Fiber to the x - Knowledge

1115: 614: 744: 3739: 3749: 622: 696: 3728: 3759: 1213: 707: 36: 1251:) is a common AON, which uses optical Ethernet switches to distribute the signal, incorporating the customers' premises and the central office into a large switched Ethernet network. Ethernet in the first mile deployments follow a point to point or star network topology and are often based on Fast Ethernet speeds of up to 1105:

Most FTTH deployments follow one of four primary architecture types: centralized split, distributed split, star architecture, or daisy-chaining. Fiber network developers choose architectures based on a variety of factors, such as the physical geography of the local environment, number of anticipated

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Fiber is often said to be "future-proof" because the data rate of the connection is usually limited by the terminal equipment rather than the fiber, permitting substantial speed improvements by equipment upgrades before the fiber itself must be upgraded. Still, the type and length of employed fibers

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FTTH (fiber-to-the-home) is a form of fiber-optic communication delivery that reaches one living or working space. The fiber extends from the central office to the subscriber's living or working space. Once at the subscriber's living or working space, the signal may be conveyed throughout the space

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FTTB (fiber-to-the-building or -basement) is a form of fiber-optic communication delivery that necessarily applies only to those properties that contain multiple living or working spaces. The optical fiber terminates before actually reaching the subscribers living or working space itself, but does

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For FTTC and FTTN, the combined internet, video and telephone signal travels to the building over existing telephone or cable wiring until it reaches the end-user's living space, where a VDSL or DOCSIS modem converts data and video signals into Ethernet protocol, which is sent over the end-user's

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Residential areas already served by balanced pair distribution plant call for a trade-off between cost and capacity. The closer the fiber head, the higher the cost of construction and the higher the channel capacity. In places not served by metallic facilities, little cost is saved by not running

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For FTTH and for some forms of FTTB, it is common for the building's existing Ethernet, phone, and cable TV systems to connect directly to the optical network terminal or unit. If all three systems cannot directly reach the unit, it is possible to combine signals and transport them over a common

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A passive optical network (PON) is a point-to-multipoint FTTP network architecture in which unpowered optical splitters are used to enable a single optical fiber to serve up to 128 customers. A PON reduces the fiber and central office equipment required compared with point-to-point architecture.

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Fiber to the node or neighborhood (FTTN), sometimes identified with and sometimes distinguished from fiber to the cabinet (FTTC), is a telecommunication architecture based on fiber-optic cables run to a cabinet serving a neighborhood. Customers typically connect to this cabinet using traditional

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To promote consistency, especially when comparing FTTH penetration rates between countries, the three FTTH Councils of Europe, North America, and Asia-Pacific agreed upon definitions for FTTH and FTTB in 2006, with an update in 2009, 2011 and another in 2015. The FTTH Councils do not have formal

435:(fiber-to-the-node, -neighborhood, or -last-amplifier): Fiber is terminated in a street cabinet, possibly miles away from the customer premises, with the final connections being copper. FTTN is often an interim step toward full FTTH (fiber-to-the-home) and is typically used to deliver 'advanced' 1258:

Such networks are identical to Ethernet computer networks used in businesses and academic institutions, except that their purpose is to connect homes and buildings to a central office rather than to connect computers and printers within a location. Each switching cabinet can handle up to 1,000

419:(fiber-to-the-distribution-point): This is very similar to FTTC / FTTN but is one-step closer again, moving the end of the fiber to within meters of the boundary of the customers premises in the last possible junction box, known as the "distribution point". This allows for near-gigabit speeds 287:(fiber-to-the-office): Fiber connection is installed from the main computer room/core switch to a special mini-switch (called FTTO Switch) located at the user's workstation or service points. This mini-switch provides Ethernet services to end user devices via standard 1187:

The simplest optical distribution network architecture is direct fiber: each fiber leaving the central office goes to exactly one customer. These networks can support a lot of bandwidth, but they cost more because of the fiber and the equipment in the central office.

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Historically, both telephone and cable companies avoided hybrid networks using several different modes of transport from their point of presence into customer premises. The increased competitive cost pressure, availability of three different existing wire solutions,

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FTTX is a generalization for several configurations of fiber deployment, arranged into two groups: FTTP/FTTH/FTTB (fiber laid all the way to the premises/home/building) and FTTC/N (fiber laid to the cabinet/node, with copper wires completing the connection).

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More commonly, each fiber leaving the central office is actually shared by many customers. It is not until such a fiber gets relatively close to the customers that it is split into individual customer-specific fibers. AONs and PONs both achieve this split.

449:(fiber-to-the-curb/kerb, -closet, or -cabinet): This is very similar to FTTN, but the street cabinet or pole is closer to the user's premises, typically within 300 m (1,000 ft), within range for high-bandwidth copper technologies such as wired 772:. The "curb" is an abstraction and can just as easily mean a pole-mounted device or communications closet or shed. Typically any system terminating fiber within 300 m (1,000 ft) of the customer premises equipment would be described as FTTC. 1075:

Between September 2017 and March 2019, the number of European FTTH and FTTB subscribers increased by nearly 16%. By 2025, the total number of premises passed by FTTH and FTTB infrastructure is expected to reach 187 million throughout Europe.

