397:, as they had based some of their questions and answers on entries found in the work. The suit was unsuccessful, as the makers of Trivial Pursuit were able to show that the game was based on questions and answers about facts obtained from a number of sources, and the information was laid out in a way that was demonstrably different from the original "encyclopedia".
415:) suspected that a competing commercial service, the website meteo.sk, was copying their data. (This is legal in most countries, where such data is either offered under a free license or deeded into the public domain, but not in Slovakia.) On 7 August 2008, SHMĂ deliberately altered the temperature for
195:, author of several books offering tips and tricks for computer users, deliberately placed a bogus tip in one of his books as a way of catching plagiarism. The fake tip, which purported to make a rabbit appear on the computer screen when certain keys were pressed, did indeed appear in subsequent works.
255:
jungftak, n. Persian bird, the male of which had only one wing, on the right side, and the female only one wing, on the left side; instead of the missing wings, the male had a hook of bone, and the female an eyelet of bone, and it was by uniting hook and eye that they were enabled to fly â each, when
1037:. He claimed that more than a quarter of the questions in the game's Genus Edition had been taken from his books, even his own fictitious entries that he had added to the books to catch anyone who wanted to violate his copyright. However, the case was thrown out by the district court judge as the
202:
entry on
Lillian Virginia Mountweazel, the editors created another fictitious entry concerning the purported blind American artist, Robert Dayton. The article claims Dayton experimented âwith odor-emitting gases that resemble pungent body odors." His supposed "Aroma-Art" is presented in a sealed
99:
magazine. Allegedly, she was widely known for her photo-essays of unusual subject matter, including New York City buses, the cemeteries of Paris, and rural
American mailboxes. According to the encyclopedia's editor, it is a tradition for encyclopedias to put a fake entry to trap competitors for
817:
is a fictional French philosopher created in 1995 by the journalist Frédéric PagÚs and other members of a group calling itself the
Association of the Friends of Jean-Baptiste Botul. Originating as a literary hoax, the names of both Botul and his philosophy of botulism derive from
353:(the AA) after content from OS maps was reproduced on AA maps. The Ordnance Survey denied that it included "deliberate mistakes" in its maps as copyright traps, claiming the "fingerprints" which identified a copy were stylistic features such as the width of roads.
310:
in the United States was invented by map makers, but eventually became identified as a real place by its county administration because a building, the Agloe
General Store, was erected at its fictional location. The "town" is featured in the novel
1079:
by copying their map books. However, this case was dismissed although the judge cited that there was a single instance of original copyright, but this was not sufficient evidence to support copyright infringement. Additionally, the judge cited
889:, supposedly starring Muki the Wonder Dog, named after the authors' own dog. (A clue is that the same dog shown in a purported publicity shot for the 1948 film, also appears next to the authors in the "About The Authors" bio on the back cover.)
189:", defined as "the wilful avoidance of one's official responsibilities", which had been added to the edition published in 2001. It was intended as a copyright trap, as the text of the book was distributed electronically and thus easy to copy.
491:
on the part of authors or their publishers. Trap publications may be used by publishers to immediately reject articles citing them, or by academics to detect journals of ill repute (those that would publish them or works citing them).
437:", "delhipublicschool40 chdjob" and "juegosdeben1ogrande" each returned a link to a single unrelated webpage. Nine of the hundred fraudulent results planted by Google were later observed as the first result for the bogus term on Bing.
906:" tells of an encyclopedia entry on what turns out to be the imaginary country of Uqbar. This leads the narrator to the equally fantastic region of Tlön, the setting for much of the country's literature. Borges went on to invent the
1020:
lawsuit, where the
Supreme Court (USA) ruled that "information alone without a minimum of original creativity cannot be protected by copyright", there are very few cases where copyright has been proven and many are dismissed.
1436:
1099:
maps. However, in this copyright infringement case there was no instance of a deliberate copyright trap. Instead, the prosecution sued for specific stylistic choices, such as the width and style of the
1109:
Often there will be errors in maps, dictionaries, and other publications, that are not deliberate and thus are not fictitious entries. For example, within dictionaries there are such mistakes known as
510:, Massachusetts, was "created" in an effort to protest the ignorance of state officials about rural areas. The town received a budget appropriation and several grants before the hoax was revealed.
342:
in the United States, appeared on county maps in the early 1970s. It was believed to be the work of a draftsman, Richard Ciacci. The nonexistence of the mountain was undiscovered for two years.
1949:
868:, a US magazine for children 10â14, regularly includes a two-page spread containing science and technology news. One of the news stories is false and readers are encouraged to guess which one.
