Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

2855:, the chairman of the department of obstetrics and gynecology at Cornell University Medical College. Doctors recommended a small amount of alcohol to calm the uterus during contractions in early pregnancy or Braxton Hicks contractions. In later stages of pregnancy, the alcohol was administered intravenously and often in large amounts. "Women experienced similar effects as occur with oral ingestion, including intoxication, nausea and vomiting, and potential alcohol poisoning, followed by hangovers when the alcohol was discontinued." Vomiting put the mother at a high risk for aspiration and was "a brutal procedure for all involved". Because the alcohol was being given intravenously, the doctor could continue giving the treatment to the mother long after she had passed out, resulting in her being more intoxicated than would otherwise be possible. Such heavy intoxication was highly likely to contribute to FASD. In a 2015 review, ethanol was found to be no better than placebo (sugar water) in suppressing preterm birth and neonatal mortality. Not only was ethanol worse than other beta-mimetic drugs (tocolytic agents) at postponing birth, it also led to a higher rate of low birthweight babies, babies with breathing problems at birth, and neonatal death. 2931:(FAE) was used for alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder and alcohol-related birth defects. It was initially used in research studies to describe humans and animals in whom teratogenic effects were seen after confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure (or unknown exposure for humans), but without obvious physical anomalies. Smith (1981) described FAE as an "extremely important concept" to highlight the debilitating effects of brain damage, regardless of the growth or facial features. This term fell out of favor with clinicians in the 1990s because it was often regarded by the public as a less severe disability than FAS, when in fact its effects could be just as detrimental. In 1996 the replacement terms ARBD and ARND were introduced. In 2002, the US Congress mandated that the CDC develop diagnostic guidelines for FAS and in 2004 a definition of a term that already had been used by some in the nineties, the Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) was adopted,> to include FAS as well as other conditions resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure. Currently, FAS is the only expression of prenatal alcohol exposure defined by the 2985:

child-bearing age not to drink at all, in case they might accidentally fall pregnant, and called them "scare tactics" and "shaming recommendations". Julie Beck said that the infographic insinuated that "your womb is a Schrodinger's box and you shouldn't pour alcohol into it unless you've peeked in there to be 100 percent sure the coast is clear". The CDC later clarified that the infographic was not intended to make any new guidelines or recommendations for women who are pre-pregnant, but rather to encourage conversations about alcohol with health professionals. Nonetheless, half of the pregnancies in developed countries and over 80% in developing countries are unplanned. Many women do not realize they are pregnant during the early stages and continue drinking when pregnant.

2663:. In Australia, only 12% of Australian health professionals are aware of the diagnostics and symptoms of FASD. In Western Australia, the rate of births resulting in FASD is 0.02 per 1,000 births for non-Indigenous Australians, however among indigenous births the rate is 2.76 per 1,000 births. In Victoria, there have been no registered FASD related births for indigenous Australians, but the rate for the general population in Victoria is 0.01–0.03 per 1000 births. There have been no dedicated FASD clinics within Western Australia, but there are also no nationally supported diagnostic criteria anywhere in Australia. Passive surveillance is a prevention technique used within Australia to assist in monitoring and establishing detectable defects during pregnancy and childhood. 813:

effects of low levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is inconsistent and contradictory: many studies find no significant effect, but some find beneficial associations, and others find detrimental associations, even on the same outcomes. Summarizing studies by country shows some similarity in results, due to using the same data source. The definition of low alcohol consumption varies significantly among studies and often fails to incorporate all aspects of timing, dose, and duration. Recall bias and socioeconomic and psychosocial factors have been controlled for in most studies, but it is likely that residual confounding due to missing factors and variation in methods still exists and is larger than any observed effects.

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no known cure, treatment can improve outcomes. Treatment needs vary but include psychoactive medications, behavioral interventions, tailored accommodations, case management, and public resources. Globally, one in 10 women drink alcohol during pregnancy, and the prevalence of having any FASD disorder is estimated to be at least 1 in 20. The rates of alcohol use, FAS, and FASD are likely to be underestimated, because of the difficulty in making the diagnosis and the reluctance of clinicians to label children and mothers. Some have argued that the FAS label stigmatizes alcohol use, while authorities point out that the risk is real. The condition has appeared in several works of fiction.

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nervous system damage are the critical elements of the spectrum of FASD, and a positive finding in these two features is sufficient for an FASD diagnosis in all FASD systems. But different researchers and systems may use a wide variety of terminology to describe an individual's FASD condition, as the nomenclature is still evolving. Most individuals with deficits resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure do not express all features of FAS and fall into other FASD conditions. The Canadian guidelines recommend the assessment and descriptive approach of the "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" for each key feature of FASD and the terminology of the IOM in diagnostic categories, excepting ARBD.

2972:). The UK's abstinence recommendation was not chosen based on scientific evidence, but rather because it was simple advice that would ensure no one underestimated the risk. Tennessee's 2014 fetal assault law (which expired in 2016) was criticized for not addressing alcohol use. The law criminalized opioid use during pregnancy and resulted in women avoiding professional medical care for fear of prosecution. A wide variety of professional organizations oppose criminalization. Minnesota, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Wisconsin have statutory authorization for the involuntary civil commitment of women who abuse alcohol during pregnancy. 481: 1350:(IOM) diagnostic system ("low birth weight..., decelerating weight not due to nutrition..., disproportional low weight to height" p. 4 of executive summary), while the CDC use the 10th percentile as a cut-off to determine growth deficiency. The "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" allows for mid-range gradations in growth deficiency (between the 3rd and 10th percentiles) and severe growth deficiency at or below the 3rd percentile. Growth deficiency (at severe, moderate, or mild levels) contributes to diagnoses of FAS and pFAS, but not ARND or static encephalopathy. 834: 1504:

Code" and CDC guidelines allow for a positive CNS finding in any of the three areas for any FASD diagnosis, but functional anomalies must measure at two standard deviations or worse in three or more functional domains for a diagnosis of FAS, PFAS, and ARND. The "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" also allows for an FASD diagnosis when only two functional domains are measured at two standard deviations or worse. The "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" further elaborates the degree of CNS damage according to four ranks:

2759: 468:. The variance seen in outcomes of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is poorly understood. Diagnosis is based on an assessment of growth, facial features, central nervous system, and alcohol exposure by a multi-disciplinary team of professionals. The main criteria for diagnosis of FASD is nervous system damage and alcohol exposure, with FAS including congenital malformations of the lips and growth deficiency. FASD is often misdiagnosed as or comorbid with ADHD. 1850:

diagnosis. The standardized approach is referred to as the Ten Brain Domains and encompasses aspects of all four diagnostic systems' recommendations for assessing CNS damage due to prenatal alcohol exposure. The framework provides clear definitions of brain dysfunction, specifies empirical data needed for accurate diagnosis, and defines intervention considerations that address the complex nature of FASD with the intention to avoid common secondary disabilities.

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years (14.3%), white (8.3%), college graduates (10.0%), or employed (9.6%). In 2015, about 10% of pregnant women drank alcohol in the past month, and 20% to 30% drank at some point during the pregnancy. Of pregnant American women, 3.6% met criteria for an alcohol use disorder in a 2001 epidemiological study. As of 2016, the US Centers for Disease Control estimated 3 million women in the United States are at risk of having a baby with FASD.

45: 1268:. The behavioral effects of ARND are not necessarily unique to alcohol however, so use of the term must be within the context of confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure. ARND may be gaining acceptance over the terms FAE and ARBD to describe FASD conditions with central nervous system abnormalities or behavioral or cognitive abnormalities or both due to prenatal alcohol exposure without regard to growth deficiency or FAS facial features. 2884:, colleagues of Ulleland at University of Washington, who identified a pattern of "craniofacial, limb, and cardiovascular defects associated with prenatal onset growth deficiency and developmental delay" in eight children. The pattern of malformations indicated that the damage was prenatal. They named these defects "fetal alcohol syndrome". News of the discovery shocked some, while others were skeptical of the findings. While many 164: 1388: 1500:, can damage the brain across a continuum of gross to subtle impairments, depending on the amount, timing, and frequency of the exposure as well as genetic predispositions of the fetus and mother. While functional abnormalities are the behavioral and cognitive expressions of the FASD disability, CNS damage can be assessed in three areas: structural, neurological, and functional impairments. 4018: 1029:(causing birth defects), the exact biological mechanisms for the development of FAS or FASD are unknown. However, clinical and animal studies have identified a broad spectrum of pathways through which maternal alcohol can negatively affect the outcome of a pregnancy. Clear conclusions with universal validity are difficult to draw, since different ethnic groups show considerable 2840:—popular in the early 1900s—represents this earlier perspective, though later researchers have suggested that the Kallikaks almost certainly had FAS. General studies and discussions on alcoholism throughout the mid-1900s were typically based on a heredity argument. Researchers were often temperance advocates and funded by like-minded organizations such as the 1996:

Many are reluctant to admit to drinking or to provide an accurate report of the quantity they drank. In these cases, all diagnostic systems use an unknown prenatal alcohol exposure designation. A diagnosis of FAS is still possible with an unknown exposure level if other key features of FASD are present at clinical levels.

2279:) and fall into three basic categories. An advocate for FAS: (1) interprets FAS and the disabilities that arise from it and explains it to the environment in which the person operates, (2) engenders change or accommodation on behalf of the person, and (3) assists the person in developing and reaching attainable goals. 2892:, i.e. named after the physician first reporting the association of symptoms, Smith named FAS after the causal agent of the symptoms. He reasoned that doing so would encourage prevention, believing that if people knew maternal alcohol consumption caused the syndrome, then abstinence during pregnancy would follow from 1343:), although birth height and weight are the preferred measurements. Deficiencies are documented when height or weight falls at or below the 10th percentile of standardized growth charts appropriate to the population. Prenatal or postnatal presentation of growth deficits can occur, but are most often postnatal. 784:, it is considered unethical to do randomized controlled trials on pregnant women to determine the precise toxicity effects of alcohol. Among women who consume any quantity of alcohol during pregnancy, the risk of giving birth to a child with FASD is about 15%, and to a child with FAS about 1.5%. Drinking 2 2822:

popularized these and other claims, including the teratogenic effects of alcohol on animal embryos, but they were often sensationalized, so much so that any finding that alcohol was harmful was largely denounced as propaganda. A prominent observation of possible links between maternal alcohol use and

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In a recent count, the prevalence of having any FASD disorder was 1 person out of 20, but some people estimate it could be as high as 1 in 7. The rates of FAS and FASD are likely to be underestimated, because of the difficulty in making the diagnosis and the reluctance of clinicians to label children

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The secondary disabilities of FAS are those that arise later in life secondary to CNS damage. These disabilities often emerge over time due to a mismatch between the primary disabilities and environmental expectations; secondary disabilities can be ameliorated with early interventions and appropriate

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guidelines recommend that medications not be used to treat alcohol use disorder in pregnant women except in cases of acute alcohol withdrawals or other co-existing conditions. Instead, behavioral interventions are usually preferred as treatments for pregnant women with AUD. Medications should only be

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Quasi-experimental studies provide moderately strong evidence that prenatal alcohol exposure causes detrimental cognitive outcomes, and some evidence of reduced birthweight, although no study was fully rated at low risk of bias and quantity of studies was limited. Observational evidence regarding the

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Other FASD conditions are partial expressions of FAS where the central nervous system shows clinical deficits. In these other FASD conditions, an individual may be at greater risk for adverse outcomes because brain damage is present without associated visual cues of poor growth or the "FAS face" that

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is common and appears to be rising in prevalence. In 2006–2010, an estimated 7.6% of pregnant women used alcohol, while 1.4% of pregnant women reported binge drinking during their pregnancy. The highest prevalence estimates of reported alcohol use during pregnancy were among women who are aged 35–44

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An understanding of the developmental framework would presumably inform and enhance the advocacy model, but advocacy also implies interventions at a systems level as well, such as educating schools, social workers, and so forth on best practices for FAS. However, several organizations devoted to FAS

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for the hepatic enzymes responsible for ethanol detoxification. Genetic examinations have revealed a continuum of long-lasting molecular effects that are not only timing specific but are also dosage specific; with even moderate amounts being able to cause alterations. Additionally, ethanol may alter

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Evidence is insufficient for the use of chemical biomarkers to detect prenatal alcohol exposure. Biomarkers being studied include fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) detected in the meconium (first feces of an infant) and hair. FAEE may be present if chronic alcohol exposure occurs during the second and

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No Risk: Confirmed absence of prenatal alcohol exposure. Confirmed absence of exposure would apply to planned pregnancies in which no alcohol was used or pregnancies of women who do not use alcohol or report no use during the pregnancy. This designation is relatively rare, as most people presenting

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Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) is the specific diagnosis of the non-dysmorphic type of FASD, where a majority of the symptoms are witnessed. The diagnosis was initially suggested by the Institute of Medicine to replace the terms FAE (fetal alcohol effects). It focuses on central

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Almost all experts recommend that the mother abstain from alcohol use during pregnancy to prevent FASDs. As the woman may not become aware that she has conceived until several weeks into the pregnancy, it is also recommended to abstain while attempting to become pregnant. Although the condition has

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FASD is estimated to affect between 1-2% and 5% of people in the United States and Western Europe. FAS is believed to occur in between 0.2 and 9 per 1,000 live births in the United States. Using medical and other records, CDC studies have identified 0.2 to 1.5 infants with FAS for every 1,000 live

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Confirmed exposure: The CDC guidelines are silent on using information on amount, frequency, and timing of prenatal alcohol use for diagnostic purposes. The IOM and Canadian guidelines explore this further, acknowledging the importance of significant alcohol exposure from regular or heavy episodic

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A recent effort to standardize assessment of functional CNS damage has been suggested by an experienced FASD diagnostic team in Minnesota. The proposed framework attempts to harmonize IOM, 4-Digit Diagnostic Code, CDC, and Canadian guidelines for measuring CNS damage vis-à-vis FASD evaluations and

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Partial FAS (pFAS) was previously known as atypical FAS in the 1997 edition of the "4-Digit Diagnostic Code". People with pFAS have a confirmed history of prenatal alcohol exposure, but may lack growth deficiency or the complete facial stigmata. Central nervous system damage is present at the same

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After a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, the alcohol crosses through the placenta and umbilical cord to the developing fetus. Alcohol metabolizes slowly in the fetus and remains for a long time when compared to an adult. A human fetus appears to be at triple risk from maternal alcohol consumption:

938:. The long-term effects of naltrexone on the fetus are currently unknown. Animal studies show that naltrexone administered during pregnancy increases the incidence of early fetal loss; however, there are insufficient data available to identify the extent to which this is a risk in pregnant women. 2942:

Alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), formerly known as possible fetal alcohol effect (PFAE), was a term proposed as an alternative to FAE and PFAE. The IOM presents ARBD as a list of congenital anomalies that are linked to maternal alcohol use but have no key features of FASD. PFAE and ARBD have

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domain, for instance, then interventions would be recommended to target specific delays through additional education and practice (e.g., practiced instruction on tying shoelaces), giving reminders, or making accommodations (e.g., using slip-on shoes) to support the desired functioning level. This

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Unknown Risk: Unknown use of alcohol during pregnancy. For many adopted or adults and children in foster care, records or other reliable sources may not be available for review. Reporting alcohol use during pregnancy can also be stigmatizing to birth mothers, especially if alcohol use is ongoing.

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All four diagnostic systems allow for assessment of CNS damage in these areas, but criteria vary. The IOM system requires structural or neurological impairment for a diagnosis of FAS, but also allows a "complex pattern" of functional anomalies for diagnosing PFAS and ARND. The "4-Digit Diagnostic

2742:(6.775): "Drinking to excess is a practice that is nowhere seemly ... nor yet safe. ... It behooves both bride and bridegroom to be sober ... in order to ensure, as far as possible, in every case that the child that is begotten may be sprung from the loins of sober parents." The sixth-century AD 877:

The most current advocacy perspectives encourage people and systems to approach FASD with interventions and support for individuals who are already living with FASD. Focusing on prevention often only further stigmatizes individuals with FASD and their birth parents. Advocates say, if a person is

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Almost all experts recommend that the mother abstain from alcohol use during pregnancy to prevent FASDs. A pregnant woman may not become aware that she has conceived until several weeks into the pregnancy, so it is also recommended to abstain from alcohol while attempting to become pregnant. The

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increases the chances and severity of FASD to such an extent that Svetlana Popova has stated that "binge drinking is the direct cause of FAS or FASD". Small amounts of alcohol may not cause an abnormal appearance, however, small amounts of alcohol consumption while pregnant may cause behavioral

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Alcohol can also harm the fertility of women who are planning for pregnancy. Adverse effects of alcohol can lead to malnutrition, seizures, vomiting and dehydration. The mother can suffer from anxiety and depression which can result in child abuse/neglect. It has also been observed that when the

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and have four or more alcoholic drinks per single occasion. The use of alcohol during pregnancy occurs at different rates across the world, potentially due to various cultural differences and legislation. The five countries with the highest prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy are Ireland

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When structural or neurological impairments are not observed, all four diagnostic systems allow CNS damage due to prenatal alcohol exposure to be assessed in terms of functional impairments. Functional impairments are deficits, problems, delays, or abnormalities due to prenatal alcohol exposure

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Neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE) is the spectrum-wide term for the psychiatric, behavioral, and neurological symptoms of all FASDs. It was introduced into the DSM-V as a "condition for further study" and as a specified condition under, "other specified

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a day, or 6 standard drinks in a short time, carries a 4.3% risk of a FAS birth (i.e. one of every 23 heavy-drinking pregnant women will deliver a child with FAS). Furthermore, alcohol-related congenital abnormalities occur at an incidence of roughly one out of 67 women who drink alcohol during

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for 120 alcoholic female prisoners than their sober female relatives. He suggested the causal agent to be alcohol use. This contradicted the predominating belief at the time that heredity caused intellectual disability, poverty, and criminal behavior, which contemporary studies on the subjects

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on the effects of strong drink when consumed by pregnant women saying that such drinking is "too often the cause of weak, feeble, and distempered children, who must be, instead of an advantage and strength, a charge to their country". There are many other such historical references during that

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A positive finding on all four features is required for a diagnosis of FAS, and the four diagnostic systems essentially agree on criteria for fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). However, there are differences among systems when full criteria for FAS are not met. Prenatal alcohol exposure and central

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The developing fetal nervous system appears particularly sensitive to ethanol toxicity. The latter interferes with proliferation, differentiation, neuronal migration, axonic outgrowth, integration, and fine-tuning of the synaptic network. In short, all major processes in the developing central

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press release and infographic entitled "More than 3 million US women at risk for alcohol-exposed pregnancy" caused controversy. The CDC release contained the message "The risk is real. Why take the chance?". Darlena Cunha of Times Magazine interpreted the infographic as telling all women of

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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are caused by alcohol exposure during gestational development. If an individual was not exposed to alcohol before birth, they will not have FASD. However, not all infants exposed to alcohol in utero will have detectable FAS, FASD, or pregnancy complications.

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Prenatal alcohol exposure is determined by interview of the biological mother or other family members knowledgeable of the mother's alcohol use during the pregnancy (if available), prenatal health records (if available), and review of available birth records, court records (if applicable),

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characteristics used to establish criteria for the syndrome. That is, growth deficiency is a key feature of FASD because growth deficiency was a criterion for inclusion in the study that defined FAS. Growth deficiency may be less critical for understanding the disabilities of FASD than the

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to assist those with FAS. It is related to the advocacy model but promoted at a systems level (rather than with the individual or family), such as developing community education and supports, state or province level prevention efforts (e.g., screening for maternal alcohol use during

2253:). FAS interferes with normal development, which may cause stages to be delayed, skipped, or immaturely developed. Over time, an unaffected child can negotiate the increasing demands of life by progressing through stages of development normally, but not so for a child with FAS. 1652:

All four diagnostic systems show virtual agreement on their criteria for CNS damage at the neurological level, and evidence of a CNS neurological impairment due to prenatal alcohol exposure will result in a diagnosis of FAS or pFAS, and functional impairments are highly likely.

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nervous system damage, rather than growth deficiency or FAS facial features. The Canadian guidelines also use this diagnosis and the same criteria. While the "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" includes these criteria for three of its diagnostic categories, it refers to this condition as

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60b) cautions, "One who drinks intoxicating liquor will have ungainly children." However, ancient sources rarely if ever distinguish maternal alcohol consumption from paternal, and are more concerned with conception than pregnancy. The sources can often be viewed as expressing

2337:, but the underlying CNS damage is the originating source of a functional difficulty, rather than a mental health condition, which is considered a secondary disability. The exact mechanisms for functional problems of primary disabilities are not always fully understood, but 1922:

in three or more of the Ten Brain Domains to determine CNS damage. However, the Ten Brain Domains are easily incorporated into any of the four diagnostic systems' CNS damage criteria, as the framework only proposes the domains, rather than the cut-off criteria for FASD.

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because of underlying brain damage. Many indications of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are developmental. Therefore, although a child may appear 'normal' at birth, intellectual disabilities caused by alcohol before birth may not appear until the child begins school.

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The most severe condition is called Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), which refers to individuals who have a specific set of birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorders characteristic of the diagnosis. The following criteria must be fully met for an FAS diagnosis:

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remains exposed to ethanol in the amniotic fluid for periods far longer than the decay time of ethanol in the maternal circulation. The lack of significant quantities of ADH and ALDH means that fetal tissues have much lower quantities of antioxidant enzymes, like

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In France in 1957, Jacqueline Rouquette had described 100 children whose parents were alcoholics in a thesis, which was not published. "She gave a good description in certain cases of the facies" according to her mentor, Paul Lemoine. In 1968, Paul Lemoine of

1183:, or chemical health counselor. These professionals work together as a team to assess and interpret data of each key feature for assessment and develop an integrative, multi-disciplinary report to diagnose FAS (or other FASD conditions) in an individual. 1057:

During the fourth week of gestation, the limbs are being formed and it is at this point that alcohol can affect the development of arms, legs, fingers and toes. The eyes and ears also form during the fourth week and are more susceptible to the effects of

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receptors, although its molecular mechanism is not completely understood. Acamprosate has been shown to be effective at preventing alcohol relapse during abstinence. Animal data, however, suggests that acamprosate can have possible teratogenic effects on

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Not all infants exposed to alcohol in utero will have detectable FASD or pregnancy complications. The risk of FASD increases with amount consumed, the frequency of consumption, and the longer duration of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, particularly

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Medical School conducted an 18-month study in 1968–1969 documenting the risk of maternal alcohol consumption among the offspring of 11 alcoholic mothers. This study is arguably is the true source of the modern understanding. The infants were studied by

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fetuses are created by receiving alcohol transfusions (Bokanovsky Process) to reduce intelligence and height, thus conditioning them for simple, menial tasks. Connections between alcohol and incubating embryos are made multiple times in the novel.

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Refinements in diagnostic criteria since 1975 have yielded three distinctive and diagnostically significant facial features which distinguish FAS from other disorders with partially overlapping characteristics. The three FAS facial features are:

732:: Alcohol is known to be a folic acid antagonist, and a baby's palate and lip develop during the first trimester of the pregnancy (first 12 weeks). Heavy alcohol consumption and binge drinking during this time have been linked to orofacial cleft. 2963:

Criminalization of substance use during pregnancy because of harm to the fetus or child is fiercely debated. Elizabeth Armstrong has questioned the zero-tolerance approach taken towards alcohol consumption during pregnancy, describing it as a

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after consumption of alcohol which leads to headache, nausea, and vomiting. Some evidence suggests that disulfiram use during the first trimester is associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations such as reduction defects and

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Children with FAS benefit from behavioral and functional training, social skill training and tutoring. Support groups and talk therapy not only help the children suffering from FAS, but also help the parents and siblings of these children.

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Between 2017 and 2019 researchers made a breakthrough when they discovered a possible cure using neural stem cells (NSCs); they propose that if applied to a newborn, the damage can be reversed and prevent any lasting effects in the future.

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pregnancy. Among those mothers who have an alcohol use disorder, an estimated one-third of their children have FAS. The variance seen in outcomes of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is poorly understood. Aggravating factors may include

1704:. There is no consensus on a specific pattern of functional impairments due to prenatal alcohol exposure and only CDC guidelines label developmental delays as such, so criteria (and FASD diagnoses) vary somewhat across diagnostic systems. 1097:

Partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS) refers to individuals with a known, or highly suspected, history of prenatal alcohol exposure who have alcohol-related physical and neurodevelopmental deficits that do not meet the full criteria for

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will determine growth deficiency and FAS facial features. While a qualified physician may also assess central nervous system structural abnormalities or neurological problems, usually central nervous system damage is determined through

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By the sixth week of gestation, the teeth and palate are forming and alcohol consumption at this time will affect these structures. Alcohol use in this window is responsible for many of the facial characteristics of fetal alcohol

456:(ARND), and neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE). Other terms used are fetal alcohol effects (FAE), partial fetal alcohol effects (PFAE), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), and static 2126:

Although the condition has no available cure, treatment can improve outcomes. Because CNS damage, symptoms, secondary disabilities, and needs vary widely by individual, there is no one treatment type that works for everyone.