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By avoiding new cable and its cost and liabilities, FTTC costs less to deploy. However, it also has historically had lower bandwidth potential than FTTP. In practice, the relative advantage of fiber depends on the bandwidth available for

952:, was FTTH rather than FTTC, reaching every subscriber in a 600-square-mile area. Monthly pricing of US$ 350 reflected this generally high cost of deployment. However, Chattanooga EPB has reduced the monthly pricing to US$ 70/month. 670:

building may provide an example of the distinction between FTTH and FTTB. If a fiber is run to a panel inside each subscriber's apartment unit, it is FTTH. If instead, the fiber goes only as far as the apartment building's shared

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symmetrical connections directly to consumer homes. FTTP configurations that bring fiber directly into the building can offer the highest speeds since the remaining segments can use standard Ethernet or coaxial cable.

413:, where fiber is used to link the main computer equipment room to an enclosure close to the desk or workstation. FTTE and FTTZ are not considered part of the FTTX group of technologies, despite the similarity in name. 1046:

participated in an initiative called Fiber for Italy, with the aim of creating a countrywide fiber-to-the-home network in Italy. The pilot taking place in the Italian capital, Rome, has seen symmetrical bandwidth of

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extend to the property containing that living or working space. The signal is conveyed the final distance using any non-optical means, including twisted pair, coaxial cable, wireless, or power line communication.

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restrictions that prevent full use of last-mile capabilities, and customer premises equipment and maintenance restrictions, and the cost of running fiber that can vary widely with geography and building type.

483:(fiber-to-the-street): The customer is connected using copper to the fiber passing near the building, up to 200 m (700 ft) away. This is a compromise between FTTB and FTTC. Typically providing up to 1655: 1405:

filter technology. These units require electrical power for their operation, so some providers connect them to backup batteries in case of power outages to ensure emergency access to telecommunications. The

2289:, Working Party on Communication Infrastructures and Services Policy (CISP), Committee for Information, Computer and Communication Policy (ICCP), Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry (DSTI), 1584:

Coomans, Werner; Moraes, Rodrigo B.; Hooghe, Koen; Duque, Alex; Galaro, Joe; Timmers, Michael; Van Wijngaarden, Adriaan J.; Guenach, Mamoun; Maes, Jochen (2015). "XG-fast: the 5th generation broadband".

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Fiber to the curb/cabinet (FTTC) is a telecommunications system based on fiber-optic cables run to a platform that serves several customers. Each of these customers has a connection to this platform via

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improvements) all make FTTC deployments more likely in areas uneconomic to serve with FTTP/FTTH. In effect FTTC serves as a halfway measure between fixed wireless and FTTH, with special advantages for

127:), which describes a significant upgrade to the broadband available by making a step change in speed and quality of the service. This is typically thought of as asymmetrical with a download speed of 1305:

Because of this, and because it needs no powered splitters or other active components from the moment it leaves the ISP's facilities until it reaches the customer, many ISPs prefer this technology.

2373: 104:. As fiber optic cables are able to carry much more data than copper cables, especially over long distances, copper telephone networks built in the 20th century are being replaced by fiber. 1534: 1051:. Telecom Italia, which refused to take part in the Fiber for Italy initiative, had an even more ambitious plan to bring fiber-to-the-home and fiber-to-the-business to 138 cities by 2018. 917:

expansion, concentrating on completing their network in areas that already had FiOS franchises but were not deploying to new areas, suggesting that FTTH was uneconomic beyond these areas.

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service and is thus less costly to deploy. In the long term, however, its bandwidth potential is limited relative to implementations that bring the fiber still closer to the subscriber.

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connecting the curb/cabinet and the customers. In these protocols, the data rates vary according to the exact protocol used and according to how close the customer is to the cabinet.

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FTTC (where fiber transitions to copper in a street cabinet) is generally too far from the users for standard Ethernet configurations over existing copper cabling. They generally use

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data management arenas, indicating it was considering using P1901-based FTTC or some other existing-wire approach to reach into homes, and access additional revenues from the secure

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published a new "Recommendation for Regulated Access to NGA Networks" along with a list of measures to promote the deployment of fast broadband and next-generation access networks.

312:(fiber-to-the-frontage): This is very similar to FTTB. In a fiber to the front yard scenario, each fiber node serves a single subscriber. This allows for multi-gigabit speeds using 2002: 1236:. Normally, signals need an optical-electrical-optical transformation in the AON. Each signal leaving the central office is directed only to the customer for whom it is intended. 1710: 1779: 1747: 464:

technology. FTTC is occasionally ambiguously called FTTP (fiber-to-the-pole), leading to confusion with the distinct fiber-to-the-premises system. Typically providing up to

1977: 67:; the building on the right is one of the buildings served by the central office. Dotted rectangles represent separate living or office spaces within the same building. 2254:"Best-Ever Mobile Broadband Sales and Strong Cash Flows Highlight AT&T's Fourth-Quarter Results; Stock Buyback Begins on Previous 300 Million Share Authorization" 799:(DSL) are used between the cabinet and the customers. Data rates vary according to the exact protocol used and according to how close the customer is to the cabinet. 1663: 1939:, website of a non-profit agency of the City of Chattanooga, established in 1935 to provide electric power to the greater Chattanooga area. Retrieved 12 July 2013. 1343:

all the way to the subscribers' homes, while hybrid networks (often FTTN) use it to transport data via fiber to an intermediate point to ensure sufficiently high

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Direct fiber is generally favored by new entrants and competitive operators. A benefit is that no layer 2 networking technologies are excluded, whether

139: – this threshold is commonly considered to be the maximum speed that can be supported on current generation (copper-based) networks." 2370: 1641: 1054:

By the end of December 2010, the total number of fiber-to-the-home enabled homes had passed 2.5 million, with more than 348,000 subscribers.)