885:
describes many bizarre and obscure films. The authors of the work state that one film described by the book is a hoax, which they challenged readers to identify. The imaginary film was
1908:
444:
revealed that they had caught Google reprinting their song lyrics as "Featured
Snippets" on top of Google search result pages. The former company used a mix of two different types of
925:", agents of Norstrilia plant a fake article about the titular "kittons" in an encyclopedia consulted by a thief, in order to deceive him about the nature of their planet's defenses.
1113:, "words which have no real existence being mere coinages due to the blunders of printers or scribes, or to the perfervid imaginations of ignorant or blundering editors."
653:
contains two fictitious entries: on
Guglielmo Baldini, a nonexistent Italian composer, and Dag Henrik Esrum-Hellerup, who purportedly composed a small amount of music for
1014:
Fictitious entries may be used to demonstrate copying, but to prove legal infringement, the material must also be shown to be eligible for copyright. However, due to the
167:
1682:
1813:
975:(2020), the protagonist is tasked with hunting down several fictitious entries inserted in Swansby's New Encyclopaedic Dictionary before the work is digitized.
595:, allegedly a member of the parliament since 1979. Among other activities, he is reported to have contributed to a major symposium on the equally fictitious
236:
entry was removed in 1996 but, after reader protests, was restored the next year, with an extended section on the role of the stone louse in the fall of the
1084:
as previous case law to support that "fictitious names may not be copyrighted" and "the existence, or non-existence, of a road is a non-copyrightable fact."
1576:
152:
Fictitious entries may be used to demonstrate copying, but to prove legal infringement, the material must also be shown to be eligible for copyright (see
1859:
740:; Imlach drafted Tsujimoto and only months laterâwell after the pick was made officialâadmitted that the league had been fooled by the fictitious player.
617:
327:
1833:
1989:
1060:. A United States Federal Court found that Nester's selection of addresses involved a sufficient level of creativity to be eligible for copyright and
1964:
822:, an often deadly type of food poisoning. The works of Botul have been cited by authors who missed the joke, including most notably TV personality
185:
gained media coverage when it was leaked that the second edition contained at least one fictional entry. This later was determined to be the word "
275:, paper towns, cartographer's follies, or other names. They are intended to help reveal copyright infringements. They are not to be confused with
806:
649:
95:. The entry described Lillian Virginia Mountweazel as a fountain designer turned photographer, who died in an explosion while on assignment for
356:
The 2002 Geographers A-Z Map of
Manchester contains traps. For example, Dickinson Street in central Manchester is falsely named "Philpott St".
1919:
1015:
153:
2143:
666:
1710:
964:. The novels also references the fictitious entry "Lillian Mountweazel" with the name of the Spiegelman family's dog, Myrna Mountweazel.
1479:
907:
89:
writer Henry Alford in an article that mentioned a fictitious biographical entry intentionally placed as a copyright trap in the 1975
876:(a magazine devoted to games and puzzles) used to include a fake advertisement in each issue as one of the magazine's regular games.
2438:
860:, in which the best suggestion for another fictitious product from someone who spotted the product gets included in the next issue.
754:
as an ongoing injoke among theologians, including a book and a parody lecture series at the
University of Chicago Divinity School.
1291:
1384:
1264:
1743:
644:
magazine. Mountweazel was the subject of an exhibit in Dublin, Ireland, in March 2009 examining her fictitious life and works.
796:
750:
created by Robert Howard
Clausen for a footnote in a student paper. Bibfeldt was later popularized by Clausen's classmate
212:
1517:
1064:
Hagstrom from copying that portion of the guide. However, the court also found that fictitious entries (in this case, a "
462:
1324:
1561:
1394:
1305:
1274:
922:
539:
419:
from 9.5 °C to 1 °C. In a short time, the temperature of 1 °C appeared for Chopok at meteo.sk as well.
1366:
3094:
2136:
2111:
1462:
129:
if the fictitious entry is copied along with other material. An admission of this motive appears in the preface to
1770:
3170:
3087:
2875:
782:
542:) includes a fictitious entry now well known amongst classicists: a deadpan description of an entirely fictional
1075:, Alexandria Drafting Corporation filed suit against Franklin Maps alleging that Franklin Maps had violated the
433:
results partway through the summer of 2010, created fabricated search results where a hundred query terms like "
1793:
1239:
181:
2056:
1830:
3175:
864:
758:
2080:
W. W. Skeat, The Transactions of the Philological Society 1885-7 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1885-7) Vol. II, p.351.