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without appreciation that brain damage is the underlying cause of these disorders, which requires a different treatment paradigm than typical mental health disorders. While other FASD conditions may not yet be included as an

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Six main secondary disabilities were identified in a University of Washington research study of 473 subjects diagnosed with FAS, PFAS (partial fetal alcohol syndrome), and ARND (alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder):

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problems which can result from prenatal alcohol exposure. Diagnosis is based on the signs and symptoms in the person and evidence of alcohol use. These diagnoses of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are currently recognized:

4668: 1691:, while others are determined through clinical judgment. "Clinical judgment" is only as good as the clinician, and soft signs should be assessed by either a pediatric neurologist, a pediatric neuropsychologist, or both. 756:

pregnant mother withdraws from alcohol, its effects are visible on the infant as well. The baby remains in an irritated mood, cries frequently, does not sleep properly, weakening of sucking ability and increased hunger.

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From conception and to the third week, the most susceptible systems and organs are the brain, spinal cord, and heart. The effects of alcohol consumption early in the pregnancy can result in defects to these systems and

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By knowing what developmental stages and tasks children follow, treatment and interventions for FAS can be tailored to helping a person meet developmental tasks and demands successfully. If a person is delayed in the

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model takes the point of view that someone is needed to actively mediate between the environment and the person with FAS. Advocacy activities are conducted by an advocate (for example, a family member, friend, or

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techniques by a trained physician. Because imaging procedures are expensive and relatively inaccessible to most people, diagnosis of FAS is not frequently made via structural impairments, except for microcephaly.

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Ethanol exposure in the second trimester reduces nutrition levels and can affect the functioning of the endocrine system in both fetus and mother. This is because blood flow via umbilical artery to fetal brain is

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Coriale G, Fiorentino D, Di Lauro F, Marchitelli R, Scalese B, Fiore M, Maviglia M, Ceccanti M (2013). "Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD): neurobehavioral profile, indications for diagnosis and treatment".

1403:, although brain damage may also exist in their absence. FAS facial features (and most other visible, but non-diagnostic, deformities) are believed to be caused mainly during the 10th to 20th week of gestation. 7372:

Understanding the occurrence of secondary disabilities in clients with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol effects (FAE): Final report to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on Grant No.

2968:. While heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy is known to be damaging to the unborn child, the effects of low intakes remain debatable, particularly in the absence of randomized controlled trials (c.f. 1112:

accepts only FAS as a diagnosis, seeing the evidence as inconclusive with respect to other types. The agency feels it is unclear if identifying a FASD-related condition benefits the diagnosed individual.

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Microcephaly is determined by comparing head circumference (often called occipitofrontal circumference, or OFC) to appropriate OFC growth charts. Other structural impairments must be observed through

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Evidence of a complex pattern of behavior or cognitive abnormalities inconsistent with developmental level in the following CNS domains – Sufficient for a pFAS or ARND diagnosis using IOM guidelines

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Women can experience serious symptoms that accompany alcohol withdrawal during pregnancy. According to the World Health Organization, these symptoms can be treated during pregnancy with brief use of

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alcohol consumption in determining, but offer no standard for diagnosis. Canadian guidelines discuss this lack of clarity and parenthetically point out that "heavy alcohol use" is defined by the

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Malbin (2002) has identified the following areas of interests and talents as strengths that often stand out for those with FASD and should be utilized, like any strength, in treatment planning:

6122:"Ethanol exposure during pregnancy persistently attenuates cranially-directed blood flow in the developing fetus: Evidence from ultrasound imaging in a murine second trimester equivalent model" 5229:"Low alcohol consumption and pregnancy and childhood outcomes: time to change guidelines indicating apparently 'safe' levels of alcohol during pregnancy? A systematic review and meta-analyses" 5030:"Low alcohol consumption and pregnancy and childhood outcomes: time to change guidelines indicating apparently 'safe' levels of alcohol during pregnancy? A systematic review and meta-analyses" 14988: 4511: 2014:

third trimester since this is when the meconium begins to form. Concentrations of FAEE can be influence by medication use, diet, and individual genetic variations in FAEE metabolism however.

2915:, Sweden. Researchers in France, Sweden, and the United States were struck by how similar these children looked, though they were not related, and how they behaved in the same unfocused and 1571:

on infants known to have FAS. The first was in 1973, on an infant who died shortly after birth. The examination revealed extensive brain damage, including microcephaly, migration anomalies,

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Lippert T, Gelineau L, Napoli E, Borlongan CV (January 2018). "Harnessing neural stem cells for treating psychiatric symptoms associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and epilepsy".

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Functional difficulties may result from CNS damage in more than one domain, but common functional difficulties by domain include: Note that this is not an exhaustive list of difficulties.

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with representative photographs of lip and philtrum combinations ranging from normal (ranked 1) to severe (ranked 5). Palpebral fissure length (PFL) is measured in millimeters with either

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births in certain areas of the United States. A more recent CDC study of 2010 data analyzed medical and other records and found FAS in 0.3 out of 1,000 children from 7 to 9 years of age.

8657:

Olegård R, Sabel KG, Aronsson M, Sandin B, Johansson PR, Carlsson C, et al. (1979). "Effects on the child of alcohol abuse during pregnancy. Retrospective and prospective studies".

7573:

Elliott EJ, Payne J, Haan E, Bower C (November 2006). "Diagnosis of foetal alcohol syndrome and alcohol use in pregnancy: a survey of paediatricians' knowledge, attitudes and practice".

1968:

as five or more drinks per episode on five or more days during a 30-day period. "The 4-Digit Diagnostic Code" ranking system distinguishes between levels of prenatal alcohol exposure as

1046:

Different body systems in the infant grow, mature and develop at specific times during gestation. The effect of consumption of alcohol differs during each of these developmental stages:

2146:. Medications are used to specifically treat symptoms of FASDs and not FAS entirely. Some of the medications used are antidepressants, stimulants, neuroleptics and anti-anxiety drugs. 1150:

Canadian guidelines for FASD diagnoses, which established criteria for diagnosing FASD in Canada and harmonized most differences between the IOM and University of Washington's systems.

2844:, so clinicians viewed all such research with heavy skepticism. The temperance movement effectively shut down serious research into the subject for nearly 50 years after Prohibition. 1980:(BAC) greater than 100 mg/dL delivered at least weekly in early pregnancy. This BAC level is typically reached by a 55 kg female drinking six to eight beers in one sitting. 16144: 14981: 6177: 4089: 1147:'s "Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Guidelines for Referral and Diagnosis", which established consensus on the diagnosis FAS in the U.S. but deferred addressing other FASD conditions; and 14922: 11857: 1835:

Performance at two or more standard deviations on standardized testing in three or more of the following CNS domains – Sufficient for an FAS diagnosis using Canadian guidelines

1370:

In the initial studies that described FAS, growth deficiency was a requirement for inclusion in the studies; thus, all the original people with FAS had growth deficiency as an

1175:

assessments to ascertain clinically significant impairments in three or more of the Ten Brain Domains. Prenatal alcohol exposure risk may be assessed by a qualified physician,

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Structural abnormalities of the brain are observable, physical damage to the brain or brain structures caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. Structural impairments may include

8323:

Armstrong, E. M. (2003). Conceiving risk, bearing responsibility: Fetal alcohol syndrome & the diagnosis of moral disorder. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

1564:, which plays a role in memory, learning, emotion, and encoding visual and auditory information, all of which can create neurological and functional CNS impairments as well. 1154:

Each diagnostic system requires an assessment of four key features: growth, facial features, central nervous system, and alcohol exposure. To determine any FASD condition, a

8271:

Karp RJ, Qazi QH, Moller KA, Angelo WA, Davis JM (January 1995). "Fetal alcohol syndrome at the turn of the 20th century: An unexpected explanation of the Kallikak family".

6807:

Astley SJ, Stachowiak J, Clarren SK, Clausen C (November 2002). "Application of the fetal alcohol syndrome facial photographic screening tool in a foster care population".

2322:

The prognosis of FASD is variable depending on the type, severity, and if treatment is issued. Prognostic disabilities are divided into primary and secondary disabilities.

1452:

Ranking FAS facial features is complicated because the three separate facial features can be affected independently by prenatal alcohol. A summary of the criteria follows:

16661: 16530: 16525: 1553:

Evidence of a CNS structural impairment due to prenatal alcohol exposure will result in a diagnosis of FAS, and neurological and functional impairments are highly likely.

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Music, playing instruments, composing, singing, art, spelling, reading, computers, mechanics, woodworking, skilled vocations (welding, electrician, etc.), writing, poetry

1456:

Severe: All three facial features ranked independently as severe (lip ranked at 4 or 5, philtrum ranked at 4 or 5, and PFL two or more standard deviations below average).

16542: 16520: 8342: 5129:

Mamluk L, Jones T, Ijaz S, Edwards HB, Savović J, Leach V, Moore TH, von Hinke S, Lewis SJ, Donovan JL, Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G, Fraser A, Zuccolo L (23 January 2021).

2899:

In 1978, within nine years of the Washington discovery, animal studies, including non-human monkey studies carried out at the University of Washington Primate Center by

2533:

Confinement: For inpatient psychiatric care, inpatient chemical dependency care, or incarcerated for a crime, experienced by about 50% of the subjects (age 12 and older)

16616: 14915: 7014:

Mattson, S.N., & Riley, E.P. (2002). "Neurobehavioral and Neuroanatomical Effects of Heavy Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol," in Streissguth and Kantor. (2002). p. 10.

2026:

that have overlapping features with FAS; however, none of these syndromes include all three FAS facial features, and none are the result of prenatal alcohol exposure:

878:

supporting people currently living with FASD then that person is spreading the awareness needed for successful prevention efforts; "Intervention is Prevention". Many

6929:

Coles CD, Brown RT, Smith IE, Platzman KA, Erickson S, Falek A (1991). "Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure at school age. I. Physical and cognitive development".

4750:

Burd L, Blair J, Dropps K (17 May 2012). "Prenatal alcohol exposure, blood alcohol concentrations and alcohol elimination rates for the mother, fetus and newborn".

2341:

have begun to shed light on some correlates between functional problems and brain structures damaged by prenatal alcohol exposure. Representative examples include:

1065:

During the twelfth week, frequent alcohol exposure can negatively impact the brain development which affects cognitive, learning and behavioral skills before birth.

15693: 11246: 5131:"Evidence of detrimental effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on offspring birthweight and neurodevelopment from a systematic review of quasi-experimental studies" 2852: 2314:

or prenatal medical care visits), or national awareness programs. Several organizations and state agencies in the U.S. are dedicated to this type of intervention.

865:, and many others. In the United States, federal legislation has required that warning labels be placed on all alcoholic beverage containers since 1988 under the 12602: 2225:, even though most do not specify it as such and provide little theoretical background. Optimal human development generally occurs in identifiable stages (e.g., 7106: 530:

conditions as co-occurring in individuals with FAS. Excluding conditions used in FAS diagnosis, co-occurring conditions with 50% prevalence or greater include:

7623:

Burns L, Breen C, Bower C, O' Leary C, Elliott EJ (September 2013). "Counting fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Australia: the evidence and the challenges".

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By the 20th week of gestation the formation of organs and organ systems is well-developed. The infant is still susceptible to the damaging effects of alcohol.

862: 615: 2550:

Problems with employment: Required ongoing job training or coaching, could not keep a job, unemployed, experienced by 80% of the subjects (age 21 and older)

14486: 14035: 12122: 10499: 4850: 4464:"Estimation of national, regional, and global prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy and fetal alcohol syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 3934:"The Standardization of Diagnostic Criteria for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD): Implications for Research, Clinical Practice and Population Health" 2699:

The lifetime cost per child with FAS in the United States was estimated at $ 2 million (for an overall cost across the country of over $ 4 billion) by the

7937: 11170: 3832: 2330:

The primary disabilities of FAS are the functional difficulties with which the child is born as a result of CNS damage due to prenatal alcohol exposure.

323:

Fetal alcohol syndrome, partial fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder, static encephalopathy, alcohol-related birth defects

2262:

approach is an advance over behavioral interventions, because it takes the person's developmental context into account while developing interventions.

1965: 6057:

Shabtai Y, Fainsod A (April 2018). "Competition between ethanol clearance and retinoic acid biosynthesis in the induction of fetal alcohol syndrome".

2755:, that children are likely to turn out like their (alcoholic) parents, rather than presenting the modern viewpoint that alcohol itself has an impact. 12464: 11175: 10580: 2943:

fallen out of favor because these anomalies are not necessarily specific to maternal alcohol consumption and are not criteria for diagnosis of FASD.

2784:

period. Gin specifically was implicated as affecting children's health and causing stillbirth and infant mortality, as depicted in William Hogarth's

6315: 15889: 13365: 7478:

Zimmerberg B, Mickus LA (December 1990). "Sex differences in corpus callosum: influence of prenatal alcohol exposure and maternal undernutrition".

2547:

Dependent living: Group home, living with family or friends, or some sort of assisted living, experienced by 80% of the subjects (age 21 and older)

1838:

Cognition, communication, academic achievement, memory, executive functioning, adaptive behavior, motor skills, social skills, social communication

62: 5478: 4432: 16671: 16646: 11557: 11119: 5717:

Thibaut F, Chagraoui A, Buckley L, Gressier F, Labad J, Lamy S, Potenza MN, Kornstein SG, Rondon M, Riecher-Rössler A, Soyka M (2 January 2019).

4186:"Research Review: Executive function deficits in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - a meta-analysis" 2907:. By 1978, 245 cases of FAS had been reported by medical researchers, and the syndrome began to be described as the most frequent known cause of 2238: 6864: 2608:. With the average life span of 34 years old, a study found that 44% of the deaths were of "external cause", with 15% of deaths being suicides. 15884: 4640: 2559:

Eight factors were identified in the same study as universal protective factors that reduced the incidence rate of the secondary disabilities:

8461:

Lemoine P., Harousseau H., Borteyru J.B., Menuet J.C. (1968). "Les enfants de parents alcooliques. Anomalies observées, à propos de 127 cas".

6844: 5785:

Reus VI, Fochtmann LJ, Bukstein O, Eyler AE, Hilty DM, Horvitz-Lennon M, Mahoney J, Pasic J, Weaver M, Wills CD, McIntyre J (1 January 2018).

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Over time, subsequent research and clinical experience suggested that a range of effects could arise from prenatal alcohol exposure. The term

2527:

Disrupted school experience: Suspended or expelled from school or dropped out of school, experienced by 60% of the subjects (age 12 and older)

1140:

of one to four and yields 256 descriptive codes that can be categorized into 22 distinct clinical categories, ranging from FAS to no findings;

109: 16666: 12973: 10067: 8045: 3048: 1700:(rather than hereditary causes or postnatal insults) in observable and measurable domains related to daily functioning, often referred to as 1589:

In 1977, Clarren described a second infant whose mother was a binge drinker. The infant died ten days after birth. The autopsy showed severe

8473:

Lemoine P, Harousseau H, Borteyru JP, Menuet JC (April 2003). "Children of alcoholic parents--observed anomalies: discussion of 127 cases".

6316:"Ten Brain Domains: A Proposal for Functional Central Nervous System Parameters for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis and Follow-up" 2671:

A 2015 review article estimated the overall costs to Canada from FASD at $ 9.7 billion (including from crime, healthcare, education, etc.).

2536:

Inappropriate sexual behavior: Sexual advances, sexual touching, or promiscuity, experienced by about 50% of the subjects (age 12 and older)

800:

The risk of FASD increases with amount consumed, the frequency of consumption, and longer duration of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

81: 15686: 15369: 13985: 10461: 8145:

too often the cause of weak, feeble, and distempered children, who must be, instead of an advantage and strength, a charge to their country

6772:

Astley SJ, Clarren SK (July 1996). "A case definition and photographic screening tool for the facial phenotype of fetal alcohol syndrome".

2448: 980:

used for pregnant women after carefully considering potential risks and harms of the medications versus the benefits of alcohol cessation.

9463: 9192: 16636: 15384: 15374: 14715: 14585: 13118: 12968: 12595: 10036: 4809: 4579: 4073: 2193:), and these are sometimes thought to benefit from behavioral interventions. Frequently, a person's poor academic achievement results in 7435:

Meyer LS, Kotch LE, Riley EP (1990). "Neonatal ethanol exposure: functional alterations associated with cerebellar growth retardation".

7049:

Bager H, Christensen LP, Husby S, Bjerregaard L (February 2017). "Biomarkers for the Detection of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: A Review".

6894:

Clarren SK, Alvord EC, Sumi SM, Streissguth AP, Smith DW (January 1978). "Brain malformations related to prenatal exposure to ethanol".

1004:

Fetal tissues are quite different from adult tissues in function and purpose. For example, the main detoxicating organ in adults is the

13794: 12958: 11760: 11330: 6249: 2981: 2700: 88: 9275: 5393: 1707:

The four diagnostic systems list various CNS domains that can qualify for functional impairment that can determine an FASD diagnosis:

16512: 11312: 10662: 9472: 9249: 9153: 9047:

Darlington CK, Compton PA, Hutson SP (May 2021). "Revisiting the Fetal Assault Law in Tennessee: Implications and the Way Forward".

8794:

Sokol RJ, Clarren SK (August 1989). "Guidelines for use of terminology describing the impact of prenatal alcohol on the offspring".

2896:

and public awareness. At the time, nobody was aware of the full range of possible birth defects from FAS or its rate of prevalence.

1637:. A determination of a neurological problem must be made by a trained physician, and must not be due to a postnatal insult, such as 14061: 14028: 10703: 8086:"Were our forebears aware of prenatal alcohol exposure and its effects? A review of the history of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder" 3860: 3053: 2078:

Other disorders that have overlapping behavioral symptoms that might be comorbid to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder might include:

602: 578: 242: 5889:

Brien JF, Loomis CW, Tranmer J, McGrath M (May 1983). "Disposition of ethanol in human maternal venous blood and amniotic fluid".

16502: 15679: 11300: 10819: 8570:

Jones KL, Smith DW, Ulleland CN, Streissguth P (June 1973). "Pattern of malformation in offspring of chronic alcoholic mothers".

5787:"The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Pharmacological Treatment of Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder" 5180:"Low to Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes: A Narrative Review and Methodological Considerations" 4537: 2118:

Most people with an FASD have most often been misdiagnosed with ADHD due to the large overlap between their behavioral deficits.

972:. Additionally, the effects of disulfiram can involve hypertension which can be harmful to both the pregnant woman and the fetus. 95: 2868:, himself published a study in a French medical journal about children with distinctive features whose mothers were alcoholics. 1560:, which can create structural deformities or deficits within the brain. During the third trimester, damage can be caused to the 16482: 16155: 15364: 14858: 13282: 12847: 12588: 11182: 9174: 9127: 8334: 5082:"The association of mild, moderate, and binge prenatal alcohol exposure and child neuropsychological outcomes: a meta-analysis" 2082: 1621:

When structural impairments are not observable or do not exist, neurological impairments are assessed. In the context of FASD,

17: 16641: 16507: 16139: 14382: 13712: 12102: 12069: 11283: 10232: 10162: 8185: 5427: 4573: 4083: 3395: 10377: 1379:

neurobehavioral sequelae to the brain damage. Canadian guidelines updated in 2016 deleted growth as a diagnostic criterion.

77: 16345: 16333: 15795: 15267: 13483: 13358: 10796: 9737: 7200: 2158: 1951:

by the IOM, CDC and Canadian diagnostic systems. The "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" further distinguishes confirmed exposure as

850: 5312: 2792:

shows commerce and happiness, suggesting that the alcohol in beer was not known to have deleterious effects at this time.

1121:

Presently, four FASD diagnostic systems that diagnose FAS and other FASD conditions have been developed in North America:

16656: 14021: 13739: 13651: 11517: 11442: 10336: 9504: 9101: 5924:

Nava-Ocampo AA, Velázquez-Armenta Y, Brien JF, Koren G (June 2004). "Elimination kinetics of ethanol in pregnant women".

5446: 4596:

Gupta KK, Gupta VK, Shirasaka T (August 2016). "An Update on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome-Pathogenesis, Risks, and Treatment".

2470: 1680: 1534:(small head size) of two or more standard deviations below the average, or other abnormalities in brain structure (e.g., 238: 3829: 16611: 16564: 16497: 16052: 15272: 14889: 14736: 14185: 12117: 11415: 11241: 10853: 10515: 10202: 3256: 2716:

Some hold that ancient sources describe the negative effects of alcohol during pregnancy, identifying admonitions from

838: 7972: 7747:"Consumption of Alcohol Beverages and Binge Drinking Among Pregnant Women Aged 18-44 Years - United States, 2015-2017" 6414:"Diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs): Guidelines of Interdisciplinary Group of Polish Professionals" 5771:

Alkermes. VIVITROL (naltrexone for extended-release injectable suspension) U.S. Food and Drug Administration website.

3878: 16267: 16070: 15050: 14438: 12520: 12375: 12302: 11997: 11800: 11780: 11540: 11223: 10237: 10102: 8641: 8613: 7396: 7315: 7287: 6597: 6010:"Long-lasting alterations to DNA methylation and ncRNAs could underlie the effects of fetal alcohol exposure in mice" 3806: 2491: 1722: 128: 1914:

The Fetal Alcohol Diagnostic Program (FADP) uses unpublished Minnesota state criteria of performance at 1.5 or more

15593: 15568: 15359: 14491: 12857: 12547: 11234: 11030: 10454: 10341: 10041: 9566: 6610:

Del Campo M, Jones KL (January 2017). "A review of the physical features of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders".

2947: 2283: 2157:

from birth to age 3 has been shown to improve the development of a child born with FASD. Interventions may include

976: 804:

has been identified as a relevant factor. All forms of alcohol, such as beer, wine, and liquor, pose similar risk.

399: 16631: 15660: 15610: 15178: 14973: 14448: 14357: 13418: 13351: 13111: 12168: 11906: 11410: 10890: 10843: 10393: 10107: 4072:

Institute of Medicine Committee to Study Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (1995). Stratton K, Howe C, Battaglia FC (eds.).

2530:

Trouble with the law: Charged with or convicted of a crime, experienced by 60% of the subjects (age 12 and older)

2276: 2230: 2102: 1535: 923:. Currently, the FDA has approved three medications—naltrexone, acamprosate, and disulfiram—for the treatment of 866: 849:

recommendations of abstaining from alcohol during pregnancy and while attempting to become have been made by the

685: 540: 2814:

lobbied against alcohol consumption during pregnancy to avoid dependence and mental deficiency in children. The

15901: 15877: 15707: 14842: 14497: 14091: 12049: 11055: 10873: 10677: 10157: 9083: 7929: 7660:"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: notifications to the Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies" 6095: 5658: 4152: 2436:, poor at perceiving patterns, poor cause and effect reasoning, inconsistent at linking words to actions, poor 2178: 1793:) at or below the 3rd percentile on standardized testing – Sufficient for an FAS diagnosis using CDC guidelines 1496:(CNS) damage is the primary feature of any FASD diagnosis. Prenatal alcohol exposure, which is classified as a 1129:'s guidelines for FAS, the first system to standardize diagnoses of individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure; 854: 606: 66: 5772: 16691: 16580: 16465: 16381: 16323: 16093: 15872: 15352: 14669: 13413: 13127: 12251: 10575: 10182: 10089: 9591: 7408:

Abel EL, Jacobson S, Sherwin BT (1983). "In utero alcohol exposure: functional and structural brain damage".

6871:. University of Washington, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Diagnostic and Prevention Network. Retrieved on 2007-04-11 5486: 2634: 2097: 1664:, or soft signs. Soft signs are broader, nonspecific neurological impairments, or symptoms, such as impaired 879: 381: 102: 4694:"Committee opinion no. 496: At-risk drinking and alcohol dependence: obstetric and gynecologic implications" 4153:"Guidelines for the identification and management of substance use and substance use disorders in pregnancy" 1990:

Some Risk: Confirmed use of alcohol during pregnancy with use less than High Risk or unknown usage patterns.

