or public buildings. In field warfare they are often log, sandbag or

3282:, Sri Lanka was occupied by several major colonial empires that from time to time became the dominant power in the Indian Ocean. The colonists built several western-style forts, mostly in and around the coast of the island. The first to build colonial forts in Sri Lanka were the 3306:

during the two world wars. Most of these were abandoned by the military but retained civil administrative officers, while others retained military garrisons, which were more administrative than operational. Some were reoccupied by military units with the escalation of the

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Fuel is volatile and has to comply with rules for storage which provide protection against accidents. Fuel in underground bulk fuel installations is well protected though valves and controls are vulnerable to enemy action. Above-ground tanks can be susceptible to attack.

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Forts in modern American usage often refer to space set aside by governments for a permanent military facility; these often do not have any actual fortifications, and can have specializations (military barracks, administration, medical facilities, or intelligence).

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The evolution of this new style of fortification can be seen in transitional forts such as Sarzanello in North West Italy which was built between 1492 and 1502. Sarzanello consists of both crenellated walls with towers typical of the medieval period but also has a

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did not have walls for a long time, choosing to rely on their militaries for defence instead. Initially, these fortifications were simple constructions of wood and earth, which were later replaced by mixed constructions of stones piled on top of each other without

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entirely bypassed, massive offensive might could be massed against one part of the line allowing a breakthrough, after which the rest of the line could be bypassed. Such was the fate of the many defensive lines built before and during World War II, such as the

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or fortress. These constructions mainly served the purpose of a watch tower, to guard certain roads, passes, and borders. Though smaller than a real fortress, they acted as a border guard rather than a real strongpoint to watch and maintain the border.

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Thus the defensive line could be relatively thin because the bulk of the fighting power of the defenders was not concentrated in the line itself but rather in the mobile reserves. A notable exception to this rule was seen in the defensive lines at the

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If sufficient power were massed against one point to penetrate it, the forces based there could be withdrawn and the line could be re-established relatively quickly. Instead of a supposedly impenetrable defensive line, such fortifications emphasized

2561:—and often known as fieldworks or earthworks, are extemporized by troops in the field, perhaps assisted by such local labour and tools as may be procurable and with materials that do not require much preparation, such as soil, brushwood, and light 4739:, and other such facilities. Those are covered in other articles, as most prisons and concentration camps are not primarily military forts (although forts, camps, and garrison towns have been used as prisons and/or concentration camps; such as 4895: 2432:

did not fare well against the effects of high explosives, and the intricate arrangements of bastions, flanking batteries and the carefully constructed lines of fire for the defending cannon could be rapidly disrupted by explosive shells.

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did not fare well against the effects of high explosives and the intricate arrangements of bastions, flanking batteries and the carefully constructed lines of fire for the defending cannon could be rapidly disrupted by explosive shells.

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style of fortification. The ditch became deep and vertically sided, cut directly into the native rock or soil, laid out as a series of straight lines creating the central fortified area that gives this style of fortification its name.

4615:, T Barriers or Splinter Protection Units (SPUs). Older fortification may prove useful such as the old 'Yugo' pyramid shelters built in the 1980s which were used by US personnel on 8 Jan 2020 when Iran fired 11 ballistic missiles at 4593:

Munition storage follows safety rules which use fortifications (bunkers and bunds) to provide protection against accident and chain reactions (sympathetic detonations). Weapons for rearming aircraft can be stored in small fortified

3993:. These cities are easy to recognise due to their regular layout and large market spaces. The fortifications of these settlements were continuously improved to reflect the current level of military development. During the 4117:

Fortifications also extended in depth, with protected batteries for defensive cannonry, to allow them to engage attacking cannons to keep them at a distance and prevent them from bearing directly on the vulnerable walls.

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in 1522 so that Rhodes is the only European walled town that still shows the transition between the classical medieval fortification and the modern ones. A manual about the construction of fortification was published by

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Fortification is usually divided into two branches: permanent fortification and field fortification. Permanent fortifications are erected at leisure, with all the resources that a state can supply of constructive and

2851:. It reached its largest extent during the late La Tène period (late 2nd century BC), when it had a size of 380 hectares. At that time, 5,000 to 10,000 people lived within its 7.2 km long walls. The oppidum of 4349:

are still able to provide some protection in modern wars. Many historical fortifications were demolished during the modern age, but a considerable number survive as popular tourist destinations and prominent local

2844:(German: Oppidum von Manching) was a large Celtic proto-urban or city-like settlement at modern-day Manching (near Ingolstadt), Bavaria (Germany). The settlement was founded in the 3rd century BC and existed until 3839:(present day Sudan) was encompassed by fortified walls surrounded by a ditch. Archaeology has revealed various Bronze Age bastions and foundations constructed of stone together with either baked or unfired brick. 3474:. The historic city was home to centuries-old churches, schools, convents, government buildings and residences, the best collection of Spanish colonial architecture before much of it was destroyed by the bombs of 4426:

which dominated World War I, these defences were more temporary in nature. This was an advantage because since it was less extensive it formed a less obvious target for enemy force to be directed against.

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were clustered behind massive stone flood dykes and defensive walls, for neighbouring communities bickered constantly about the control of prime agricultural land. The fortification varies by site. While

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field fortifications were characterized by trenches and low earthen embankments. Such strongpoints ironically, sometimes held up much better against European cannon than taller, more imposing structures.

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wall approximately 4 metres tall, probably topped by a roofed walkway, thus reaching a total height of 6 metres. The wall was clad with lime plaster, regularly renewed. Towers protruded outwards from it.

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and paths, along with the main works, often bristled with rows of sharpened stakes. Inner defenses were laid out to blunt an enemy penetration with a maze of defensive walls allowing for entrapment and

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by ground forces, stand-off attacks (mortars and rockets), air attacks, or ballistic missiles. Key targets—aircraft, munitions, fuel, and vital technical personnel—can be protected by fortifications.

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derailed the negotiations, and broke up the confederacy against him. The well-organized defenders, the sinking of confederate morale, and poor weather conditions caused the siege to end in a fiasco.

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that would absorb and disperse the energy of cannon fire. Walls exposed to direct cannon fire were very vulnerable, so the walls were sunk into ditches fronted by earth slopes to improve protection.

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feature of the new system involved the construction of two defensive curtains: an outer line of forts, backed by an inner ring or line at critical points of terrain or junctions (see, for example,

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Defensive fences for protecting humans and domestic animals against predators was used long before the appearance of writing and began "perhaps with primitive man blocking the entrances of his

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behind the defensive line. If a major offensive was launched against a point in the line, mobile reinforcements would be sent to reinforce that part of the line that was in danger of failing.

4530:) became major defenses and offensive weapons (leading to an expansion of the use of airports and airstrips as fortifications). Mobile defenses could be had underwater, too, in the form of 4488:

that tanks could move over quickly made possible rapid advances into the defenders' rear areas that were very dangerous to the defenders. Thus such terrain had to be defended at all costs.

7329: 3850:. The walls may have been constructed between the thirteenth and mid-fifteenth century CE or, during the first millennium CE. Strong citadels were also built other in areas of Africa. 2642:

in western Siberia has been described by archaeologists as one of the oldest known fortified settlements, as well as the northernmost Stone Age fort. In Bulgaria, near the town of

5040: 2369:. Fortification is usually divided into two branches: permanent fortification and field fortification. There is also an intermediate branch known as semi-permanent fortification. 5926: 4647:

Just as in colonial periods, comparatively obsolete fortifications are still used for low-intensity conflicts. Such fortifications range in size from small patrol bases or

3951:. From the 12th century, hundreds of settlements of all sizes were founded all across Europe, which very often obtained the right of fortification soon afterward. 4231:

Wide enough to be an impassable barrier for attacking troops, but narrow enough to be a difficult target for enemy shellfire, the ditch was swept by fire from defensive

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like angular gun platform screening one of the curtain walls which is protected from flanking fire from the towers of the main part of the fort. Another example is the

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that would absorb and disperse the energy of cannon fire. Walls exposed to direct cannon fire were very vulnerable, so were sunk into ditches fronted by earth slopes.

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saw the creation of some towns built around castles. These cities were only rarely protected by simple stone walls and more usually by a combination of both walls and

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or even simple mud can provide protection against small arms and anti-tank weapons—although such fortifications are still vulnerable to mortar and artillery fire.

4667:. Much like in the 18th and 19th century, because the enemy is not a powerful military force with the heavy weaponry required to destroy fortifications, walls of 10550: 4449:

This was possible because while offensive tactics were focused on mobility, so were defensive tactics. The dug-in defences consisted primarily of infantry and

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brick fortification occurs in one of the stupa mounds of Lauria Nandangarh, which is 1.6 km in perimeter and oval in plan and encloses a habitation area.

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capable of reaching much of the way around the world were developed, so speed became an essential characteristic of the strongest militaries and defenses.

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fortifications. Prefabricated positions can be made from concrete culvert sections. The British Yarnold Bunker is made from sections of a concrete pipe.

5537: 4723:. The reason for this is that static above-ground forts cannot survive modern direct or indirect fire weapons larger than mortars, RPGs and small arms. 3453: 2520:

smaller ones were once known as fortalices. The word fortification can refer to the practice of improving an area's defense with defensive works. City

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Worse, the large open ditches surrounding forts of this type were an integral part of the defensive scheme, as was the covered way at the edge of the

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date back thousands of years, with many being built by Sri Lankan kings. These include several walled cities. With the outset of colonial rule in the

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Such forts are typically only used in low-level conflicts, such as counterinsurgency conflicts or very low-level conventional conflicts, such as the

4442:, these defences were usually relatively thin and spread along the length of a line. The defence was usually not equally strong throughout, however. 8713: 4989: 4081:

of the fortification to allow defensive cannonry interlocking fields of fire to cover all approaches to the lower and thus more vulnerable walls.

2686:. Named the "Great Wall of Brodgar" it was 4 metres (13 ft) thick and 4 metres tall. The wall had some symbolic or ritualistic function. The 8903: 4515:

in Germany during the closing stages of World War II is an excellent example of how difficult terrain could be used to the defenders' advantage.

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along borders are arguably another type of fortification, although a passive kind, providing a buffer between potentially hostile militaries.

9617: 9148: 4402:; it was designed to force the Germans to invade other countries (Belgium or Switzerland) to go around it, and was successful in that sense. 2365:

The art of setting out a military camp or constructing a fortification traditionally has been called "castrametation" since the time of the

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were developed, so missiles could be fired from the middle of a country and hit cities and targets in another country, and airplanes (and

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Ogundiran, Akinwumi (June 2005). "Four Millennia of Cultural History in Nigeria (ca. 2000 B.C.–A.D. 1900): Archaeological Perspectives".

5619: 3711:: Literally translates to "stone fort" the first known stone fortification in the country, its ruins exist as the "Kutawato Cave Complex" 2922: 5935: 5036: 4362:

fortification justified being devoted to destroying it, if the fortification's destruction was demanded by an attacker's strategy. From

10622: 8414: 5304: 4875:. Wade, Dale A., "THE USE OF FENCES FOR PREDATOR DAMAGE CONTROL" (1982). Proceedings of the Tenth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1982). 47 3662:

built forts made of stone walls that averaged several meters in width and about two to three times the width in height around 2000 BC.

3781:) useless, locking the two sides in a stalemate. Hoping to make several attacks at once, the confederates persuaded the Medina-allied 8908: 4894:

Piezonka, Henny; Chairkina, Natalya; Dubovtseva, Ekaterina; Kosinskaya, Lyubov; Meadows, John; Schreiber, Tanja (December 1, 2023).

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in most situations. In the 1930s and 1940s, some fortifications were built with designs taking into consideration the new threat of

2308: 10559: 10237: 8371: 6042: 4503: 1137: 5014: 3973:. Construction beginning in 1612, these were the first stone fortifications, with the first coastal artillery batteries, built by 8366: 5113: 4435:, so that as defenders were forced to pull back or were overrun, the lines of defenders behind them could take over the defence. 1569: 2587:

are fortifications which are regarded as being distinct from the generic fort or fortress in that it describes a residence of a

9593: 7972: 7145: 3962: 3244:, the Indian treatise on military strategy describes six major types of forts differentiated by their major modes of defenses. 5773:

The Ashanti campaign of 1900, (1908) By Sir Cecil Hamilton Armitage, Arthur Forbes Montanaro, (1901) Sands and Co. pp. 130–131

5066: 5874: 5658: 5613: 5586: 5437: 5405: 4964: 4896:"The world's oldest-known promontory fort: Amnya and the acceleration of hunter-gatherer diversity in Siberia 8000 years ago" 4274:

and machine rooms deep under the surface. The guns, however, were often mounted in open emplacements and protected only by a

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are described as the world's second longest man-made structure, as well as the most extensive earthwork in the world, by the

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are fortifications which are regarded as being distinct from the generic fort or fortress in that they are a residence of a

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have often been necessary for cities to survive in an ever-changing world of invasion and conquest. Some settlements in the

133: 8545: 5795: 4712: 4695:, Dominican Republic is recognized by UNESCO for being the oldest military construction of European origin in the Americas. 4535: 3527: 5131: 105: 10697: 9192: 9143: 7739: 7434: 5163: 2581:

and in other Roman territories where camps were set up with the intention of staying for some time, but not permanently.