909:, deployment of FTTC will end. Future deployments will be based on either FTTN or FTTP. Existing FTTC plant may be removed and replaced with FTTP. 531:

can easily reach tens of kilometers. Therefore, FTTP has been selected by every major communications provider in the world to carry data over long

189:) is a networking approach used in the enterprise building (hotels, convention centers, office buildings, hospitals, senior living communities, 1501: 3711: 3683: 3678: 2703: 2643: 2613: 2124: 1866: 1382:

has also looked into this approach, amongst others, as a way to deliver multiple services over open-access networks in the United States.

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The telecommunications industry differentiates between several distinct FTTX configurations. The terms in most widespread use today are:

2010: 821:(fiber-to-the-last-amplifier) when it replaces analog amplifiers up to the last one before the customer (or neighborhood of customers). 2221: 575: 150:

operators but is usually not synonymous with "fiber In the loop", although similar advanced services are provided by the HFC networks.

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While fiber optic cables can carry data at high speeds over long distances, copper cables used in traditional telephone lines and

1224:) handles downstream traffic differently from a typical PON (a star network having multiple splitters housed in the same cabinet) 1754: 3705: 2274:"The Economics of Next Generation Access-Final Report: Study for the European Competitive Telecommunication Association (ECTA)" 1130:

have been proven to grow subscriber numbers and ARPU considerably FTTN/C is currently used by a number of operators, including

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connection. Even using relatively cheap outdoor category 5 copper over hundreds of meters, all Ethernet protocols including

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occupied by the subscriber. The term "FTTP" has become ambiguous and may also refer to FTTC where the fiber terminates at a

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wiring. The area served by the cabinet is usually less than one mile in radius and can contain several hundred customers.

3793: 3762: 3695: 3541: 2524: 242:(fiber-to-the-building, -business, or -basement): Fiber reaches the boundary of the building, such as the basement in a 3467: 2415: 255:(fiber-to-the-desktop or -desk): In an office, fiber connection is installed from the main computer room to a desk or 3561: 1354:

This approach has become increasingly popular in recent years with telecoms service providers in both North America (

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have defined super-fast broadband as "broadband products that provide a maximum download speed that is greater than

3346: 2894: 2696: 1328: 933: 436: 226: 2065: 1915: 217:(fiber-to-the-home): Fiber reaches the boundary of the living space, such as a box on the outside wall of a home. 3457: 1019:

to deliver services from its central office directly into subscribers' homes. Fiber termination was handled by a

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patch cords. The switches are decentralised and located all over the building, but managed from one central point

202: 3808: 3452: 1535:"FTTH networking: Active Ethernet versus Passive Optical Networking and point-to-point vs. point-to-multipoint" 1348: 1240: 803: 402: 398: 186: 98: 1195:(PON), active optical network (AON), or other. Any form of regulatory remedy is possible using this topology. 3788: 3477: 2529: 2439: 1411: 1313: 1308:

The downstream signal coming from the central office is broadcast to each customer premises sharing a fiber.

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FTTC allows delivery of broadband services such as high-speed internet. Usually, existing wire is used with

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is used to prevent eavesdropping. Upstream signals are combined using a multiple-access protocol, usually

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deployment requirements (as in Chattanooga), and better hybrid networking tools (with major vendors like

571:, the demand for reliable bandwidth is crucial as more and more people begin to utilize these services. 28:

FTTB, FTTC, FTTD, FTTH, FTTK, FTTN, and FTTP all redirect here. For airports with those ICAO codes, see

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from the curb/pole/cabinet into every AC electrical outlet in the home—coverage equivalent to a robust

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chosen, e.g. multimode vs. single-mode, are critical for applicability for future connections of over

3373: 3334: 3179: 3079: 3008: 2941: 2768: 2653: 1644:, Cabling Installation & Maintenance, PennWell Corporation, February 2007, retrieved 12 July 2013 1287: 595: 2342: 2305:"Techno-Economic Analysis of Active Optical Network Migration Toward Next-Generation Optical Access" 2303:

Wang, K.; Mas Machuca, C.; Wosinska, L.; Urban, P. J.; Gavler, A.; Brunnström, K.; Chen, J. (2017).