1514:

Possible: Mild to moderate dysfunction of two standard deviations or worse in one or two functional domains

16696: 16549: 15923: 15588: 15511: 15329: 15277: 14351: 14316: 13596: 13493: 13161: 12832: 12535: 12318: 12163: 11496: 11463: 11251: 10725: 10667: 10585: 10570: 10560: 10187: 10147: 9646: 8363:

King, T. L., & Brucker, M. C. (2011). Pharmacology for women's health. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

4380:"Association Analysis: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and Hypertension Status in Children and Adolescents" 2444: 2250: 2186: 2092: 1328: 642: 15088: 8829:

Angelotta C, Appelbaum PS (June 2017). "Criminal Charges for Child Harm from Substance Use in Pregnancy".

8019: 7930:"More than 3 million US women at risk for alcohol-exposed pregnancy | CDC Online Newsroom | CDC" 7091:

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2000). National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.

6290: 4849:

Cite error: The named reference "Williams2015" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

3539:"Hospitalizations and mortality among patients with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a prospective study" 2451:

language disorders, grasp parts but not whole concepts, lack understanding of metaphor, idioms, or sarcasm

2142:

are frequently tried as many FASD symptoms are mistaken for or overlap with other disorders, most notably

1511:

Probable: Significant dysfunction of two standard deviations or worse in three or more functional domains.

1449:

or a clear ruler and then compared to a PFL growth chart, also developed by the University of Washington.

997:

into the fetal compartment. The so-called placental barrier is practically absent with respect to ethanol.

927:(AUD). However, there is insufficient data regarding the safety of these medications for pregnant women. 16651: 16059: 15578: 15483: 15420: 14882: 14746: 14675: 14663: 14321: 14075: 13899: 13192: 12331: 11849: 11838: 11190: 10504: 10447: 10016: 9827: 9800: 8423: 6330: 6178:"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) – conditions and interventions" 5657:

Fairbanks J, Umbreit A, Kolla BP, Karpyak VM, Schneekloth TD, Loukianova LL, Sinha S (1 September 2020).

2480: 2433: 2198: 2166: 1823: 1669: 1312: 1144: 1086: 801: 16686: 2851:, a method to stop preterm labor (born at less than 37 weeks gestation). The method originated with Dr. 16537: 16087: 15759: 15425: 15415: 15306: 15301: 14443: 14156: 14110: 14047: 13591: 13104: 13039: 12442: 12241: 12215: 11951: 11897: 11706: 11669: 11447: 10698: 10590: 10222: 10059: 9817: 9742: 9712: 8149: 2811: 2050: 1701: 1415:: The divot or groove between the nose and upper lip flattens with increased prenatal alcohol exposure. 1399:

abnormalities are often visible in individuals with FAS. The presence of FAS facial features indicates

969: 13661: 1038:

signaling as acetaldehyde can compete with retinaldehyde and prevents its oxidation to retinoic acid.

16487: 16455: 16429: 16407: 16256: 15835: 15455: 15164: 15160: 15120: 14962: 14752: 14546: 13970: 13586: 13453: 13026: 12817: 12479: 12469: 12387: 12287: 11605: 11271: 11160: 10713: 10622: 10565: 10272: 9884: 9624: 9548: 6861: 6533:

Hagan JF, Balachova T, Bertrand J, Chasnoff I, Dang E, Fernandez-Baca D, et al. (October 2016).

5786: 3877:

Popova S, Lange S, Shield K, Mihic A, Chudley AE, Mukherjee RA, Bekmuradov D, Rehm J (5 March 2016).

3643:

Hagan JF, Balachova T, Bertrand J, Chasnoff I, Dang E, Fernandez-Baca D, et al. (October 2016).

3349:"Neurobehavioural outcomes of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A Canadian perspective" 2539:

Alcohol and drug problems: Abuse or dependency, experienced by 35% of the subjects (age 12 and older)

2112: 1800:

in three or more of the following CNS domains – Sufficient for an FAS diagnosis using CDC guidelines

1684: 1630: 1441:. The lip and philtrum are measured by a trained physician with the Lip-Philtrum Guide, a five-point 1375: 1298:

neurodevelopmental disorders" as a way to better study the behavioral aspects of all FASD disorders.

1158:

evaluation is necessary to assess each of the four key features for assessment. Generally, a trained

858: 658: 349: 14907: 9029: 7024: 4636: 2575:

Experiencing a "good quality home" (meeting 10 or more defined qualities) from age 8 to 12 years old

16676: 16554: 16328: 15742: 15521: 15442: 14952: 14311: 14275: 14209: 14193: 14146: 14119: 13980: 13503: 13187: 13034: 12005: 11734: 9634: 9398: 7345: 7334: 6841: 4000: 2872: 2762: 2222: 2087: 2065: 2060: 1897: 1634: 1556:

During the first trimester of pregnancy, alcohol interferes with the migration and organization of

1438: 1371: 1217:

FAS is the only expression of FASD that has garnered consensus among experts to become an official

1133: 945: 670: 222: 11136: 8053: 6975:

Jones KL, Smith DW (November 1973). "Recognition of the fetal alcohol syndrome in early infancy".

4568:(9 ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 527. 16559: 16492: 16248: 16066: 15918: 15908: 15752: 15617: 15583: 15188: 15108: 15098: 15045: 14957: 14731: 14363: 14217: 13498: 12404: 12326: 12084: 11785: 11590: 11527: 11425: 11400: 10672: 10207: 10072: 9810: 9571: 9538: 9497: 8632:

Clarren, S.K. (2005). A thirty year journey from tragedy to hope. Foreword to Buxton, B. (2005).

7093:

Tenth special report to the U.S Congress on alcohol and health: Highlights frfom current research

4306: 2908: 2487: 2415: 2206: 1857: 1470:

Mild: A mild ranking of FAS facial features covers a broad range of facial feature combinations:

412:

Varies based on severity with FAS having a life expectancy of 34 years old without interventions.

261: 254: 55: 15671: 9200: 7308:

Recognizing and Managing Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Fetal Alcohol Effects: A Guidebook

6653:

Cook JL, Green CR, Lilley CM, Anderson SM, Baldwin ME, Chudley AE, et al. (February 2016).

1234:

level as FAS. These individuals have the same functional disabilities but "look" less like FAS.

853:, the Centers for Disease Control, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the 16424: 16416: 16371: 16047: 16019: 15867: 15498: 15316: 15225: 15208: 14817: 14778: 14609: 14507: 14387: 14327: 14306: 14265: 14254: 14198: 14101: 14066: 13729: 12867: 12525: 12499: 12277: 12097: 12092: 12064: 12041: 11941: 11358: 11305: 11261: 11146: 11114: 10905: 10878: 10326: 10142: 9707: 9586: 4976:

Sundermann AC, Zhao S, Young CL, Lam L, Jones SH, Velez Edwards DR, Hartmann KE (August 2019).

4071: 3488:

May PA, Chambers CD, Kalberg WO, Zellner J, Feldman H, Buckley D, et al. (February 2018).

2644: 2389: 2177:, such strategies are frequently used by default for treating those with FAS, as the diagnoses 1718: 1646: 1626: 1583: 1493: 1018: 711: 597:

might ordinarily trigger an FASD evaluation. Such individuals may be misdiagnosed with primary

522:

Nervous system damage: Clinically significant structural neurological, or functional impairment

480: 356: 11547: 9438: 9302:"A Brief History of Awareness of the Link Between Alcohol and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder" 8120: 8020:"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Among Children Aged 7–9 Years — Arizona, Colorado, and New York, 2010" 4563: 3420:

Roszel EL (April 2015). "Central nervous system deficits in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder".

1508:

Definite: Structural impairments or neurological impairments for FAS or static encephalopathy.

460:, but these terms have fallen out of favor and are no longer considered part of the spectrum. 16439: 16313: 16131: 16109: 16024: 15947: 15857: 15844: 15769: 15432: 15140: 14512: 14296: 14235: 13488: 13080: 13075: 12916: 12745: 12489: 12484: 11936: 11151: 10735: 10730: 10634: 10596: 10489: 10321: 10177: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 9946: 9899: 9894: 9862: 9682: 5314:

Genetic and Epigenetic Perspectives on the Role of Fathers in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

3043: 2202: 1984: 1977: 1877: 1807: 1761: 1755: 1539: 1347: 1265: 1164: 1126: 790: 740: 31: 6246: 5434:

In 1981, the surgeon general put out the now-ubiquitous warning about alcohol and pregnancy.

5386: 1656:

Neurological problems are expressed as either hard signs, or diagnosable disorders, such as

16376: 16193: 16082: 15470: 15460: 15262: 15218: 14768: 14541: 14281: 14123: 14013: 13707: 13646: 13546: 13520: 13141: 13070: 12494: 12363: 12258: 12079: 12054: 11711: 11698: 11642: 11457: 11075: 10868: 10787: 10720: 10617: 10428: 10367: 10227: 10084: 10008: 9916: 9906: 9702: 9603: 9581: 8525: 7843:"Alcohol use and binge drinking among women of childbearing age - United States, 2011-2013" 7444: 6938: 6851:. FAS Diagnostic and Prevention Network, University of Washington. Retrieved on 2007-04-10. 5933: 3550: 2656: 2423: 2055: 1919: 1797: 1751: 1688: 1271:

The following criteria must be fully met for a diagnosis of ARND or static encephalopathy:

1172: 1030: 1014: 662: 567: 12580: 11420: 7892:"Alcohol use and binge drinking among women of childbearing age--United States, 2006-2010" 7804:"Alcohol use and binge drinking among women of childbearing age--United States, 2006-2010" 4869: 4538:"CDC to younger women: Better take your birth control before you drink that glass of wine" 3867:. FAS Diagnostic and Prevention Network, University of Washington. Retrieved on 2007-04-10 1479:

One facial feature ranked severe, one ranked moderate and one ranked within normal limits.

8: 16681: 16621: 16305: 15952: 15807: 15747: 15655: 15638: 15488: 15344: 15254: 14801: 14686: 14630: 14620: 14463: 14374: 14228: 14223: 14115: 14086: 13975: 13960: 12920: 12837: 12808: 12530: 12474: 12368: 12297: 12282: 12263: 12112: 11926: 11790: 11664: 11405: 11390: 11340: 11045: 11035: 10814: 10744: 10532: 10331: 10242: 10197: 10097: 9956: 9874: 9857: 9822: 9677: 9598: 9558: 9387: 8284: 7994: 7375:(Tech. Report No. 96-06). Seattle: University of Washington, Fetal Alcohol and Drug Unit. 5719:"WFSBP and IAWMH Guidelines for the treatment of alcohol use disorders in pregnant women" 4379: 4352: 4266:"Ophthalmic involvement in the fetal alcohol syndrome: clinical and animal model studies" 3030: 2837: 2819: 2517: 2401: 2393: 2383: 2345: 1933: 1714: 1598: 1155: 935: 780:

No safe level of fetal alcohol exposure has been established. Because alcohol is a known

666: 377: 246: 8529: 7448: 7208:"Overlapping Behavioral Characteristics of FASD's & Related Mental Health Diagnosis" 6942: 5937: 5227:

Mamluk L, Edwards HB, Savović J, Leach V, Jones T, Moore TH, et al. (August 2017).

5204: 5179: 5028:

Mamluk L, Edwards HB, Savović J, Leach V, Jones T, Moore TH, et al. (August 2017).

3857: 3554: 2950:

introduced neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE).

1625:

are caused by prenatal alcohol exposure which causes general neurological damage to the

1593:, abnormal neuronal migration, and a small corpus callosum. FAS has also been linked to 821:

Fathers who consume alcohol prior to conception may contribute to FAS through long term

16626: 16475: 16460: 16448: 16198: 16149: 15986: 15849: 15737: 15573: 15529: 15506: 15396: 15173: 14615: 14557: 14346: 13468: 13006: 12796: 12758: 12615: 12504: 12459: 12434: 12399: 12246: 12236: 11931: 11622: 11565: 11481: 11380: 11373: 11335: 11295: 11101: 11002: 10917: 10895: 10749: 10708: 10470: 10217: 10112: 10077: 9936: 9785: 9697: 9662: 9543: 9490: 9392: 9326: 9301: 8972: 8947: 8874: 8857: 8807: 8682: 8670: 8549: 8537: 8498: 8439: 8399: 8374: 8116: 7779: 7746: 7689: 7598: 7547: 7522: 7503: 7258: 7184: 7159: 7137: 7074: 6679: 6654: 6635: 6559: 6534: 6505: 6472: 6448: 6413: 6154: 6121: 6034: 6009: 5866: 5833: 5754: 5696: 5629: 5596: 5266: 5253: 5228: 5155: 5130: 5054: 5029: 5002: 4977: 4953: 4928: 4894: 4839: 4783: 4729: 4493: 4407: 4334: 4210: 4185: 4129: 3966: 3933: 3914: 3879:"Comorbidity of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 3723: 3698: 3669: 3644: 3620: 3595: 3571: 3538: 3514: 3489: 3433: 3365: 3348: 2841: 2747: 2476: 2291: 2154: 1915: 1747: 1459:

Moderate: Two facial features ranked as severe and one feature ranked as moderate (lip

1054:

During the third week, alcohol can also damage the central nervous system of the fetus.

216: 8583: 6988: 6907: 6785: 6389: 6356: 5565: 5548: 4480: 4463: 3894: 3321: 3296: 2616:

Globally, one in 10 women drink alcohol during pregnancy. Out of this population, 20%

2004:

to have had a prenatal alcohol exposure due to presence of other key features of FASD.

16238: 16204: 16176: 16167: 16099: 16075: 15942: 15790: 15406: 15324: 15294: 15235: 15213: 15030: 14658: 14246: 14044: 13682: 13621: 13443: 13204: 13182: 12862: 12827: 12776: 12409: 12381: 12341: 12336: 12271: 12145: 11946: 11921: 11889: 11652: 11522: 11385: 11363: 11266: 11141: 11085: 10863: 10802: 10792: 10764: 10740: 10296: 10172: 9911: 9852: 9692: 9672: 9667: 9409: 9331: 9064: 8977: 8928: 8920: 8879: 8838: 8811: 8776: 8749: 8722: 8674: 8637: 8609: 8587: 8541: 8490: 8486: 8443: 8404: 8288: 8181: 8136: 8097: 7911: 7903: 7872: 7864: 7823: 7815: 7784: 7766: 7720: 7708: 7681: 7640: 7590: 7586: 7552: 7534: 7495: 7491: 7460: 7456: 7417: 7392: 7311: 7283: 7250: 7189: 7129: 7066: 6992: 6954: 6950: 6911: 6824: 6789: 6754: 6750: 6737:

Renwick JH, Asker RL (July 1983). "Ethanol-sensitive times for the human conceptus".

6719: 6684: 6627: 6593: 6564: 6510: 6492: 6453: 6435: 6394: 6376: 6159: 6141: 6137: 6074: 6039: 5990: 5949: 5906: 5902: 5871: 5853: 5814: 5806: 5746: 5738: 5700: 5688: 5680: 5634: 5616: 5570: 5529: 5423: 5293: 5258: 5209: 5160: 5111: 5103: 5059: 5007: 4958: 4899: 4831: 4775: 4767: 4733: 4721: 4713: 4613: 4569: 4485: 4411: 4399: 4338: 4326: 4287: 4215: 4121: 4079: 3971: 3953: 3906: 3898: 3802: 3728: 3674: 3625: 3576: 3519: 3467: 3458:

Thanh NX, Jonsson E (2016). "Life Expectancy of People with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome".

3437: 3370: 3326: 2881: 2648: 2621:(60%), Belarus (47%), Denmark (46%), the UK (41%), and the Russian Federation (37%). 2466: 2455: 2258: 2246: 2194: 2139: 2045: 2035: 1862: 1769: 1665: 1426: 1324: 1292: 715: 630:

Intellectual disability, both in overall IQ measurements and in many functional tests

619: 550: 512: 493: 343: 176: 8948:"Making Sense of Advice About Drinking During Pregnancy: Does Evidence Even Matter?" 8634:

Damaged Angels: An Adoptive Mother Discovers the Tragic Toll of Alcohol in Pregnancy

8553: 8085: 7693: 7602: 7507: 7280:

Damaged Angels: An Adoptive Mother Discovers the Tragic Toll of Alcohol in Pregnancy

7262: 6639: 5758: 4843: 4133: 3918: 2911:. In 1979, the Washington and Nantes findings were confirmed by a research group in 16361: 16232: 16227: 16012: 16007: 15648: 15475: 15135: 15076: 15040: 14848: 14332: 13576: 13551: 12641: 12292: 12231: 11963: 11635: 11585: 11229: 11165: 11131: 11124: 11007: 10974: 10964: 10267: 9879: 9752: 9747: 9641: 9321: 9313: 9056: 8967: 8959: 8910: 8869: 8858:"Ethical, legal and policy issues in management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder" 8803: 8714: 8686: 8666: 8579: 8533: 8502: 8482: 8435: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8280: 8240: 8173: 8168:

Price AD (2021). "Overview of FASD: How Our Understanding of FASD Has Progressed".

7854: 7774: 7758: 7671: 7632: 7582: 7542: 7487: 7452: 7242: 7179: 7171: 7121: 7078: 7058: 6984: 6946: 6903: 6816: 6781: 6746: 6711: 6674: 6666: 6619: 6554: 6546: 6500: 6484: 6443: 6425: 6384: 6368: 6149: 6133: 6066: 6029: 6021: 5980: 5945: 5941: 5898: 5861: 5845: 5798: 5730: 5670: 5624: 5608: 5560: 5521: 5270: 5248: 5240: 5199: 5191: 5150: 5142: 5093: 5049: 5041: 4997: 4989: 4948: 4940: 4889: 4881: 4821: 4787: 4759: 4705: 4605: 4497: 4475: 4391: 4318: 4277: 4239: 4205: 4197: 4113: 3961: 3945: 3890: 3718: 3710: 3664: 3656: 3615: 3607: 3566: 3558: 3509: 3501: 3429: 3391: 3360: 3316: 3308: 2900: 2893: 2833: 2780: 2462: 2397: 2182: 2174: 2107: 2030: 1661: 1606: 1168: 833: 700: 696: 585: 534: 497: 373: 369: 157:

Foetal alcohol spectrum disorders, FASD, FAS, PAE, Prenatal substance exposure, PSE

15003: 9449: 7709:"Costs of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in the Canadian Criminal Justice System" 7141: 6243:

Diagnostic Guide for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: The 4-Digit Diagnostic Code

5802: 5734: 448:

The several forms of the condition (in order of most severe to least severe) are:

422:

Unconfirmed; between 1 in 20 (~390 million) and 1 in 13 (~600 million) (all types)

16283: 15974: 15605: 15391: 15283: 15203: 14653: 14475: 14106: 14080: 14000: 13950: 13879: 13854: 13824: 13734: 13641: 13581: 13332: 13248: 12669: 12623: 12447: 12414: 12203: 12188: 11968: 11805: 11486: 11471: 11452: 10957: 10952: 10826: 10316: 10031: 9926: 9795: 9687: 9576: 9525: 9403: 9222: 7349: 7338: 7175: 6868: 6848: 6473:"What Happens When Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Become Adults?" 6253: 6186:

Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services

5675: 5612: 4978:"Alcohol Use in Pregnancy and Miscarriage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 4709: 3864: 3836: 2999: 2738: 2660: 2652: 2605: 2429: 2372: 2306: 2071: 2040: 1572: 1546: 1332: 1323:

or both due to prenatal alcohol exposure and can be assessed at any point in the

1136:'s "The 4-Digit Diagnostic Code", which ranks the four key features of FASD on a 1110:

Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services

736: 562: 294: 250: 13096: 8995: 8718: 8177: 7995:"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome --- Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, and New York, 1995--1997" 7889: 7801: 7246: 6655:"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: a guideline for diagnosis across the lifespan" 6412:

Okulicz-Kozaryn K, Maryniak A, Borkowska M, Śmigiel R, Dylag KA (15 July 2021).

5718: 5244: 5045: 4322: 3072:

ICD-codes in Popova study: R62.8††, R62.8¶¶, P05.9, P07.1, R62.8§§, R62.8‡‡, Q02

2933:

International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

1518:

by judgment of the clinical evaluation team that CNS damage cannot be dismissed.

1200:

Prenatal or postnatal height or weight (or both) at or below the 10th percentile

27:

Group of conditions resulting from maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy

16340: 16289: 16117: 15826: 15703: 15230: 14723: 14413: 14169: 13990: 13874: 13814: 13478: 13473: 13463: 13458: 13423: 13272: 12753: 12674: 12542: 12452: 12348: 12208: 12197: 12137: 12015: 11820: 11630: 11610: 11572: 11437: 10858: 10848: 10838: 10646: 10612: 10478: 10362: 10277: 9983: 9931: 9629: 9414: 8460: 6623: 5969:"Genetic polymorphisms: impact on the risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders" 3562: 2717: 2521: 2437: 2338: 1754:

in three or more of the following CNS domains – Sufficient for an FAS, pFAS or

1602: 1580: 1360:

Moderate: Either height or weight at or below the 3rd percentile, but not both.

1340: 917: 805: 785: 465: 457: 438: 332: 9377: 8963: 8915: 8898: 7105:

McQuire C, Paranjothy S, Hurt L, Mann M, Farewell D, Kemp A (September 2016).

6488: 5525: 5453: 4944: 4565:

Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk

3714: 488:

The key signs of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) required for diagnosis include:

16605: 16366: 16318: 16188: 15957: 15913: 15764: 15169: 15009: 14070: 13995: 13965: 13945: 13804: 13779: 13702: 13616: 13606: 13601: 13515: 13408: 13016: 12711: 12661: 12424: 12394: 12127: 12010: 11795: 11676: 11580: 11476: 11065: 10997: 10947: 10942: 10927: 10922: 10900: 10809: 10776: 10641: 10510: 10372: 10262: 10051: 10026: 9778: 9619: 9533: 9478:

Center for Disease Control's page on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs)

9477: 9317: 9060: 8924: 8447: 7907: 7868: 7819: 7770: 7538: 6496: 6439: 6380: 6145: 6008:

Laufer BI, Mantha K, Kleiber ML, Diehl EJ, Addison SM, Singh SM (July 2013).

5857: 5810: 5742: 5684: 5620: 5533: 5107: 4771: 4717: 4022: 3957: 3949: 3902: 3252: 2994: 2904: 2877: 2807: 2796: 2647:. The only states that have registered birth defects in Australian youth are 2368: 2302: 2298: 1908: 1819: 1773: 1726: 1590: 1430: 1035: 949: 748: 719: 589: 281: 226: 7964: 7803: 6820: 6715: 6355:

Chudley AE, Conry J, Cook JL, Loock C, Rosales T, LeBlanc N (1 March 2005).

5659:"Evidence-Based Pharmacotherapies for Alcohol Use Disorder: Clinical Pearls" 5549:"The international charter on prevention of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder" 5509: 5356: 4693: 4282: 4265: 3611: 3505: 2221:

Many books and handouts on FAS recommend a developmental approach, based on

1353:

The "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" from 2004 ranks growth deficiency as follows:

15862: 15732: 15715: 15289: 15130: 14569: 13834: 13829: 13809: 13789: 13775: 13719: 13566: 13448: 13398: 12889: 12872: 12803: 12763: 12679: 12651: 12636: 12419: 12353: 11755: 11745: 11535: 10831: 10408: 9988: 9941: 9889: 9847: 9482: 9335: 9068: 8981: 8932: 8883: 8842: 8606:

The Challenge in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Overcoming Secondary Disabilities.

8494: 8408: 8244: 8140: 8101: 7915: 7891: 7876: 7859: 7842: 7827: 7788: 7762: 7724: 7685: 7644: 7594: 7556: 7389:

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Fetal Alcohol Effects: Strategies for Professionals

7254: 7193: 7133: 7125: 7070: 6828: 6688: 6631: 6568: 6550: 6514: 6457: 6430: 6398: 6163: 6078: 6043: 5994: 5953: 5875: 5818: 5773:

https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/021897s052lbl.pdf

5750: 5692: 5638: 5574: 5297: 5262: 5213: 5195: 5164: 5115: 5063: 5011: 4962: 4903: 4835: 4826: 4779: 4725: 4617: 4489: 4403: 4330: 4291: 4219: 4125: 3975: 3910: 3732: 3678: 3660: 3629: 3580: 3523: 3471: 3441: 3374: 3330: 3025: 2758: 2721: 2234: 1892: 1676: 1672: 1610: 1531: 1442: 1400: 1396: 1363:

Mild: Either height or weight or both between the 3rd and 10th percentiles.

1320: 1316: 1176: 1137: 1104:

Neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE)

1082: 994: 964: 760: 744: 729: 654: 598: 545: 501: 234: 11879: 9360: 8815: 8780: 8767:

Aase JM, Jones KL, Clarren SK (March 1995). "Do we need the term "FAE"?".

8753: 8591: 8545: 8292: 8170:

Prevention, Recognition and Management of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

7499: 7464: 7421: 6996: 6958: 6793: 6758: 6723: 6070: 5910: 4885: 4075:

Fetal alcohol syndrome: diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment

3295:

Chudley AE, Conry J, Cook JL, Loock C, Rosales T, LeBlanc N (March 2005).