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have been used as hidden defences in modern warfare, often remaining long after the wars that produced them have ended.

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which will protect from many types of attack. Larger aircraft types tend to be based outside the operational theatre.

2346: 7554: 7339: 5357: 5288: 5096: 4092:, 1728. The development of bastion forts resulted from the increased use of cannons and firearms in the 14th century. 2506: 1574: 152: 112: 4538:. Some bunkers in the mid to late 20th century came to be buried deep inside mountains and prominent rocks, such as 2488: 10719: 5823:. Rhodes: Ministry of Culture – Works supervision committee for the monuments of the medieval town of Rhodes. 2001. 5305:"Agressive Architecture: Fortifications of the Indus Valley in the Mature Harappan phase | Student Repository" 4329:

fortifications were common during the 19th and early 20th centuries. However, the advances in modern warfare since

3966: 3721:. When it was occupied by the Spaniards in the 1870s they converted the kota into the world's smallest walled city. 1652: 5835: 5515: 4021:

used to build smaller fortifications but in greater numbers, and only rarely fortified entire settlements such as

2927: 10794: 9639: 8535: 8216: 7764: 6005: 5494: 4418:, bombs designed to penetrate hardened targets buried underground, led to a decline in the use of fortifications. 3736: 3623: 1997: 1635: 1422: 242: 4927: 4731:

Fortifications designed to keep the inhabitants of a facility in rather than attacker out can also be found, in

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floodplain. Many of these settlements had fortifications and planned streets. The stone and mud brick houses of

9558: 9003: 8456: 8407: 5987: 5683: 3749:, 627. Muslim defenders repelled the Confederates using Medina's natural fortifications and makeshift trenches. 3595: 2946:

fortified their cities with massive, mortar-bound stone walls. The most famous of these are the largely extant

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Osadolor, Osarhieme Benson, "The Military System of Benin Kingdom 1440–1897", (UD), Hamburg University: 2001

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The founding of urban centres was an important means of territorial expansion and many cities, especially in

3478:. Of all the buildings within the 67-acre city, only one building, the San Agustin Church, survived the war. 2244: 2178: 1625: 5452:

Luengo, Pedro. Intramuros: Arquitectura en Manila, 1739–1762. Madrid: Fundacion Universitaria Española, 2012

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Permanent (concrete) guard fortifications are safer, stronger, last longer and are more cost-effective than

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Because the mobile offensives practised by both sides usually focused on avoiding the strongest points of a

4017:(Croatia), which proved to be futile against attacks but still stand to this day. Unlike the Venetians, the 10731: 10441: 9697: 9298: 9249: 8671: 8540: 8381: 6987: 6525: 6035: 5462: 4512: 3851: 3420: 2259: 2115: 814: 574: 4603:

and stand-off attacks), led to the construction of revetments and shelters to protect aircraft throughout

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sites exhibit evidence of fortifications. By about 3500 BC, hundreds of small farming villages dotted the

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fortifications were common during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The advances in modern warfare since

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Ground support equipment will need to be protected by fortifications to be usable after an enemy attack.

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Dispersal and camouflage of assets can supplement fortifications against some forms of airfield attack.

10789: 10652: 10627: 9080: 8991: 8962: 8126: 8000: 7965: 6920: 4006: 3577: 3416: 3341:. The Great Wall was a series of fortifications built across the historical northern borders of China. 3267: 2558: 2301: 1589: 42: 5239: 2897:, this has been disproved by the discovery of examples predating their arrival, the earliest being at 10292: 9800: 9677: 9138: 9128: 9106: 8974: 8920: 8778: 8735: 8400: 8206: 8086: 7369: 4583: 4543: 4495: 3303: 3066: 3016: 2527:

The art of setting out a military camp or constructing a fortification traditionally has been called

2325: 1699: 1207: 551: 425: 259: 53: 17: 6994: 5972: 4318:, the buildings were placed at a distance from each other, making it difficult to find from the air. 4047:

Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – Western Stato da Mar

3638: 3298:. Most of the colonial forts were garrisoned up until the early 20th century. The coastal forts had 10575: 10466: 10421: 10181: 10064: 9455: 9428: 9408: 9290: 9182: 9170: 9165: 7866: 6944: 4406: 4212:

ditches and counter scarps made to be very deep, vertically sided, and cut directly into the rocks.

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and commands a specific defensive territory. An example of this is the massive medieval castle of

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Barba, Federica (2004). "The Fortified Cities of the Ganges Plain in the First Millennium B.C.".

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had seen them put out of action by rubble as their own casemates were collapsed around them.

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The Encyclopedia of World History: ancient, medieval, and modern, chronologically arranged

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set in the ditch as well as firing positions cut into the outer face of the ditch itself.

2729:, where a bastion built in around 1500 BC was found. Exceptions were few—notably, ancient 2240: 8: 10759: 10194: 10151: 10046: 9832: 9822: 9770: 9672: 9662: 9612: 9583: 8957: 8578: 8573: 8461: 8191: 7693: 7429: 6785: 6163: 5208: 4900: 4736: 4568: 4473:

during World War II, where German forces deliberately attacked the strongest part of the

4254:, German fortifications built in 1893. By the 19th century, tunnels were used to connect 3459: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3377: 3334: 3184: 3046: 2910: 2841: 2296: 2271: 2267: 2252: 1801: 1786: 1662: 1549: 1527: 1502: 1462: 1372: 1182: 1082: 1032: 799: 789: 754: 546: 536: 286: 210: 4278:; both in order to keep a lower profile and also because experience with guns in closed 4238:

The profile of the fort became very low indeed, surrounded outside the ditch covered by

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were the main antecedents of castles in Europe, which emerged in the 9th century in the

10461: 10277: 10189: 10156: 10022: 9997: 9897: 9882: 9867: 9827: 9795: 9667: 9518: 9477: 9266: 8708: 8501: 8153: 8035: 7815: 7424: 7399: 7384: 7379: 7229: 7209: 7006: 6567: 6434: 6178: 5728: 5330: 5167: 5010: 4849: 4611:

placing prefabricated concrete walls or barriers around them, examples of barriers are

4587: 4553: 4411: 4161: 3998: 3940: 3694: 3372:(481–221 BC), mass conversion to stone architecture did not begin in earnest until the 3253: 2549:. In some texts, this latter term also applies to the art of building a fortification. 2392: 2222:, and is used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from 2135: 1990: 1910: 1831: 1776: 1751: 1672: 1618: 1584: 1515: 1432: 1342: 1247: 1192: 1077: 1042: 995: 870: 841: 794: 732: 707: 541: 335: 254: 31: 4567:

offer a fixed "target rich" environment for even relatively small enemy forces, using

4152:

is an excellent example. There are also extensive fortifications from this era in the

3190:

A large majority of forts in India are in North India. The most notable forts are the

2793:. The fortifications were continuously being expanded and improved. Around 600 BC, in 10692: 10602: 10282: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10229: 10161: 10131: 10111: 9760: 9702: 9525: 9386: 9278: 9254: 9244: 9199: 8915: 8872: 8815: 8740: 8506: 8315: 8262: 7871: 7830: 7805: 7678: 7359: 7199: 7046: 6632: 6510: 6188: 6131: 5983: 5870: 5732: 5679: 5654: 5609: 5582: 5433: 5401: 5353: 5284: 5092: 4841: 4564: 4531: 3944: 3793: 3766: 3718: 3503: 3396: 3320: 3299: 3283: 3127: 2981: 2725:, some settlements also began to be fortified. The most notable surviving example is 2687: 2396: 2171: 2080: 2027: 1930: 1920: 1915: 1885: 1868: 1863: 1836: 1781: 1482: 1472: 1467: 1457: 1377: 1367: 1362: 1337: 1307: 1197: 1167: 1162: 1152: 1142: 1132: 1047: 1000: 970: 809: 602: 579: 513: 10411: 2140: 10532: 10500: 10436: 10416: 10262: 10214: 10116: 10101: 10056: 10012: 10007: 9980: 9842: 9812: 9780: 9750: 9740: 9498: 9433: 9285: 9227: 9101: 9055: 9045: 8925: 8857: 8837: 8530: 8451: 8446: 8221: 8143: 8071: 7845: 7820: 7749: 7673: 7274: 7269: 7204: 6755: 6559: 6138: 5720: 5062: 4956: 4909: 4660: 4527: 4432: 4379: 3884: 3821: 3797: 3796:

in January 630, Muhammad ordered his followers to attack enemies who fled from the

3546: 3391:

In addition to the Great Wall, a number of Chinese cities also employed the use of

3364:–1050 BC); the capital at ancient Ao had enormous walls built in this fashion (see 3219: 2989: 2955: 2759: 2747: 2739: 2333: 2145: 2110: 2042: 1935: 1873: 1766: 1694: 1687: 1544: 1477: 1427: 1417: 1292: 1212: 1172: 1157: 1119: 1104: 975: 960: 913: 821: 779: 722: 717: 675: 498: 475: 367: 291: 220: 203: 4683: 3462:

several forts and outposts were built throughout the archipelago. Most notable is

3098:

has a quadrangular fortified layout. Evidence also suggested of fortifications in

2726: 2707: 10707: 10702: 10373: 10368: 10287: 10267: 10096: 10017: 10002: 9948: 9907: 9775: 9513: 9445: 9239: 8755: 8693: 8683: 8656: 8621: 8335: 8091: 8055: 8045: 7734: 7586: 7559: 7499: 7469: 7354: 7319: 7299: 7284: 6839: 6834: 6802: 6563: 6505: 6493: 6475: 6342: 6323: 6249: 6226: 6009: 5799: 5498: 5421: 4748: 4688: 4636:

Guard towers provide an increased field of view but a lower level of protection.

4616: 4470: 4185: 4153: 3994: 3698: 3467: 3295: 3211: 3038: 2962:, together with partial remains elsewhere. These are mostly city gates, like the 2902: 2679: 2425: 1955: 1940: 1858: 1814: 1756: 1412: 1407: 1297: 1287: 1202: 1177: 1114: 955: 885: 875: 727: 712: 635: 607: 397: 392: 372: 215: 5792: 4188:

in the 19th century led to yet another stage in the evolution of fortification.

4001:

raised great walls around cities, and the finest examples, among others, are in

3773:, which together with Medina's natural fortifications, rendered the confederate 10799: 10682: 10657: 10523: 10451: 10348: 10307: 10297: 10272: 10209: 10166: 10034: 9975: 9970: 9943: 9872: 9847: 9790: 9646: 9546: 9305: 9113: 8847: 8666: 8616: 8282: 8211: 8040: 8015: 7903: 7898: 7564: 7549: 7484: 7474: 7349: 7334: 7234: 7224: 7189: 7063: 6856: 6553: 6520: 6484: 6300: 6158: 6122: 5139: 4760: 4740: 4612: 4458: 4439: 4423: 4387: 4371: 4338: 4315: 4263: 4251: 4224: 4209: 4149: 4034: 3986: 3876: 3868: 3843: 3770: 3607: 3601: 3521: 3432: 3424: 3392: 3369: 3291: 3258: 3235: 3227: 3160: 3008: 2959: 2947: 2932: 2906: 2886: 2824: 2778: 2743: 2722: 2635: 2521: 2329: 2321: 2130: 1878: 1302: 1262: 1240: 1227: 1217: 1187: 1099: 1052: 855: 846: 737: 690: 670: 660: 630: 597: 485: 442: 407: 382: 249: 182: 35: 5724: 10773: 10662: 10431: 10141: 10106: 9992: 9985: 9953: 9902: 9877: 9852: 9634: 9600: 9506: 9369: 9342: 9323: 9035: 8842: 8678: 8518: 8491: 8345: 8247: 8201: 8181: 8005: 7908: 7861: 7769: 7759: 7713: 7683: 7668: 7637: 7618: 7479: 7419: 7374: 7289: 7248: 7058: 6691: 6686: 6419: 6382: 6367: 6318: 6263: 6242: 5939:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 679–725. 5930: 5920: 4845: 4692: 4604: 4579: 4450: 4415: 4395: 4367: 4217: 4205: 4201: 4157: 3778: 3708: 3659: 3643: 3619: 3354: 3350: 3131: 3107: 2797:, Germany, forts were constructed with a limestone foundation supported by a 2790: 2670: 2557:

skill, and are built of enduring materials. Field fortifications—for example

2355: 1977: 1965: 1821: 1741: 1657: 1640: 1497: 1352: 1332: 1010: 1005: 985: 965: 880: 851: 826: 702: 680: 640: 480: 387: 345: 340: 237: 5968:. Potomac Books Inc. (an imprint of the University of Nebraska Press), 2013. 3883:

Defensive works were of importance in the tropical African Kingdoms. In the

2428:

in the 19th century led to another stage in the evolution of fortification.