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Active Line Access is an evolving standard for the provision of services over FTTP networks in the

1008: 997: 866: 651: 457: 365:(fiber-to-the-wall or -workgroup): In an office, fiber runs to small switches near a group of users 243: 163: 29: 2218: 21:"Fiber broadband" redirects here. For the overhead version of data and internet transmission, see 3571: 3556: 3400: 3351: 3274: 3174: 2852: 2738: 2733: 2638: 2534: 2484: 2474: 2062:"Digital Agenda: Commission outlines measures to deliver fast and ultra-fast broadband in Europe" 1443: 1299: 1192: 833: 825: 796: 788: 579: 477: 218: 198: 1064:

Portugal Telecom plans to complete its fiber-to-the-home nationwide roll out by 2020. Currently

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and in many cases triple-play services delivered using this approach to provide up to around

548: 256: 2728: 1114: 613: 3309: 3269: 3239: 2996: 2931: 2753: 2179: 1336: 1028: 814: 143: 279:(fiber-to-the-room): Fiber connection is extended from the router to each room in the home 8: 3798: 3319: 3259: 3018: 2980: 2778: 2763: 1058: 1020: 894: 852: 528: 190: 2237: 2095: 1228:

AONs rely on electrically powered network equipment to distribute the signal, such as a

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Unlike FTTP, FTTN often uses existing coaxial or twisted-pair infrastructure to provide

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Once on private property, the signal is typically converted into an electrical format.

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unshielded twisted-pair copper cabling but only to 100 m (300 ft). However,

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ome) architectures vary with regard to the distance between the optical fiber and the

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Fiber to the premises can be categorized according to where the optical fiber ends:

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In the United States and Canada, the largest deployment of FTTC was carried out by

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FTTN allows delivery of broadband services such as high-speed internet. High-speed

752: 521: 509: 147: 3219: 3074: 2842: 2817: 2805: 2455: 2419: 2377: 2286: 2260: 1873:, Instituto de Telecomunicações, 9 March 2005, slide 10. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. 1870: 1843: 1567: 1371: 989: 856: 743: 672: 552: 167: 3417: 3289: 3264: 3224: 3194: 3069: 2904: 2857: 2832: 2790: 2304: 1367: 1332: 1263: 1229: 1090: 1039: 961: 885:

implementation, with the added advantage of a single cable for power and data.

151: 1656:"Could ultrafast broadband over copper speed the rollout of gigabit internet?" 1598: 3777: 3566: 3339: 3329: 3244: 3134: 3129: 3119: 3104: 2926: 2785: 2225: 855:(PoE) are supported. Most fixed wireless technologies rely on PoE, including 777: 765: 747:

Inside an FTTN or FTTC fiber cabinet. The left side contains the fiber and a

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access networks since the mid-2000s. Some used a network topology known as

973: 914: 781: 769: 639: 607: 309:(fiber-to-the-floor): fiber reaches a junction box at a floor of a building 288: 2320: 1418:

medium such as Ethernet. Once closer to the end user, equipment such as a

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can separate the signals and convert them into the appropriate protocol.

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technology. The fiber node may be reverse-powered by the subscriber modem

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and developed by the Network Interoperability Consultative Committee.

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Fiber-optic cable being pulled underneath the streets of New York City

347:(fiber-to-the-terminal): In an office, fiber runs to desktop equipment 3634: 3099: 2914: 2681: 2564: 2519: 1906: 1402: 1339:(HFC) networks. Active PPPoE uses dedicated fiber from an operator's 1221: 1159: 977: 945: 667: 454: 273:(fiber-to-the-radio): Fiber runs to the transceivers of base stations 86: 1837:"Flexibility is key to successful fiber to the premises deployments" 3629: 3619: 3536: 3361: 3184: 2658: 2509: 2489: 2241: 1410:"range" the optical network terminals or units in order to provide 1151: 1012: 840: 712:

This cable is outdoor-grade. Approximate diameters: Outer sheath:

647: 621: 603: 450: 354: 60: 2424: 2123:. Fibre to the Home Council Europe. March 14, 2019. Archived from 2064:. Europe's Information Society. September 20, 2010. Archived from 1401:

term) converts the optical signal into an electrical signal using

695: 476:(fiber-to-the-screen or -seat): On an airplane, fiber reaches the 3624: 3609: 2827: 2514: 2228:, Annual Report, Telekom / Austria Group. Retrieved 12 July 2013. 1355: 1271: 1243:

at the intersection because the powered equipment there provides

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of a building out to the edge devices, eliminating the need for

3654: 3614: 2936: 2633: 2504: 2479: 1379: 1167: 1155: 1139: 829: 792: 676: 336:(fiber-to-the-multi-dwelling-unit): FTTP to apartment buildings 2407: 2276:, WIK-Consult GmbH, 10 September 2008. Retrieved 12 July 2012. 1335:(voice, video, data, and mobile) services over both fiber and 3639: 3576: 2884: 2668: 2663: 2608: 2592: 2569: 2402: 2009:. Reichle & De-Massari AG. March 17, 2011. Archived from 1509: 1394: 1359: 1212: 1163: 1094: 969: 882: 839:

Where it is feasible to run new cable, both fiber and copper

818: 748: 461: 387:(fiber-to-the-cell-site): fiber reaches the base station site 159: 155: 132: 2302: 2149: 913:, meanwhile, announced in March 2010 they were winding down 327:(fiber-to-the-machine): In a factory, fiber runs to machines 3581: 2499: 1398: 1123: 985: 564: 505: 1478:"The Definition of UK Superfast Next Generation Broadband" 706: 353:(fiber-to-the-tent): For example, at hacker camps such as 1143: 949: 756: 1951:, a website for EPB Fiber Optics. Retrieved 3 June 2014. 1583: 920:

Verizon also announced (at CES 2010) its entry into the

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services over FTTH networks directly from an operator's

2195:"Choosing The Right FTTH Architecture For Your Network" 2175:"VLAN standard could extend broadband reach to poorest" 863:

power supply fed over several tens of meters of cable.