903:
1993:
789:, a fictitious student originally created as a practical joke by a Tech student in 1927, in their lists of
125:
By including a trivial piece of false information in a larger work, it is easier to demonstrate subsequent
3145:
2898:
2129:
2015:
1960:
1553:
1487:
Unclear Definitions: Investigating Dictionaries' Fictitious Entries through Creative and Critical Writing
778:
1636:
661:. The two entries were removed from later editions, as well as from later printings of the 1980 edition.
1500:
1088:
350:
572:
of 1903, and it continued as an entry in subsequent editions down to the 1950s. It was described as a
137:: "those that are known to exist form an uncomfortable trap for any would-be plagiarist". Similarly,
3165:
2855:
2216:
1648:
1231:
608:
91:
1662:
1202:
728:
reference works. Tsujimoto, an alleged Japanese forward, was the creation of Sabres general manager
3150:
2394:
2389:
1369:, Presentation at the Technology Licensing Forum September 25, 1996. Archived March 1, 2005 on the
881:
715:
507:
3119:
3056:
2767:
2704:
2646:
2588:
2578:
2291:
2276:
1027:
383:
279:, which are streets which are planned but as of the printing of the map have not yet been built.
2772:
2468:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
933:
737:
733:
592:
296:
224:), a rock-eating animal. This was originally included as a copyright trap. The scientific name
159:
50:. There are more specific terms for particular kinds of fictitious entry, such as Mountweazel,
47:
1720:
3039:
2991:
2971:
2890:
2880:
2664:
2548:
1340:
1076:
1057:
371:. The programme concluded that the town's entry may well have originated as a copyright trap.
300:
849:
includes one imaginary animal and leaves it up to the reader to distinguish which one it is.
823:
105:
64:
3006:
2797:
2747:
2483:
2478:
2448:
2311:
1480:"Chapter 3: Flights of Fancy and Unhinged Birds: Fictitious Entries as Nonsense Literature"
1137:
1127:
430:
8:
2966:
2956:
2913:
2684:
2511:
2473:
2369:
1590:
1441:
1152:
956:
814:
388:
313:
146:
134:
2039:
1325:"In âThe Liarâs Dictionary,â People Work on the Definition of Love and Many Other Words"
3160:
3077:
2840:
2739:
2729:
2679:
2598:
2379:
2374:
2266:
2152:
2094:
1667:
1175:
961:
852:
The product catalogue for Swedish personal-use electronics and hobby articles retailer
800:
675:
476:
339:
322:
268:
59:
2057:"Nester's Map & Guide Corp. v. Hagstrom Map Co., 796 F. Supp. 729 (E.D.N.Y. 1992)"
229:
2986:
2923:
2699:
2669:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2526:
2506:
2364:
2349:
2301:
2246:
1557:
1437:"'Glitch of the Pentagon': There's a reason you might not have heard of this monster"
1390:
1301:
1270:
1245:
1235:
1224:
899:
786:
698:, extensively documented in a series of articles and books by the equally fictitious
588:
553:
535:
284:
703:
573:
3124:
2948:
2928:
2830:
2792:
2777:
2568:
2417:
2399:
2359:
2256:
2171:
1869:
1858:
1370:
914:
872:
441:
1411:"Repair Radio Episode 4: Interview with David Pogue and Amanda LaGrange - YouTube"
3155:
3114:
3099:
3044:
2865:
2641:
2488:
2463:
2428:
2271:
1842:
1837:
1147:
1096:
1033:
943:
929:
853:
763:
695:
525:
408:
393:
346:
307:
207:
130:
100:
plagiarism. The surname came to be associated with all such fictitious entries.
2996:
2860:
2845:
2807:
2787:
2724:
2563:
2538:
2443:
2326:
2306:
2261:
2239:
1142:
1132:
1092:
998:
790:
743:
725:
721:
707:
688:
529:
85:
27:
1410:
3139:
3104:
3061:
2870:
2850:
2689:
2433:
2281:
2186:
1817:
1748:
1336:
1320:
968:
839:
565:
488:
472:
407:
In the summer of 2008, the state-owned Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (
387:, placed deliberately false information about the first name of TV detective
332:
186:
1616:
809:: Lists Burdell as a letterman in the 1955â56, 1956â57, and 1957â58 seasons.