10748: 10491: 10363: 10338: 10041: 9960: 9535: 9403: 9393: 9354: 9330: 9075: 8800: 8698: 8277: 8231: 8165: 7981: 7886: 7744: 7708: 7663: 7647: 7575: 7528: 7504: 7494: 7489: 7304: 7121: 6982: 6949: 6814: 6750: 6725: 6637: 6611: 6579: 6573: 6515: 6454: 6424: 6272: 4656: 4523: 4485: 4474: 4399: 4363: 4220:. The ditch was extremely vulnerable to bombardment with explosive shells. 4129: 4089: 4060: 4051:

Medieval-style fortifications were largely made obsolete by the arrival of

3809: 3782: 3741: 3628:

The Ivatan people of the northern islands of Batanes built their so-called

3475: 3385: 3373: 3346: 3329: 3279: 3241: 3231: 3207: 3119: 3099: 2985: 2971: 2943: 2546: 2534: 2407: 2402:

Medieval-style fortifications were largely made obsolete by the arrival of

2366: 2248: 2215: 2164: 2090: 2070: 2065: 1960: 1905: 1539: 1534: 1357: 1272: 1015: 749: 650: 447: 331: 4913: 4422:

Instead field fortification rose to dominate defensive action. Unlike the

10667: 10343: 10126: 9932: 9862: 9563: 9310: 9030: 8825: 8768: 8703: 8688: 8611: 8186: 8121: 7785: 7642: 7611: 7593: 7581: 7523: 7518: 7459: 7454: 7414: 7314: 7279: 7175: 7078: 6849: 6819: 6809: 6715: 6604: 6221: 6168: 5676:

Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience

5231: 5197: 4664: 4391: 4330: 4232: 4169: 4165: 4125: 3990: 3908: 3471: 3381: 3338: 3172: 3146: 3111: 3065:). "Fort" is the word used in India for all old fortifications. Numerous 3042: 2963: 2674: 2666: 2616: 2596: 2578: 2442: 2075: 1826: 1791: 1630: 1317: 1282: 990: 933: 836: 620: 321: 316: 6412: 5966:

The Rocky Road to the Great War: The Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914

5793:"Sarzana and Sarzanello – Transitional Design and Renaissance Designers" 5334: 4853: 4834:"The Defence of Places: Fortifications as Architecture [part 1]" 4833: 4022: 2805: 48:"Fort", "Fortress", and "Stronghold" redirect here. For other uses, see 10383: 10199: 9624: 9065: 8940: 8935: 8340: 8267: 8096: 8081: 7810: 7630: 7602: 7533: 7409: 7364: 7294: 7214: 7111: 7016: 6956: 6915: 6893: 6844: 6790: 6740: 6735: 6720: 6679: 6627: 6585: 6530: 6372: 6288: 4298:

against high odds, the only constraint being the supply of ammunition.

4267: 4255: 3714: 3666: 3651: 3552: 3539: 3509: 3485: 3463: 3156: 3087: 3058: 2909:, probably due the development of more effective battering rams by the 2898: 2767: 2719: 2711: 2702: 2647: 2639: 2542: 2032: 2002: 1724: 1088: 10677: 7790: 6335: 4868: 2673:. The Ancient Egyptians also built fortresses on the frontiers of the 10353: 10326: 9817: 9755: 9472: 9261: 9175: 9160: 8998: 8832: 8790: 8601: 8324: 8320: 8287: 8272: 8252: 8148: 8101: 8010: 7219: 7150: 6977: 6972: 6905: 6546: 6459: 6389: 6347: 6173: 6143: 6104: 6070: 5890: 4935: 4893: 4547: 4539: 4414:

2,000 lb (910 kg) bomb hits the ground. The development of

4375: 4239: 4196: 4189: 4141: 4014: 4010: 3978: 3928: 3913: 3861: 3497: 3275: 3223: 3215: 3199: 3195: 3164: 3079: 3030: 2890: 2869: 2794: 2755: 2628: 2612: 2429: 2388: 2358: 2341: 2022: 1846: 1796: 1746: 1736: 1731: 1596: 1387: 1382: 1347: 784: 470: 437: 306: 4491: 4246: 3368:

for more info). Although stone walls were built in China during the

3025: 2458: 68: 10672: 10333: 9887: 9735: 9273: 9050: 8981: 8773: 8626: 8584: 8441: 8423: 8392: 8257: 7703: 7698: 7623: 7464: 7182: 7157: 7140: 7070: 7011: 6939: 6932: 6775: 6663: 6537: 6357: 6352: 6328: 6256: 6236: 6216: 6183: 5376: 4351: 4334: 4326: 4306: 4279: 4173: 4133: 4078: 3917: 3872: 3754: 3683: 3263: 3191: 3135: 3091: 3074: 3054: 2894: 2864: 2852: 2833: 2810: 2798: 2683: 2643: 2592: 2438: 2378: 2351: 2289: 2286: 2212: 2037: 2012: 1645: 1277: 1252: 865: 420: 362: 274: 8377:

Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association

5919:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

5821:

Medieval Town of Rhodes – Restoration Works (1985–2000) – Part One

5747: 5463:"15 Most Intense Archaeological Discoveries in Philippine History" 5394:

Indian Castles 1206–1526: The Rise and Fall of the Delhi Sultanate

2445:

have made large-scale fortifications obsolete in most situations.

10084: 10074: 9892: 9837: 9530: 9493: 9416: 9398: 9381: 9364: 9015: 8969: 8810: 8783: 8636: 8631: 8606: 8476: 8111: 8020: 7835: 7800: 7795: 7133: 7116: 7101: 7085: 7037: 6965: 6910: 6900: 6868: 6770: 6745: 6730: 6500: 6444: 6362: 6209: 6202: 6148: 6020: 5636:

The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira

4732: 4716: 4672: 4652: 4630: 4481: 4462: 4374:

were capable of destroying entire cities and producing dangerous

4275: 4145: 4098: 4002: 3974: 3970: 3774: 3757:'s era in Arabia, many tribes made use of fortifications. In the 3647: 3570: 3558: 3428: 3180: 3150: 3115: 3103: 3083: 2996: 2818: 2814: 2786: 2771: 2751: 2691: 2588: 2374: 2337: 2313: 2047: 2007: 1771: 1605: 1601: 943: 928: 804: 465: 460: 430: 349: 311: 10388: 10317: 10136: 10091: 9745: 9730: 9222: 8862: 8745: 8486: 8481: 8330: 8310: 8196: 8131: 8106: 7995: 7950: 7840: 7194: 6760: 6698: 6642: 6620: 6597: 6590: 6466: 6449: 6281: 6113: 6095: 6065: 5037:"The Ness of Brodgar Excavations – The 'Great Wall of Brodgar'" 4705: 4668: 4499: 4346: 4056: 4052: 3989:, were founded precisely for this purpose during the period of 3936: 3932: 3924: 3813: 3762: 3702: 3630: 3123: 3095: 2874: 2763: 2730: 2652: 2584: 2562: 2529: 2403: 2384: 2370: 1554: 950: 767: 503: 4121: 2789:, whose walls seem partially influenced by those built in the 2524:

are fortifications but are not necessarily called fortresses.

2270:'s colonial walled city and fortress were designated a UNESCO 10647: 10146: 9687: 9682: 9020: 8945: 8292: 8160: 8116: 8076: 7881: 7825: 7569: 7094: 6925: 6765: 6086: 5891:"Colonial City of Santo Domingo. Outstanding Universal Value" 4322: 4040: 3836: 3832: 3817: 3365: 3070: 3062: 3050: 2967: 2782: 2662: 2569:). An example of field fortification was the construction of 2538: 2434: 2223: 1025: 561: 556: 5426:

The Cult of Draupadī: Mythologies: From Gingee to Kurukserta

5114:"Die Heuneburg an der oberen Donau: Die Siedlungsstrukturen" 4446:

the strategic value of the ground, and its defensive value.

3311:; Jaffna fort, for example, came under siege several times. 9133: 8596: 8591: 6863: 6705: 6672: 6647: 6439: 6429: 6398: 6377: 5034: 4454: 3875:

at key points. This was employed in later wars against the

3203: 2951: 2734: 2658: 2624: 2541:

to a fortification and of destroying it is commonly called

2350:

was a fortified collection of buildings used as a military

301: 296: 8362:

International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers

5428:. Vol. 1. Delhi, India: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 4986:"Organization of neolithic settlements:house construction" 4484:

that was being defended was of primary importance because

9725: 9717: 8427: 6015: 6000: 4357:

The downfall of permanent fortifications had two causes:

2304:, Malta, which were built in the 16th and 17th centuries. 2219: 174: 5011:"Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism | Sesklo" 4957:"Europe's oldest prehistoric town unearthed in Bulgaria" 4791: 4789: 4787: 4270:

and firing points in the ditch to the fort proper, with

5957:

Murray, Nicholas. "The Development of Fortifications",

5194:

McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction

4063:

evolved into much lower structures with greater use of

2410:

evolved into much lower structures with greater use of

5396:(second ed.). Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 4262:

Much of the fort moved underground. Deep passages and

3761:, the largely outnumbered defenders of Medina, mainly 3470:

city of Manila located along the southern bank of the

3435:. The Forbidden City made up the inner portion of the 3286:; these forts were captured and later expanded by the 3171:

India currently has over 180 forts, with the state of

2855:

is another example of a Gaulish fortified settlement.

4784: 4772: 2577:

available. An example of this is the construction of

2399:

saw the creation of some towns built around castles.

5758: 5595: 4715:, which saw the use of log forts for use by forward 3175:

alone having over 70 forts, which are also known as

5627: 5347: 5279:Stearns, Peter N.; Langer, William Leonard (2001). 5086: 3510:

Real Fuerza de Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Zaragoza

93:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5391: 3682:'s power, they blanketed the areas around Western 3454:Spanish colonial fortifications in the Philippines 3447: 3431:were established in the early 15th century by the 2901:(Taanach) where such a wall has been dated to the 2406:in the 14th century. Fortifications in the age of 5776: 5605:The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet 5350:Sir Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture 5089:Sir Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture 4208:. Built in 1878, Delimara was built as a typical 2832:were large fortified settlements used during the 10771: 2858: 2328:were the first small cities to be fortified. In 6292: 4869:"THE USE OF FENCES FOR PREDATOR DAMAGE CONTROL" 4378:. This led to the creation of civilian nuclear 3665:The Muslim Filipinos of the south built strong 3086:is fortified using baked bricks; sites such as 2710:, Malta. Borġ in-Nadur is a notable example of 2247:, Puerto Rico. The fortress and walled city of 6854: 6800: 6618: 6464: 5492:Ancient and Pre-Spanish Era of the Philippines 4928:"Bulgaria claims to find Europe's oldest town" 2822:, showing the construction technique known as 8408: 7966: 7509: 7239: 7068: 7044: 6661: 6652: 6609: 6333: 6129: 6120: 6036: 5348:Fletcher, Banister; Cruickshank, Dan (1996). 5278: 5230: 5087:Fletcher, Banister; Cruickshank, Dan (1996). 3730: 2172: 7628: 7609: 7600: 7591: 7180: 7155: 7131: 7092: 7083: 7035: 7021: 6992: 6963: 6954: 6930: 6891: 6696: 6677: 6595: 6544: 6535: 6491: 6482: 6473: 6410: 6396: 6387: 6270: 6247: 5961:, Gordon Martel (ed.). WileyBlackwell, 2011. 5752:African Archaeology: A Critical Introduction 5748:"Two thousand years of West African history" 5706: 5704: 5674:Gates, Henry Louis; Appiah, Anthony (1999). 4223:In response, military engineers evolved the 3963:fortifications of the Castle Harbour Islands 3785:to attack the city from the south. However, 2381:and command a specific defensive territory. 2300:Early 20th-century aerial photograph of the 6279: 6261: 6207: 6193: 6111: 6102: 6093: 6084: 6075: 5813: 5673: 5601: 5420: 5387: 5385: 5379:word for "inaccessible place", hence "fort" 5164:"The Casemate Wall System of Khirbat Safra" 4370:were used against fortifications. By 1950, 4314:, built in the 1930s. Due to the threat of 4258:and firing points in the ditch to the fort. 3800:and sought refuge in the fortress of Taif. 2923:Roman military frontiers and fortifications 2785:built large fortified settlements known as 2766:built two parallel stone walls, called the 2646:a walled fortified settlement today called 2487:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2232: 2226: 2218:designed for the defense of territories in 8415: 8401: 7973: 7959: 6043: 6029: 5745: 5739: 5653:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 83. 5132:"Erforschung und Geschichte der Heuneburg" 4301: 4041:Development after introduction of firearms 3939:, which emerged in the 9th century in the 2770:, that reached their fortified seaport at 2754:(famous for the huge stone blocks of its ' 2690:deployed large labour forces to build new 2545:or siege warfare and is formally known as 2179: 2165: 5710: 5701: 5556: 5060: 4477:defences, seeking to crush them utterly. 4345:in Malta. Despite this, only underground 3745:Map of the defences available during the 2634:From very early history to modern times, 2507:Learn how and when to remove this message 2340:(known for the huge stone blocks of its ' 2320:From very early history to modern times, 153:Learn how and when to remove this message 10238:List of military strategies and concepts 8372:Mason Contractors Association of America 5608:, Darussalam Publications, p. 481, 5382: 5161: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 4682: 4504:North American Aerospace Defense Command 4490: 4405: 4305: 4245: 4195: 4120: 4083: 3953: 3907: 3740: 3637: 3328: 3257: 3155: 3024: 2926: 2868: 2804: 2701: 2611: 2307: 2295: 2277: 2258: 2239: 1138:List of military strategies and concepts 8367:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland 5924: 5648: 5235:"Syro-Palestinian art and architecture" 4795: 4778: 4754: 4243:could be withdrawn into the gatehouse. 3912:Medieval defensive walls and towers in 3613: 2638:have been a necessity for many cities. 14: 10772: 5864: 5833: 5602:Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), 5283:. Houghton Mifflin Books. p. 17. 3294:occupied these Dutch forts during the 3029:Defensive wall of the ancient city of 3002: 2746:, large stone walls had been built in 2678:wall surrounded the ancient temple of 2332:, large stone walls had been built in 8396: 7954: 6024: 5846:from the original on 15 November 2015 5485: 5320: 5146: 5111: 4831: 4726: 4642: 4559: 4536:submarine launched ballistic missiles 4333:have made large-scale fortifications 4144:with tier upon tier of hornworks and 3725: 3082:has stone-built fortification walls, 2669:) is one of the world's oldest known 41:For the locality in New Zealand, see 10754: 8422: 5895:UNESCO World Heritage Centre website 5563: 5544:from the original on 16 October 2014 5352:. Architectural Press. p. 100. 4077:This placed a heavy emphasis on the 3528:Fuerte dela Concepcion y del Triunfo 2697: 2485:adding citations to reliable sources 2452: 2312:Aerial photograph of Fort Vossegat, 91:adding citations to reliable sources 62: 10698:Idealism in international relations 7435:Weapons Storage and Security System 5834:Mifsud, Simon (14 September 2012). 5678:. Basic Civitas Books. p. 97. 5182: 5091:. Architectural Press. p. 20. 4866: 4520:intercontinental ballistic missiles 3701:in Luzon, later became the City of 24: 6050: 5746:MacEachern, Scott (January 2005). 5624:Note: Shawwal 8AH is January 630AD 5473:from the original on 15 March 2015 5224: 3916:, Poland, made of field stone and 3891: 3481:Partial listing of Spanish forts: 3037:A number of forts dating from the 25: 10811: 5994: 5162:Emswiler, Elizabeth Anne (2020). 5035:The Ness of Brodgar Excavations. 4398:. This was not the case with the 3094:fortifications with bastions and 2999:(AD 76–138) in AD 122. 10753: 10743: 10742: 7980: 7934: 7933: 5925:Jackson, Louis Charles (1911). " 5912: 5633: 4873:University of Nebraska - Lincoln 4713:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 4461:would be concentrated in mobile 3803: 3395:to defend their cities. Notable 2988:across the width of what is now 2706:Remains of a fortified village, 2457: 192: 67: 8217:Non-explosive demolition agents 6012: (archived 5 December 2018) 5944: 5883: 5858: 5827: 5785: 5767: 5692: 5667: 5649:Bianchi, Robert Steven (2004). 5642: 5622:from the original on 2016-04-19 5570:Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman 5530: 5504: 5455: 5446: 5414: 5366: 5341: 5314: 5297: 5272: 5263: 5254: 5215: 5124: 5105: 5080: 5069:from the original on 2013-05-01 5054: 5043:from the original on 2013-04-28 5028: 5017:from the original on 2013-01-02 5003: 4992:from the original on 2013-07-22 4967:from the original on 2013-06-11 4809:"Field fortification | warfare" 4179: 4059:. Fortifications in the age of 3737:List of expeditions of Muhammad 3642:An American flag raised at the 3624:Architecture of the Philippines 3448:Spanish colonial fortifications 3149:has defensive walls and square 2916: 2694:, temples and defensive walls. 2448: 2354:, and is the equivalent of the 78:needs additional citations for 27:Military defensive construction 5982:, 1500–1800, Routledge: 1999, 5501:. Accessed September 04, 2008. 5250:– via Britannica Online. 4978: 4949: 4920: 4887: 4860: 4825: 4801: 3848:Guinness Book of Records, 1974 3717:: The capital and seat of the 3654:, a walled city within Manila. 3596:Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental 3442: 2885:is used in the archaeology of 2750:, such as the ancient site of 2619:tomb brick showing gate towers 2573:by George Washington in 1754. 2336:, such as the ancient site of 2264:Castillo San Felipe de Barajas 13: 1: 7330:British "hedgehog" road block 5905: 4745:Guantanamo Bay detention camp 4574:Aircraft can be protected by 3931:were the main antecedents of 3358: 3139: 2859:Bronze and Iron Age Near East 2845: 2607: 2245:Castillo San Felipe del Morro 8382:Worshipful Company of Masons 5927:Fortification and Siegecraft 4934:. 2012-11-01. Archived from 4513:Battle of the Hurtgen Forest 3646:, 1898. Fort Santiago was a 3530:, Ozamiz, Misamis Occidental 3421:walled villages of Hong Kong 3247: 3145:) in present-day south-east 2873:An ancient casemate wall at 7: 10220:Operational manoeuvre group 7740:Cities with defensive walls 7325:Defensive fighting position 7240: 7045: 6855: 6801: 6662: 6653: 6619: 6610: 6465: 5867:History of the Maginot Line 5713:Journal of World Prehistory 5638:. Vol. 4. p. 142. 5392:Nossov, Konstantin (2012). 5138:(in German). Archived from 3871:was to create powerful log 3565:Bongabong, Oriental Mindoro 3437:Beijing city fortifications 3345:Large tempered earth (i.e. 1636:Military–industrial complex 1110:Operational manoeuvre group 58:Stronghold (disambiguation) 10: 10816: 10653:Peace and conflict studies 10542:Infantry fighting vehicles 9081:Front; Russian land forces 5980:Warfare in Atlantic Africa 5810:), No. 37, 2009, pp. 50–78 4758: 4584:hardened aircraft shelters 4142:star shaped fortifications 4044: 4007:Rocca di Manerba del Garda 3901: 3895: 3807: 3777:(consisting of horses and 3734: 3731:During Muhammad's lifetime 3617: 3578:Tukuran, Zamboanga del Sur 3534:Fuerza de San Antonio Abad 3451: 3423:. The famous walls of the 3399:include the city walls of 3318: 3268:Kashyapa I of Anuradhapura 3251: 3045:are found in the mainland 3006: 2920: 2862: 2602: 2302:fortifications of Valletta 2292:was first built in 600 BC. 47: 43:Fortification, New Zealand 40: 29: 10740: 10708:International cooperation 10640: 10615: 10482: 10475: 10397: 10316: 10228: 10180: 10055: 9931: 9716: 9678:Combat information center 9655: 9576: 9486: 9215: 9208: 9139:Infantry fighting vehicle 9089: 8921:Unified combatant command 8891: 8754: 8566: 8434: 8354: 8303: 8240: 8207:Lewis (lifting appliance) 8174: 8064: 7988: 7924: 7854: 7778: 7722: 7656: 7542: 7447: 7370:Hardened aircraft shelter 7345:Entry control point (ECP) 7257: 7168: 6884: 6877: 6309: 6058: 5954:, Charles Scribner, 1975. 5725:10.1007/s10963-006-9003-y 5651:Daily Life of the Nubians 5269:Emswiler (2020), pp. 4–5. 5221:Emswiler (2020), pp. 7–9. 4963:. Bbc.co.uk. 2012-10-31. 4544:Cheyenne Mountain Complex 4496:Cheyenne Mountain Complex 3867:A military tactic of the 3826: 3594:Laguindingan Watchtower, 3380:had been built since the 3304:Ceylon Garrison Artillery 3067:Indus Valley Civilization 3017:List of forts in Pakistan 2326:Indus Valley Civilization 1700:Loss-of-strength gradient 552:Combat information center 54:Fortress (disambiguation) 10623:Lists of wars by country 10065:List of military tactics 9183:Self-propelled artillery 9071:Special units by nation: 8514:Protocols and structure: 7867:Continuity of government 5840:MilitaryArchitecture.com 5065:. Ancient-wisdom.co.uk. 4765: 4678: 4546:. On the ground itself, 4286:intervals between them. 4160:, the fortifications of 4112:Giovanni Battista Zanchi 4103:fortifications of Rhodes 3588:Guinsiliban Watchtower, 3584:Bacolod, Lanao del Norte 3492:Cuartel de Santo Domingo 3325:List of castles in China 3314: 3179:, many of them built by 2931:An interior view of the 2655:in Greece from 6800 BC. 2627:for security from large 2018:Military science fiction 1503:Technology and equipment 919:List of military tactics 30:Not to be confused with 10720:International relations 10713:Crimes against humanity 9360:Other infantry weapons: 9076:Battle Fleet; U.S. Navy 8647:Functional specialties: 7689:Motte-and-bailey castle 7395:Missile launch facility 7390:Main line of resistance 6085: 5959:The Encyclopedia of War 5936:Encyclopædia Britannica 5575:Oxford University Press 5240:Encyclopædia Britannica 5136:Celtic Museum Heuneburg 5013:. Odysseus.culture.gr. 4813:Encyclopedia Britannica 4649:forward operating bases 4511:line. For example, the 4302:20th and 21st centuries 4292:Séré de Rivières system 3650:that was a part of the 3576:Fuerte de Alfonso XII, 3506:, Cagayancillo, Palawan 2809:Reconstructed walls of 2086:Wartime sexual violence 1842:Full-spectrum dominance 1653:Supply-chain management 10795:Military installations 10688:Conscientious objector 8796:Special reconnaissance 8536:Awards and decorations 7765:Military installations 7629: 7610: 7601: 7592: 7510: 7181: 7156: 7132: 7122:Scarp and Counterscarp 7093: 7084: 7069: 7036: 7022: 6993: 6964: 6955: 6931: 6892: 6697: 6678: 6596: 6545: 6536: 6492: 6483: 6474: 6411: 6397: 6388: 6334: 6293: 6280: 6271: 6262: 6248: 6208: 6194: 6130: 6121: 6112: 6103: 6094: 6076: 5260:Emswiler (2020), p. 4. 4988:. Greek-thesaurus.gr. 4696: 4507: 4419: 4319: 4259: 4213: 4137: 4093: 3982: 3921: 3898:Medieval fortification 3750: 3655: 3504:Fuerza de Cagayancillo 3349:) walls were built in 3342: 3271: 3230:also in Rajasthan and 3168: 3034: 3021:List of forts in Nepal 3013:List of forts in India 2939: 2878: 2837: 2715: 2620: 2579:Roman forts in England 2533:since the time of the 2317: 2305: 2293: 2275: 2256: 2233: 2227: 1998:Awards and decorations 1971:Peace through strength 1946:Low-intensity conflict 1580:Conscientious objector 1453:Area of responsibility 9708:Torpedo Data Computer 9698:Ship gun fire-control 7534:Floating water castle 7265:Admiralty scaffolding 6558:Fortified buildings ( 6006:Military Architecture 5978:Thornton, John Kelly 5865:Halter, Marc (2011). 