376:(fiber-to-the-amplifier): Fiber runs to street cabinets 300:(fiber-to-the-factory): fiber runs to factory buildings 35: 2291:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

859:, which has low-power radios capable of running on a 629:

jack (cover removed) in a residence with FTTH service

489:(fiber-to-the-subscriber): This is a synonym for FTTP 303:(fiber-to-the-farm): fiber runs to agricultural farms 1278:

standard enables service providers to deliver up to

379:(fiber-to-the-antenna): Fiber runs up antenna towers 2287:"Developments in Fiber Technologies and Investment" 1948: 1884:"Analyst: AT&T may replace some FTTC with FTTP" 1574:, Penton Media, 13 May 2008. Retrieved 12 July 2013 1464:

https://computer.howstuffworks.com/fiber-optic4.htm

1027:inside a subscriber's home to be shared with other 262:(fiber-to-the-door): Fiber reaches outside the flat 1960: 1533: 1414:time slot assignments for upstream communication. 1011:around the world have been rolling out high-speed 333:(fiber-to-the-mobile): Fiber runs to base stations 2371:"Is Active Ethernet best FTTH option for Google?" 1936: 843:are capable of connecting the "curb" with a full 738: 350:(fiber-to-the-tower): Fiber reaches base stations 330:(fiber-to-the-mast): Fiber runs to wireless masts 225:are architectures that are capable of delivering 3775: 2413:Fiber to the Home Council: Latin America Chapter 2309:Journal of Optical Communications and Networking 1177: 817:(HFC) system. It is sometimes given the acronym 598:delivery in which an optical fiber is run in an 1716:. FTTH Council. January 9, 2009. Archived from 1122:FTTN/C is seen as an interim step towards full 1753:. FTTH Council. September 2011. Archived from 1742: 1740: 1738: 877:) existing electric service cables move up to 2697: 2440: 2293:(OECD), 3 April 2008. Retrieved 12 July 2013. 2150:"Google Fiber | Gigabit Fiber Optic Internet" 2037:"Italy: FTTH reaches 348,000 subscriber mark" 1902:"Verizon winds down expensive Fios expansion" 1785:. FTTH Council. February 2016. Archived from 1502:"Review of the wholesale local access market" 1259:customers, although 400–500 is more typical. 751:, and the right side contains the copper and 2034: 1475: 3712:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 2030: 2028: 1772: 1735: 1703: 948:, despite being conducted by power utility 602:from the central office all the way to the 3748: 2704: 2690: 2447: 2433: 2187: 2003:"FTTH with the Optical Distribution Frame" 1642:"All multimode fiber is not created equal" 1319: 1293: 1239:Incoming signals from the customers avoid 828:such as broadband cable access (typically 791:such as broadband cable access (typically 594:Fiber to the premises (FTTP) is a form of 576:very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line 2263:, News Release, AT&T, 26 January 2012 1466:. How Stuff Works. Retrieved 2 June 2020. 1207: 869:deployments also rely on FTTC. Using the 154:and mobile wireless technologies such as 2408:Fiber to the Home Council: North America 2384:, PennWell Corporation, 24 February 2010 2025: 1963:"Fastweb FTTH: A 10-years success story" 1899: 1216:Comparison showing how a typical AON (a 1211: 1113: 742: 620: 612: 589: 508:cannot. For example, the common form of 306:(fiber-to-the-feeder): a synonym of FTTN 34: 2398:Fiber to the Home Council: Asia-Pacific 2088:"Net + Telefone – Fibra" 1954: 1561:"Active Ethernet grows in PON's shadow" 905:. With the acquisition of BellSouth by 166:(LTE) are an alternative for providing 3776: 2711: 1970:Konferenzbeitraege Berlin presentation 1890:, Penton Media, Inc., 21 December 2007 1531: 1393:The optical network terminal (ONT, an 1327:(PPPoE) is a common way of delivering 1100: 2685: 2428: 1961:Enrico Pietralunga (March 23, 2009). 1653: 1385: 1325:Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet 1274:to the carrier's central office. The 1270:and routing, offloading full layer 3 1262:This neighborhood equipment performs 1106:subscribers, and labor force skill. 1034:Since 2007, Italian access providers 3758: 1780:"FTTH Council – Definition of Terms" 1748:"FTTH Council – Definition of Terms" 1711:"FTTH Council – Definition of Terms" 1686:"FTTH Council – Definition of Terms" 1647: 1621:"BornHack Event Network Information" 940:deployment in the United States, in 233:. Typically providing between 1 and 2454: 1577: 1118:FTTC during installation in Germany 16:Broadband network architecture term 13: 2244:, page 22. Retrieved 12 July 2013. 1900:Svensson, Peter (March 26, 2010). 1654:Heath, Nick (September 26, 2014). 516:) runs over relatively economical 63:. The building on the left is the 14: 3820: 2403:Fibre to the Home Council: Europe 2391: 2238:"Telecommunication Market Trends" 2035:Sean Buckley (January 17, 2011). 1862:da Silva, Henrique (March 2005), 1532:Poulus, Tim (November 17, 2010). 1476:Mark Jackson (October 25, 2010), 1397:term) or unit (ONU, an identical 1290:FTTP, depending on the provider. 