3109:
3029:
3024:
2908:
2752:
2694:
2674:
2181:
1798:
1595:
1297:
1249:
980:
842:
751:
729:
621:
548:
543:
426:
276:
35:
3001:
2961:
2812:
2719:
2714:
2583:
2573:
2558:
2384:
2354:
2336:
2201:
1122:
1110:
1065:
985:
984:
episode "Misdirection", Mountweazel is used to prove the plagiarism of a
937:
918:
657:. Esrum-Hellerup's surname derives from a Danish village and a suburb in
633:
596:
480:
272:
237:
221:
192:
138:
51:
1992:[Meaning of life] (in Swedish). Teknik magasinet. Archived from
1293:
Wordwatching: Breaking into the Dictionary: It's His Word Against Theirs
448:(curly and straight) in several of their song lyrics. When converted to
3082:
2981:
2938:
2903:
2822:
2762:
2656:
2593:
2412:
2296:
2286:
2211:
2196:
2191:
2166:
1848:(subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries)
1778:
993:
951:
947:
767:
747:
658:
629:
496:
449:
445:
434:
364:
318:
126:
55:
43:
31:
1001:" revolves around the idea of "trap streets", in this case located in
706:. Allegedly, both the animals and the scientist were the creations of
2802:
2782:
2757:
2636:
2608:
2521:
2458:
2344:
2206:
2176:
2121:
836:
637:
600:
77:
2933:
2709:
2533:
2516:
2453:
2316:
2234:
2226:
1744:"Genius Claims Google Stole Lyrics Embedded With Secret Morse Code"
1715:
1095:
agreed to settle a case for ÂŁ20,000,000 when it was caught copying
1061:
819:
771:
560:
360:
292:
1222:
Harris, William H.; Levey, Judith S.; Columbia University (1975).
856:
contains a fictitious product. Finding that product is a contest,
251:
Webster's New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language
3049:
3034:
2918:
2835:
2553:
2321:
2251:
1873:
1687:
1522:
711:
699:
534:, edited by H. Cancik and H. Schneider, vol. 1 (Stuttgart, 1996,
468:
1711:""Hiybbprqag?" How Google Tripped Up Microsoft â Tech Talk"
1073:
Alexandria Drafting Co. v. Andrew H. Amsterdam dba Franklin Maps
2976:
1217:
1215:
1002:
910:, purportedly an ancient Chinese encyclopedia, two years later.
692:
422:
416:
1683:"Bing Copying Google? Bing Accused Of Stealing Search Results"
1221:
495:
A survey of food tastes by the US Army in the 1970s included "
3016:
2616:
654:
500:
484:
1518:"The Fake Places That Only Exist to Catch Copycat Mapmakers"
1212:
1031:, filed a $ 300 million lawsuit against the distributors of
249:
Russell, Thomas H.; Bean, A. C.; Vaugh, L. D., eds. (1943).
2498:
1863:
1041:
inventors argued that facts are not protected by copyright.
581:
577:
288:
1918:. Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets. p. 136. Archived from
774:
player who could pitch a baseball as fast as 168 mph.
503:" and "braised trake" to control for inattentive answers.
247:
once contained an entry for the fictitious bird jungftak:
1052:
sued Hagstrom Map Corporation for publishing and selling
893:
142:
584:. The MÄori language does not use the letters J, X or Z.
452:, these apostrophes spelled out the phrase "Red Handed".
245:
New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language
1577:"Centrica and Ordnance Survey settle AA copyright case"
936:
ship comes to grief after trying to find a nonexistent
391:
for copy-trap purposes. He later sued the creators of
325:. Agloe is also featured prominently in the 2022 novel
1771:"Funistrada, the Army's 'Ghost Food' - Entropic Memes"
349:(OS) obtained a ÂŁ20m out-of-court settlement from the
228:
implies its origin: a creation of the German humorist
1263:
Burridge, Kate; Bergs, Alexander (November 3, 2016).
1831:"The Life and Times of Lillian Virginia Mountweazel"
1649:
SHMĂ suspicious that meteo.sk is stealing their data
932:
short story, "The Annihilation of Angkor Apeiron" a
1957:
Georgia Tech Basketball 2016â2017 Information Guide
1865:
Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online
1860:
Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften
940:
inserted into an encyclopedia to catch plagiarists.
425:, alleging its search results for a misspelling of
1223:
1082:Nester's Map & Guide Corp. v. Hagstrom Map Co.
1048:, a New York corporation which published and sold
1046:Nester's Map & Guide Corp. v. Hagstrom Map Co.
164:Nester's Map & Guide Corp. v. Hagstrom Map Co.
1354:Chambers's Shorter Six-Figure Mathematical Tables
1170:
1168:
291:were inserted into that year's official state of
38:, maps, and directories, added by the editors as
3137:
1054:New York City Taxi & Limousine Drivers Guide
628:, a collection of photographs of rural American
413:SlovenskĂœ hydrometeorologickĂœ Ășstav, short: SHMĂ
248:
16:Deliberately incorrect entry in a reference work
1356:, Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers, 1964, p. vi.