5512:"The Battle of Bayan" 5063:"The Ness of Brodgar" 4914:10.15184/aqy.2023.164 4686: 4494: 4409: 4309: 4249: 4199: 4176:being fine examples. 4132:from 18th century in 4124: 4087: 3957: 3911: 3904:Austrian walled towns 3808:Further information: 3744: 3680:Maguindanao Sultanate 3641: 3590:Guinsiliban, Camiguin 3573:, Zamboanga del Norte 3563:Fuerza de Bongabong, 3332: 3261: 3159: 3153:of sun dried bricks. 3028: 2992:following a visit by 2930: 2872: 2808: 2705: 2615: 2311: 2299: 2281: 2262: 2243: 585:Torpedo data computer 575:Ship gun fire-control 50:Fort (disambiguation) 10785:Engineering barrages 10569:Specific modern wars 10517:Vehicles and weapons 10442:Military occupations 9041:Carrier strike group 8031:Massive precut stone 8026:Post-tensioned stone 7877:Subterranean warfare 6830:Viking ring fortress 6001:Fortress Study Group 5808:Fortress Study Group 5538:"The Kutawato Caves" 5118:isentosamballerer.de 5112:Focke, Arne (2006). 4832:Hirst, Paul (1997). 4755:Field fortifications 4518:After World War II, 4055:on the 14th century 3991:Eastern Colonisation 3967:St. George's Harbour 3864:on opposing forces. 3787:Muhammad's diplomacy 3759:Battle of the Trench 3747:Battle of the Trench 3697:: an outpost of the 3614:Local fortifications 3545:Fuerza de Santiago, 3516:Fuerza de San Felipe 3494:, Santa Rosa, Laguna 3409:Old City of Shanghai 3309:Sri Lankan Civil War 2937:Porta San Sebastiano 2760:classical era Greece 2481:improve this section 2116:Military occupations 1951:Military engineering 1853:Unrestricted Warfare 1710:Force multiplication 603:Military manoeuvrers 87:improve this article 10732:Peace organizations 10195:Operations research 9673:Director (military) 9663:Fire-control system 8574:Command and control 8227:Stonemason's hammer 8192:Ceramic tile cutter 7694:Quadrangular castle 7430:Weapon storage area 6786:Quadrangular castle 5952:Pre-Colonial Africa 5782:Thornton, pp. 22–39 5698:Osadolor, pp. 6–294 5209:The Free Dictionary 4737:concentration camps 4708:type construction. 4617:Ayn al-Asad Airbase 4588:underground hangars 4569:hit-and-run tactics 4554:Demilitarized zones 4310:Gun emplacement in 4088:Table of a typical 3961:'s 1624 map of the 3831:The entire city of 3709:Kuta Wato/Kota Bato 3582:Fuerza de Bacolod, 3557:Fuerza de Masbate, 3522:Fuerza de San Pedro 3378:Great Wall of China 3335:Great Wall of China 3047:Indian subcontinent 3003:Indian subcontinent 2911:Neo-Assyrian Empire 2842:Oppidum of Manching 2565:, or sandbags (see 2272:World Heritage Site 2253:World Heritage Site 1802:Penal military unit 1787:Rules of engagement 1463:Command and control 1083:Operations research 547:Director (military) 537:Fire-control system 287:Command and control 168:Part of a series on 10190:Military operation 10157:Tactical objective 9668:Fire-control radar 9584:Military equipment 9526:Anti-ship missiles 8878:Electronic-warfare 8741:Military maneuvers 8726:Combat occupations 8502:Commanding officer 8462:Occupational roles 7425:Underground hangar 7210:Fire control tower 7007:Gunpowder magazine 6435:Butter-churn tower 5964:Murray, Nicholas. 5798:2011-07-26 at the 5497:2015-12-10 at the 5170:. pp. 1, 3–15 5168:Andrews University 4908:(396): 1381–1401. 4727:Prisons and others 4697: 4643:Counter-insurgency 4565:Military airfields 4560:Military airfields 4534:capable of firing 4532:nuclear submarines 4508: 4498:is an underground 4420: 4320: 4266:now connected the 4260: 4214: 4162:Berwick-upon-Tweed 4138: 4094: 3983: 3941:Carolingian Empire 3922: 3751: 3726:Pre-Islamic Arabia 3656: 3600:Kutang San Diego, 3569:Cotta de Dapitan, 3397:Chinese city walls 3376:(618–907 AD). The 3343: 3272: 3254:Forts in Sri Lanka 3169: 3035: 3033:, Gujarat 2600 BCE 2940: 2879: 2838: 2774:a few miles away. 2716: 2621: 2393:Carolingian Empire 2344:' walls). A Greek 2318: 2306: 2294: 2276: 2257: 1911:Counter-insurgency 1832:Command of the sea 1777:Jewish laws on war 1752:Geneva Conventions 1288:Divide and conquer 1078:Military operation 1043:Tactical objective 542:Fire-control radar 519:Electronic-warfare 32:Food fortification 10790:Military strategy 10767: 10766: 10693:Anti-war movement 10636: 10635: 10628:Conflicts by time 10253:Counter-offensive 10243:Military campaign 10162:Target saturation 10112:Counterinsurgency 9761:International law 9703:Gun data computer 9572: 9571: 8909:Armies by country 8873:Close air support 8838:Aircraft carriers 8507:Executive officer 8390: 8389: 8316:Hardstone carving 8263:Polygonal masonry 8087:Decorative stones 7948: 7947: 7872:Military urbanism 7806:Fortified gateway 7679:Concentric castle 7443: 7442: 7360:Fire support base 7200:Coastal artillery 7075:(Spanish America) 6669: 6511:Concentric castle 5876:978-2-9523092-5-7 5869:. Moselle River. 5660:978-0-313-32501-4 5615:978-9960-899-55-8 5588:978-0-19-881078-0 5439:978-81-208-1000-6 5407:978-1-78096-985-5 5232:Lloyd, Seton H.F. 5039:. Orkneyjar.com. 4528:aircraft carriers 4380:air raid shelters 3999:Venetian Republic 3945:Early Middle Ages 3719:Sultanate of Sulu 3542:, Pikit, Cotabato 3321:Chinese city wall 3300:coastal artillery 3183:, founder of the 3128:Lauria Nandangarh 2984:was built by the 2698:Bronze Age Europe 2517: 2516: 2509: 2397:Early Middle Ages 2189: 2188: 2081:Horses in warfare 2028:Anti-war movement 1931:Gunboat diplomacy 1921:Disaster response 1869:Philosophy of war 1864:Principles of war 1837:Deterrence theory 1782:Right of conquest 1705:Lanchester's laws 1473:Principles of war 1163:Counter-offensive 1143:Military campaign 1048:Target saturation 971:Counterinsurgency 580:Gun data computer 514:Close air support 476:Aircraft carriers 163: 162: 155: 137: 16:(Redirected from 10807: 10757: 10756: 10746: 10745: 10723: 10606: 10597: 10588: 10579: 10563: 10554: 10545: 10536: 10527: 10513: 10504: 10495: 10480: 10479: 10422:Military tactics 10263:Defence in depth 10117:Defeat in detail 9813:Armoured warfare 9751:Military science 9541:Close-in weapons 9213: 9212: 9124:Wheeled vehicles 9119:Tracked vehicles 8916:Chain of command 8579:Defense ministry 8417: 8410: 8403: 8394: 8393: 8222:Plug and feather 8072:Artificial stone 7975: 7968: 7961: 7952: 7951: 7937: 7936: 7930: 7821:National redoubt 7750:Fortified estate 7674:Circular rampart 7634: 7615: 7606: 7597: 7515: 7275:Anti-tank trench 7270:Air raid shelter 7245: 7205:Disappearing gun 7186: 7161: 7137: 7098: 7089: 7074: 7050: 7041: 7027: 6998: 6969: 6960: 6936: 6897: 6882: 6881: 6860: 6840:Bailey (or ward) 6806: 6711:Motte-and-bailey 6702: 6683: 6667: 6659: 6658: 6624: 6615: 6601: 6550: 6541: 6497: 6488: 6479: 6470: 6416: 6402: 6393: 6339: 6296: 6285: 6276: 6267: 6253: 6213: 6199: 6139:Circular rampart 6135: 6126: 6117: 6108: 6099: 6090: 6081: 6045: 6038: 6031: 6022: 6021: 5940: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5899: 5898: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5817: 5811: 5789: 5783: 5780: 5774: 5771: 5765: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5708: 5699: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5631: 5625: 5623: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5565:Watt, William M. 5560: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5514:. Archived from 5508: 5502: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5459: 5453: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5422:Hiltebeitel, Alf 5418: 5412: 5411: 5389: 5380: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5329:(1/4): 223–250. 5318: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5261: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5228: 5222: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5206: 5204: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5159: 5144: 5143: 5142:on 24 June 2007. 5128: 5122: 5121: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4938:on April 2, 2020 4924: 4918: 4917: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4782: 4776: 4433:defence in depth 4186:explosive shells 4164:and the harbour 4009:(Lombardy), and 3885:Kingdom of Kongo 3822:Qalat (fortress) 3798:Battle of Hunayn 3769:Muhammad, dug a 3551:Fuerza de Jolo, 3547:Romblon, Romblon 3512:, Zamboanga City 3388:(1368–1644 AD). 3363: 3360: 3220:Ranthambhor Fort 3144: 3141: 2990:northern England 2956:Theodosian Walls 2850: 2847: 2748:Mycenaean Greece 2512: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2492: 2461: 2453: 2426:explosive shells 2334:Mycenaean Greece 2236: 2230: 2181: 2174: 2167: 1936:Humanitarian aid 1874:Security dilemma 1695:Power projection 1478:Economy of force 1458:Chain of command 1173:Defence in depth 1158:Commerce raiding 976:Defeat in detail 292:Defense ministry 196: 187: 186: 177: 165: 164: 158: 151: 147: 144: 138: 136: 95: 71: 63: 21: 10815: 10814: 10810: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10805: 10804: 10770: 10769: 10768: 10763: 10736: 10717: 10703:Humanitarianism 10632: 10611: 10600: 10591: 10582: 10576:Napoleonic Wars 10573: 10557: 10551:Modern warships 10548: 10539: 10530: 10521: 10507: 10498: 10489: 10476:Other namespace 10471: 10393: 10312: 10224: 10176: 10142:Rapid dominance 10051: 9927: 9712: 9651: 9568: 9514:Naval artillery 9494:Guided missiles 9482: 9204: 9085: 8887: 8750: 8746:Combat training 8694:Security forces 8684:Military police 8622:Airborne forces 8562: 8430: 8421: 8391: 8386: 8350: 8299: 8236: 8170: 8092:Dimension stone 8060: 7984: 7979: 7949: 7944: 7928: 7920: 7850: 7774: 7718: 7652: 7587:Imperial castle 7560:Coercion castle 7555:Coastal defence 7538: 7500:Promontory fort 7470:Hillside castle 7439: 7355:Fallout shelter 7320:Concertina wire 7300:Border security 7253: 7164: 6873: 6506:Coercion castle 6494:Cheval de frise 6476:Chemin de ronde 6324:Albarrana tower 6305: 6250:Schwedenschanze 6227:Promontory fort 6054: 6049: 6010:Wayback Machine 5997: 5947: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5903: 5902: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5877: 5863: 5859: 5849: 5847: 5836:"Fort Campbell" 5832: 5828: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5800:Wayback Machine 5790: 5786: 5781: 5777: 5772: 5768: 5764:July, pp. 11–39 5763: 5759: 5744: 5740: 5709: 5702: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5647: 5643: 5634:Muir, William. 5632: 5628: 5616: 5600: 5596: 5589: 5561: 5557: 5547: 5545: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5521: 5519: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5499:Wayback Machine 5490: 5486: 5476: 5474: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5419: 5415: 5408: 5390: 5383: 5371: 5367: 5360: 5346: 5342: 5319: 5315: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5291: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5245: 5243: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5202: 5200: 5190:"Casemate wall" 5188: 5187: 5183: 5173: 5171: 5160: 5147: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5085: 5081: 5072: 5070: 5061:Alex Whitaker. 5059: 5055: 5046: 5044: 5033: 5029: 5020: 5018: 5009: 5008: 5004: 4995: 4993: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4970: 4968: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4941: 4939: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4892: 4888: 4878: 4876: 4867:A. Wade, Dale. 4865: 4861: 4830: 4826: 4817: 4815: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4794: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4757: 4751:for example). 4749:Tower of London 4729: 4681: 4645: 4613:Jersey Barriers 4562: 4471:Battle of Kursk 4459:tank destroyers 4372:nuclear weapons 4304: 4264:tunnel networks 4250:The tunnels of 4184:The arrival of 4182: 4140:The result was 4049: 4043: 3995:Renaissance era 3906: 3900: 3894: 3892:Medieval Europe 3829: 3824: 3806: 3767:Islamic prophet 3739: 3733: 3728: 3699:Bruneian Empire 3690:Notable kotas: 3626: 3618:Main articles: 3616: 3606:Baluarte Luna, 3540:Fuerza de Pikit 3500:, Cuyo, Palawan 3456: 3450: 3445: 3393:defensive walls 3361: 3327: 3317: 3296:Napoleonic wars 3256: 3250: 3212:Mehrangarh Fort 3142: 3130:. The earliest 3039:Later Stone Age 3023: 3007:Main articles: 3005: 2925: 2919: 2903:16th century BC 2867: 2861: 2849: 50–30 BC 2848: 2714:fortifications. 