555:applications and devices such as 473:can mean three different things: 425:(fiber-to-the-loop): general term 344:can mean three different things: 270:can mean three different things: 3757: 3747: 3738: 3737: 3726: 3347:Free-space optical communication 1134:in the United States, Germany's 1109: 934:advanced metering infrastructure 809:A variant of this technique for 705: 694: 324:can mean four different things: 297:can mean five different things: 203:intermediate distribution frames 119:is the key method used to drive 39:A schematic illustrating how FTT 2363: 2335: 2296: 2279: 2266: 2247: 2231: 2212: 2167: 2142: 2110: 2080: 2054: 1995: 1942: 1930: 1893: 1876: 1856: 1835:McCullough, Don (August 2005), 1829: 1804: 1691:. FTTH Council. August 11, 2006 1678: 1198: 1182: 720:, inner white plastic sheath: ⌀ 679:or to each floor), it is FTTB. 610:without reaching the premises. 496:definitions for FTTC and FTTN. 373:can mean two different things: 252:can mean two different things: 1634: 1613: 1553: 1525: 1494: 1469: 1456: 1017:Active Ethernet Point-to-Point 1003: 739:Fiber to the curb/cabinet/node 716:, outer white paper wrapper: ⌀ 547:With the rising popularity of 399:fiber-to-the-telecom-enclosure 173: 131:plus and a fast upload speed. 93:to provide all or part of the 1: 1853:(8). Retrieved on 2010-01-27. 1449: 1314:time-division multiple access 1247:. Active Ethernet (a type of 1178:Optical distribution networks 873:protocol (or its predecessor 409:typically used in enterprise 3733:Telecommunication portal 3514:Telecommunications equipment 1587:IEEE Communications Magazine 1424:network interface controller 1362:, for example) and Europe's 903:BellSouth Telecommunications 600:optical distribution network 7: 3250:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 2259:September 11, 2012, at the 1437: 638:using any means, including 499: 439:telecommunications services 142:A similar network called a 89:network architecture using 81:; also spelled "fibre") or 10: 3825: 3794:Fiber-optic communications 2954:Telecommunications history 2376:December 28, 2011, at the 1593:(12). IEEE Xplore: 83–88. 1297: 1249:Ethernet in the first mile 1093:proposed by the regulator 1025:Advanced Digital Broadcast 197:reaches directly from the 85:is a generic term for any 27: 23:Broadband over power lines 20: 3721: 3663: 3600: 3562:Public Switched Telephone 3522: 3486: 3443: 3384: 3374:telecommunication circuit 3335:Fiber-optic communication 3318: 3080:Francis Blake (telephone) 3027: 2875:Optical telecommunication 2719: 2601: 2583: 2555: 2462: 2418:December 5, 2013, at the 2272:Dieter Elixmann, et al., 1864:"Optical Access Networks" 1599:10.1109/MCOM.2015.7355589 1462:"How Fiber Optics Work". 1408:optical line terminations 1288:single-mode optical fiber 1162:, and Canadian operators 596:fiber-optic communication 146:(HFC) network is used by 3473:Orbital angular-momentum 2910:Satellite communications 2749:Communications satellite 2219:"Facts and Figures 2010" 1082:provides speed of up to 1072:up costs €22 per month. 826:communications protocols 789:communications protocols 688:Fibre-to-the-home cable. 652:power line communication 219:Passive optical networks 164:3GPP Long Term Evolution 30:List of airports in Chad 3352:Molecular communication 3175:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 3004:Undersea telegraph line 2739:Cable protection system 1444:National broadband plan 1320:Ethernet point-to-point 1300:Passive optical network 1294:Passive optical network 1193:passive optical network 1057:In September 2010, the 936:. However, the largest 932:bandwidth required for 813:providers is used in a 797:digital subscriber line 223:point-to-point Ethernet 199:main distribution frame 3494:Communication protocol 3280:Charles Sumner Tainter 3095:Walter Houser Brattain 3040:Edwin Howard Armstrong 2848:Information revolution 2240:, 2010 Annual Report, 1869:March 4, 2016, at the 1225: 1208:Active optical network 1119: 760: 630: 618: 121:next-generation access 68: 3809:Fiber to the premises 3468:Polarization-division 3200:Narinder Singh Kapany 3165:Erna Schneider Hoover 3085:Jagadish Chandra Bose 3065:Alexander Graham Bell 2796:online video platform 2321:10.1364/JOCN.9.000327 2285:Rudolf van der Berg, 1215: 1117: 984:protocol efforts and 867:Power line networking 746: 624: 616: 590:Fiber to the premises 458:power line networking 257:fiber media converter 38: 3789:Network architecture 3310:Vladimir K. Zworykin 3270:Almon Brown Strowger 3240:Charles Grafton Page 2895:Prepaid mobile phone 2823:Electrical telegraph 1351:copper connections. 1337:hybrid fiber-coaxial 1029:consumer electronics 815:hybrid fiber-coaxial 675:(either only to the 259:near the user's desk 191:Multi-Dwelling Units 144:hybrid fiber-coaxial 3260:Johann Philipp Reis 3019:Wireless revolution 2981:The Telephone Cases 2838:Hydraulic telegraph 2602:Long range wireless 2350:jm.telecoms.free.fr 2068:on November 3, 2012 1918:on January 11, 2012 1101:FTTS, FTTH and FTTB 1059:European Commission 1021:residential gateway 895:usage-based billing 853:power over Ethernet 529:Ethernet over fiber 411:local area networks 244:multi-dwelling unit 193:, stadiums, etc.). 