762:commissioned an April 1, 1985 cover story from
650:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
401:
1165:
203:chamber where an audience inhales scented air.
2137:
1262:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1068:") are not themselves protected by copyright.
467:Some publications such as those published by
1588:
1543:
1541:
1489:(PhD). Royal Holloway, University of London.
667:Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit
616:(1942â1973). Her biography claims she was a
1209:August 29, 2005 (accessed August 29, 2013).
724:is a fictional character often included in
367:in an episode of the BBC Radio 4 programme
2144:
2130:
2016:"The Courier - Google News Archive Search"
1846:, March 20, 2009. Retrieved March 27 2009
1763:
1190:
908:Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge
2118:â requires subscription for full article)
1547:
1538:
518:
283:In 1978, the fictional American towns of
267:Fictitious entries on maps may be called
1791:
1477:
674:, a 1953 collection of short stories by
338:Mount Richard, a fictitious peak on the
1383:Lieber, Rochelle (September 24, 2015).
3138:
2151:
1990:"Teknikmagasinet â meningen med livet"
1916:Georgia Tech Football 2016 Media Guide
1802:, Boston, MA (published July 16, 1985)
1632:Worth v. Selchow & Righter Company
1382:
894:Fictitious entries in works of fiction
26:are deliberately incorrect entries in
2125:
1794:"Ripton, Mass. - A Real Nowhere Town"
1741:
1660:
1289:
1050:Official New York Taxi Driver's Guide
830:
803:in the 1928, 1929, and 1930 seasons.
587:Most listings of the members of the
39:
1501:"A sidestep in the right direction"
1367:U.S. Legal Protection for Databases
463:List of scholarly publishing stings
345:In the United Kingdom in 2001, the
256:alone, had to remain on the ground.
13:
2087:
1719:. February 2, 2011. Archived from
682:
678:set in a fictional Balkan country.
591:feature the fictitious politician
513:
456:
182:The New Oxford American Dictionary
173:
120:
14:
3187:
2105:
1661:Pogue, Glenn (February 2, 2011).
1621:, BBC Radio 4, September 18, 2010
213:Pschyrembel Klinisches Wörterbuch
145:, or invented phone numbers in a
1290:Horne, Alex (January 14, 2010).
1104:
1087:In one particular case, in 2001
506:In 1985, the fictitious town of
117:("article"), is sometimes used.
2788:Party platforms (or manifestos)
2074:
2049:
2033:
2008:
1982:
1937:
1896:
1852:
1824:
1806:
1785:
1742:Kreps, Daniel (June 16, 2019).
1735:
1703:
1675:
1654:
1642:
1624:
1610:
1582:
1570:
1510:
1493:
1471:
1456:
1429:
1403:
1009:
612:contains a fictitious entry on
375:
359:The fictitious English town of
1814:"The phantom of the Bundestag"
1651:News portal SME.sk (in Slovak)
1589:Andrew Clark (March 6, 2001).
1389:. Cambridge University Press.
1376:
1359:
1346:
1314:
1283:
1256:
923:Mother Hitton's Littul Kittons
768:The Curious Case of Sidd Finch
647:The first printing in 1980 of
632:. Supposedly, she was born in
71:
1:
2101:(Accessed September 25, 2005)
1331:, January 5, 2021. Review of
1266:Understanding Language Change
1226:The New Columbia encyclopedia
1158:
381:Fred L. Worth, the author of
2876:Rally 'round the flag effect
1963:. p. 82. Archived from
1591:"Copying maps costs AA ÂŁ20m"
1056:, alleging violation of the
770:", a fictitious self-taught
614:Lillian Virginia Mountweazel
402:Other copyright infringement
7:
1961:Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets
1792:Woodward, Meredith (1985),
1554:University of Chicago Press
1116:
475:are used to detect lack of
299:and its traditional rival,
10:
3192:
2040:The "Philip Columbo" story
1552:(2nd. ed.). Chicago:
1478:Williams, Eleanor (2016).
1230:(4th ed.). New York:
1089:The Automobile Association
904:Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius
570:Music Lovers' Encyclopedia
532:. Enzyklopaedie der Antike
460:
3070:
3015:
2947:
2889:
2821:
2738:
2655:
2607:
2497:
2408:
2335:
2225:
2217:Manipulation (psychology)
2159:
1836:October 14, 2012, at the
1639: (9th Cir. 1987).