445:. FASD affects 1 in 20 Americans, but is highly mis- and under-diagnosed. 15821: 15782: 15724: 15633: 15535: 15401: 15103: 14809: 14760: 13940: 13935: 13909: 13799: 13784: 13765: 13724: 13692: 13687: 13525: 13403: 13343: 13327: 13294: 13277: 13065: 13060: 12791: 12358: 12107: 12059: 11992: 11973: 11958: 11686: 11681: 11552: 11432: 11322: 11215: 10987: 10932: 10537: 10398: 9993: 9951: 9869: 9433: 8726: 8678: 6915: 6372: 5849: 5510:"History and implications of the Alcoholic Beverage Labeling Act of 1988" 5146: 3312: 2965: 2916: 2815: 2640: 2617: 2419: 2359: 2353: 2282:

The advocacy model is often recommended, for example, when developing an

2242: 2226: 2162: 1987:(100 mg/dL or greater) delivered at least weekly in early pregnancy. 1983:

High Risk: Confirmed use of alcohol during pregnancy known to be at high

1936:

records (if applicable), chemical biomarkers, or other reliable sources.

1811: 1777: 1730: 1561: 1237:

The following criteria must be fully met for a diagnosis of Partial FAS:

1180: 1005: 941: 634: 554: 437:) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person who is exposed to 273: 230: 205: 197: 163: 9011:"Legislators clash with doctors, judges over renewing fetal assault law" 7370:

Streissguth, A.P., Barr, H.M., Kogan, J., & Bookstein, F.L. (1996).

6670: 5332:"Foetal alcohol syndrome: Why fathers need to watch what they drink too" 1387: 759:

In 2019, a study found that individuals with FASD have a higher risk of

15932: 15802: 15643: 15600: 15541: 15379: 14896: 14453: 14407: 13919: 13864: 13859: 13849: 13844: 13697: 13571: 13433: 13428: 13384: 13299: 13214: 13177: 13085: 13055: 12948: 12909: 12904: 12884: 12611: 11978: 11885: 11815: 11647: 11595: 11395: 11368: 11278: 11060: 11040: 10969: 10552: 10542: 10403: 9921: 9843: 9722: 9517: 9102:"Medical and Public Health Groups Oppose Punishment of Pregnant People" 8121:"Considerations on the Increase of Crime, and the Degree of its Extent" 7062: 7044: 7042: 6590:

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Trying Differently Rather Than Harder

6411: 6025: 5985: 5098: 5081: 4993: 4763: 4609: 4395: 4201: 4117: 2912: 2828: 2363: 2170: 1642: 1638: 1576: 1557: 960: 931: 924: 920: 822: 707: 674: 638: 290: 277: 209: 201: 189: 185: 181: 7676: 7659: 7636: 7107:"Objective Measures of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: A Systematic Review" 5923: 5080:

Flak AL, Su S, Bertrand J, Denny CH, Kesmodel US, Cogswell ME (2014).

4591: 4589: 2400:, stubbornness, intrusive behavior, too friendly with strangers, poor 1473:

Two facial features ranked severe and one ranked within normal limits,

16042: 15993: 15981: 15964: 15896: 15546: 15005: 14937: 14790: 13904: 13770: 13749: 13631: 13556: 13508: 13438: 13393: 13253: 13011: 13001: 12978: 12925: 12822: 12812: 12723: 12696: 12684: 12646: 12022: 11881: 11750: 11657: 11491: 11290: 11256: 11109: 11080: 11050: 10982: 10937: 10910: 10758: 10693: 10527: 10522: 10439: 9513: 9444: 8740:

Smith DW (1981). "Fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects".

8604:

Streissguth, A.P. (2002). In A. Streissguth, & J. Kanter (Eds.),

7841:

Tan CH, Denny CH, Cheal NE, Sniezek JE, Kanny D (25 September 2015).

3453: 3451: 2848: 2824: 2776: 2688: 2604:

One study found that the people with FAS had a significantly shorter

2578:

Having been found eligible for developmental disability (DD) services

2023: 1901: 1872: 1867: 1827: 1803: 1781: 1738: 1622: 1594: 1497: 1419: 1336: 1159: 1026: 993:

The placenta allows free entry of ethanol and toxic metabolites like

842: 781: 725: 689: 442: 407: 336: 193: 9175:"More than 3 million US women at risk for alcohol-exposed pregnancy" 8228: 7039: 6535:"Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure" 6357:"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian guidelines for diagnosis" 6291:

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Guidelines for Referral and Diagnosis (PDF).

5968: 4102: 3645:"Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure" 3596:"Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in 4 US Communities" 3490:"Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in 4 US Communities" 3297:"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian guidelines for diagnosis" 3034:, was born with fetal alcohol syndrome, which he calls "the Drome". 2486:

Social communication: Intrude into conversations, inability to read

626:

More broadly, alcohol use during pregnancy is also associated with:

44: 16517:

Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)

16222: 16214: 16180: 16034: 15937: 15339: 14863: 14704: 14699: 14598: 14580: 14427: 14286: 13955: 13894: 13884: 13819: 13656: 13636: 13561: 12943: 12899: 12894: 12771: 12728: 12716: 12701: 12631: 11916: 11350: 11014: 10282: 9998: 5357:"Alcohol and Pregnancy Questions and Answers | FASD | NCBDDD | CDC" 4586: 3017: 3004: 2885: 2752: 2349: 2271: 1882: 1657: 1446: 1412: 516: 8375:"Ethanol for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labor" 4190:

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines

3448: 1826:, social communication, memory, difficulties responding to common 1437:

Measurement of FAS facial features uses criteria developed by the

1293:

Neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure

934:

is a nonselective opioid antagonist that is used to treat AUD and

588:), or an abnormally increased distance between the eyes, or both ( 171:

Only 10% of individuals with FASD have associated facial features.

15701: 15062: 14829: 14530: 13914: 13889: 13666: 13304: 13243: 13197: 12983: 12879: 12221: 11512: 11070: 10629: 9805: 8259:

The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness

7890:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (20 July 2012).

7802:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (20 July 2012).

6418:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

5973:

Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology

5284:"Pregnancy and alcohol: occasional, light drinking may be safe". 4021:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3537:

Oh SS, Kim YJ, Jang SI, Park S, Nam CM, Park EC (November 2020).

1568: 794: 8229:"A note on the influence of maternal inebriety on the offspring" 8217:(Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 2010), 27,28. 7235:

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry

7048: 6702:

Jones KL, Smith DW (August 1975). "The fetal alcohol syndrome".

3746: 2595:

Participation in non-impact sport or physical fitness activities

2422:, difficulty distinguishing between fantasy and reality, slower 1021:, resulting in antioxidant protection being much less effective. 16261: 16002: 15969: 15066: 14642: 13839: 13626: 13611: 13374: 13238: 13209: 13151: 13146: 12993: 12783: 12733: 12706: 12225: 10311: 9773: 9768: 9467: 9372: 8705:

Clarren SK, Smith DW (May 1978). "The fetal alcohol syndrome".

8472: 8132: 5716: 4307:"Maternal alcohol consumption and oral clefts: a meta-analysis" 3938:

Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie

3346: 2889: 2865: 2743: 2725: 2311: 1887: 1765: 1734: 1289:

Growth or height may range from normal to minimally deficient.

1282:

functional impairment in three or more of the Ten Brain Domains

1248:

functional impairment in three or more of the Ten Brain Domains

1222: 575:

Congenital fusion of cervical vertebrae or cervical spin fusion

527: 365: 9030:"State Enacts Law To Incarcerate Pregnant Women Who Use Drugs" 8516:

Ulleland CN (May 1972). "The offspring of alcoholic mothers".

8135:: John Hatchard and Son ... and T. and G. Underwood ...: 325. 7232: 6806: 6532: 3839:

National Center for Growth Statistics. Retrieved on 2007-04-10

3642: 2584:

Having a diagnosis of FAS (rather than another FASD condition)

1258: 15450: 15197: 13744: 13311: 13289: 13267: 13258: 13219: 13156: 12689: 12184: 12155: 11988: 11810: 11718: 10883: 10357: 10021: 9790: 9276:"No, The Government Did Not Just Tell Women To Stop Drinking" 8831:

The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

8569: 8373:

Haas DM, Morgan AM, Deans SJ, Schubert FP (5 November 2015).

3008: 2936: 2733: 2729: 1218: 1009: 681: 559:

Developmental delay, cognitive disorder, or mental deficiency

14043: 12123:

Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)

7713:

Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

6893: 5838:

Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

5831: 5656: 4001:"An Alcohol-free pregnancy is the best choice for your baby" 3799:

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A Guide for Families and Communities

3460:

Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology

3347:

Rasmussen C, Andrew G, Zwaigenbaum L, Tough S (March 2008).

2922: 2847:

From the 1960s to the 1980s, alcohol was commonly used as a

2679:

In South Africa, some populations have rates as high as 9%.

1597:

and cerebellar changes, agenesis of the corpus callosum and

1484:

None: All three facial features ranked within normal limits.

1476:

One facial feature ranked severe and two ranked moderate, or

1327:. Growth measurements must be adjusted for parental height, 684:

anomalies including abnormal position and function, altered

13530: 12610: 7622: 3932:

Brown JM, Bland R, Jonsson E, Greenshaw AJ (3 March 2019).

3751:

Families Affected by Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder FAFASD

2513: 2408: 2190: 2143: 1815: 1467:

PFL between one and two standard deviations below average).

618:

diagnosis, they nonetheless pose significant impairment in

361: 9299: 9250:"CDC to Women: Don't Drink Unless You're On Birth Control" 8656: 5784: 4462:

Popova S, Lange S, Probst C, Gmel G, Rehm J (March 2017).

4437:

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)

3931: 2563:

Living in a stable and nurturing home for over 73% of life

537:, behavioral problems, disruptive behavior, or impulsivity 12935: 9300:

Brown JM, Bland R, Jonsson E, Greenshaw AJ (March 2019).

8319: 8317: 8315: 7104: 5888: 5447:"Framework for alcohol policy in the WHO European Region" 5310: 5226: 5027: 4929:"Epidemiology of substance use in reproductive-age women" 4926: 4870:"Counting the costs of drinking alcohol during pregnancy" 3487: 2932: 2823:

fetal damage was made in 1899 by Dr. William Sullivan, a

2800: 2572:

Remaining in each living situation for at least 2.8 years

1433:

width decreases with increased prenatal alcohol exposure.

1357:

Severe: Height and weight at or below the 3rd percentile.

611: 508: 11247:

Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States

6007: 5825: 2543:

Two additional secondary disabilities exist for adults:

2483:, sensory defensiveness, undersensitivity to stimulation 2362:

and functioning are associated with reduced size of the

739:

of the eyelid, microphthalmia, webbed neck, short neck,

402:, efforts to modify child behavior, possibly medications 9046: 8372: 7341: 7330: 6928: 6652: 5387:"A 2005 Message to Women from the U.S. Surgeon General" 2687:

In the United States, alcohol use at some point during

1790: 1366:

None: Height and weight both above the 10th percentile.

9223:"The CDC's Alcohol and Pregnancy Warning Shames Women" 8899:"Fetal alcohol syndrome: the origins of a moral panic" 8312: 7745:

Denny CH, Acero CS, Naimi TS, Kim SY (26 April 2019).

7032: 6245:. Seattle: University of Washington. PDF available at 5832:

Bhuvaneswar CG, Chang G, Epstein LA, Stern TA (2007).

5128: 4975: 3876: 3747:"FASD Fact #1: FASD = Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder" 1081:

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders encompass a range of

7572: 6354: 5834:"Alcohol Use During Pregnancy: Prevalence and Impact" 4461: 4263: 4183: 3294: 3162:

Coccygeal fovea (Q14.1‡). Retinal tortuosity (Q14.1§)

2411:(ADHD), poor attention or concentration, distractible 1391:

Smooth philtrum seen on a six-month-old baby with FAS

1315:

deficiency is defined as significantly below average

1255:

Growth or height may range from normal to deficient.

863:

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence

809:

problems and also increases the risk of miscarriage.

10500:

Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States

9350: 8270: 7840: 5594: 4353:"Dangers of Drinking While Pregnant - DrugAbuse.com" 2858: 16662:

Biology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

11171:

List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita

7407: 6120:Bake S, Tingling JD, Miranda RC (5 December 2011). 6119: 5546: 5079: 4927:McHugh RK, Wigderson S, Greenfield SF (June 2014). 4595: 2799:, the mother and nurse were not allowed to consume 2554: 1210:

functional impairment of the central nervous system

69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 9154:"CDC faces backlash over alcohol warning to women" 8828: 7744: 6090: 6088: 5775:. Revised March 2021. Accessed September 12, 2021. 5177: 4933:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 4184:Kingdon D, Cardoso C, McGrath JJ (February 2016). 3696: 2173:strategies and interventions. Along with ordinary 1966:National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 1101:Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) 647:Domestic violence and potential harm to the infant 16617:Congenital malformation due to exogenous toxicity 14938:Congenital malformation due to substance exposure 13126: 12465:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder 11176:Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States 10581:Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism 9084:"Court Says Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Isn't a Crime" 8565: 8563: 7657: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7358: 4311:British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 1278:Clinically significant structural, neurological, 1244:Clinically significant structural, neurological, 1206:Clinically significant structural, neurological, 16603: 14581:Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip) 8766: 8273:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 8204:(New York: Carlton & Lanahan, 1870), 173–175 7477: 7342:Minnesota Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 5652: 5650: 5648: 4433:"Understanding Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders" 2871:Independently, in the U.S., Christy Ulleland at 797:, poor diet, genetics, and social risk factors. 11558:Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility 8079: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8071: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7568: 7566: 7434: 7331:National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 6085: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4749: 3699:"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: an overview" 3483: 3481: 2581:Having basic needs met for at least 13% of life 2305:level promotes FAS prevention and diversion of 2161:, efforts to modify child behavior, and drugs. 1796:Performance at or below the 16th percentile on 1422:thins with increased prenatal alcohol exposure. 963:prevents relapse by blocking the metabolism of 657:that frequently disappears by one year of age. 633:Fetal mortality, such as spontaneous abortion ( 8939: 8890: 8796:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 8560: 8335:"Dr. Fritz Fuchs, 76, Who Advanced Obstetrics" 8305:Haggard, H. W., & Jellinek, E. M. (1942). 7355: 7157: 7153: 7151: 7051:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 6609: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6126:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 6056: 6001: 5712: 5710: 5086:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 4982:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 4598:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 4384:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 4377: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 1213:Confirmed or Unknown prenatal alcohol exposure 452:(FAS), partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS), 15687: 14989: 14923: 14029: 13869:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot') 13359: 13112: 12596: 11865: 10455: 9498: 8896: 8598: 8509: 8202:Arts of Intoxication: The Aim and the Results 8163: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8090:The Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 7618: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7383: 7381: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7010: 7008: 7006: 6970: 6968: 6771: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 5891:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 5645: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5547:Jonsson E, Salmon A, Warren KR (March 2014). 5023: 5021: 4807: 4686: 4457: 4455: 4453: 3697:Riley EP, Infante MA, Warren KR (June 2011). 3536: 3530: 3386: 3384: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3049:Environmental toxicants and fetal development 1976:. It operationalizes high risk exposure as a 11120:International Women's Collaboration Brew Day 9512: 8793: 8704: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8622: 8068: 7952: 7706: 7563: 7326: 7324: 6862:Backside of Lip-Philtrum Guides (2004) (PDF) 6835: 6736: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6578: 4794: 4078:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 4006:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3478: 3457: 2333:Often, primary disabilities are mistaken as 2197:services, which also utilizes principles of 2169:, which is the basis for many parenting and 1346:Criteria for FASD are least specific in the 16406: 14586:Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder 8862:The Journal of the Arkansas Medical Society 8652: 8650: 7965:"Data & Statistics Prevalence of FASDs" 7896:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 7847:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 7808:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 7751:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 7658:Mutch RC, Watkins R, Bower C (April 2015). 7148: 5707: 5452:. World Health Organisation. Archived from 5075: 5073: 4745: 4743: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4378:Cook JC, Lynch ME, Coles CD (5 June 2019). 3812: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 2827:prison physician who noted higher rates of 2473:(e.g., riding a bicycle at appropriate age) 2286:(IEP) for the person's progress at school. 2149: 1259:Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder 763:independent of race/ethnicity and obesity. 454:alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder 30:"FASD" redirects here. For other uses, see 15694: 15680: 14996: 14982: 14930: 14916: 14036: 14022: 13373: 13366: 13352: 13119: 13105: 12603: 12589: 11872: 11858: 11761:Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933 11331:List of countries with alcohol prohibition 10462: 10448: 9505: 9491: 9247: 9193:"Alcohol and Pregnancy | VitalSigns | CDC" 9179:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 8518:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 8154: 7651: 7609: 7523:"The effects of prenatal alcohol exposure" 7378: 7293: 7274: 7272: 7003: 6974: 6965: 6701: 6470: 6204: 5723:The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 5581: 5018: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4450: 4305:Yin X, Li J, Li Y, Zou S (November 2019). 4304: 4244:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4233: 4231: 4229: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 3870: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3381: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3212: 2216: 907:Access to mental health care and treatment 484:Facial characteristics of a child with FAS 391:Avoiding drinking alcohol during pregnancy 162: 10663:Short-term effects of alcohol consumption 9325: 9273: 8971: 8945: 8914: 8873: 8742:Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology 8733: 8659:Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. Supplement 8619: 8398: 7969:Center for Disease Control and Prevention 7858: 7778: 7675: 7546: 7520: 7410:Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology 7321: 7183: 6678: 6575: 6558: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6504: 6447: 6429: 6388: 6153: 6033: 5984: 5865: 5674: 5628: 5564: 5252: 5203: 5154: 5097: 5053: 5001: 4952: 4922: 4920: 4893: 4874:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 4825: 4479: 4281: 4209: 3965: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3722: 3668: 3619: 3570: 3513: 3415: 3413: 3364: 3342: 3340: 3320: 2524:, experienced by over 90% of the subjects 2498: 2371:is associated with decreased size of the 2189:(RAD) often overlap with FAS (along with 2017: 1488: 1275:Minimal or no FAS facial features present 1190: 129:Learn how and when to remove this message 9081: 9049:Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice 9008: 8647: 8515: 8454: 8226: 7158:Dejong K, Olyaei A, Lo JO (March 2019). 6800: 6293:CDC (July 2004). Retrieved on 2019-10-19 5966: 5595:DeVido J, Bogunovic O, Weiss RD (2015). 5311:Liyanage-Zachariah V, Harding K (2019), 5070: 4740: 4669:"UpToDate: Alcohol intake and pregnancy" 4655: 3764: 3054:Long-term effects of alcohol consumption 2757: 2458:, inconsistent memory and knowledge base 2409:Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 1853:The proposed Ten Brain Domains include: 1758:diagnosis using 4-Digit Diagnostic Code 1386: 1241:Two or three FAS facial features present 832: 828: 579:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 479: 14716:Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal) 11301:Legal drinking age in the United States 9027: 8855: 8700: 8698: 8696: 8421: 8379:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8114: 8083: 7664:Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 7575:Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 7269: 6477:Current Developmental Disorders Reports 6471:Moore EM, Riley EP (3 September 2015). 6309: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6170: 5384: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4624: 4582:from the original on 10 September 2017. 4548: 4226: 4170: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4096: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3685: 3271: 2975: 2566:Being diagnosed with FAS before age six 2512:Mental health problems: Diagnosed with 2325: 1041: 816: 14: 16672:Syndromes with intellectual disability 16647:Congenital disorders of nervous system 16604: 16483:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies 16156:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS 14859:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy 10469: 6521: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6262: 5507: 5417: 5411: 5399:from the original on 24 September 2015 4917: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 3842: 3419: 3410: 3337: 2953: 2083:Attention deficit hyperactive disorder 1034:fetal development by interfering with 904:Generational and sociocultural traumas 15675: 14977: 14911: 14383:Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions 14017: 13347: 13100: 12974:Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis 12584: 12103:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 12070:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 11853: 11284:List of dry communities by U.S. state 10443: 9486: 9128:"Civil Commitment: About This Policy" 8739: 8332: 8167: 7940:from the original on 21 November 2016 7017: 6765: 6247:FAS Diagnostic and Prevention Network 5380: 5378: 5178:Bandoli G, Hayes S, Delker E (2023). 5135:International Journal of Epidemiology 4561: 4535: 4264:Strömland K, Pinazo-Durán MD (2002). 2711: 2461:Motor skills: Poor handwriting, poor 1567:As of 2002, there were 25 reports of 1203:All three FAS facial features present 500:or height, small head circumference ( 475: 16667:Mental disorders due to brain damage 16334:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension 15723: 15268:Infant respiratory distress syndrome 13484:Infant respiratory distress syndrome 12169:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability 10797:List of methanol poisoning incidents 9248:Khazan O, Beck J (3 February 2016). 8693: 8285:10.1001/archpedi.1995.02170130047010 6884:. New York: Oxford University Press. 6659:Canadian Medical Association Journal 6612:European Journal of Medical Genetics 6361:Canadian Medical Association Journal 6313: 6296: 5597:"Alcohol Use Disorders in Pregnancy" 5420:Fertility, Pregnancy, and Childbirth 4857: 4140: 3982: 3301:Canadian Medical Association Journal 3015:The main character of the 2009 film 2803:during pregnancy and breastfeeding. 2779:, British physicians petitioned the 2494:cues, "chatty" but without substance 2000:for an FASD evaluation are at least 1844: 1601:, neuronal migration errors, absent 1521:Unlikely: No evidence of CNS damage. 1301: 851:Surgeon General of the United States 825:modification of the father's sperm. 650:Sleep and sucking problems as a baby 67:adding citations to reliable sources 38: 12969:Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis 11518:Alcohol consumption recommendations 11443:Temperance and Good Citizenship Day 10337:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth 8996:"'No alcohol in pregnancy' advised" 8707:The New England Journal of Medicine 8424:"The letter from Professor Lemoine" 8043: 6259: 5439: 4848: 4237: 4092:from the original on 11 March 2016. 4028: 3593: 2903:, had confirmed that alcohol was a 2832:usually concluded. A case study by 1926: 1285:Confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure 1251:Confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure 944:functions as both an antagonist of 24: 16637:Neurological disorders in children 16565:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy 15273:Transient tachypnea of the newborn 14890:Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse 14519:Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder 12118:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy 11242:Alcohol packaging warning messages 10854:Alcohol use among college students 10516:Drunk driving in the United States 8952:The Journal of Perinatal Education 8808:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1989.tb00384.x 8671:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1979.tb06170.x 8538:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1972.tb28142.x 8440:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03364.x 8150:Biography of author Randle Jackson 7164:Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 6592:. Portland, Oregon: FASCETS, Inc. 5422:. St. Martin's Press. p. 14. 5375: 4810:"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders" 3655:(4). AAP Publications: e20151553. 3434:10.1097/01.NPR.0000444650.10142.4f 3021:is implied to have the condition. 2958: 2736:writes in his fourth-century B.C. 2239:stages of psychosocial development 1816:attention and hyperactive problems 1789:General cognitive deficits (e.g., 1382: 1025:Although alcohol is known to be a 1001:nervous system appear compromised. 25: 16708: 16268:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases 16071:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration 15051:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 14439:Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder 12376:Pain management during childbirth 12303:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 11801:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 11781:Index of alcohol-related articles 11224:Administrative License Suspension 9346: 9132:Alcohol Policy Information System 8608:Seattle: University of WA Press. 8345:from the original on 27 June 2017 7975:from the original on 29 June 2015 7527:Alcohol Health and Research World 5485:. 2 December 2020. Archived from 5479:"Drinking alcohol while pregnant" 5184:Alcohol Research: Current Reviews 4666: 4643:from the original on 10 June 2015 4158:. World Health Organization. 2014 3801:. Baltimore: Brookes Publishing. 3398:from the original on 28 June 2015 2859:Western Medicine Defines Syndrome 2795:In Gaelic Scotland, according to 2569:Never having experienced violence 2418:, confusion under pressure, poor 2290:also use the advocacy model at a 2265: 1116: 889:Poverty/Access to nutritious food 775: 572:Congenital malformation of retina 78:"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder" 16288:For more detailed coverage, see 16266:For more detailed coverage, see 16237:For more detailed coverage, see 16203:For more detailed coverage, see 16154:For more detailed coverage, see 15569:Vertically transmitted infection 14492:Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome 12562: 12561: 12548:Sexual activity during pregnancy 11834: 11833: 11235:Alcoholic beverage control state 11031:Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate 10342:Postpartum physiological changes 10042:Postpartum physiological changes 9567:Assisted reproductive technology 9293: 9267: 9241: 9215: 9185: 9167: 9146: 9120: 9094: 9075: 9040: 9021: 9002: 8988: 8849: 8822: 8787: 8760: 8636:. New York: Carroll & Graf. 8487:10.1097/00007691-200304000-00002 8415: 8366: 8357: 8326: 8299: 8264: 8251: 8220: 8207: 8194: 8108: 8037: 8012: 7987: 7922: 7883: 7834: 7795: 7738: 7700: 7587:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2006.00954.x 7514: 7471: 7428: 7401: 7282:. New York: Carroll & Graf. 7226: 7098: 7095:. Washington, DC: The Institute. 7085: 6922: 6887: 6874: 6854: 6192:from the original on 6 June 2017 6138:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01676.x 4704:(2 Pt 1): 383–388. August 2011. 4016: 3259:from the original on 23 May 2015 3003:(where all fetuses are gestated 2948:American Psychiatric Association 2682: 2555:Protective factors and strengths 2479:and soft neurological problems: 2284:individualized education program 2159:parent–child interaction therapy 1017:, glutathione transferases, and 977:American Psychiatric Association 722:, or involuntary eye movements). 431:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders 400:Parent-child interaction therapy 149:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders 43: 15661:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder 15611:Group B streptococcal infection 15179:Intrauterine growth restriction 14948:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 14449:Caffeine-induced sleep disorder 14341:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 13419:Breastfeeding and mental health 10844:Alcohol in association football 10394:Adaptation to extrauterine life 9464:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 9274:Schumaker E (4 February 2016). 9199:. 20 March 2017. Archived from 6730: 6695: 6646: 6603: 6464: 6405: 6348: 6113: 6050: 6014:Disease Models & Mechanisms 5967:Warren KR, Li TK (April 2005). 5960: 5917: 5882: 5778: 5765: 5540: 5501: 5471: 5349: 5324: 5304: 5277: 5220: 5171: 5122: 4969: 4529: 4504: 4425: 4371: 4345: 4298: 4257: 3925: 3739: 3636: 3192: 3183: 3174: 3165: 3156: 3147: 3138: 3129: 3126:H54,H52.2,H52.6,H54.2/54.4/54.5 3120: 3111: 3102: 3093: 3084: 3075: 3066: 2923:"Spectrum" rather than Syndrome 2674: 2611: 2471:delayed motor skill development 2434:information-processing disorder 2231:theory of cognitive development 2165:interventions are based on the 2103:Sensory integration dysfunction 1616: 1536:agenesis of the corpus callosum 867:Alcoholic Beverage Labeling Act 581:or otherwise impaired attention 541:Developmental language disorder 241:, behavior problems similar to 54:needs additional citations for 15004:Conditions originating in the 14843:Sudden sniffing death syndrome 14498:Intravenous marijuana syndrome 14092:Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome 12050:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy 11056:List of deaths through alcohol 10874:Epidemiology of binge drinking 10678:Subjective response to alcohol 10037:Maternal physiological changes 9306:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 9082:Picciuto E (9 December 2014). 8897:Armstrong EM, Abel EL (2000). 8391:10.1002/14651858.CD011445.pub2 7437:Neurotoxicology and Teratology 6931:Neurotoxicology and Teratology 5946:10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.02.012 5791:American Journal of Psychiatry 5320:, Canada FASD Research Network 4808:Williams JF, Smith VC (2015). 3587: 3353:Paediatrics & Child Health 2179:oppositional defiance disorder 2134: 1939:Exposure level is assessed as 1586:covering the left hemisphere. 1228: 855:American Academy of Pediatrics 841:promoting zero alcohol during 692:, and small fifth fingernails. 607:oppositional defiance disorder 13: 1: 16581:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 16466:Hereditary spastic paraplegia 16324:Normal pressure hydrocephalus 15353:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding 14670:Opioid-induced endocrinopathy 13414:Breastfeeding and medications 13128:Development of the human body 12252:Prelabor rupture of membranes 11541:Sweat alcohol content monitor 10576:Alcoholism in rural Australia 9592:partner-assisted reproduction 8584:10.1016/S0140-6736(73)91291-9 7391:. Center City, MN: Hazelden. 6989:10.1016/s0140-6736(73)91092-1 6908:10.1016/S0022-3476(78)80072-9 6882:Alcohol and Brain Development 6786:10.1016/s0022-3476(96)70187-7 6096:"Drinking and Your Pregnancy" 6059:Biochemistry and Cell Biology 5803:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.1750101 5735:10.1080/15622975.2018.1510185 5566:10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70173-6 5292:(124): 44–50. February 2012. 4481:10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30021-9 3895:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01345-8 3205: 3024:Tony Loneman, a character in 2988: 2775:In 1725, in the midst of the 2635:Drinking culture in Australia 2348:are associated with impaired 2098:Oppositional defiant disorder 2008: 1949:confirmed absence of exposure 1934:chemical dependency treatment 1694: 1525: 911: 880:social determinants of health 526:Popova et al. identified 428 382:oppositional defiant disorder 16642:Neurodevelopmental disorders 16550:Progressive muscular atrophy 15512:Periventricular leukomalacia 15330:Persistent fetal circulation 15278:Meconium aspiration syndrome 14883:Anabolic-androgenic steroids 14410:(alcohol use disorder (AUD)) 14352:Positional alcohol nystagmus 14317:Alcohol-related brain damage 13976:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome 13597:Infant cognitive development 13494:Neonatal intensive care unit 12531:Systemic lupus erythematosus 12182:Maternal care related to the 12164:Gestational thrombocytopenia 11464:Adult Children of Alcoholics 11252:Drunk driving law by country 10668:Long-term effects of alcohol 10586:Disease theory of alcoholism 10571:Alcoholism in family systems 10561:Alcohol and Native Americans 9009:Humphrey T (20 March 2016). 7707:Thanh NX, Jonsson E (2015). 7492:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90347-e 7457:10.1016/0892-0362(90)90107-N 7176:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000414 6951:10.1016/0892-0362(91)90084-A 6751:10.1016/0378-3782(83)90065-8 6323:Journal of the FAS Institute 5903:10.1016/0002-9378(83)91050-5 5676:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.01.030 5613:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000070 5601:Harvard Review of Psychiatry 5508:Deaver EL (1 January 1997). 4710:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31822c9906 2628: 2428:Executive functioning: Poor 2317: 2251:developmental stage theories 2187:reactive attachment disorder 2121: 2093:Reactive attachment disorder 1094:Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) 1076: 983: 895:Poor social support networks 643:sudden infant death syndrome 507:Congenital malformations of 7: 16060:Primary progressive aphasia 15421:Intraventricular hemorrhage 14747:Benzodiazepine use disorder 14676:Opioid-induced constipation 14664:Opioid-induced hyperalgesia 14358:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome 14322:Alcohol withdrawal syndrome 14111:Substance-related disorders 14076:Substance-induced psychosis 14048:substance-related disorders 13900:Supplemental nursing system 12332:Cephalopelvic disproportion 11191:International whisk(e)y day 10505:Driving under the influence 9828:Traditional birth attendant 9028:Bassett L (30 April 2014). 8856:Hackler C (November 2011). 8719:10.1056/NEJM197805112981906 8475:Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 8178:10.1007/978-3-030-73966-9_2 8115:Jackson R (24 April 1828). 7247:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.03.021 5514:Journal of Substance Misuse 5418:Rankin L (23 August 2011). 5245:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015410 5046:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015410 4536:Welch A (4 February 2016). 4323:10.1016/j.bjoms.2019.08.013 3037: 2969: 2599: 2481:sensory processing disorder 1978:blood alcohol concentration 1824:sensory processing disorder 1746:Performance at two or more 1145:Centers for Disease Control 882:impact the effects of PAE: 802:Blood alcohol concentration 699:, aplastic, dysplastic, or 10: 16713: 16657:Health issues in pregnancy 16382:Hashimoto's encephalopathy 16088:Posterior cortical atrophy 15909:Striatonigral degeneration 15760:Cavernous sinus thrombosis 15426:Germinal matrix hemorrhage 15416:Velamentous cord insertion 15307:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia 14444:Caffeine-induced psychosis 14375:Respiratory tract diseases 14360:(WKS, Korsakoff psychosis) 14157:Combined drug intoxication 13652:Prenatal development table 13592:Irritant diaper dermatitis 12959:Reproductive endocrinology 12443:Breastfeeding difficulties 12242:Constriction ring syndrome 12216:Braxton Hicks contractions 11707:Christian views on alcohol 11313:List of alcohol laws of US 10591:High-functioning alcoholic 10060:Brain health and pollution 7160:"Alcohol Use in Pregnancy" 6624:10.1016/j.ejmg.2016.10.004 6256:. Retrieved on 2007-04-11. 4512:"Alcohol during pregnancy" 4240:"Alcohol Use in Pregnancy" 3563:10.1038/s41598-020-76406-6 3392:"Alcohol Use in Pregnancy" 2706: 2632: 1702:developmental disabilities 1575:dysgenesis, and a massive 675:cardiac rhythm dysfunction 29: 16612:Health effects of alcohol 16488:Spinal muscular atrophies 16456:Primary lateral sclerosis 16438: 16415: 16399: 16354: 16314:Intracranial hypertension 16304: 16276: 16247: 16213: 16175: 16164: 16130: 16108: 16094:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 16033: 15843: 15834: 15820: 15780: 15714: 15626: 15561: 15520: 15497: 15469: 15456:Necrotizing enterocolitis 15441: 15338: 15315: 15253: 15246: 15187: 15165:Large for gestational age 15161:Small for gestational age 15153: 15117: 15085: 15059: 15027: 15016: 14963:Prenatal cocaine exposure 14943: 14874: 14828: 14789: 14753:Benzodiazepine dependence 14737:Benzodiazepine withdrawal 14698: 14641: 14597: 14568: 14547:Prenatal cocaine exposure 14529: 14474: 14426: 14400: 14373: 14295: 14264: 14245: 14210:Gastrointestinal diseases 14208: 14184: 14177: 14168: 14134: 14054: 13971:Prenatal cocaine exposure 13928: 13759:Infant care and equipment 13758: 13676:Socialization and Culture 13675: 13587:Infant visual development 13539: 13454:Infant and toddler safety 13382: 13320: 13228: 13170: 13134: 13048: 13027:Human reproductive system 13025: 12992: 12957: 12934: 12846: 12744: 12660: 12622: 12556: 12513: 12480:Peripartum cardiomyopathy 12470:Pubic symphysis diastasis 12433: 12317: 12181: 12154: 12136: 12078: 12040: 12031: 11987: 11905: 11896: 11829: 11773: 11727: 11697: 11621: 11606:Alcoholic spirits measure 11591:Low-alcoholic malt drinks 11505: 11349: 11321: 11272:Ignition interlock device 11214: 11205: 11161:Drunken monkey hypothesis 11094: 11023: 10994:Routes of administration 10775: 10686: 10655: 10623:Alcohol congener analysis 10605: 10566:Alcoholism in adolescence 10551: 10488: 10477: 10421: 10386: 10350: 10304: 10295: 10273:Chorionic villus sampling 10255: 10050: 10007: 9976: 9969: 9836: 9761: 9730: 9721: 9655: 9625:Obstetric ultrasonography 9612: 9557: 9549:Pre-conception counseling 9524: 9424: 9354: 8964:10.1891/1058-1243.26.2.65 8422:Lemoine P (August 1994). 8233:Journal of Mental Science 6896:The Journal of Pediatrics 6880:West, J.R. (Ed.) (1986). 6809:The Journal of Pediatrics 6774:The Journal of Pediatrics 6489:10.1007/s40474-015-0053-7 6188:(SBU). 14 December 2016. 5526:10.3109/14659899709081975 4945:10.1016/j.ogc.2014.02.001 4698:Obstetrics and Gynecology 4468:The Lancet. Global Health 3715:10.1007/s11065-011-9166-x 2788:. In contrast, Hogarth's 2666: 2051:Brachman-DeLange syndrome 1631:peripheral nervous system 1306: 898:Lack of personal autonomy 872: 859:World Health Organization 839:label on alcoholic drinks 766: 659:Ventricular septal defect 553:, including blindness or 424:0.2 and 9 per 1,000 (FAS) 418: 414:Unconfirmed (other types) 406: 395: 387: 355: 350:prenatal alcohol exposure 342: 327: 319: 311: 303: 260: 215: 175: 170: 161: 153: 148: 16555:Progressive bulbar palsy 16346:Intracranial hypotension 16329:Choroid plexus papilloma 15743:Herpesviral encephalitis 14953:Fetal hydantoin syndrome 14312:Alcoholic polyneuropathy 14276:Alcohol-related dementia 14194:Alcoholic cardiomyopathy 14147:Polysubstance dependence 14120:Psychological dependence 13981:Parental child abduction 13504:Oral rehydration therapy 12006:Gestational hypertension 10163:Intrahepatic cholestasis 9318:10.1177/0706743718777403 9061:10.1177/1527154421989994 8333:Saxon W (4 March 1995). 8200:Jonathan Townley Crane, 7521:Larkby C, Day N (1997). 7310:. Washington, DC: CWLA. 7025:"fadpmn.org, Nisan 2022" 6252:16 December 2006 at the 5553:The Lancet Global Health 4637:"Fetal Alcohol Exposure" 3950:10.1177/0706743718777398 3797:Streissguth, A. (1997). 