2700: 2680:Ness of Brodgar 2610: 2605: 2513: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2478: 2462: 2451: 2424:The arrival of 2322:defensive walls 2231:("strong") and 2195:(also called a 2185: 2156: 2155: 2106: 2096: 2095: 2061: 2053: 2052: 1993: 1983: 1982: 1956:Multilateralism 1941:Law enforcement 1901: 1891: 1890: 1859:Just war theory 1817: 1807: 1806: 1757:Geneva Protocol 1727: 1717: 1716: 1690: 1680: 1679: 1621: 1611: 1610: 1518: 1508: 1507: 1448: 1438: 1437: 1403: 1393: 1392: 1323:Network-centric 1243: 1233: 1232: 1135: 1125: 1124: 1073: 1063: 1062: 1011:Rapid dominance 916: 906: 905: 861:Electromagnetic 770: 760: 759: 746: 699: 647: 623: 613: 612: 608:Combat training 589: 566: 532:Combat systems: 528: 490: 486:Auxiliary ships 452: 412: 354: 277: 267: 266: 206: 180: 179: 178: 173: 159: 148: 142: 139: 102:"Fortification" 96: 94: 84: 72: 61: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10813: 10803: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10780:Fortifications 10765: 10764: 10741: 10738: 10737: 10735: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10683:Global studies 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10658:Peace movement 10655: 10650: 10644: 10642: 10638: 10637: 10634: 10633: 10631: 10630: 10625: 10619: 10617: 10613: 10612: 10610: 10609: 10608: 10607: 10598: 10589: 10580: 10566: 10565: 10564: 10555: 10546: 10537: 10528: 10514: 10505: 10496: 10486: 10484: 10477: 10473: 10472: 10470: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10457:Related lists: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10427:History lists: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10407:Military lists 10403: 10401: 10395: 10394: 10392: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10374:Defense policy 10371: 10369:Defense budget 10366: 10361: 10359:Public policy: 10356: 10351: 10349:United Nations 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10322: 10320: 10314: 10313: 10311: 10310: 10308:Scorched earth 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10234: 10232: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10210:Deep operation 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10186: 10184: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10088: 10087: 10082: 10072: 10067: 10061: 10059: 10053: 10052: 10050: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10038: 10037: 10027: 10026: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9990: 9989: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9958: 9957: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9937: 9935: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9925: 9923:Unconventional 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9873:Disinformation 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9804: 9803: 9798: 9788: 9783: 9781:Post-classical 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9722: 9720: 9714: 9713: 9711: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9659: 9657: 9656:Combat systems 9653: 9652: 9650: 9649: 9647:Field hospital 9644: 9643: 9642: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9621: 9620: 9610: 9609: 9608: 9598: 9597: 9596: 9591: 9580: 9578: 9574: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9522: 9521: 9511: 9503: 9502: 9501: 9490: 9488: 9484: 9483: 9481: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9464: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9443: 9442: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9424:Shoulder-fired 9413: 9412: 9411: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9390: 9389: 9379: 9378: 9377: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9351: 9350: 9340: 9339: 9338: 9328: 9324:Service rifles 9320: 9319: 9318: 9308: 9303: 9295: 9294: 9293: 9283: 9282: 9281: 9271: 9270: 9269: 9259: 9258: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9237: 9232: 9231: 9230: 9219: 9217: 9210: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9202: 9197: 9196: 9195: 9190: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9173: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9152: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9110: 9109: 9099: 9093: 9091: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9006: 8996: 8995: 8994: 8989: 8979: 8978: 8977: 8967: 8966: 8965: 8955: 8954: 8953: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8912: 8911: 8906: 8895: 8893: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8885: 8883:Reconnaissance 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8848:Auxiliary ship 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8760: 8758: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8736:Basic training 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8717: 8716: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8675: 8674: 8667:Reconnaissance 8664: 8659: 8654: 8652:Communications 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8617:Special forces 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8581: 8576: 8570: 8568: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8549: 8548: 8543: 8533: 8528: 8527: 8526: 8516: 8510: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8438: 8436: 8432: 8431: 8420: 8419: 8412: 8405: 8397: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8358: 8356: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8318: 8313: 8307: 8305: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8297: 8296: 8295: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8244: 8242: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8178: 8176: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8146: 8141: 8140: 8139: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8068: 8066: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8016:Letter cutting 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7992: 7990: 7986: 7985: 7978: 7977: 7970: 7963: 7955: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7942: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7917: 7916: 7906: 7904:Trench warfare 7901: 7899:Tunnel warfare 7896: 7895: 7894: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7782: 7780: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7755:Fortifications 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7726: 7724: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7607: 7598: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7572: 7567: 7565:Counter-castle 7562: 7557: 7552: 7550:Border barrier 7546: 7544: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7485:Lowland castle 7482: 7477: 7475:Hilltop castle 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7451: 7449: 7445: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7350:Electric fence 7347: 7342: 7340:Dragon's teeth 7337: 7335:Czech hedgehog 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7261: 7259: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7249:Wire obstacles 7246: 7237: 7235:Polygonal fort 7232: 7227: 7225:Martello tower 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7190:Border outpost 7187: 7178: 7172: 7170: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7162: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7090: 7081: 7076: 7066: 7064:Polygonal fort 7061: 7056: 7051: 7042: 7033: 7028: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6961: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6888: 6886: 6879: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6675: 6670: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6616: 6607: 6602: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6576: 6571: 6556: 6554:Flanking tower 6551: 6542: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6521:Counter-castle 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6489: 6480: 6471: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6408: 6403: 6394: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6315: 6313: 6311:Post-classical 6307: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6301:Vitrified fort 6298: 6286: 6277: 6268: 6259: 6254: 6245: 6240: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6205: 6200: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6159:Defensive wall 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6127: 6118: 6109: 6100: 6091: 6082: 6073: 6068: 6062: 6060: 6056: 6055: 6052:Fortifications 6048: 6047: 6040: 6033: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6003: 5996: 5995:External links 5993: 5992: 5991: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5955: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5931:Chisholm, Hugh 5907: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5882: 5875: 5857: 5826: 5812: 5784: 5775: 5766: 5757: 5738: 5719:(2): 133–168. 5700: 5691: 5684: 5666: 5659: 5641: 5626: 5614: 5594: 5587: 5555: 5529: 5503: 5484: 5454: 5445: 5438: 5413: 5406: 5381: 5365: 5358: 5340: 5313: 5296: 5289: 5271: 5262: 5253: 5223: 5214: 5181: 5145: 5123: 5104: 5097: 5079: 5053: 5027: 5002: 4977: 4948: 4919: 4886: 4859: 4824: 4800: 4798:, p. 680. 4783: 4781:, p. 679. 4770: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4761:Trench warfare 4759:Main article: 4756: 4753: 4741:Theresienstadt 4728: 4725: 4689:Ozama Fortress 4680: 4677: 4644: 4641: 4580:hesco barriers 4561: 4558: 4451:anti-tank guns 4440:defensive line 4424:trench warfare 4416:bunker busters 4404: 4403: 4388:Siegfried Line 4383: 4368:bunker busters 4339:aerial warfare 4316:aerial warfare 4303: 4300: 4252:Fort de Mutzig 4210:polygonal fort 4200:The ditch and 4181: 4178: 4156:states and in 4150:Fort Bourtange 4042: 4039: 3987:eastern Europe 3896:Main article: 3893: 3890: 3844:walls of Benin 3828: 3825: 3805: 3802: 3794:Siege of Ta'if 3735:Main article: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3712: 3706: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3608:Luna, La Union 3604: 3602:Gumaca, Quezon 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3498:Fuerza de Cuyo 3495: 3489: 3452:Main article: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3433:Yongle Emperor 3425:Forbidden City 3370:Warring States 3316: 3313: 3302:manned by the 3266:built by King 3252:Main article: 3249: 3246: 3236:Madhya Pradesh 3228:Jaisalmer Fort 3185:Maratha Empire 3161:Jaisalmer Fort 3143: 2500 BC 3132:Mauryan period 3009:Forts in India 3004: 3001: 2982:Hadrian's Wall 2960:Constantinople 2948:Aurelian Walls 2933:Aurelian walls 2921:Main article: 2918: 2915: 2907:9th century BC 2889:and the wider 2860: 2857: 2825:murus gallicus 2779:Central Europe 2762:, the city of 2744:ancient Greece 2699: 2696: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2571:Fort Necessity 2530:castrametation 2515: 2514: 2465: 2463: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2330:ancient Greece 2316:, Netherlands. 2187: 2186: 2184: 2183: 2176: 2169: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2121:Military terms 2118: 2113: 2107: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1994: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1902: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1879:Tripwire force 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1818: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1728: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1702: 1697: 1691: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1655: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1633: 1628: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1519: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1449: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1404: 1401:Administrative 1399: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1328:New generation 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1303:Fleet in being 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1244: 1241:Grand strategy 1239: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1228:Scorched earth 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1136: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1100:Deep operation 1097: 1092: 1085: 1080: 1074: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 947: 946: 941: 936: 926: 917: 912: 911: 908: 907: 904: 903: 901:Unconventional 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 849: 847:Disinformation 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 818: 817: 812: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 771: 766: 765: 762: 761: 758: 757: 752: 745: 744: 743: 742: 741: 740: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 698: 697: 696: 695: 694: 693: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 646: 645: 644: 643: 638: 633: 624: 619: 618: 615: 614: 611: 610: 605: 600: 598:Basic training 595: 588: 587: 582: 577: 572: 565: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 527: 526: 524:Reconnaissance 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 489: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 451: 450: 445: 443:Special forces 440: 435: 434: 433: 423: 418: 411: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 353: 352: 343: 338: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 278: 273: 272: 269: 268: 265: 264: 263: 262: 257: 247: 246: 245: 240: 230: 229: 228: 221:Post-classical 218: 213: 207: 202: 201: 198: 197: 189: 188: 170: 169: 161: 160: 75: 73: 66: 36:Fortified wine 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10812: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10762: 10761: 10751: 10750: 10739: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10721: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10663:Peace process 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10639: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10620: 10618: 10614: 10604: 10599: 10595: 10590: 10586: 10581: 10577: 10572: 10571: 10570: 10567: 10561: 10556: 10552: 10547: 10543: 10538: 10534: 10529: 10525: 10520: 10519: 10518: 10515: 10511: 10506: 10502: 10497: 10493: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10481: 10478: 10474: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10404: 10402: 10400: 10396: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10328: 10324: 10323: 10321: 10319: 10315: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10231: 10227: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10205:Expeditionary 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10187: 10185: 10183: 10179: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10107:Counterattack 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10077: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10062: 10060: 10058: 10054: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10036: 10033: 10032: 10031: 10028: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9995: 9994: 9991: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9963: 9962: 9959: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9934: 9930: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9913:Psychological 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9853:Combined arms 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9793: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9723: 