1232:Columbia University Press
1025:Fred L. Worth, author of
609:New Columbia Encyclopedia
552:, which resembles modern
301:The Ohio State University
216:features an entry on the
200:New Columbia Encyclopedia
92:New Columbia Encyclopedia
2395:Criticism of advertising
2112:The word: Copyright trap
2046:(Accessed March 7, 2006)
1909:"All-Time Letterwinners"
1663:"On Google's Bing Sting"
1548:Monmonier, Mark (1996).
1463:The word: Copyright trap
1343:). Retrieved 2021-01-07.
882:The Golden Turkey Awards
716:University of Heidelberg
640:while on assignment for
580:. It was proved to be a
198:In addition to the 1975
3057:Promotional merchandise
2768:Character assassination
2705:Narcotizing dysfunction
2579:Photograph manipulation
2292:Guerrilla communication
1028:The Trivia Encyclopedia
732:, designed to fool the
636:, Ohio, and died in an
440:In 2019, media company
384:The Trivia Encyclopedia
262:
113:("nothing") and German
3171:Copyright infringement
3040:Product demonstrations
2469:Historical negationism
1386:Introducing Morphology
793:in team media guides:
738:1974 NHL amateur draft
734:National Hockey League
670:includes entries from
593:Jakob Maria Mierscheid
564:was the last entry in
519:Reference publications
412:
351:Automobile Association
306:The fictional town of
297:University of Michigan
109:, combining the Latin
104:
63:
48:copyright infringement
2972:Reputation management
2891:Psychological warfare
2740:Political campaigning
2549:Firehose of falsehood
2044:Ultimate Columbo Site
1333:The Liarâs Dictionary
1077:Copyright Act of 1976
1058:Copyright Act of 1976
973:The Liar's Dictionary
799:: Lists Burdell as a
730:George "Punch" Imlach
429:started appearing in
210:medical encyclopedia
141:may be included in a
42:to reveal subsequent
3176:Plagiarism detectors
3007:Corporate propaganda
1950:"Tech Letterwinners"
1820:. December 10, 2014.
1637:827 F.2d 596
1550:How to Lie with Maps
1138:Honeypot (computing)
1128:Digital watermarking
672:Tales of Maghrebinia
554:association football
363:was investigated by
3095:Media concentration
2967:Non-apology apology
2957:Cult of personality
2685:Emotive conjugation
2439:Burying of scholars
1781:on October 1, 2020.
1723:on February 4, 2011
1442:The Washington Post
1153:Lexicographic error
847:Astonishing Animals
815:Jean-Baptiste Botul
785:have long included
481:editorial oversight
323:its film adaptation
295:map as nods to the
269:phantom settlements
166:, 796 F.Supp. 729,
147:telephone directory
135:mathematical tables
3146:Fictitious entries
3078:Influence-for-hire
2871:National mythology
2841:Crowd manipulation
2730:Tabloid journalism
2599:Video manipulation
2544:Fictitious entries
2267:Civil disobedience
2153:Media manipulation
2093:Michael Quinion: "
1668:The New York Times
1556:. pp. 50â51.
1178:. World Wide Words
824:Bernard-Henri LĂ©vy
759:Sports Illustrated
676:Gregor von Rezzori
340:continental divide
226:Petrophaga lorioti
160:Fred Worth lawsuit
60:phantom settlement
3133:
3132:
2899:Airborne leaflets
2778:Election promises
2632:Product placement
2507:Alternative facts
2247:Alternative media
1970:on March 24, 2017
1925:on March 24, 2017
900:Jorge Luis Borges
831:Puzzles and games
787:George P. Burdell
714:professor at the
691:are a fictitious
624:, best known for
618:fountain designer
589:German parliament
477:academic scrutiny
328:The Cartographers
285:Beatosu and Goblu
3183:
3166:1970s neologisms
3125:Media proprietor
2949:Public relations
2929:Public diplomacy
2914:Information (IT)
2793:Name recognition
2418:Media regulation
2400:Annoyance factor
2257:Call-out culture
2172:Crowd psychology
2146:
2139:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2099:World Wide Words
2081:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2053:
2047:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1996:on April 3, 2008
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1954:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1924:
1913:
1900:
1894:
1877:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1777:. Archived from
1775:www.slugsite.com
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1679:
1673:
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1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1586:
1580:
1579:, March 5, 2001.
1574:
1568:
1567:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1514:
1508:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1475:
1469:
1468:October 21, 2006
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1417:. March 15, 2019
1407:
1401:
1400:
1380:
1374:
1371:Internet Archive
1363:
1357:
1350:
1344:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1229:
1219:
1210:
1199:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1172:
915:Cordwainer Smith
902:'s short story "
807:Men's basketball
746:is a fictitious
258:
253:(4th ed.).