3108:F80, F80.1, F80.2, F80.9 3059: 2880:Kenneth Lyons Jones and 2873:University of Washington 2771:, William Hogarth (1751) 2643:youth is more common in 2388:Adaptive behavior: Poor 2223:developmental psychology 2150:Behavioral interventions 2088:Autism spectrum disorder 2066:Fetal valproate syndrome 2061:Fetal hydantoin syndrome 1898:Multisensory integration 1772:, academic achievement, 1717:, academic achievement, 1689:norm-referenced criteria 1635:autonomic nervous system 1623:neurological impairments 1439:University of Washington 1134:University of Washington 671:coarctation of the aorta 16067:Frontotemporal dementia 15753:Encephalitis lethargica 15618:Neonatal conjunctivitis 15109:Single umbilical artery 15099:Umbilical cord prolapse 15046:Placental insufficiency 15019:complicating pregnancy, 14958:Fetal warfarin syndrome 14732:Benzodiazepine overdose 14364:Wernicke encephalopathy 14218:Alcoholic liver disease 14186:Cardiovascular diseases 13986:Parental responsibility 13499:Newborn care and safety 12405:Umbilical cord prolapse 12327:Amniotic fluid embolism 12085:dermatoses of pregnancy 11786:Alcohol and spaceflight 11528:Alcohol server training 11401:Managed alcohol program 10979:Binge drinking devices 10673:Pharmacology of ethanol 10233:Motor vehicle emissions 10094:Concomitant conditions 10068:environmental toxicants 9811:Auxiliary nurse midwife 9572:artificial insemination 9539:Natural family planning 9015:Knoxville News Sentinel 8916:10.1093/alcalc/35.3.276 8257:Goddard, H. H. (1912). 7625:Drug and Alcohol Review 7352:Retrieved on 2007-04-11 6847:8 February 2007 at the 6821:10.1067/mpd.2002.129030 6739:Early Human Development 6716:10.1002/tera.1420120102 5926:Reproductive Toxicology 5663:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 5286:Prescrire International 4752:Journal of Perinatology 3863:27 October 2007 at the 3835:3 December 2010 at the 3830:Clinical growth charts. 3612:10.1001/jama.2017.21896 3506:10.1001/jama.2017.21896 3117:H65.2,H90.2,H90.5,H65.0 2909:intellectual disability 2416:Intellectual disability 2217:Developmental framework 2207:outcome-based education 1687:. Many soft signs have 1395:Several characteristic 1019:glutathione peroxidases 861:, the United Kingdom's 688:patterns, small distal 599:mental health disorders 255:Intellectual disability 16632:Neurological disorders 16372:Hepatic encephalopathy 15594:ureaplasma urealyticum 15302:Wilson–Mikity syndrome 15226:Brachial plexus injury 14818:Amphetamine dependence 14779:Barbiturate dependence 14610:Green Tobacco Sickness 14508:Amotivational syndrome 14388:Alcoholic lung disease 14328:Alcoholic hallucinosis 14307:Alcoholic hallucinosis 14255:Alcoholic ketoacidosis 14199:Alcohol flush reaction 14067:Substance intoxication 13730:Grandparent visitation 13049:Diseases and disorders 12858:Sexual differentiation 12521:Concomitant conditions 12500:Postpartum thyroiditis 12278:Circumvallate placenta 12098:Impetigo herpetiformis 12093:Gestational pemphigoid 12065:Hyperemesis gravidarum 11998:hypertensive disorders 11391:Alcohol rehabilitation 11359:Alcohol detoxification 11262:Field sobriety testing 11147:Health effects of wine 11115:International Beer Day 10879:Holiday heart syndrome 10327:Postpartum confinement 9587:in vitro fertilisation 8903:Alcohol and Alcoholism 8309:. New York: Doubleday. 8261:. New York: Macmillan. 8245:10.1192/bjp.45.190.489 7860:10.15585/mmwr.mm6437a3 7763:10.15585/mmwr.mm6816a1 7306:McCreight, B. (1997). 7214:. Cathy Bruer-Thompson 7126:10.1542/peds.2016-0517 6551:10.1542/peds.2015-1553 6431:10.3390/ijerph18147526 6329:: 1–11. Archived from 5196:10.35946/arcr.v43.1.01 4827:10.1542/peds.2015-3113 4270:Alcohol and Alcoholism 4106:Rivista di Psichiatria 3703:Neuropsychology Review 3661:10.1542/peds.2015-1553 3422:The Nurse Practitioner 3081:Q10.3†, Q38.0*, Q38.0† 2772: 2645:indigenous Australians 2499:Secondary disabilities 2404:, developmental delays 2022:The CDC reviewed nine 2018:Differential diagnosis 1770:social/adaptive skills 1647:traumatic brain injury 1627:central nervous system 1494:Central nervous system 1489:Central nervous system 1463:philtrum ranked at 3, 1392: 1191:Fetal alcohol syndrome 952:and an agonist at GABA 845: 712:optic nerve hypoplasia 485: 450:fetal alcohol syndrome 357:Differential diagnosis 348:Based on symptoms and 18:Fetal alcohol syndrome 16430:Ataxia–telangiectasia 16387:Static encephalopathy 16110:Mitochondrial disease 15948:Spasmodic torticollis 15858:Basal ganglia disease 15542:Congenital hypertonia 15433:Anemia of prematurity 15141:Shoulder presentation 14513:Cannabis use disorder 14236:Auto-brewery syndrome 13489:Infant sleep training 13081:Premature ejaculation 13076:Hard flaccid syndrome 12746:Human sexual activity 12490:Postpartum infections 12485:Postpartum depression 11643:Disulfiram-like drugs 11183:Ritual use of alcohol 11152:Wine and food pairing 11137:Apéritif and digestif 10788:Adulterated moonshine 10635:Blood alcohol content 10597:Seeing pink elephants 10322:Postpartum depression 10203:Pruritic folliculitis 9947:Unassisted childbirth 8946:Armstrong EM (2017). 6241:Astley, S.J. (2004). 6071:10.1139/bcb-2017-0132 4886:10.2471/BLT.17.030517 4283:10.1093/alcalc/37.1.2 3044:Smoking and pregnancy 3007:in a factory), lower 2929:fetal alcohol effects 2806:In the 19th century, 2761: 2504:supportive services. 2384:Learning disabilities 2203:behavior modification 1878:Executive functioning 1808:executive functioning 1762:Executive functioning 1756:static encephalopathy 1715:Learning disabilities 1685:eye–hand coordination 1540:cerebellar hypoplasia 1390: 1348:Institute of Medicine 1266:static encephalopathy 1127:Institute of Medicine 836: 829:Prevention and Stigma 791:advanced maternal age 741:radioulnar synostosis 735:Occasional problems: 519:, and thin upper lip. 492:Growth deficiency or 483: 32:FASD (disambiguation) 16692:Congenital disorders 16377:Toxic encephalopathy 16083:Lewy bodies dementia 15547:Congenital hypotonia 15461:Meconium peritonitis 15263:Intrauterine hypoxia 15219:Subgaleal hemorrhage 14769:Barbiturate overdose 14542:Cocaine intoxication 14282:Alcohol intoxication 14124:Substance dependence 13647:Prenatal development 13547:Attachment parenting 13521:Shaken baby syndrome 13071:Erectile dysfunction 12495:Postpartum psychosis 12364:Obstetrical bleeding 12259:Obstetrical bleeding 12080:Integumentary system 12055:Gestational diabetes 12034:related to pregnancy 12032:Other, predominantly 11712:Alcohol in the Bible 11699:Religion and alcohol 11665:General anaesthetics 11458:Alcoholics Anonymous 11416:List of mixed drinks 10869:Alcohol intoxication 10784:Adulterated alcohol 10429:Gravidity and parity 10409:Congenital disorders 10368:Lactation consultant 10238:Pre-existing disease 9917:Childbirth positions 9907:Rupture of membranes 9604:Unintended pregnancy 9582:fertility medication 9203:on 26 September 2016 8227:Sullivan WC (1899). 8215:The Poisoned Chalice 7348:5 April 2007 at the 7337:5 April 2007 at the 7212:www.fasdfamilies.com 7035:on 23 February 2007. 6867:19 June 2007 at the 6373:10.1503/cmaj.1040302 6336:on 26 September 2006 5850:10.4088/PCC.v09n0608 4880:(5): 320–321. 2017. 4516:www.marchofdimes.org 3313:10.1503/cmaj.1040302 2976:2016 CDC controversy 2820:temperance movements 2424:cognitive processing 2346:Learning impairments 2326:Primary disabilities 2297:Treating FAS at the 2247:attachment framework 1985:blood alcohol levels 1920:standardized testing 1798:standardized testing 1752:standardized testing 1418:Thin vermilion: The 1173:occupational therapy 1042:Developmental stages 1031:genetic polymorphism 925:alcohol use disorder 901:Access to healthcare 817:Paternal Alcohol Use 663:atrial septal defect 584:Small eye openings ( 568:Substance dependence 496:: slow fetal growth 63:improve this article 16697:Drugs and pregnancy 16425:Friedreich's ataxia 15808:Meningoencephalitis 15748:Limbic encephalitis 15656:Neonatal withdrawal 15639:Perinatal mortality 15489:Sclerema neonatorum 15345:hematologic disease 14802:Stimulant psychosis 14687:Opioid use disorder 14631:Nicotine dependence 14621:Nicotine withdrawal 14464:Caffeine dependence 14224:Alcoholic hepatitis 14116:Physical dependence 14087:Neonatal withdrawal 13961:Infant ear piercing 12850:reproductive system 12838:Vaginal lubrication 12616:sexual reproduction 12475:Postpartum bleeding 12298:Placental abruption 12283:Monochorionic twins 12113:Prurigo gestationis 11791:Gateway drug effect 11577:Low-alcohol drinks 11406:Non-alcoholic drink 11341:Temperance movement 11323:Alcohol prohibition 11046:Gilbert Paul Jordan 11036:Dionysian Mysteries 10820:on college campuses 10815:Alcohol advertising 10533:Public intoxication 10332:Sex after pregnancy 10139:Endocrine diseases 10085:Prenatal depression 9957:Placental expulsion 9875:Uterine contraction 9858:cervical effacement 9599:Fertility awareness 8578:(7815): 1267–1271. 8530:1972NYASA.197..167U 8084:Sanders JL (2009). 7936:. 2 February 2016. 7449:1990NTxT...12...15M 7387:Malbin, D. (1993). 7278:Buxton, B. (2005). 6943:1991NTxT...13..357C 6842:Lip-philtrum guides 6671:10.1503/cmaj.141593 6588:Malbin, D. (2002). 6367:(5 Suppl): S1–S21. 5938:2004RepTx..18..613N 5489:on 31 December 2020 5385:Carmona RH (2005). 4238:CDC (24 May 2021). 3858:FAS facial features 3555:2020NatSR..1019512O 3307:(5 Suppl): S1–S21. 3253:"Facts about FASDs" 2954:Society and culture 2838:the Kallikak family 2518:clinical depression 2402:daily living skills 2394:personal boundaries 1916:standard deviations 1748:standard deviations 1599:anterior commissure 936:opioid use disorder 701:hypoplastic kidneys 667:tetralogy of Fallot 620:functional behavior 378:learning disability 223:Abnormal appearance 16652:Spectrum disorders 16461:Pseudobulbar palsy 16199:Status epilepticus 16150:Multiple sclerosis 15987:Myoclonic epilepsy 15850:movement disorders 15796:Acute disseminated 15738:Viral encephalitis 15589:mycoplasma hominis 15574:Neonatal infection 15530:Gray baby syndrome 15507:Perinatal asphyxia 15397:Hyperbilirubinemia 15174:Postterm pregnancy 15021:labour or delivery 14616:Nicotine poisoning 14558:Cocaine dependence 14487:Cannabis arteritis 14347:Korsakoff syndrome 14247:Endocrine diseases 13469:Infant food safety 13283:Emerging adulthood 12848:Development of the 12759:Sexual intercourse 12505:Puerperal mastitis 12460:Breast engorgement 12247:Monoamniotic twins 12237:Chorionic hematoma 11623:Addiction medicine 11566:Get Your Sexy Back 11506:Alcohol limitation 11482:Sober living house 11448:Twelve-step groups 11381:Brief intervention 11374:Open-container law 11336:Neo-prohibitionism 11296:Legal drinking age 11102:Alcoholic beverage 11003:Alcohol inhalation 10918:Drinking in public 10896:Blackout Wednesday 10754:Beverage-specific 10471:Alcohol and health 10108:Hypercoagulability 9937:Natural childbirth 9786:Postterm pregnancy 9544:Male contraceptive 9425:External resources 9181:. 2 February 2016. 8339:The New York Times 8213:Jennifer L. Tait, 7063:10.1111/acer.13309 6983:(7836): 999–1001. 6100:pubs.niaaa.nih.gov 6026:10.1242/dmm.010975 5986:10.1002/bdra.20125 5147:10.1093/ije/dyz272 5099:10.1111/acer.12214 4994:10.1111/acer.14124 4820:(5): e1395–e1406. 4764:10.1038/jp.2012.57 4610:10.1111/acer.13135 4396:10.1111/acer.14121 4202:10.1111/jcpp.12451 4118:10.1708/1356.15062 3889:(10022): 978–987. 3543:Scientific Reports 2842:Anti-Saloon League 2773: 2712:Before designation 2477:Sensory processing 2467:gross motor skills 2292:community practice 2155:Early intervention 2140:Psychoactive drugs 1941:confirmed exposure 1427:palpebral fissures 1393: 1311:In terms of FASD, 1156:multi-disciplinary 1087:neurodevelopmental 846: 728:with or without a 486: 476:Signs and symptoms 16599: 16598: 16595: 16594: 16591: 16590: 16395: 16394: 16300: 16299: 16239:Template:Headache 16205:Template:Epilepsy 16126: 16125: 16100:Vascular dementia 15943:Status dystonicus 15816: 15815: 15791:Encephalomyelitis 15669: 15668: 15557: 15556: 15407:Neonatal jaundice 15325:Pneumopericardium 15295:Pneumomediastinum 15236:Klumpke paralysis 15214:Caput succedaneum 15149: 15148: 15017:Maternal factors 14971: 14970: 14905: 14904: 14659:Opioid withdrawal 14422: 14421: 14396: 14395: 14011: 14010: 13871: 13708:Children's rights 13622:Object permanence 13444:Failure to thrive 13341: 13340: 13205:Adult development 13183:Child development 13094: 13093: 12863:Sexual dimorphism 12828:Postpartum period 12578: 12577: 12536:Thyroid disorders 12526:Diabetes mellitus 12410:Uterine inversion 12342:Shoulder dystocia 12337:Obstructed labour 12313: 12312: 12177: 12176: 12146:Chorea gravidarum 11922:Ectopic pregnancy 11847: 11846: 11769: 11768: 11719:Islam and alcohol 11653:Calcium carbimide 11523:Alcohol education 11411:List of cocktails 11386:Designated driver 11364:Alcohol-free zone 11267:Hip flask defence 11201: 11200: 11142:Hangover remedies 11086:Whiskey Rebellion 11076:Six o'clock swill 10864:Austrian syndrome 10803:Surrogate alcohol 10793:Denatured alcohol 10765:Red wine headache 10437: 10436: 10422:Obstetric history 10417: 10416: 10378:Confinement nanny 10291: 10290: 10158:Acute fatty liver 9965: 9964: 9853:cervical dilation 9459: 9458: 9229:. 5 February 2016 9106:Pregnancy Justice 8713:(19): 1063–1067. 8187:978-3-030-73965-2 8172:. pp. 9–22. 8056:on 4 January 2017 8046:"History of FASD" 7971:. 16 April 2015. 7853:(37): 1042–1046. 7677:10.1111/jpc.12746 7637:10.1111/dar.12047 5429:978-1-4299-5932-2 4575:978-1-60831-708-0 4562:Yaffe SJ (2011). 4542:Los Angeles Times 4085:978-0-309-05292-4 3394:. 17 April 2014. 3255:. 16 April 2015. 2894:patient education 2882:David Weyhe Smith 2649:Western Australia 2463:fine motor skills 2456:short-term memory 2360:motor development 2335:behavior problems 2259:adaptive behavior 2195:special education 2046:Dubowitz syndrome 2036:Williams syndrome 1863:Adaptive behavior 1845:Ten brain domains 1812:motor functioning 1723:social perception 1666:fine motor skills 1662:seizure disorders 1302:Specific criteria 716:light sensitivity 714:(which may cause 551:Visual impairment 513:palpebral fissure 494:failure to thrive 428: 427: 344:Diagnostic method 239:poor coordination 143:Medical condition 139: 138: 131: 113: 16:(Redirected from 16704: 16413: 16412: 16404: 16403: 16362:Brain herniation 16173: 16172: 16013:Intention tremor 16008:Essential tremor 15873:Postencephalitic 15841: 15840: 15832: 15831: 15721: 15720: 15702:Diseases of the 15696: 15689: 15682: 15673: 15672: 15649:Infant mortality 15484:Erythema toxicum 15476:thermoregulation 15443:Gastrointestinal 15251: 15250: 15247:Affected systems 15124: 15092: 15077:Chorioamnionitis 15070: 15041:Placenta praevia 15034: 15025: 15024: 14998: 14991: 14984: 14975: 14974: 14932: 14925: 14918: 14909: 14908: 14849:Toluene toxicity 14333:Delirium tremens 14229:Zieve's syndrome 14182: 14181: 14175: 14174: 14038: 14031: 14024: 14015: 14014: 13867: 13552:Baby-led weaning 13368: 13361: 13354: 13345: 13344: 13321:Social and legal 13121: 13114: 13107: 13098: 13097: 12833:Mechanics of sex 12642:Follicular phase 12612:Human physiology 12605: 12598: 12591: 12582: 12581: 12565: 12564: 12400:Postmature birth 12388:Placenta accreta 12293:Placenta praevia 12288:Placenta accreta 12232:Chorioamnionitis 12042:Digestive system 12038: 12037: 11964:Fetal resorption 11952:Rudimentary horn 11909:abortive outcome 11903: 11902: 11874: 11867: 11860: 11851: 11850: 11837: 11836: 11636:Chlordiazepoxide 11586:Low-alcohol beer 11230:Alcohol monopoly 11212: 11211: 11132:Drinking culture 11125:Women in brewing 11008:Vodka eyeballing 10975:Passive drinking 10486: 10485: 10464: 10457: 10450: 10441: 10440: 10302: 10301: 10268:Cardiotocography 9974: 9973: 9880:Vaginal delivery 9753:Nesting instinct 9728: 9727: 9713:Rudimentary horn 9642:Prenatal testing 9507: 9500: 9493: 9484: 9483: 9352: 9351: 9340: 9339: 9329: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9288: 9286: 9271: 9265: 9264: 9262: 9260: 9245: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9234: 9219: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9189: 9183: 9182: 9171: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9160: 9150: 9144: 9143: 9141: 9139: 9124: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9098: 9092: 9091: 9079: 9073: 9072: 9044: 9038: 9037: 9025: 9019: 9018: 9006: 9000: 8999: 8992: 8986: 8985: 8975: 8943: 8937: 8936: 8918: 8894: 8888: 8887: 8877: 8853: 8847: 8846: 8826: 8820: 8819: 8791: 8785: 8784: 8764: 8758: 8757: 8737: 8731: 8730: 8702: 8691: 8690: 8654: 8645: 8630: 8617: 8602: 8596: 8595: 8567: 8558: 8557: 8513: 8507: 8506: 8470: 8458: 8452: 8451: 8434:(8): 1021–1023. 8419: 8413: 8412: 8402: 8385:(11): CD011445. 8370: 8364: 8361: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8330: 8324: 8321: 8310: 8307:Alcohol Explored 8303: 8297: 8296: 8268: 8262: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8239:(190): 489–503. 8224: 8218: 8211: 8205: 8198: 8192: 8191: 8165: 8152: 8147: 8112: 8106: 8105: 8081: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8061: 8052:. Archived from 8041: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8016: 8010: 8009: 8007: 8005: 7991: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7980: 7961: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7926: 7920: 7919: 7887: 7881: 7880: 7862: 7838: 7832: 7831: 7799: 7793: 7792: 7782: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7704: 7698: 7697: 7679: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7620: 7607: 7606: 7570: 7561: 7560: 7550: 7518: 7512: 7511: 7486:(1–2): 115–122. 7475: 7469: 7468: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7405: 7399: 7385: 7376: 7368: 7353: 7328: 7319: 7304: 7291: 7276: 7267: 7266: 7230: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7187: 7155: 7146: 7145: 7120:(3): e20160517. 7111: 7102: 7096: 7089: 7083: 7082: 7046: 7037: 7036: 7031:. Archived from 7021: 7015: 7012: 7001: 7000: 6972: 6963: 6962: 6926: 6920: 6919: 6891: 6885: 6878: 6872: 6858: 6852: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6699: 6693: 6692: 6682: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6607: 6601: 6586: 6573: 6572: 6562: 6545:(4): e20151553. 6530: 6519: 6518: 6508: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6451: 6433: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6392: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6335: 6320: 6311: 6294: 6288: 6257: 6239: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6157: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6092: 6083: 6082: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6037: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5988: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5869: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5782: 5776: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5714: 5705: 5704: 5678: 5669:(9): 1964–1977. 5654: 5643: 5642: 5632: 5592: 5579: 5578: 5568: 5559:(3): e135–e137. 5544: 5538: 5537: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5458: 5451: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5398: 5391: 5382: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5256: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5207: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5158: 5141:(6): 1972–1995. 5126: 5120: 5119: 5101: 5077: 5068: 5067: 5057: 5025: 5016: 5015: 5005: 4988:(8): 1606–1616. 4973: 4967: 4966: 4956: 4924: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4897: 4866: 4855: 4854: 4847: 4829: 4805: 4792: 4791: 4747: 4738: 4737: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4673:www.uptodate.com 4664: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4633: 4622: 4621: 4604:(8): 1594–1602. 4593: 4584: 4583: 4559: 4546: 4545: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4483: 4474:(3): e290–e299. 4459: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4390:(8): 1727–1733. 4375: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4285: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4235: 4224: 4223: 4213: 4181: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4157: 4149: 4138: 4137: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4069: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4005: 3997: 3980: 3979: 3969: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3874: 3868: 3855: 3840: 3827: 3810: 3795: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3726: 3694: 3683: 3682: 3672: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3623: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3574: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3517: 3485: 3476: 3475: 3455: 3446: 3445: 3417: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3388: 3379: 3378: 3368: 3344: 3335: 3334: 3324: 3292: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3249: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3109: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3091: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3073: 3070: 2901:Sterling Clarren 2878:dysmorphologists 2834:Henry H. Goddard 2781:House of Commons 2398:anger management 2307:public resources 2183:conduct disorder 2175:parenting styles 2108:Bipolar disorder 2056:Toluene syndrome 2031:Aarskog syndrome 1945:unknown exposure 1927:Alcohol exposure 1784:, activity level 1607:meningomyelocele 1333:premature infant 1108:As of 2016, the 586:blepharophimosis 535:Conduct disorder 515:lengths, smooth 498:low birth weight 374:conduct disorder 370:bipolar disorder 166: 146: 145: 134: 127: 123: 120: 114: 112: 71: 47: 39: 21: 16712: 16711: 16707: 16706: 16705: 16703: 16702: 16701: 16677:Human pregnancy 16602: 16601: 16600: 16587: 16513:Congenital DSMA 16434: 16391: 16350: 16296: 16284:Sleep disorders 16272: 16249:Cerebrovascular 16243: 16209: 16166: 16160: 16122: 16104: 16029: 15975:Choreoathetosis 15848: 15825: 15812: 15776: 15710: 15700: 15670: 15665: 15622: 15606:Neonatal sepsis 15553: 15522:Musculoskeletal 15516: 15493: 15474: 15465: 15437: 15392:Hydrops fetalis 15343: 15334: 15311: 15284:Pleural disease 15242: 15204:Cephalohematoma 15183: 15145: 15118: 15113: 15086: 15081: 15060: 15055: 15028: 15020: 15018: 15012: 15002: 14972: 14967: 14939: 14936: 14906: 14901: 14870: 14831: 14824: 14785: 14703: 14694: 14654:Opioid overdose 14637: 14593: 14564: 14525: 14470: 14418: 14392: 14369: 14298: 14291: 14268:system diseases 14267: 14260: 14241: 14204: 14164: 14136: 14130: 14107:Substance abuse 14050: 14042: 14012: 14007: 14001:Paternity fraud 13951:Closed adoption 13924: 13880:Infant clothing 13855:Haberman Feeder 13825:Car seat safety 13754: 13735:Infant swimming 13713:UN Child rights 13671: 13582:Gestational age 13535: 13378: 13372: 13342: 13337: 13333:Age of majority 13316: 13249:Early childhood 13224: 13171:Birth and after 13166: 13162:Gestational age 13130: 13125: 13095: 13090: 13044: 13021: 12988: 12961:and infertility 12960: 12953: 12930: 12849: 12842: 12740: 12670:Spermatogenesis 12656: 12624:Menstrual cycle 12618: 12609: 12579: 12574: 12552: 12509: 12453:Cracked nipples 12448:Low milk supply 12429: 12415:Uterine rupture 12309: 12204:Oligohydramnios 12189:amniotic cavity 12183: 12173: 12150: 12132: 12083: 12074: 12033: 12027: 11996: 11983: 11969:Molar pregnancy 11908: 11892: 11878: 11848: 11843: 11825: 11806:Self-medication 11765: 11723: 11693: 11631:Benzodiazepines 11617: 11501: 11487:Sobering center 11472:Sober companion 11453:Al-Anon/Alateen 11345: 11317: 11207: 11197: 11090: 11019: 10959:In vino veritas 10953:Hair of the dog 10771: 10687:Adverse effects 10682: 10651: 10601: 10547: 10491: 10490:Alcohol-related 10481: 10473: 10468: 10438: 10433: 10413: 10382: 10346: 10317:Postpartum care 10287: 10251: 10154:Liver diseases 10148:Thyroid disease 10046: 10032:Gestational age 10003: 9961: 9927:Labor induction 9832: 9823:Perinatal nurse 9796:Birth attendant 9757: 9717: 9651: 9647:Medical imaging 9608: 9577:fertility fraud 9553: 9520: 9511: 9460: 9455: 9454: 9420: 9419: 9363: 9349: 9344: 9343: 9298: 9294: 9284: 9282: 9272: 9268: 9258: 9256: 9246: 9242: 9232: 9230: 9221: 9220: 9216: 9206: 9204: 9191: 9190: 9186: 9173: 9172: 9168: 9158: 9156: 9152: 9151: 9147: 9137: 9135: 9126: 9125: 9121: 9111: 9109: 9100: 9099: 9095: 9088:The Daily Beast 9080: 9076: 9045: 9041: 9026: 9022: 9007: 9003: 8994: 8993: 8989: 8944: 8940: 8895: 8891: 8854: 8850: 8827: 8823: 8792: 8788: 8765: 8761: 8738: 8734: 8703: 8694: 8655: 8648: 8631: 8620: 8603: 8599: 8568: 8561: 8514: 8510: 8459: 8455: 8420: 8416: 8371: 8367: 8362: 8358: 8348: 8346: 8331: 8327: 8322: 8313: 8304: 8300: 8269: 8265: 8256: 8252: 8225: 8221: 8212: 8208: 8199: 8195: 8188: 8166: 8155: 8125:The Pamphleteer 8113: 8109: 8082: 8069: 8059: 8057: 8044:Oba PS (2007). 8042: 8038: 8028: 8026: 8018: 8017: 8013: 8003: 8001: 7993: 7992: 7988: 7978: 7976: 7963: 7962: 7953: 7943: 7941: 7928: 7927: 7923: 7902:(28): 534–538. 7888: 7884: 7839: 7835: 7814:(28): 534–538. 7800: 7796: 7757:(16): 365–368. 7743: 7739: 7729: 7727: 7705: 7701: 7656: 7652: 7621: 7610: 7581:(11): 698–703. 7571: 7564: 7519: 7515: 7476: 7472: 7433: 7429: 7406: 7402: 7386: 7379: 7369: 7356: 7350:Wayback Machine 7339:Wayback Machine 7329: 7322: 7305: 7294: 7277: 7270: 7241:(Pt A): 10–22. 7231: 7227: 7217: 7215: 7206: 7205: 7201: 7156: 7149: 7109: 7103: 7099: 7090: 7086: 7047: 7040: 7023: 7022: 7018: 7013: 7004: 6973: 6966: 6927: 6923: 6892: 6888: 6879: 6875: 6869:Wayback Machine 6860:Astley, Susan. 6859: 6855: 6849:Wayback Machine 6840: 6836: 6805: 6801: 6770: 6766: 6735: 6731: 6700: 6696: 6651: 6647: 6608: 6604: 6587: 6576: 6531: 6522: 6469: 6465: 6410: 6406: 6353: 6349: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6318: 6314:Lang J (2006). 6312: 6297: 6289: 6260: 6254:Wayback Machine 6240: 6205: 6195: 6193: 6176: 6175: 6171: 6118: 6114: 6104: 6102: 6094: 6093: 6086: 6055: 6051: 6006: 6002: 5965: 5961: 5922: 5918: 5887: 5883: 5830: 5826: 5783: 5779: 5770: 5766: 5715: 5708: 5655: 5646: 5593: 5582: 5545: 5541: 5506: 5502: 5492: 5490: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5430: 5416: 5412: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5389: 5383: 5376: 5366: 5364: 5363:. 4 August 2017 5355: 5354: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5317: 5309: 5305: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5225: 5221: 5176: 5172: 5127: 5123: 5078: 5071: 5026: 5019: 4974: 4970: 4925: 4918: 4908: 4906: 4868: 4867: 4858: 4806: 4795: 4748: 4741: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4677: 4675: 4665: 4656: 4646: 4644: 4635: 4634: 4625: 4594: 4587: 4576: 4560: 4549: 4534: 4530: 4520: 4518: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4460: 4451: 4441: 4439: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4376: 4372: 4362: 4360: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4303: 4299: 4262: 4258: 4248: 4246: 4236: 4227: 4182: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4141: 4101: 4097: 4086: 4070: 4029: 4017: 4009: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3983: 3930: 3926: 3875: 3871: 3865:Wayback Machine 3856: 3843: 3837:Wayback Machine 3828: 3813: 3796: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3695: 3686: 3641: 3637: 3592: 3588: 3535: 3531: 3486: 3479: 3456: 3449: 3418: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3390: 3389: 3382: 3345: 3338: 3293: 3272: 3262: 3260: 3251: 3250: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3040: 3000:Brave New World 2991: 2978: 2961: 2959:Criminalization 2956: 2939:and diagnoses. 