9721: 9719: 9715: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9654: 9648: 9645: 9641: 9638: 9637: 9636: 9635:Military base 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9619: 9616: 9615: 9614: 9611: 9607: 9604: 9603: 9602: 9599: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9585: 9582: 9581: 9579: 9575: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9548: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9536:Depth charges 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9520: 9517: 9516: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9497: 9496: 9495: 9492: 9491: 9489: 9485: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9448: 9447: 9444: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9407: 9406: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9388: 9385: 9384: 9383: 9380: 9376: 9373: 9372: 9371: 9370:Anti-tank gun 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9349: 9346: 9345: 9344: 9343:Assault rifle 9341: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9332: 9331:Battle rifles 9329: 9327: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9314: 9313: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9300: 9299:Infantry guns 9296: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9287: 9284: 9280: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9272: 9268: 9265: 9264: 9263: 9260: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9242: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9229: 9226: 9225: 9224: 9221: 9220: 9218: 9214: 9211: 9207: 9201: 9198: 9194: 9193:Anti-aircraft 9191: 9189: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9181: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9131: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9088: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9001: 9000: 8997: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8983: 8980: 8976: 8973: 8972: 8971: 8968: 8964: 8961: 8960: 8959: 8956: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8926:General staff 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8901: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8890: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8843:Landing craft 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8813: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8753: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8673: 8670: 8669: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8565: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8492:Enlisted rank 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8418: 8413: 8411: 8406: 8404: 8399: 8398: 8395: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8355:Organizations 8353: 8347: 8346:Machicolation 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8326: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8308: 8306: 8302: 8294: 8291: 8290: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8202:Diamond blade 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8182:Angle grinder 8180: 8179: 8177: 8173: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7976: 7971: 7969: 7964: 7962: 7957: 7956: 7953: 7941: 7940: 7927: 7926: 7923: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7910: 7909:Urban warfare 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7862:Civil defense 7860: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7777: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7730:Bastion forts 7728: 7727: 7725: 7721: 7715: 7714:Z-plan castle 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7684:L-plan castle 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7669:Bridge castle 7667: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7655: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7638:Refuge castle 7636: 7633: 7632: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7619:Military base 7617: 7614: 7613: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7596: 7595: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7582:Hunting lodge 7580: 7578: 7577: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7495:Moated castle 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7480:Island castle 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7448:By topography 7446: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7420:Submarine pen 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7375:Hesco bastion 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7290:Blast shelter 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7256: 7250: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7059:Place-of-arms 7057: 7055: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6883: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6693: 6692:Machicolation 6690: 6688: 6687:L-plan castle 6685: 6682: 6681: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6666: 6665: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6420:Bridge castle 6418: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6384: 6383:Bent entrance 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6368:Battery tower 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6319:Advanced work 6317: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6244: 6243:Refuge castle 6241: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6041: 6039: 6034: 6032: 6027: 6026: 6023: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5950:July, Robert 5949: 5948: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5921:public domain 5910: 5909: 5896: 5892: 5886: 5878: 5872: 5868: 5861: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5830: 5822: 5816: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5788: 5779: 5770: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5707: 5705: 5695: 5687: 5681: 5677: 5670: 5662: 5656: 5652: 5645: 5637: 5630: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5607: 5606: 5598: 5590: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5559: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5518:on 2015-12-30 5517: 5513: 5507: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5488: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5449: 5441: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5409: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5386: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5361: 5359:0-7506-2267-9 5355: 5351: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5323:East and West 5317: 5306: 5300: 5292: 5290:0-395-65237-5 5286: 5282: 5275: 5266: 5257: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5233: 5227: 5218: 5210: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5100: 5098:0-7506-2267-9 5094: 5090: 5083: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5016: 5012: 5006: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4890: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4840:(33): 13–26. 4839: 4835: 4828: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4797: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4762: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4707: 4701: 4694: 4693:Santo Domingo 4690: 4685: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4606: 4605:South Vietnam 4602: 4597: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4524:Missile silos 4521: 4516: 4514: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4441: 4436: 4434: 4428: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4401: 4397: 4396:Atlantic Wall 4393: 4389: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4343:Fort Campbell 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4313: 4312:Fort Campbell 4308: 4299: 4295: 4293: 4287: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4241: 4236: 4234: 4229: 4226: 4221: 4219: 4218:counter scarp 4211: 4207: 4206:Fort Delimara 4203: 4202:counter scarp 4198: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4080: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3899: 3889: 3886: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3804:Islamic world 3801: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3720: 3716: 3715:Kota Sug/Jolo 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3695:Kota Selurong 3693: 3692: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3644:Fort Santiago 3640: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3625: 3621: 3620:Ivatan people 3609: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3518:, Cavite City 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3356: 3355:Shang dynasty 3352: 3351:ancient China 3348: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3262:Rock fort of 3260: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3108:Mahasthangarh 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2994:Roman Emperor 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2883:casemate wall 2876: 2871: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791:Mediterranean 2788: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2758:' walls). In 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2727:Borġ in-Nadur 2724: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2708:Borġ in-Nadur 2704: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2671:walled cities 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2580: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2535:Roman legions 2532: 2531: 2525: 2523: 2511: 2508: 2500: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2466:This section 2464: 2460: 2455: 2454: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2367:Roman legions 2363: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2310: 2303: 2298: 2291: 2288: 2285:in 1935. The 2284: 2283:Maiden Castle 2280: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2254: 2251:are a UNESCO 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2237:("to make"). 2235: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2193:fortification 2182: 2177: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2159: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2100: 2099: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2008:Warrior caste 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1979: 1978:Show of force 1976: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1966:Peacebuilding 1964: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1895: 1894: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1822:Air supremacy 1820: 1819: 1816: 1811: 1810: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1762:Islamic rules 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1742:Court-martial 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1721: 1720: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1684: 1683: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1641:Arms industry 1639: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1615: 1614: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1512: 1511: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1442: 1441: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1397: 1396: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1258:Broken-backed 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1237: 1236: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1128: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1095:Expeditionary 1093: 1091: 1090: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1067: 1066: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1019: 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540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 529: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 491: 487: 484: 482: 481:Landing craft 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 453: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 432: 429: 428: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 413: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 355: 351: 347: 346:Standing army 344: 342: 339: 337: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 276: 271: 270: 261: 258: 256: 253: 252: 251: 248: 244: 241: 239: 238:pike and shot 236: 235: 234: 231: 227: 224: 223: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 208: 205: 200: 199: 195: 191: 190: 184: 176: 172: 171: 167: 166: 157: 154: 146: 135: 132: 128: 125: 121: 118: 114: 111: 107: 104: – 103: 99: 98:Find sources: 92: 88: 82: 81: 76:This article 74: 70: 65: 64: 59: 55: 51: 44: 37: 33: 19: 10758: 10747: 10726: 10722:}} 10718:{{ 10605:}} 10601:{{ 10596:}} 10594:World War II 10592:{{ 10587:}} 10583:{{ 10578:}} 10574:{{ 10568: 10562:}} 10558:{{ 10553:}} 10549:{{ 10544:}} 10540:{{ 10535:}} 10531:{{ 10526:}} 10522:{{ 10516: 10512:}} 10508:{{ 10503:}} 10499:{{ 10494:}} 10490:{{ 10456: 10426: 10406: 10378: 10364:Conscription 10358: 10339:Peace treaty 10325: 10030:Subterranean 9918:Radiological 9858:Conventional 9807: 9786:Early modern 9765: 9692: 9629: 9545: 9505: 9467: 9450: 9415: 9404:Combat knife 9394:Flamethrower 9359: 9355:Sniper rifle 9322: 9311:Machine guns 9297: 9234: 9096: 9070: 9060: 9025: 8930: 8899:Organization 8852: 8806:Naval units: 8805: 8801:Signal corps 8763: 8731:Development: 8730: 8720: 8699:Border guard 8662:Intelligence 8646: 8585:Armed Forces 8583: 8552: 8513: 8471: 8278:Tuckpointing 8232:Straightedge 8166:Stone veneer 7982:Stonemasonry 7932: 7887:Siege engine 7855:Other topics 7779:Related word 7745:Defense line 7709:Tower castle 7664:Bastion fort 7648:Urban castle 7576:Ganerbenburg 7574: 7529:Water castle 7505:Ridge castle 7490:Marsh castle 7305:Bomb shelter 7285:Belgian gate 7258:20th century 7169:19th century 7107:Retrenchment 7079:Punji sticks 6988:Entrenchment 6983:Device Forts 6950:Counterguard 6885:Early modern 6815:Tower castle 6751:Powder tower 6726:Outer bailey 6638:Inner bailey 6612:Gulyay-gorod 6580:Ganerbenburg 6578: 6574:Fujian tulou 6516:Corner tower 6455:Chamber gate 6425:Bridge tower 6273:Trou de loup 6051: 5979: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5945:Bibliography 5934: 5894: 5885: 5866: 5860: 5848:. Retrieved 5839: 5829: 5820: 5815: 5803: 5791:Harris, J., 5787: 5778: 5769: 5760: 5751: 5741: 5716: 5712: 5694: 5675: 5669: 5650: 5644: 5635: 5629: 5604: 5597: 5569: 5558: 5546:. Retrieved 5532: 5520:. Retrieved 5516:the original 5506: 5487: 5475:. Retrieved 5466: 5457: 5448: 5425: 5416: 5393: 5372: 5368: 5349: 5343: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5299: 5280: 5274: 5265: 5256: 5244:. Retrieved 5238: 5226: 5217: 5207:– via 5201:. Retrieved 5193: 5184: 5172:. Retrieved 5140:the original 5135: 5126: 5120:(in German). 