179:In August 2005,
3191:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3151:False documents
3136:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3120:Media influence
3115:Media franchise
3100:Media democracy
3066:
3011:
2943:
2885:
2866:Loaded language
2817:
2734:
2651:
2603:
2493:
2422:
2404:
2331:
2272:Culture jamming
2221:
2155:
2150:
2108:
2090:
2088:Further reading
2085:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2020:news.google.com
2014:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1843:The Irish Times
1840:, Aidan Dunne,
1838:Wayback Machine
1829:
1825:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1790:
1786:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1740:
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1692:
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1680:
1676:
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1643:
1630:
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1625:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1546:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1526:. April 3, 2015
1516:
1515:
1511:
1507:, May 11, 2006.
1498:
1494:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1415:www.youtube.com
1409:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1381:
1377:
1365:Fred Greguras,
1364:
1360:
1351:
1347:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1261:
1257:
1242:
1220:
1213:
1200:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1148:Sting operation
1119:
1107:
1097:Ordnance Survey
1039:Trivial Pursuit
1034:Trivial Pursuit
1012:
962:film adaptation
944:Agloe, New York
930:Fred Saberhagen
896:
854:Teknikmagasinet
840:palaeontologist
833:
764:George Plimpton
685:
683:Practical jokes
526:German-language
521:
516:
514:Humorous hoaxes
465:
459:
457:Scrutiny checks
404:
394:Trivial Pursuit
378:
347:Ordnance Survey
308:Agloe, New York
265:
208:German-language
176:
174:Reference works
123:
121:Copyright traps
74:
40:copyright traps
28:reference works
17:
12:
11:
5:
3189:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3091:
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3080:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
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3052:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2997:Understatement
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2861:Indoctrination
2858:
2853:
2848:
2846:Disinformation
2843:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2808:Smear campaign
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2725:Sensationalism
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2665:Agenda-setting
2661:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2539:False document
2536:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2444:Catch and kill
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2277:Demonstrations
2274:
2269:
2264:
2262:Cancel culture
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2107:
2106:External links
2104:
2103:
2102:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2073:
2048:
2032:
2007:
1981:
1936:
1895:
1868:. De Gruyter.
1851:
1823:
1805:
1784:
1762:
1734:
1702:
1674:
1653:
1641:
1623:
1609:
1581:
1569:
1562:
1537:
1509:
1499:SA Mathieson,
1492:
1470:
1455:
1428:
1402:
1395:
1375:
1358:
1352:L. J. Comrie,
1345:
1329:New York Times
1321:Garner, Dwight
1313:
1306:
1282:
1275:
1255:
1240:
1211:
1207:The New Yorker
1201:Henry Alford,
1189:
1176:"Nihilartikel"
1163:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1143:List of hoaxes
1140:
1135:
1133:False document
1130:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1093:United Kingdom
1085:
1069:
1042:
1017:Feist v. Rural
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
999:Face the Raven
989:
976:
965:
954:'s 2008 novel
941:
926:
911:
895:
892:
891:
890:
877:
869:
861:
858:BlufftÀvlingen
850:
832:
829:
828:
827:
812:
811:
810:
804:
775:
755:
744:Franz Bibfeldt
741:
726:Buffalo Sabres
722:Taro Tsujimoto
719:
708:Gerolf Steiner
704:Harald StĂŒmpke
689:Rhinogradentia
684:
681:
680:
679:
662:
645:
604:
585:
557:
530:Der neue Pauly
520:
517:
515:
512:
458:
455:
454:
453:
438:
420:
403:
400:
399:
398:
377:
374:
373:
372:
357:
354:
343:
336:
304:
264:
261:
260:
259:
241:
204:
196:
190:
175:
172:
155:Feist v. Rural
122:
119:
86:The New Yorker
83:was coined by
73:
70:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3188:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3105:Media ecology
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3088:United States
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3062:Telemarketing
3060:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
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3026:
3023:
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3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:Fearmongering
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:False balance
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2647:Word of mouth
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:Broadcast law
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
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2356:
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2348:
2346:
2343:
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2340:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2282:Deplatforming
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:False balance
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2117:
2116:New Scientist
2113:
2110:
2109:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2077:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2021:
2017:
2011:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1819:
1818:The Economist
1815:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1751:
1750:
1749:Rolling Stone
1745:
1738:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1573:
1565:
1563:0-226-53421-9
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1542:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1466:New Scientist
1464:
1459:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1398:
1396:9781316425268
1392:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1355:
1349:
1342:
1338:
1337:Eley Williams
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1309:
1307:9780753520444
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1276:9781315462998
1272:
1269:. Routledge.