112:fiber to the home. 3458:Frequency-division 3435:Telephone exchange 3305:Charles Wheatstone 3235:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 3210:Innocenzo Manzetti 3145:Reginald Fessenden 2880:Optical telegraphy 2713:Telecommunications 1983:on October 9, 2011 1842:2011-10-09 at the 1760:on October 8, 2013 1572:NXTcomm Daily News 1566:2011-10-01 at the 1386:Electrical network 1226: 1120: 832:) or some form of 795:) or some form of 761: 728:, optical fiber: ⌀ 631: 619: 407:structured cabling 102:telecommunications 69: 3771: 3770: 3509:Store and forward 3504:Data transmission 3418:Network switching 3369:Transmission line 3215:Guglielmo Marconi 3180:Internet pioneers 3045:Mohamed M. Atalla 3014:Whistled language 2679: 2678: 2183:. March 26, 2010. 2013:on March 28, 2012 1268:layer 3 switching 1264:layer 2 switching 994:electric vehicles 753:punch down blocks 403:fiber-to-the-zone 187:fiber-to-the-edge 83:fiber in the loop 3816: 3761: 3760: 3751: 3750: 3741: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3729: 3602:Notable networks 3592:Wireless network 3532:Cellular network 3524:Types of network 3499:Computer network 3386:Network topology 3300:Thomas A. Watson 3155:Oliver Heaviside 3140:Philo Farnsworth 3115:Daniel Davis Jr. 3090:Charles Bourseul 3050:John Logie Baird 2759:Data compression 2754:Computer network 2706: 2699: 2692: 2683: 2682: 2449: 2442: 2435: 2426: 2425: 2385: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2347: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2300: 2294: 2283: 2277: 2270: 2264: 2251: 2245: 2235: 2229: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2154:fiber.google.com 2146: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2130:on July 31, 2020 2129: 2122: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2098:on June 27, 2018 2094:. Archived from 2084: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2032: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2018: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1982: 1976:. Archived from 1967: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1914:. Archived from 1912:Associated Press 1897: 1891: 1888:Connected Planet 1880: 1874: 1860: 1854: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1792:on June 22, 2015 1791: 1784: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1759: 1752: 1744: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1722: 1715: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1690: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1666:on July 22, 2015 1662:. Archived from 1651: 1645: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1581: 1575: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1537: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1506: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1488: 1473: 1467: 1460: 1432:category 5 cable 1376:Deutsche Telekom 1281: 1280:1000 Mbit/s 1254: 1136:Deutsche Telekom 1129: 1085: 1071: 1067: 1050: 990:smart appliances 966:Qualcomm Atheros 939: 880: 862: 850: 846: 811:cable television 731: 727: 724:, blue sheath: ⌀ 723: 719: 715: 709: 698: 585: 543: 534: 527: 522:category 6 or 6A 515: 510:Gigabit Ethernet 486: 467: 405:): is a form of 236: 148:cable television 138: 130: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3774: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3727: 3725: 3717: 3659: 3596: 3518: 3482: 3439: 3388: 3380: 3321: 3314: 3220:Robert Metcalfe 3075:Tim Berners-Lee 3023: 2843:Information Age 2715: 2710: 2680: 2675: 2597: 2579: 2551: 2458: 2456:Internet access 2453: 2420:Wayback Machine 2394: 2389: 2388: 2378:Wayback Machine 2369:Stephen Hardy, 2368: 2364: 2354: 2352: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2301: 2297: 2284: 2280: 2271: 2267: 2261:Wayback Machine 2252: 2248: 2236: 2232: 2217: 2213: 2203: 2201: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2158: 2156: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2118:"Press Release" 2116: 2115: 2111: 2101: 2099: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2071: 2069: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2045: 2043: 2033: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1965: 1959: 1955: 1947: 1943: 1935: 1931: 1921: 1919: 1898: 1894: 1881: 1877: 1871:Wayback Machine 1861: 1857: 1844:Wayback Machine 1834: 1830: 1820: 1818: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1736: 1726: 1724: 1723:on June 3, 2015 1720: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1669: 1667: 1652: 1648: 1639: 1635: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1582: 1578: 1568:Wayback Machine 1558: 1554: 1544: 1542: 1530: 1526: 1516: 1514: 1504: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1486: 1484: 1474: 1470: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1440: 1388: 1378:, for example. 