2925: 2861: 2732:. For example, 2714: 2709: 2685: 2677: 2669: 2661:South Australia 2653:New South Wales 2637: 2631: 2614: 2606:life expectancy 2602: 2557: 2501: 2420:abstract skills 2390:impulse control 2373:corpus callosum 2328: 2320: 2294:level as well. 2268: 2219: 2199:learning theory 2167:learning theory 2152: 2137: 2124: 2041:Noonan syndrome 2020: 2011: 1929: 1847: 1733:, math skills, 1719:impulse control 1697: 1619: 1603:olfactory bulbs 1573:corpus callosum 1547:medical imaging 1528: 1491: 1385: 1383:Facial features 1339:insults (e.g., 1329:gestational age 1309: 1304: 1295: 1261: 1231: 1193: 1169:speech-language 1119: 1079: 1044: 986: 955: 914: 875: 831: 819: 786:standard drinks 778: 769: 563:Premature birth 478: 423: 413: 299: 295:substance abuse 251:speech problems 235:small head size 231:low body weight 144: 135: 124: 118: 115: 72: 70: 60: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16710: 16700: 16699: 16694: 16689: 16687:Women's health 16684: 16679: 16674: 16669: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16649: 16644: 16639: 16634: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16597: 16596: 16593: 16592: 16589: 16588: 16586: 16585: 16584: 16583: 16572: 16571: 16570: 16569: 16568: 16567: 16562: 16552: 16547: 16546: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16534: 16533: 16528: 16523: 16515: 16510: 16505: 16500: 16495: 16485: 16471: 16470: 16469: 16468: 16463: 16458: 16444: 16442: 16436: 16435: 16433: 16432: 16427: 16421: 16419: 16410: 16401: 16397: 16396: 16393: 16392: 16390: 16389: 16384: 16379: 16374: 16369: 16364: 16358: 16356: 16352: 16351: 16349: 16348: 16343: 16341:Cerebral edema 16338: 16337: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16310: 16308: 16302: 16301: 16298: 16297: 16295: 16294: 16293: 16292: 16290:Template:Sleep 16280: 16278: 16274: 16273: 16271: 16270: 16264: 16259: 16253: 16251: 16245: 16244: 16242: 16241: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16219: 16217: 16211: 16210: 16208: 16207: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16185: 16183: 16170: 16162: 16161: 16159: 16158: 16152: 16147: 16142: 16136: 16134: 16128: 16127: 16124: 16123: 16121: 16120: 16118:Leigh syndrome 16114: 16112: 16106: 16105: 16103: 16102: 16091: 16090: 16085: 16080: 16079: 16078: 16064: 16063: 16062: 16057: 16056: 16055: 16039: 16037: 16031: 16030: 16028: 16027: 16022: 16017: 16016: 16015: 16010: 15999: 15998: 15997: 15996: 15991: 15990: 15989: 15979: 15978: 15977: 15967: 15962: 15961: 15960: 15955: 15950: 15945: 15929: 15928: 15927: 15926: 15921: 15916: 15911: 15906: 15905: 15904: 15894: 15893: 15892: 15882: 15881: 15880: 15875: 15870: 15854: 15852: 15845:Extrapyramidal 15838: 15829: 15827:encephalopathy 15818: 15817: 15814: 15813: 15811: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15799: 15798: 15787: 15785: 15778: 15777: 15775: 15774: 15773: 15772: 15762: 15757: 15756: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15729: 15727: 15718: 15712: 15711: 15704:nervous system 15699: 15698: 15691: 15684: 15676: 15667: 15666: 15664: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15652: 15651: 15646: 15636: 15630: 15628: 15624: 15623: 15621: 15620: 15615: 15614: 15613: 15603: 15598: 15597: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15584:herpes simplex 15581: 15571: 15565: 15563: 15559: 15558: 15555: 15554: 15552: 15551: 15550: 15549: 15544: 15532: 15526: 15524: 15518: 15517: 15515: 15514: 15509: 15503: 15501: 15499:Nervous system 15495: 15494: 15492: 15491: 15486: 15480: 15478: 15467: 15466: 15464: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15447: 15445: 15439: 15438: 15436: 15435: 15430: 15429: 15428: 15418: 15412: 15411: 15410: 15409: 15404: 15394: 15389: 15388: 15387: 15382: 15377: 15372: 15367: 15356: 15355: 15349: 15347: 15336: 15335: 15333: 15332: 15327: 15321: 15319: 15317:Cardiovascular 15313: 15312: 15310: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15298: 15297: 15292: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15259: 15257: 15248: 15244: 15243: 15241: 15240: 15239: 15238: 15233: 15223: 15222: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15193: 15191: 15185: 15184: 15182: 15181: 15176: 15167: 15157: 15155: 15151: 15150: 15147: 15146: 15144: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15127: 15125: 15115: 15114: 15112: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15095: 15093: 15089:umbilical cord 15083: 15082: 15080: 15079: 15073: 15071: 15057: 15056: 15054: 15053: 15048: 15043: 15037: 15035: 15022: 15014: 15013: 15001: 15000: 14993: 14986: 14978: 14969: 14968: 14966: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14944: 14941: 14940: 14935: 14934: 14927: 14920: 14912: 14903: 14902: 14900: 14899: 14894: 14893: 14892: 14878: 14876: 14872: 14871: 14869: 14868: 14867: 14866: 14864:Inhalant abuse 14861: 14853: 14852: 14851: 14846: 14836: 14834: 14826: 14825: 14823: 14822: 14821: 14820: 14806: 14805: 14804: 14795: 14793: 14787: 14786: 14784: 14783: 14782: 14781: 14773: 14772: 14771: 14757: 14756: 14755: 14750: 14741: 14740: 14739: 14734: 14724:benzodiazepine 14720: 14719: 14718: 14709: 14707: 14696: 14695: 14693: 14692: 14691: 14690: 14681: 14680: 14679: 14673: 14667: 14661: 14656: 14647: 14645: 14639: 14638: 14636: 14635: 14634: 14633: 14625: 14624: 14623: 14618: 14613: 14603: 14601: 14595: 14594: 14592: 14591: 14590: 14589: 14583: 14574: 14572: 14566: 14565: 14563: 14562: 14561: 14560: 14552: 14551: 14550: 14544: 14535: 14533: 14527: 14526: 14524: 14523: 14522: 14521: 14516: 14510: 14502: 14501: 14500: 14495: 14489: 14480: 14478: 14472: 14471: 14469: 14468: 14467: 14466: 14458: 14457: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14432: 14430: 14424: 14423: 14420: 14419: 14417: 14416: 14414:Binge drinking 14411: 14404: 14402: 14398: 14397: 14394: 14393: 14391: 14390: 14385: 14379: 14377: 14371: 14370: 14368: 14367: 14361: 14355: 14349: 14344: 14338: 14337: 14336: 14330: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14303: 14301: 14293: 14292: 14290: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14272: 14270: 14262: 14261: 14259: 14258: 14251: 14249: 14243: 14242: 14240: 14239: 14233: 14232: 14231: 14226: 14214: 14212: 14206: 14205: 14203: 14202: 14196: 14190: 14188: 14179: 14172: 14166: 14165: 14163: 14162: 14161: 14160: 14151: 14150: 14149: 14140: 14138: 14132: 14131: 14129: 14128: 14127: 14126: 14113: 14099: 14098: 14097: 14096: 14095: 14089: 14078: 14073: 14058: 14056: 14052: 14051: 14041: 14040: 14033: 14026: 14018: 14009: 14008: 14006: 14005: 14004: 14003: 13993: 13991:Parenting plan 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13932: 13930: 13926: 13925: 13923: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13875:Infant carrier 13872: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13815:Baby transport 13812: 13807: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13773: 13768: 13762: 13760: 13756: 13755: 13753: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13716: 13715: 13705: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13685: 13679: 13677: 13673: 13672: 13670: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13543: 13541: 13537: 13536: 13534: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13513: 13512: 13511: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13479:Infant massage 13476: 13474:Infant formula 13471: 13466: 13464:Infant feeding 13461: 13459:Infant bathing 13456: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13424:Bottle feeding 13421: 13416: 13411: 13406: 13401: 13396: 13390: 13388: 13380: 13379: 13377:and their care 13371: 13370: 13363: 13356: 13348: 13339: 13338: 13336: 13335: 13330: 13324: 13322: 13318: 13317: 13315: 13314: 13309: 13308: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13287: 13286: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13273:Preadolescence 13265: 13264: 13263: 13262: 13261: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13232: 13230: 13226: 13225: 13223: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13201: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13180: 13174: 13172: 13168: 13167: 13165: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13138: 13136: 13132: 13131: 13124: 13123: 13116: 13109: 13101: 13092: 13091: 13089: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13052: 13050: 13046: 13045: 13043: 13042: 13037: 13031: 13029: 13023: 13022: 13020: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12998: 12996: 12990: 12989: 12987: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12965: 12963: 12955: 12954: 12952: 12951: 12946: 12940: 12938: 12932: 12931: 12929: 12928: 12923: 12914: 12913: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12877: 12876: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12854: 12852: 12844: 12843: 12841: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12806: 12801: 12800: 12799: 12794: 12786: 12781: 12780: 12779: 12774: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12754:Sexual arousal 12750: 12748: 12742: 12741: 12739: 12738: 12737: 12736: 12731: 12721: 12720: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12694: 12693: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12675:spermatogonium 12666: 12664: 12658: 12657: 12655: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12628: 12626: 12620: 12619: 12608: 12607: 12600: 12593: 12585: 12576: 12575: 12573: 12572: 12557: 12554: 12553: 12551: 12550: 12545: 12543:Maternal death 12540: 12539: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12517: 12515: 12511: 12510: 12508: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12456: 12455: 12450: 12439: 12437: 12431: 12430: 12428: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12391: 12390: 12378: 12373: 12372: 12371: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12349:Fetal distress 12346: 12345: 12344: 12334: 12329: 12323: 12321: 12315: 12314: 12311: 12310: 12308: 12307: 12306: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12268: 12267: 12266: 12256: 12255: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12218: 12213: 12212: 12211: 12209:Polyhydramnios 12206: 12198:amniotic fluid 12193: 12191: 12179: 12178: 12175: 12174: 12172: 12171: 12166: 12160: 12158: 12152: 12151: 12149: 12148: 12142: 12140: 12138:Nervous system 12134: 12133: 12131: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12089: 12087: 12076: 12075: 12073: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12046: 12044: 12035: 12029: 12028: 12026: 12025: 12020: 12019: 12018: 12016:HELLP syndrome 12008: 12002: 12000: 11985: 11984: 11982: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11955: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11919: 11913: 11911: 11907:Pregnancy with 11900: 11894: 11893: 11877: 11876: 11869: 11862: 11854: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11841: 11830: 11827: 11826: 11824: 11823: 11821:French paradox 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11777: 11775: 11771: 11770: 11767: 11766: 11764: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11731: 11729: 11725: 11724: 11722: 11721: 11716: 11715: 11714: 11703: 11701: 11695: 11694: 11692: 11691: 11690: 11689: 11684: 11677:Sulfonic acids 11674: 11673: 11672: 11662: 11661: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11640: 11639: 11638: 11627: 11625: 11619: 11618: 11616: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11611:Standard drink 11608: 11600: 11599: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11575: 11573:Liquor license 11570: 11569: 11568: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11544: 11543: 11538: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11509: 11507: 11503: 11502: 11500: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11468: 11467: 11461: 11455: 11445: 11440: 11438:Temperance bar 11435: 11430: 11429: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11377: 11376: 11371: 11361: 11355: 11353: 11347: 11346: 11344: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11327: 11325: 11319: 11318: 11316: 11315: 11310: 11309: 11308: 11303: 11293: 11288: 11287: 11286: 11276: 11275: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11238: 11237: 11227: 11220: 11218: 11209: 11203: 11202: 11199: 11198: 11196: 11195: 11194: 11193: 11185: 11180: 11179: 11178: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11157: 11156: 11155: 11154: 11144: 11139: 11129: 11128: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11104: 11098: 11096: 11092: 11091: 11089: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11027: 11025: 11021: 11020: 11018: 11017: 11012: 11011: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10992: 10991: 10990: 10985: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10914: 10913: 10908: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10887: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10859:Binge drinking 10856: 10851: 10849:Alcohol powder 10846: 10841: 10839:Alcohol myopia 10836: 10835: 10834: 10824: 10823: 10822: 10812: 10807: 10806: 10805: 10800: 10790: 10781: 10779: 10773: 10772: 10770: 10769: 10768: 10767: 10761: 10752: 10747: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10717: 10716: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10690: 10688: 10684: 10683: 10681: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10659: 10657: 10653: 10652: 10650: 10649: 10647:Wine chemistry 10644: 10639: 10638: 10637: 10627: 10626: 10625: 10615: 10613:Beer chemistry 10609: 10607: 10603: 10602: 10600: 10599: 10594: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10557: 10555: 10549: 10548: 10546: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10519: 10518: 10508: 10502: 10496: 10494: 10483: 10475: 10474: 10467: 10466: 10459: 10452: 10444: 10435: 10434: 10432: 10431: 10425: 10423: 10419: 10418: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10390: 10388: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10363:Health visitor 10360: 10354: 10352: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10308: 10306: 10299: 10293: 10292: 10289: 10288: 10286: 10285: 10280: 10278:Nonstress test 10275: 10270: 10265: 10259: 10257: 10253: 10252: 10250: 10249: 10248: 10247: 10246: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10212: 10211: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10194:Skin diseases 10192: 10191: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10167: 10166: 10165: 10160: 10152: 10151: 10150: 10145: 10137: 10136: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10081: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10062: 10056: 10054: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10013: 10011: 10005: 10004: 10002: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9984:Amniotic fluid 9980: 9978: 9971: 9967: 9966: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9932:Multiple birth 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9903: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9866: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9840: 9838: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9814: 9813: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9782: 9781: 9771: 9765: 9763: 9759: 9758: 9756: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9738:Bradley method 9734: 9732: 9725: 9719: 9718: 9716: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9659: 9657: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9638: 9637: 9630:Pregnancy test 9627: 9622: 9616: 9614: 9610: 9609: 9607: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9595: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9563: 9561: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9530: 9528: 9522: 9521: 9510: 9509: 9502: 9495: 9487: 9481: 9480: 9475: 9473:Harvard health 9470: 9457: 9456: 9453: 9452: 9441: 9429: 9428: 9426: 9422: 9421: 9418: 9417: 9406: 9395: 9380: 9364: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9355:Classification 9348: 9347:External links 9345: 9342: 9341: 9312:(3): 164–168. 9292: 9266: 9240: 9214: 9184: 9166: 9145: 9119: 9093: 9074: 9039: 9020: 9001: 8998:. 25 May 2007. 8987: 8938: 8909:(3): 276–282. 8889: 8848: 8837:(2): 193–203. 8821: 8802:(4): 597–598. 8786: 8775:(3): 428–430. 8759: 8732: 8692: 8646: 8618: 8597: 8559: 8524:(1): 167–169. 8508: 8481:(2): 132–136. 8453: 8414: 8365: 8356: 8325: 8311: 8298: 8263: 8250: 8219: 8206: 8193: 8186: 8153: 8107: 8096:(2): e288-95. 8067: 8036: 8011: 7986: 7951: 7921: 7882: 7833: 7794: 7737: 7719:(1): e125-31. 7699: 7670:(4): 433–436. 7650: 7631:(5): 461–467. 7608: 7562: 7533:(3): 192–198. 7513: 7480:Brain Research 7470: 7427: 7416:(3): 363–366. 7400: 7377: 7354: 7320: 7292: 7268: 7225: 7199: 7170:(1): 142–155. 7147: 7097: 7084: 7057:(2): 251–261. 7038: 7016: 7002: 6964: 6937:(4): 357–367. 6921: 6886: 6873: 6853: 6834: 6815:(5): 712–717. 6799: 6764: 6729: 6694: 6665:(3): 191–197. 6645: 6602: 6574: 6520: 6483:(3): 219–227. 6463: 6404: 6347: 6295: 6258: 6203: 6169: 6132:(5): 748–758. 6112: 6084: 6065:(2): 148–160. 6049: 6020:(4): 977–992. 6000: 5979:(4): 195–203. 5959: 5932:(4): 613–617. 5916: 5897:(2): 181–186. 5881: 5844:(6): 455–460. 5824: 5777: 5764: 5706: 5644: 5607:(2): 112–121. 5580: 5539: 5520:(4): 234–237. 5500: 5470: 5438: 5428: 5410: 5374: 5348: 5323: 5303: 5276: 5239:(7): e015410. 5219: 5170: 5121: 5092:(1): 214–226. 5069: 5040:(7): e015410. 5017: 4968: 4939:(2): 177–189. 4916: 4856: 4793: 4758:(9): 652–659. 4739: 4685: 4654: 4639:. April 2015. 4623: 4585: 4574: 4547: 4528: 4503: 4449: 4424: 4370: 4359:. 27 July 2016 4344: 4317:(9): 839–846. 4297: 4256: 4225: 4196:(2): 116–131. 4169: 4139: 4112:(5): 359–369. 4095: 4084: 4027: 3981: 3944:(3): 169–176. 3924: 3869: 3841: 3811: 3763: 3738: 3684: 3635: 3606:(5): 474–482. 3594:May P (2018). 3586: 3529: 3500:(5): 474–482. 3477: 3466:(1): e53–e59. 3447: 3409: 3380: 3359:(3): 185–191. 3336: 3270: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3191: 3182: 3173: 3164: 3155: 3146: 3137: 3128: 3119: 3110: 3101: 3092: 3083: 3074: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3039: 3036: 3028:'s 2018 novel 2997:'s 1932 novel 2990: 2987: 2977: 2974: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2924: 2921: 2860: 2857: 2812:Thomas Trotter 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2684: 2681: 2676: 2673: 2668: 2665: 2630: 2627: 2613: 2610: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2548: 2541: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522:mental illness 2500: 2497: 2496: 2495: 2484: 2474: 2459: 2452: 2441: 2438:generalization 2426: 2412: 2405: 2386: 2376: 2375: 2366: 2356: 2339:animal studies 2327: 2324: 2319: 2316: 2267: 2266:Advocacy model 2264: 2218: 2215: 2151: 2148: 2136: 2133: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2076: 2075: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2019: 2016: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1928: 1925: 1912: 1911: 1905: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1794: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1696: 1693: 1618: 1615: 1581:leptomeningeal 1527: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1512: 1509: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1468: 1457: 1435: 1434: 1423: 1416: 1384: 1381: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1341:poor nutrition 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1276: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1242: 1230: 1227: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1204: 1201: 1192: 1189: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1141: 1130: 1118: 1117:Classification 1115: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1052: 1043: 1040: 1023: 1022: 1002: 998: 985: 982: 974: 973: 958: 953: 939: 918:benzodiazepine 913: 910: 909: 908: 905: 902: 899: 896: 893: 890: 887: 874: 871: 830: 827: 818: 815: 806:Binge drinking 777: 776:Exposure limit 774: 768: 765: 753: 752: 733: 723: 704: 693: 678: 651: 648: 645: 631: 594: 593: 582: 576: 573: 570: 565: 560: 557: 548: 543: 538: 524: 523: 520: 505: 477: 474: 466:binge drinking 458:encephalopathy 426: 425: 420: 416: 415: 410: 404: 403: 397: 393: 392: 389: 385: 384: 359: 353: 352: 346: 340: 339: 329: 325: 324: 321: 317: 316: 313: 309: 308: 305: 301: 300: 298: 297: 284: 266: 264: 258: 257: 219: 213: 212: 179: 173: 172: 168: 167: 159: 158: 155: 151: 150: 142: 137: 136: 51: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16709: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16609: 16607: 16582: 16579: 16578: 16577: 16574: 16573: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16557: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16532: 16529: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16518: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16490: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16480: 16479: 16477: 16473: 16472: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16454: 16453: 16452: 16450: 16446: 16445: 16443: 16441: 16437: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16422: 16420: 16418: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16405: 16402: 16398: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16368: 16367:Reye syndrome 16365: 16363: 16360: 16359: 16357: 16353: 16347: 16344: 16342: 16339: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16319:Hydrocephalus 16317: 16316: 16315: 16312: 16311: 16309: 16307: 16303: 16291: 16287: 16286: 16285: 16282: 16281: 16279: 16275: 16269: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16254: 16252: 16250: 16246: 16240: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16220: 16218: 16216: 16212: 16206: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16190: 16187: 16186: 16184: 16182: 16178: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16163: 16157: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16141: 16138: 16137: 16135: 16133: 16132:Demyelinating 16129: 16119: 16116: 16115: 16113: 16111: 16107: 16101: 16098: 16097: 16096: 16095: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16077: 16074: 16073: 16072: 16068: 16065: 16061: 16058: 16054: 16051: 16050: 16049: 16046: 16045: 16044: 16041: 16040: 16038: 16036: 16032: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16020:Restless legs 16018: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16005: 16004: 16001: 16000: 15995: 15992: 15988: 15985: 15984: 15983: 15980: 15976: 15973: 15972: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15959: 15958:Blepharospasm 15956: 15954: 15951: 15949: 15946: 15944: 15941: 15940: 15939: 15936: 15935: 15934: 15931: 15930: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15914:Hemiballismus 15912: 15910: 15907: 15903: 15900: 15899: 15898: 15895: 15891: 15888: 15887: 15886: 15883: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15865: 15864: 15861: 15860: 15859: 15856: 15855: 15853: 15851: 15846: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15823: 15819: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15797: 15794: 15793: 15792: 15789: 15788: 15786: 15784: 15779: 15771: 15768: 15767: 15766: 15765:Brain abscess 15763: 15761: 15758: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15735: 15734: 15731: 15730: 15728: 15726: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15713: 15709: 15705: 15697: 15692: 15690: 15685: 15683: 15678: 15677: 15674: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15650: 15647: 15645: 15642: 15641: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15631: 15629: 15625: 15619: 15616: 15612: 15609: 15608: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15576: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15566: 15564: 15560: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15539: 15538: 15537: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15527: 15525: 15523: 15519: 15513: 15510: 15508: 15505: 15504: 15502: 15500: 15496: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15481: 15479: 15477: 15472: 15468: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15448: 15446: 15444: 15440: 15434: 15431: 15427: 15424: 15423: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15413: 15408: 15405: 15403: 15400: 15399: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15362: 15361: 15358: 15357: 15354: 15351: 15350: 15348: 15346: 15341: 15337: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15322: 15320: 15318: 15314: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15287: 15286: 15285: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15260: 15258: 15256: 15252: 15249: 15245: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15228: 15227: 15224: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15201: 15200: 15199: 15195: 15194: 15192: 15190: 15186: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15171: 15170:Preterm birth 15168: 15166: 15162: 15159: 15158: 15156: 15152: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15122: 15116: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15090: 15084: 15078: 15075: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15068: 15064: 15058: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15032: 15026: 15023: 15015: 15011: 15010:fetal disease 15007: 14999: 14994: 14992: 14987: 14985: 14980: 14979: 14976: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14945: 14942: 14933: 14928: 14926: 14921: 14919: 14914: 14913: 14910: 14898: 14895: 14891: 14888: 14887: 14885: 14884: 14880: 14879: 14877: 14873: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14856: 14854: 14850: 14847: 14844: 14841: 14840: 14838: 14837: 14835: 14833: 14827: 14819: 14816: 14815: 14813: 14811: 14807: 14803: 14800: 14799: 14797: 14796: 14794: 14792: 14788: 14780: 14777: 14776: 14774: 14770: 14767: 14766: 14764: 14762: 14758: 14754: 14751: 14748: 14745: 14744: 14742: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14729: 14727: 14725: 14721: 14717: 14714: 14713: 14711: 14710: 14708: 14706: 14701: 14697: 14688: 14685: 14684: 14682: 14677: 14674: 14671: 14668: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14651: 14649: 14648: 14646: 14644: 14640: 14632: 14629: 14628: 14626: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14611: 14608: 14607: 14605: 14604: 14602: 14600: 14596: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14578: 14576: 14575: 14573: 14571: 14567: 14559: 14556: 14555: 14553: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14539: 14537: 14536: 14534: 14532: 14528: 14520: 14517: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14505: 14503: 14499: 14496: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14484: 14482: 14481: 14479: 14477: 14473: 14465: 14462: 14461: 14459: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14436: 14434: 14433: 14431: 14429: 14425: 14415: 14412: 14409: 14406: 14405: 14403: 14399: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14380: 14378: 14376: 14372: 14365: 14362: 14359: 14356: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14342: 14339: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14304: 14302: 14300: 14294: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14277: 14274: 14273: 14271: 14269: 14263: 14256: 14253: 14252: 14250: 14248: 14244: 14237: 14234: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14215: 14213: 14211: 14207: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14191: 14189: 14187: 14183: 14180: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14167: 14158: 14155: 14154: 14152: 14148: 14145: 14144: 14142: 14141: 14139: 14137:substance use 14133: 14125: 14121: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14108: 14105: 14104: 14103: 14100: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14071:Drug overdose 14068: 14065: 14064: 14063: 14060: 14059: 14057: 14053: 14049: 14046: 14039: 14034: 14032: 14027: 14025: 14020: 14019: 14016: 14002: 13999: 13998: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13966:Open adoption 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13946:Child neglect 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13933: 13931: 13927: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13870: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13780:Hidden camera 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13763: 13761: 13757: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13714: 13711: 13710: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13703:Child custody 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13680: 13678: 13674: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13617:Nursery rhyme 13615: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13607:Kangaroo care 13605: 13603: 13602:Infant crying 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13544: 13542: 13538: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13516:Preterm birth 13514: 13510: 13507: 13506: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13409:Breastfeeding 13407: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13392: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13369: 13364: 13362: 13357: 13355: 13350: 13349: 13346: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13325: 13323: 13319: 13313: 13310: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13292: 13291: 13288: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13270: 13269: 13266: 13260: 13257: 13256: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13237: 13236: 13234: 13233: 13231: 13227: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13185: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13175: 13173: 13169: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13139: 13137: 13133: 13129: 13122: 13117: 13115: 13110: 13108: 13103: 13102: 13099: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13053: 13051: 13047: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13032: 13030: 13028: 13024: 13018: 13017:Breastfeeding 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12999: 12997: 12995: 12991: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12966: 12964: 12962: 12956: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12941: 12939: 12937: 12933: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12918: 12915: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12882: 12881: 12878: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12860: 12859: 12856: 12855: 12853: 12851: 12845: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12810: 12809:Fertilization 12807: 12805: 12802: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12789: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12769: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12751: 12749: 12747: 12743: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12726: 12725: 12722: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12699: 12698: 12695: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12672: 12671: 12668: 12667: 12665: 12663: 12662:Gametogenesis 12659: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12629: 12627: 12625: 12621: 12617: 12613: 12606: 12601: 12599: 12594: 12592: 12587: 12586: 12583: 12571: 12570: 12566: 12559: 12558: 12555: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12523: 12522: 12519: 12518: 12516: 12512: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12445: 12444: 12441: 12440: 12438: 12436: 12432: 12426: 12425:Uterine atony 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12395:Preterm birth 12393: 12389: 12386: 12385: 12384: 12383: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12370: 12367: 12366: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12343: 12340: 12339: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12324: 12322: 12320: 12316: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12275: 12274: 12273: 12269: 12265: 12262: 12261: 12260: 12257: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12229: 12228: 12227: 12223: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12201: 