1268:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1218:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1198:
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1177:
1171:
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1164:
1154:
1151:
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1144:
1141:
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1136:
1134:
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3110:Media ethics
3030:Door-to-door
3025:Cold calling
3002:Weasel words
2909:Fifth column
2803:Push polling
2753:Astroturfing
2715:Pseudo-event
2695:Infotainment
2670:Broadcasting
2589:Urban legend
2543:
2512:April Fools'
2385:Testimonials
2355:Infomercials
2182:Dumbing down
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981:Inside No. 9
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843:Tim Flannery
783:Georgia Tech
779:sports teams
757:
752:Martin Marty
671:
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642:Combustibles
641:
625:
622:photographer
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549:apopudobalia
547:
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106:nihilartikel
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32:dictionaries
24:fake entries
23:
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2982:Sound bites
2962:Doublespeak
2813:Wedge issue
2773:Dog whistle
2748:Advertising
2574:Lying press
2559:Gaslighting
2337:Advertising
2312:Occupations
2202:Obfuscation
2192:Half-truths
2066:October 10,
2025:October 10,
1691:. Australia
1530:January 11,
1421:January 11,
1123:Canary trap
1111:ghost words
1066:trap street
986:magic trick
957:Paper Towns
946:, is a key
938:star system
919:short story
736:during the
702:naturalist
597:stone louse
576:word for a
446:apostrophes
314:Paper Towns
238:Berlin Wall
234:Pschyrembel
222:stone louse
193:David Pogue
81:Mountweazel
72:Terminology
52:trap street
3140:Categories
3083:Media bias
2939:Subversion
2904:False flag
2881:Techniques
2823:Propaganda
2783:Lawn signs
2763:Canvassing
2657:News media
2413:Censorship
2345:Billboards
2297:Hacktivism
2287:Grassroots
2212:Persuasion
2095:Kelemenopy
2061:Justia Law
1892:PĆzibislav
1888:Eustachios
1241:0231035721
1159:References
994:Doctor Who
952:John Green
948:plot point
837:Australian
748:theologian
659:Copenhagen
497:funistrada
471:biologist
461:See also:
450:Morse code
435:hiybbprqag
365:Steve Punt
319:John Green
243:Webster's
127:plagiarism
56:paper town
44:plagiarism
20:Fictitious
3161:Deception
3045:Promotion
2924:Political
2831:Bandwagon
2758:Attack ad
2637:Publicity
2609:Marketing
2522:Fake news
2484:Religious
2479:Political
2459:Euphemism
2454:Cover-ups
2449:Corporate
2317:Petitions
2207:Orwellian
2177:Deception
2000:April 23,
1974:March 24,
1929:March 24,
1602:April 23,
1341:Doubleday
1182:April 23,
997:episode "
971:'s novel
934:Berserker
879:The book
801:letterman
791:lettermen
693:mammalian
638:explosion
630:mailboxes
626:Flags Up!
606:The 1975
601:Frankfurt
218:Steinlaus
170:, 1992).
103:The term
78:neologism
2992:Transfer
2934:Sedition
2798:Negative
2710:Newspeak
2700:Managing
2642:Research
2617:Branding
2569:Literary
2534:Fakelore
2527:websites
2517:Deepfake
2474:Internet
2365:Modeling
2322:Protests
2302:Internet
2235:Advocacy
2227:Activism
1862:(2013).
1834:Archived
1716:CBS News
1448:July 25,
1117:See also
1062:enjoined
960:and its
917:'s 1961
845:'s book
820:botulism
797:Football
772:baseball
561:Zzxjoanw
369:Punt P.I
361:Argleton
293:Michigan
168:E.D.N.Y.
131:Chambers
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3071:Related
3050:Spaving
3035:Pricing
2977:Slogans
2919:Lawfare
2856:Framing
2836:Big lie
2627:Product
2622:Loyalty
2554:Forgery
2499:Hoaxing
2380:Slogans
2360:Mobiles
2252:Boycott
2160:Context
1755:July 2,
1688:The Age
1618:Punt PI
1523:Gizmodo
1250:1103123
1091:in the
978:In the
928:In the
712:zoology
546:sport,
469:Harvard
389:Columbo
133:' 1964
115:Artikel
3156:Hoaxes
2675:Circus
2584:Racial
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1003:London
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442:Genius
423:Google
417:Chopok
409:Slovak
232:. The
230:Loriot
62:, and
3017:Sales
2720:Scrum
2680:Cycle
2594:Virus
2464:Films
2429:Books
2370:Radio
2350:False
2327:Youth
2307:Media
2240:group
2197:Media
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485:fraud
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2987:Spin
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2489:Self
2167:Bias
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