1372:Telekom Austria 1322: 1302: 1296: 1279: 1253:100 Mbit/s 1252: 1210: 1201: 1185: 1180: 1128:100 Mbit/s 1127: 1112: 1103: 1083: 1070:100 Mbit/s 1069: 1066:200 Mbit/s 1065: 1049:100 Mbit/s 1048: 1006: 937: 878: 860: 857:Motorola Canopy 848: 845:100 Mbit/s 844: 741: 736: 735: 734: 733: 732: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 710: 701: 700: 699: 690: 689: 682: 673:electrical room 592: 583: 553:video streaming 549:high-definition 541: 532: 525: 513: 502: 485:500 Mbit/s 484: 466:100 Mbit/s 465: 234: 176: 168:Internet access 136: 128: 33: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3822: 3812: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3755: 3745: 3735: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3715: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3673: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3606: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3528: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3453:Space-division 3449: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3415: 3414: 3413: 3403: 3398: 3392: 3390: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3376: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3332: 3326: 3324: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3290:Camille Tissot 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3265:Claude Shannon 3262: 3257: 3255:Tivadar Puskás 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3225:Antonio Meucci 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3195:Charles K. Kao 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3170:Harold Hopkins 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3070:Emile Berliner 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3009:Videotelephony 3006: 3001: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2984: 2977: 2972: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2912: 2907: 2905:Radiotelephone 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2871: 2870: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2791:Internet video 2783: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2725: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2709: 2708: 2701: 2694: 2686: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2673: 2672: 2671: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2595: 2589: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2561: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2452: 2451: 2444: 2437: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2393: 2392:External links 2390: 2387: 2386: 2362: 2343:"Fundamentals" 2334: 2295: 2278: 2265: 2246: 2230: 2224:2012-07-08 at 2211: 2186: 2166: 2141: 2109: 2079: 2053: 2041:Fierce Telecom 2024: 1994: 1953: 1941: 1929: 1892: 1875: 1855: 1828: 1803: 1771: 1734: 1702: 1677: 1646: 1633: 1612: 1576: 1552: 1524: 1513:. June 1, 2010 1493: 1468: 1454: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1439: 1436: 1387: 1384: 1368:Telecom Italia 1341:central office 1321: 1318: 1298:Main article: 1295: 1292: 1209: 1206: 1200: 1197: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1111: 1108: 1102: 1099: 1091:United Kingdom 1031:(CE) devices. 1005: 1002: 972:solutions for 962:Alcatel-Lucent 755:for a form of 740: 737: 711: 704: 703: 702: 693: 692: 691: 687: 686: 685: 684: 664: 663: 659: 591: 588: 584:80 Mbit/s 501: 498: 493: 492: 491: 490: 487: 481: 468: 440: 426: 420: 414: 388: 382: 381: 380: 377: 368: 367: 366: 360: 359: 358: 351: 348: 339: 338: 337: 334: 331: 328: 319: 318: 317: 310: 307: 304: 301: 292: 282: 281: 280: 277: 274: 265: 264: 263: 260: 247: 237: 235:10 Gbit/s 231:central office 206: 175: 172: 152:Fixed wireless 137:24 Mbit/s 129:24 Mbit/s 65:central office 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3821: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3764: 3756: 3754: 3746: 3744: 3736: 3734: 3724: 3723: 3720: 3713: 3709: 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3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3245:Radia Perlman 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3135:Lee de Forest 3133: 3131: 3130:Thomas Edison 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3120:Donald Davies 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3105:Claude Chappe 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2949:Smoke signals 2947: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2927:Semiconductor 2925: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2786:Digital media 2784: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2695: 2693: 2688: 2687: 2684: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 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2545:Broadband 2520:IEEE 1901 2382:Lightwave 2180:Computing 1907:USA Today 1848:Lightwave 1403:thin film 1349:last-mile 1333:quad-play 1245:buffering 1241:colliding 1160:Australia 1009:Operators 978:IEEE 1905 946:Tennessee 804:last mile 714:5 mm 668:apartment 582:rates of 455:IEEE 1901 99:last mile 97:used for 87:broadband 55:uilding, 3743:Category 3630:Internet 3620:CYCLADES 3537:Ethernet 3487:Concepts 3411:terminal 3362:wireless 3185:Bob Kahn 3028:Pioneers 2853:Internet 2744:Cable TV 2659:UMTS-TDD 2510:HomePlug 2490:Ethernet 2416:Archived 2374:Archived 2355:April 4, 2329:18604241 2257:Archived 2242:Swisscom 2222:Archived 2102:June 26, 1922:July 24, 1867:Archived 1840:Archived 1821:July 17, 1796:June 22, 1764:June 27, 1727:June 22, 1607:33169617 1564:Archived 1545:July 12, 1517:June 18, 1438:See also 1356:AT&T 1316:(TDMA). 1152:Proximus 1132:AT&T 1040:Vodafone 1013:Internet 907:AT&T 891:backhaul 841:Ethernet 648:wireless 604:premises 500:Benefits 451:Ethernet 355:BornHack 61:end user 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