12200: 12199: 12195: 12194: 12192: 12190: 12186: 12180: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12161: 12159: 12157: 12153: 12147: 12144: 12143: 12141: 12139: 12135: 12129: 12128:Stretch marks 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12090: 12088: 12086: 12081: 12077: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12047: 12045: 12043: 12039: 12036: 12030: 12024: 12021: 12017: 12014: 12013: 12012: 12011:Pre-eclampsia 12009: 12007: 12004: 12003: 12001: 11999: 11994: 11990: 11986: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11924: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11914: 11912: 11910: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11887: 11883: 11880:Pathology of 11875: 11870: 11868: 11863: 11861: 11856: 11855: 11852: 11840: 11832: 11831: 11828: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11796:Mood disorder 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11778: 11776: 11772: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11741: 11737: 11733: 11732: 11730: 11726: 11720: 11717: 11713: 11710: 11709: 11708: 11705: 11704: 11702: 11700: 11696: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11679: 11678: 11675: 11671: 11670:Nitrous oxide 11668: 11667: 11666: 11663: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11645: 11644: 11641: 11637: 11634: 11633: 11632: 11629: 11628: 11626: 11624: 11620: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11603: 11601: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11581:Fermented tea 11579: 11578: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11567: 11564: 11563: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11533: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11510: 11508: 11504: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11477:Sober curious 11475: 11473: 11470: 11465: 11462: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11450: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11408: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11366: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11356: 11354: 11352: 11348: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11328: 11326: 11324: 11320: 11314: 11311: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11298: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11285: 11282: 11281: 11280: 11277: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11254: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11236: 11233: 11232: 11231: 11228: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11219: 11217: 11213: 11210: 11204: 11192: 11189: 11188: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11177: 11174: 11173: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11166:Ladies' night 11164: 11162: 11159: 11153: 11150: 11149: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11134: 11133: 11130: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11107: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11097: 11093: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11066:Rum Rebellion 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11028: 11026: 11022: 11016: 11013: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10998:Alcohol enema 10996: 10995: 10993: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10980: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10960: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10948:Flaming drink 10946: 10944: 10943:Dutch courage 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10928:Drunk walking 10926: 10924: 10923:Drunk dialing 10921: 10919: 10916: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10903: 10902: 10901:Drinking game 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10861: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10833: 10830: 10829: 10828: 10825: 10821: 10818: 10817: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10810:Alcohol abuse 10808: 10804: 10801: 10798: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10782: 10780: 10778: 10777:Social issues 10774: 10766: 10762: 10760: 10756: 10755: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10715: 10714:breast cancer 10712: 10711: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10691: 10689: 10685: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10660: 10658: 10654: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10642:Fusel alcohol 10640: 10636: 10633: 10632: 10631: 10628: 10624: 10621: 10620: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10610: 10608: 10604: 10598: 10595: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10554: 10550: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10517: 10514: 10513: 10512: 10511:Drunk driving 10509: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10497: 10495: 10493: 10487: 10484: 10480: 10476: 10472: 10465: 10460: 10458: 10453: 10451: 10446: 10445: 10442: 10430: 10427: 10426: 10424: 10420: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10385: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10373:Monthly nurse 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10355: 10353: 10349: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10309: 10307: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10294: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10263:Amniocentesis 10261: 10260: 10258: 10254: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10223:Vaginal flora 10221: 10219: 10216: 10215: 10213: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10170: 10168: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10155: 10153: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10114: 10113:Substance use 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10065: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10057: 10055: 10053: 10049: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10027:Fundal height 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10014: 10012: 10010: 10006: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9981: 9979: 9975: 9972: 9968: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9887: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9850: 9849: 9845: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9835: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9812: 9809: 9808: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9780: 9779:Preterm birth 9777: 9776: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9760: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9743:Hypnobirthing 9741: 9739: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9720: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9654: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9620:3D ultrasound 9618: 9617: 9615: 9611: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9568: 9565: 9564: 9562: 9560: 9556: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9534:Birth control 9532: 9531: 9529: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9515: 9508: 9503: 9501: 9496: 9494: 9489: 9488: 9485: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9451: 9447: 9446: 9442: 9440: 9436: 9435: 9431: 9430: 9427: 9423: 9416: 9412: 9411: 9407: 9405: 9401: 9400: 9396: 9394: 9390: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9379: 9375: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9365: 9362: 9357: 9353: 9337: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9296: 9281: 9277: 9270: 9255: 9251: 9244: 9228: 9224: 9218: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9188: 9180: 9176: 9170: 9155: 9149: 9133: 9129: 9123: 9107: 9103: 9097: 9089: 9085: 9078: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9055:(2): 93–104. 9054: 9050: 9043: 9035: 9031: 9024: 9016: 9012: 9005: 8997: 8991: 8983: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8942: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8893: 8885: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8852: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8825: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8790: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8763: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8736: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8701: 8699: 8697: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8653: 8651: 8643: 8642:0-7867-1550-2 8639: 8635: 8629: 8627: 8625: 8623: 8615: 8614:0-295-97650-0 8611: 8607: 8601: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8566: 8564: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8512: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8471:Reprinted in 8468: 8464: 8463:Quest Medical 8457: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8418: 8410: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8369: 8360: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8329: 8320: 8318: 8316: 8308: 8302: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8267: 8260: 8254: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8223: 8216: 8210: 8203: 8197: 8189: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8164: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8151: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8111: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8040: 8025: 8021: 8015: 8000: 7996: 7990: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7960: 7958: 7956: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7925: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7886: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7837: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7798: 7790: 7786: 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5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5504: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5459:on 3 May 2010 5455: 5448: 5442: 5435: 5431: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5379: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5316: 5315: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5076: 5074: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5022: 5013: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4923: 4921: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4852: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4746: 4744: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4592: 4590: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4358: 4357:drugabuse.com 4354: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4154: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4077: 4076: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4024: 4023:public domain 4002: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3866: 3862: 3859: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3831: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3808: 3807:1-55766-283-5 3804: 3800: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3482: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3452: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3414: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3385: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3341: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3211: 3195: 3186: 3177: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3114: 3105: 3096: 3087: 3078: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3035: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3020: 3019: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2996: 2995:Aldous Huxley 2986: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2970:§ Causes 2967: 2951: 2949: 2946:In 2013, the 2944: 2940: 2938: 2935:and assigned 2934: 2930: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2808:Benjamin Rush 2804: 2802: 2798: 2797:Martin Martin 2793: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2718:ancient Greek 2704: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2683:United States 2680: 2672: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2636: 2626: 2625:and mothers. 2622: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2454:Memory: Poor 2453: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2385: 2382:Achievement: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2369:Hyperactivity 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2323: 2315: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2303:public policy 2300: 2299:public health 2295: 2293: 2287: 2285: 2280: 2278: 2273: 2263: 2260: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2214: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2132: 2128: 2119: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2074:fetal effects 2073: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2015: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1910: 1909:communication 1906: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820:social skills 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1768:, cognition, 1767: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1727:communication 1724: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1591:hydrocephalus 1587: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1483: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1389: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1335:), and other 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1299: 1290: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1256: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1188: 1184: 1182: 1181:social worker 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1165:psychological 1161: 1157: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1114: 1111: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1039: 1037: 1036:retinoic acid 1032: 1028: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 996: 992: 991: 990: 981: 978: 971: 966: 962: 959: 951: 947: 943: 940: 937: 933: 930: 929: 928: 926: 922: 921:tranquilizers 919: 906: 903: 900: 897: 894: 891: 888: 885: 884: 883: 881: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 844: 840: 835: 826: 824: 814: 810: 807: 803: 798: 796: 792: 787: 783: 773: 764: 762: 757: 750: 749:hydrocephalus 746: 742: 738: 734: 731: 727: 724: 721: 720:visual acuity 717: 713: 709: 705: 702: 698: 694: 691: 687: 686:palmar crease 683: 679: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 649: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 629: 628: 627: 624: 621: 617: 613: 608: 604: 600: 591: 590:hypertelorism 587: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 558: 556: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 536: 533: 532: 531: 529: 521: 518: 514: 510: 506: 503: 499: 495: 491: 490: 489: 482: 473: 469: 467: 461: 459: 455: 451: 446: 444: 440: 436: 432: 421: 417: 411: 409: 405: 401: 398: 394: 390: 386: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 360: 358: 354: 351: 347: 345: 341: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 296: 292: 288: 285: 283: 282:preterm birth 279: 275: 271: 268: 267: 265: 263: 262:Complications 259: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 218: 214: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 180: 178: 174: 169: 165: 160: 156: 152: 147: 141: 133: 130: 122: 111: 108: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: – 79: 75: 74:Find sources: 68: 64: 58: 57: 52:This article 50: 46: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 16575: 16474: 16447: 16408:Degenerative 16386: 16145:Inflammatory 16092: 16025:Stiff-person 15863:Parkinsonism 15836:Degenerative 15733:Encephalitis 15716:Inflammation 15706:, primarily 15534: 15290:Pneumothorax 15282: 15196: 15189:Birth trauma 15131:Breech birth 15121:presentation 15119: 15087: 15061: 15029: 14947: 14881: 14808: 14759: 14722: 14570:Hallucinogen 14340: 14297:Neurological 14045:Psychoactive 13929:Other topics 13868: 13835:Cradle board 13830:Cloth diaper 13790:Baby shampoo 13776:Baby monitor 13766:Baby bouncer 13720:Circumcision 13567:Birth defect 13449:Immunization 13399:Birth weight 13300:Middle adult 13235:Early years 13135:Before birth 12921:Paternal age 12917:Maternal age 12890:Tanner scale 12873:Virilization 12868:Feminization 12818:Implantation 12804:Insemination 12788:Ejaculation 12764:Masturbation 12680:spermatocyte 12652:Luteal phase 12637:Menstruation 12567: 12560: 12420:Vasa praevia 12380: 12354:Locked twins 12270: 12220: 12196: 11942:Interstitial 11756:Gin Act 1751 11746:Bratt System 11739: 11735: 11602:Measurement 11536:Breathalyzer 11306:Shoulder tap 10958: 10832:Beer goggles 10103:Hypertension 10090:Immunization 10073:in pregnancy 9989:Amniotic sac 9942:Silent birth 9885:Presentation 9848:Bishop score 9818:Obstetrician 9708:Interstitial 9635:home testing 9443: 9432: 9408: 9397: 9382: 9367: 9309: 9305: 9295: 9283:. 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Retrieved 3194: 3185: 3176: 3167: 3158: 3149: 3140: 3131: 3122: 3113: 3104: 3095: 3086: 3077: 3068: 3029: 3026:Tommy Orange 3023: 3016: 3014: 2998: 2992: 2979: 2962: 2945: 2941: 2928: 2926: 2898: 2870: 2862: 2846: 2805: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2774: 2767: 2763: 2737: 2715: 2698: 2694: 2686: 2678: 2675:South Africa 2670: 2638: 2623: 2615: 2612:Epidemiology 2603: 2587: 2558: 2542: 2506: 2502: 2377: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2321: 2296: 2288: 2281: 2277:case manager 2269: 2255: 2249:, and other 2235:Erik Erikson 2220: 2211: 2171:professional 2153: 2138: 2129: 2125: 2117: 2077: 2021: 2012: 2001: 1973: 1969: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1938: 1930: 1913: 1902:neurological 1893:Motor skills 1852: 1848: 1778:motor skills 1706: 1698: 1673:hearing loss 1670:neurosensory 1655: 1651: 1620: 1617:Neurological 1611:porencephaly 1588: 1566: 1555: 1552: 1544: 1532:microcephaly 1529: 1515: 1502: 1492: 1464: 1460: 1451: 1443:Likert scale 1436: 1405: 1401:brain damage 1397:craniofacial 1394: 1369: 1352: 1345: 1310: 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formula 13404:Breast pump 13305:Elder adult 13295:Young adult 13278:Adolescence 13142:Development 13066:Dyspareunia 13061:Dysorgasmia 13007:Development 12359:Nuchal cord 12108:Linea nigra 12060:Hepatitis E 11993:proteinuria 11974:Miscarriage 11959:Embryo loss 11937:Heterotopic 11736:Beer Street 11687:Homotaurine 11682:Acamprosate 11553:Dry January 11532:Monitoring 11433:Teetotalism 11426:Malt drinks 11216:Alcohol law 10988:Yard of ale 10933:Drunkorexia 10745:intolerance 10538:Rum-running 10399:Apgar score 10183:Hepatitis C 10169:Infections 10009:Development 9994:Endometrium 9952:Water birth 9870:Bloody show 9801:Men's roles 9731:Preparation 9683:Heterotopic 9434:MedlinePlus 9197:www.cdc.gov 8665:: 112–121. 8349:16 February 8060:20 November 8024:www.cdc.gov 7999:www.cdc.gov 7944:20 November 7934:www.cdc.gov 7730:14 November 6710:(1): 1–10. 6105:16 November 5493:31 December 5361:www.cdc.gov 5336:www.bbc.com 4363:17 November 3153:F10.2/F19.2 3031:There There 2980:In 2016, a 2966:moral panic 2917:hyperactive 2853:Fritz Fuchs 2816:teetotalism 2790:Beer Street 2764:Beer Street 2639:FASD among 2618:binge drink 2520:, or other 2414:Cognition: 2407:Attention: 2354:hippocampus 2243:John Bowlby 2227:Jean Piaget 2135:Medications 1858:Achievement 1731:abstraction 1683:, and poor 1629:(CNS), the 1584:heterotopia 1562:hippocampus 1558:brain cells 1229:Partial FAS 1225:diagnosis. 942:Acamprosate 635:Miscarriage 555:astigmatism 304:Usual onset 274:Miscarriage 206:neonatology 198:gynaecology 154:Other names 16682:Obstetrics 16622:Teratogens 16606:Categories 16168:paroxysmal 16140:Autoimmune 15933:Dyskinesia 15803:Meningitis 15781:Brain and 15644:Stillbirth 15601:Omphalitis 15562:Infections 15471:Integument 14791:Stimulants 14454:Caffeinism 14408:Alcoholism 14081:Withdrawal 13920:Travel cot 13865:Infant bed 13860:High chair 13850:Baby wipes 13845:Diaper bag 13810:Baby swing 13698:Child care 13683:Attachment 13572:Childbirth 13434:Cradle cap 13385:Pediatrics 13215:Senescence 13086:Vaginismus 13056:Anorgasmia 12910:Adrenarche 12905:Spermarche 12885:Gonadarche 12369:Postpartum 12264:Antepartum 11979:Stillbirth 11890:puerperium 11888:, and the 11886:childbirth 11816:Town drunk 11648:Disulfiram 11596:Small beer 11562:Campaigns 11396:Drunk tank 11369:Dry campus 11279:Dry county 11061:Rum ration 11041:Dipsomania 10970:Pantsdrunk 10763:Red wine: 10553:Alcoholism 10543:Wine fraud 10404:Child care 10297:Postpartum 10256:Procedures 10208:Dermatoses 10064:Nutrition 9922:Home birth 9844:Pelvimetry 9723:Childbirth 9703:Unintended 9559:Conception 9518:childbirth 9410:DiseasesDB 8769:Pediatrics 8748:(2): 127. 8469:: 476–482. 7114:Pediatrics 7029:fadpmn.org 6704:Teratology 6539:Pediatrics 6340:4 February 6182:www.sbu.se 4814:Pediatrics 4276:(1): 2–8. 3883:The Lancet 3756:4 December 3649:Pediatrics 3206:References 2989:In fiction 2913:Gothenburg 2829:stillbirth 2728:, and the 2641:Australian 2633:See also: 2445:Expressive 2443:Language: 2364:cerebellum 2163:Behavioral 2113:Depression 2009:Biomarkers 1741:, judgment 1695:Functional 1681:clumsiness 1643:concussion 1639:meningitis 1577:neuroglial 1526:Structural 961:Disulfiram 932:Naltrexone 912:Medication 823:epigenetic 708:Strabismus 639:stillbirth 388:Prevention 291:Alcoholism 278:stillbirth 210:pediatrics 202:obstetrics 190:psychiatry 186:toxicology 182:Embryology 89:newspapers 16627:Syndromes 16165:Episodic/ 16043:Tauopathy 15994:Akathisia 15982:Myoclonus 15965:Athetosis 15897:Tauopathy 15370:Anti-Kell 15008:period / 15006:perinatal 14897:Chocolate 14299:disorders 13996:Paternity 13905:Swaddling 13771:Baby gate 13750:Wet nurse 13740:Milk bank 13632:Parenting 13557:Baby talk 13509:Pedialyte 13439:Esotropia 13394:Baby food 13290:Adulthood 13254:Childhood 13012:Lactation 13002:Thelarche 12979:Andrology 12926:Menopause 12823:Pregnancy 12813:Fertility 12768:Erection 12724:Germ cell 12697:Oogenesis 12685:spermatid 12647:Ovulation 12435:Puerperal 12023:Eclampsia 11927:Abdominal 11898:Pregnancy 11882:pregnancy 11751:Dry state 11658:Cyanamide 11492:Sobrietol 11291:Last call 11257:DWI court 11110:Beer mile 11081:Speakeasy 11051:Gin Craze 10983:Beer bong 10938:Dry drunk 10911:Pregaming 10759:Potomania 10741:Tolerance 10731:Pregnancy 10606:Chemistry 10528:Nip joint 10523:Moonshine 9912:Caesarean 9678:Abdominal 9514:Pregnancy 9445:eMedicine 8925:0735-0414 8448:0965-2140 8428:Addiction 7908:1545-861X 7869:1545-861X 7820:1545-861X 7771:1545-861X 7539:0090-838X 6497:2196-2987 6440:1661-7827 6381:0820-3946 6146:0145-6008 5858:1523-5998 5811:0002-953X 5743:1562-2975 5701:218872499 5685:0025-6196 5621:1067-3229 5534:1357-5007 5190:(1): 01. 5108:1530-0277 4909:11 August 4851:help page 4772:0743-8346 4734:205474115 4718:1873-233X 4412:174811433 4339:201716448 4162:11 August 4010:10 August 3958:0706-7437 3903:0140-6736 2905:teratogen 2890:eponymous 2886:syndromes 2849:tocolytic 2825:Liverpool 2777:Gin Craze 2748:Kethuboth 2703:in 2002. 2689:pregnancy 2629:Australia 2488:nonverbal 2449:receptive 2358:Impaired 2350:dendrites 2318:Prognosis 2122:Treatment 2070:Maternal 2024:syndromes 2002:suspected 1974:some risk 1970:high risk 1957:Some Risk 1953:High Risk 1873:Cognition 1868:Attention 1830:practices 1828:parenting 1804:Cognition 1782:attention 1739:attention 1660:or other 1633:, or the 1595:brainstem 1569:autopsies 1498:teratogen 1420:upper lip 1411:A smooth 1337:postnatal 1160:physician 1077:Diagnosis 1062:syndrome. 1027:teratogen 984:Mechanism 950:glutamate 843:pregnancy 782:teratogen 726:Cleft lip 697:Horseshoe 695:Kidneys: 690:phalanges 653:Heart: A 616:DSM-IV-TR 443:gestation 419:Frequency 408:Prognosis 396:Treatment 337:pregnancy 331:Drinking 194:neurology 177:Specialty 16531:SMALED2B 16526:SMALED2A 16223:Migraine 16215:Headache 16181:epilepsy 16177:Seizures 16035:Dementia 15938:Dystonia 15340:Bleeding 15031:placenta 14830:Volatile 14705:hypnotic 14700:Sedative 14599:Nicotine 14476:Cannabis 14428:Caffeine 14287:Hangover 14135:Combined 13956:Cry room 13895:Stroller 13885:Pacifier 13820:Bassinet 13795:Baby toy 13657:Teething 13637:Peekaboo 13577:Crawling 13562:Babbling 13383:Health ( 12949:Vivipary 12919: / 12900:Menarche 12895:Pubarche 12777:Clitoral 12729:gonocyte 12702:oogonium 12632:Menarche 12569:Category 12382:placenta 12272:placenta 11932:Cervical 11917:Abortion 11839:Category 11740:Gin Lane 11497:Quit lit 11421:Spritzer 11351:Sobriety 11206:Alcohol 11187:Whiskey 11015:Sconcing 10965:Nightcap 10891:Blackout 10721:Cortisol 10618:Congener 10305:Maternal 10283:Abortion 10228:Bleeding 10178:COVID-19 10143:Diabetes 10128:Cannabis 10078:prenatal 9999:Placenta 9970:Prenatal 9900:shoulder 9895:cephalic 9863:position 9837:Delivery 9698:Postterm 9663:Cervical 9526:Planning 9336:29807454 9285:15 March 9280:HuffPost 9259:15 March 9138:15 March 9112:15 March 9069:33567969 9034:HuffPost 8982:30723369 8933:10869248 8884:23252025 8843:28619859 8554:84514766 8495:12657907 8409:26544539 8343:Archived 8117:Valpy AJ 8102:19439773 7973:Archived 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4292:11825849 4220:26251262 4134:14826585 4126:24326748 4090:Archived 3976:29788774 3919:24660949 3911:26777270 3861:Archived 3833:Archived 3733:21499711 3679:27677572 3630:29411031 3581:33177533 3524:29411031 3472:26962962 3442:25774812 3396:Archived 3375:19252695 3331:15738468 3257:Archived 3038:See also 3018:Defendor 3005:in vitro 2919:manner. 2786:Gin Lane 2768:Gin Lane 2753:heredity 2657:Victoria 2600:Lifespan 2430:judgment 2272:advocacy 1904:problems 1900:or soft 1883:Language 1774:language 1658:epilepsy 1447:calipers 1413:philtrum 1376:sampling 1372:artifact 1325:lifespan 1083:physical 1072:reduced. 1058:alcohol. 957:fetuses. 886:Genetics 601:such as 517:philtrum 511:: short 315:Lifelong 312:Duration 307:Prenatal 247:learning 221:Varied; 217:Symptoms 119:May 2023 16543:SMA-PME 16538:SMA-PCH 16521:SMALED1 16233:Tension 16228:Cluster 15953:Meige's 15770:Amoebic 15579:rubella 15209:Chignon 15063:chorion 14875:Related 14832:solvent 14643:Opioids 14531:Cocaine 14324:(AWS): 14266:Nervous 14220:(ALD): 14170:Alcohol 14055:General 13915:Teether 13890:Playpen 13667:Weaning 13662:Walking 13375:Infants 13244:Toddler 13198:Puberty 12984:Hormone 12880:Puberty 12222:chorion 11947:Ovarian 11774:Related 11728:History 11513:0-0-1-3 11208:control 11095:General 11071:Shebeen 11024:History 10694:Anxiety 10656:Effects 10630:Ethanol 10479:Alcohol 10214:Others 10188:Malaria 10133:Opioids 10123:Alcohol 10118:Smoking 9977:Anatomy 9806:Midwife 9774:Newborn 9693:Ovarian 9673:Ectopic 9668:Cryptic 9613:Testing 9450:ped/767 9404:D005310 9327:6405809 9233:6 April 9207:6 April 9159:6 April 9134:. NIAAA 8973:6353268 8875:4049518 8816:2679217 8781:7862486 8754:7254460 8687:2799171 8592:4126070 8546:4504588 8526:Bibcode 8503:8894309 8400:8944412 8293:7827659 8141:1761801 8119:(ed.). 7979:10 June 7780:6483284 7548:6826810 7500:2085766 7465:2314357 7445:Bibcode 7422:6877477 7218:28 July 7185:7061927 7079:2595225 6997:4127281 6959:1921915 6939:Bibcode 6794:8757560 6759:6884260 6724:1162620 6680:4754181 6560:5477054 6506:4629517 6449:8304012 6155:3297711 6035:3701217 5934:Bibcode 5911:6846436 5867:2139915 5630:4530607 5403:12 June 5271:2941340 5254:5642770 5156:7825937 5055:5642770 5003:6677630 4954:4068964 4895:5418824 4788:1513758 4667:Chang. 4647:10 June 4521:17 July 4498:5002534 4211:5760222 3967:6405816 3724:3779274 3670:5477054 3621:5839298 3572:7658994 3551:Bibcode 3515:5839298 3402:10 June 3366:2529423 3263:10 June 2707:History 2465:, poor 2440:ability 2396:, poor 2392:, poor 2352:of the 2181:(ODD), 1907:Social 1675:, poor 1649:, etc. 1331:(for a 1051:organs. 795:smoking 680:Bones: 441:during 439:alcohol 335:during 333:alcohol 103:scholar 16262:Stroke 16076:Pick's 16003:Tremor 15970:Chorea 15154:Growth 15067:amnion 14886:: SUD 14845:(SSDS) 14588:(HPPD) 14343:(FASD) 14094:(PAWS) 13840:Diaper 13627:Parent 13612:Mother 13239:Infant 13229:Phases 13210:Ageing 13188:Stages 13152:Embryo 13147:Zygote 13040:Female 12994:Breast 12797:Female 12784:Orgasm 12772:Penile 12734:gamete 12707:oocyte 12226:amnion 11548:FRAMES 10757:Beer: 10750:Weight 10726:Memory 10709:Cancer 10492:crimes 10387:Infant 10312:Lochia 10098:Anemia 10017:Embryo 9890:breech 9769:Mother 9748:Lamaze 9468:Curlie 9439:000911 9393:760.71 9334: 9324: 9108:. 2023 9067: 8980: 8970: 8931: 8923: 8882: 8872: 8841: 8814: 8779: 8752: 8727:347295 8725: 8685: 8679:291283 8677: 8640: 8612: 8590: 8572:Lancet 8552: 8544: 8501: 8493: 8446: 8407: 8397: 8291: 8184: 8139: 8133:London 8131:(57). 8100: 7914: 7906: 7875: 7867: 7826: 7818: 7787: 7777: 7769: 7723: 7692: 7684: 7643: 7601: 7593: 7555: 7545: 7537: 7506: 7498: 7463: 7420: 7395: 7314: 7286: 7261: 7253: 7192: 7182: 7142:420106 7140: 7132: 7077: 7069: 6995: 6977:Lancet 6957: 6916:619080 6914: 6827: 6792: 6757: 6722: 6687: 6677: 6638: 6630: 6596: 6567: 6557: 6513: 6503: 6495: 6456: 6446: 6438: 6397: 6390:557121 6387: 6379: 6196:8 June 6162: 6152: 6144: 6077: 6042: 6032: 5993: 5952: 5909: 5874: 5864: 5856: 5817: 5809: 5757: 5749: 5741: 5699: 5691: 5683: 5637: 5627: 5619: 5573: 5532: 5426: 5296: 5269: 5261: 5251: 5212: 5202: 5163: 5153: 5114: 5106: 5062: 5052: 5010: 5000: 4961: 4951: 4902: 4892: 4842: 4834: 4786: 4778: 4770: 4732: 4724: 4716: 4616: 4572: 4496: 4488: 4410: 4402: 4337: 4329: 4290: 4218: 4208: 4132: 4124: 4082: 3974: 3964: 3956: 3917: 3909: 3901: 3805: 3731: 3721: 3677: 3667: 3628: 3618: 3579: 3569: 3522: 3512: 3470: 3440: 3373: 3363: 3329: 3322:557121 3319: 3189:Q10.0¶ 2866:Nantes 2744:Talmud 2726:Talmud 2724:, the 2667:Canada 2492:social 2312:OB/GYN 2205:, and 1947:, and 1888:Memory 1766:memory 1735:memory 1609:, and 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