5117: 5107: 5088: 5082: 5071:. Retrieved 5056: 5045:. Retrieved 5030: 5019:. Retrieved 5005: 4994:. Retrieved 4980: 4969:. Retrieved 4960: 4951: 4940:. Retrieved 4936:the original 4931: 4922: 4905: 4899: 4889: 4879:19 September 4877:. Retrieved 4872: 4862: 4837: 4827: 4816:. Retrieved 4812: 4803: 4796:Jackson 1911 4779:Jackson 1911 4774: 4730: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4657:Camp Bastion 4646: 4638: 4635: 4628: 4625: 4621: 4609: 4601:infiltration 4595: 4592: 4573: 4563: 4552: 4517: 4509: 4486:open terrain 4479: 4467: 4453:. Defending 4448: 4444: 4437: 4429: 4421: 4400:Maginot Line 4364:World War II 4356: 4321: 4296: 4294:in France). 4288: 4284: 4261: 4237: 4230: 4222: 4215: 4183: 4180:19th century 4139: 4130:sea fortress 4116: 4106: 4095: 4090:bastion fort 4076: 4061:black powder 4050: 4013:(Italy), or 3984: 3923: 3882: 3866: 3847: 3841: 3830: 3810:Caravanserai 3791: 3783:Banu Qurayza 3752: 3689: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3657: 3629: 3627: 3480: 3476:World War II 3457: 3390: 3386:Ming dynasty 3374:Tang dynasty 3347:rammed earth 3344: 3280:Indian Ocean 3273: 3242:Arthashastra 3240: 3232:Gwalior Fort 3208:Chittor Fort 3189: 3176: 3170: 3120:Ahichchhatra 3100:Mohenjo-daro 3049:(modern day 3036: 2986:Roman Empire 2980: 2972:Newport Arch 2941: 2917:Ancient Rome 2882: 2880: 2839: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2776: 2733:and ancient 2717: 2657: 2633: 2622: 2583: 2575: 2551: 2547:poliorcetics 2528: 2526: 2518: 2503: 2497:January 2013 2494: 2479:Please help 2467: 2449:Nomenclature 2423: 2408:black powder 2401: 2383: 2364: 2345: 2319: 2266:, Colombia. 2249:Old San Juan 2216:construction 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2190: 2091:Fifth column 2071:War resister 2066:Women in war 1961:Peacekeeping 1906:Arms control 1851: 1540:Mobilization 1535:Conscription 1493:Intelligence 1446:Organization 1087: 1016:Encirclement 896:Radiological 832:Conventional 686:Subterranean 665: 593:Development: 592: 569: 531: 493: 456:Naval units: 455: 448:Signal corps 415: 378:Intelligence 358:Specialties: 357: 282:Organization 233:Early modern 149: 143:January 2013 140: 130: 123: 116: 109: 97: 85:Please help 80:verification 77: 10727:Categories: 10668:Disarmament 10585:World War I 10344:Cooperation 10258:Culminating 10182:Operational 10127:Envelopment 10047:Information 9966:Cold-region 9933:Battlespace 9791:Late modern 9771:Prehistoric 9693:Historical: 9630:Facilities: 9156:Armored car 9031:Naval fleet 8769:Combat arms 8764:Land units: 8721:Categories: 8704:Coast guard 8689:Gendarmerie 8612:Space force 8553:Categories: 8467:Recruitment 8187:Bush hammer 8122:Lime mortar 8001:Rustication 7786:Castle town 7643:Toll castle 7612:Lustschloss 7594:Kaiserpfalz 7524:Spur castle 7519:Rock castle 7460:Hill castle 7455:Cave castle 7415:Spider hole 7315:Bremer wall 7280:Barbed tape 7176:Barbed wire 6850:Witch tower 6820:Tower house 6810:Toll castle 6796:Shield wall 6716:Murder hole 6605:Guard tower 6222:Pincer gate 6169:Faussebraye 5754:. Academia. 5198:McGraw-Hill 4665:Afghanistan 4661:Leatherneck 4651:up to huge 4392:Stalin Line 4331:World War I 4268:blockhouses 4256:blockhouses 4233:blockhouses 4170:Suomenlinna 4166:archipelago 4148:, of which 4126:Suomenlinna 4105:which were 4057:battlefield 3925:Roman forts 3792:During the 3472:Pasig River 3460:Spanish Era 3458:During the 3443:Philippines 3382:Qin dynasty 3362: 1600 3339:Jinshanling 3173:Maharashtra 3147:Afghanistan 3112:Pataliputra 3043:British Raj 2964:Porta Nigra 2682:3200 BC in 2675:Nile Valley 2667:Mesopotamia 2661:in ancient 2617:Han dynasty 2597:Carcassonne 2559:breastworks 2443:World War I 2385:Roman forts 2076:War studies 1899:Non-warfare 1827:Appeasement 1792:Martial law 1631:War economy 1570:Transgender 1523:Recruitment 1283:Containment 1168:Culminating 1148:Anti-access 1071:Operational 991:Envelopment 934:Air assault 815:Air cavalry 775:Air defence 755:Information 656:Cold-region 621:Battlespace 570:Historical: 416:Land units: 322:Space force 317:Coast guard 250:Late modern 211:Prehistoric 10774:Categories 10616:Categories 10462:War crimes 10447:Operations 10384:Government 10200:Blitzkrieg 10172:Withdrawal 10023:Underwater 9998:Amphibious 9940:Aerospace 9883:Electronic 9833:Camouflage 9828:Biological 9801:fourth-gen 9796:industrial 9625:Body armor 9613:Camouflage 9594:By country 9439:By country 9250:By country 9235:Artillery: 9149:By country 9066:Combat box 9036:Task force 9004:By country 8987:By country 8941:Field army 8936:Army group 8904:By country 8853:Air units: 8833:Submarines 8714:By country 8541:By country 8457:Technology 8341:Stone wall 8268:Repointing 8241:Techniques 8097:Fieldstone 8082:Cast stone 8036:Monumental 7811:Gatekeeper 7631:Ordensburg 7603:Landesburg 7410:Sentry gun 7365:Flak tower 7295:Blast wall 7215:Gun turret 7112:Sally port 7017:Kotta mara 6957:Couvreface 6921:Breastwork 6916:Blockhouse 6894:Abwurfdach 6845:Watchtower 6835:Wall tower 6791:Shell keep 6741:Portcullis 6736:Peel tower 6721:Neck ditch 6680:Landesburg 6628:Half tower 6586:Gate tower 6531:Drawbridge 6373:Battlement 6289:Wagon fort 6132:Chengqiang 5988:1857283937 5906:References 5685:0195170555 5577:. p. 5467:FilipiKnow 5174:22 October 5073:2013-05-04 5047:2013-05-04 5021:2013-05-04 4996:2013-05-04 4971:2013-05-04 4942:2013-05-04 4818:2021-01-23 4576:revetments 4548:minefields 4394:, and the 4341:, such as 4190:Star forts 4045:See also: 4005:(Cyprus), 3959:John Smith 3929:hill forts 3902:See also: 3855:concealed 3852:Yorubaland 3667:fortresses 3652:Intramuros 3553:Jolo, Sulu 3486:Intramuros 3466:, the old 3464:Intramuros 3353:since the 3319:See also: 3284:Portuguese 3088:Kalibangan 3059:Bangladesh 2863:See also: 2768:Long Walls 2720:Bronze Age 2712:Bronze Age 2648:Solnitsata 2640:Amnya Fort 2629:carnivores 2608:Early uses 2555:mechanical 2543:siegecraft 2430:Star forts 2389:hill forts 2209:stronghold 2136:War crimes 2126:Operations 2033:Foot drill 2003:Battle cry 1916:deterrence 1575:Harassment 1550:Specialism 1373:Technology 1368:Succession 1313:Liberation 1248:Asymmetric 1183:Empty fort 1089:Blitzkrieg 1058:Withdrawal 1021:Investment 800:Camouflage 795:Biological 733:Underwater 708:Amphibious 627:Aerospace 494:Air units: 471:Submarines 260:fourth-gen 255:industrial 243:napoleonic 113:newspapers 10483:Templates 10354:Mediation 10334:Alliances 10327:Diplomacy 10303:Offensive 10283:Defensive 10278:Deception 10248:Attrition 10132:Guerrilla 10080:Airbridge 9898:Loitering 9818:Artillery 9756:Diplomacy 9577:Equipment 9531:Torpedoes 9473:Land mine 9429:Anti-tank 9262:Field gun 9240:Artillery 9176:Gun truck 9161:Scout car 8999:Battalion 8892:Structure 8791:Artillery 8709:Logistics 8657:Engineers 8602:Air force 8336:Sculpture 8325:Footstone 8321:Headstone 8288:Brickwork 8273:Scabbling 8253:Flushwork 8149:Sandstone 8127:Limestone 8102:Flagstone 8065:Materials 8046:Sculpture 8011:Dry stone 7914:Guerrilla 7657:By design 7405:Revetment 7220:Land mine 7151:Star fort 6978:Crownwork 6973:Covertway 6906:Barricade 6547:Embrasure 6460:Chartaque 6390:Bergfried 6348:Arrowslit 6174:Gatehouse 6144:City gate 6105:Castellum 6071:Acropolis 5733:144422848 4901:Antiquity 4846:0261-6823 4721:companies 4619:in Iraq. 4540:Gibraltar 4376:radiation 4352:landmarks 4280:casemates 4272:magazines 4240:caponiers 4225:polygonal 4136:, Finland 4114:in 1554. 4015:Dubrovnik 4011:Palmanova 3979:New World 3914:Szprotawa 3873:stockades 3862:crossfire 3635:arrived. 3276:Sri Lanka 3274:Forts in 3248:Sri Lanka 3224:Amer Fort 3216:Rajasthan 3196:Old Delhi 3165:Rajasthan 3104:Kaushambi 3080:Dholavira 3031:Dholavira 2891:Near East 2881:The term 2795:Heuneburg 2756:cyclopean 2688:Assyrians 2537:. Laying 2468:does not 2359:castellum 2347:phrourion 2342:cyclopean 2268:Cartagena 2023:War novel 1926:Grey-zone 1886:War games 1847:Overmatch 1797:War crime 1747:Desertion 1737:Ceasefire 1732:Armistice 1619:Logistics 1597:Mercenary 1585:Volunteer 1516:Personnel 1488:Engineers 1433:Sociology 1388:World war 1383:Total war 1363:Strategic 1353:Religious 1338:Political 1333:Perpetual 1308:Irregular 1223:Offensive 1198:Defensive 1193:Deception 1153:Attrition 1001:Guerrilla 996:Formation 939:Airbridge 871:Loitering 785:Artillery 438:Artillery 373:Engineers 336:Irregular 307:Air force 18:Festungen 10749:Category 10673:Pacifism 10603:Cold War 10560:Aircraft 10379:Related: 10230:Strategy 10215:Maneuver 10152:Swarming 9981:Mountain 9949:Airborne 9888:Infantry 9843:Chemical 9808:By type: 9736:Strategy 9559:Missiles 9487:Sea/Air: 9456:Infantry 9417:Missiles 9274:Howitzer 9090:Vehicles 9056:Squadron 9051:Flotilla 9046:Division 8982:Regiment 8958:Division 8858:Fighters 8821:Littoral 8811:Warships 8774:Infantry 8756:Branches 8642:Reserves 8627:Commando 8531:Uniforms 8442:Military 8435:Concepts 8424:Military 8304:Products 8258:Knapping 8051:Slipform 7939:Category 7929:See also 7816:Loophole 7704:Ringwork 7699:Ringfort 7624:Obstacle 7465:Hillfort 7385:Loophole 7183:Barbette 7158:Tenaille 7141:Sea fort 7071:Presidio 7031:Magazine 7012:Hornwork 6945:Cavalier 6940:Casemate 6933:Caponier 6776:Ringwork 6664:Detinets 6633:Hoarding 6538:Enceinte 6413:Bretèche 6358:Bartizan 6353:Barbican 6329:Alcazaba 6257:Stockade 6237:Ringfort 6217:Palisade 6189:Landwehr 6184:Hillfort 5850:15 March 5844:Archived 5796:Archived 5620:archived 5567:(1974). 5548:17 March 5542:Archived 5522:17 March 5495:Archived 5477:17 March 5471:Archived 5424:(1991). 5377:Sanskrit 5335:29757611 5067:Archived 5041:Archived 5015:Archived 4990:Archived 4965:Archived 4961:BBC News 4932:NBC News 4854:29544045 4838:AA Files 4747:and the 4717:platoons 4655:such as 4653:airbases 4542:and the 4502:used by 4463:brigades 4335:obsolete 4327:concrete 4174:Helsinki 4146:bastions 4134:Helsinki 4079:geometry 4072:ramparts 4023:Počitelj 4019:Ottomans 3918:bog iron 3755:Muhammad 3684:Mindanao 3536:, Manila 3488:, Manila 3419:and the 3401:Hangzhou 3264:Sigiriya 3200:Red Fort 3192:Red Fort 3151:bastions 3136:Mundigak 3092:mudbrick 3090:exhibit 3075:Kot Diji 3055:Pakistan 2954:and the 2895:Hittites 2865:Casemate 2853:Bibracte 2834:Iron Age 2811:Bibracte 2799:mudbrick 2684:Scotland 2644:Provadia 2439:concrete 2419:ramparts 2352:garrison 2290:hillfort 2287:Iron Age 2213:military 2205:fastness 2201:fortress 2038:War song 2013:War film 1646:Materiel 1565:Children 1545:Training 1483:Medicine 1468:Doctrine 1423:Training 1358:Resource 1343:Princely 1293:Economic 1278:Conquest 1273:Colonial 1268:Cold war 1253:Blockade 1133:Strategy 1105:Maneuver 866:Infantry 822:Chemical 676:Mountain 636:Airborne 499:Fighters 466:Warships 421:Infantry 363:Rifleman 327:Reserves 275:Military 10760:Commons 10678:Détente 10641:Related 10533:Weapons 10501:Weapons 10467:Writers 10437:Battles 10417:Weapons 10122:Foxhole 10097:Cavalry 10085:Airdrop 10075:Airlift 10057:Tactics 10018:Surface 9908:Nuclear 9893:Lawfare 9838:Cavalry 9823:Barrage 9776:Ancient 9766:By era: 9741:Tactics 9718:Warfare 9399:Bayonet 9382:Grenade 9365:Bazooka 9306:Pistols 9255:Battery 9223:Weapons 9209:Weapons 9097:Ground: 9016:Platoon 9009:By type 8992:By type 8975:By type 8970:Brigade 8868:Command 8863:Bombers 8816:Surface 8784:Cavalry 8679:Medical 8637:Militia 8632:Frogman 8607:Marines 8546:Highest 8497:Officer 8477:Soldier 8452:History 8447:Service 8248:Flaming 8112:Granite 8056:Snecked 8021:Masonry 8006:Carving 7846:Vedette 7836:Schloss 7801:Festung 7796:Dungeon 7791:Château 7735:Castles 7543:By role 7400:Pillbox 7230:Outpost 7146:Station 7134:Schanze 7117:Sandbag 7102:Redoubt 7086:Ravelin 7054:Palanka 7038:Orillon 7024:Lunette 6966:Coupure 6911:Bastion 6901:Arsenal 6869:Zwinger 6781:Roundel 6771:Ricetto 6746:Postern 6731:Outwork 6655:Kremlin 6526:Curtain 6501:Citadel 6485:Chemise 6445:Caltrop 6363:Bastion 6336:Alcázar 6232:Rampart 6210:Oppidum 6203:Nuraghe 6149:Crannog 6123:Castros 6059:Ancient 6016:ICOFORT 6008:at the 5933:(ed.). 5923:: 5375:is the 5246:16 July 5203:16 July 4733:prisons 4673:sandbag 4631:sandbag 4596:expense 4482:terrain 4354:today. 4347:bunkers 4276:parapet 4158:Britain 4099:ravelin 4065:ditches 4053:cannons 4027:Vratnik 4003:Nicosia 3977:in the 3975:England 3971:Bermuda 3949:ditches 3933:castles 3877:British 3869:Ashanti 3857:ditches 3775:cavalry 3765:led by 3763:Muslims 3753:During 3669:called 3660:Igorots 3648:citadel 3571:Dapitan 3559:Masbate 3429:Beijing 3405:Nanjing 3292:British 3181:Shivaji 3167:, India 3116:Mathura 3084:Harrapa 3041:to the 2997:Hadrian 2976:Lincoln 2899:Ti'inik 2819:oppidum 2815:Gaulish 2772:Piraeus 2752:Mycenae 2692:palaces 2603:History 2589:monarch 2585:Castles 2489:removed 2474:sources 2412:ditches 2404:cannons 2375:monarch 2371:Castles 2338:Mycenae 2314:Utrecht 2220:warfare 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