Figure skating - Knowledge

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understand skating in terms of media-shaped parables about broader cultural issues," including anxieties about femininity or masculinity, individuality versus conformity, and nationalistic sporting contests. Kestnbaum also states that even though most skating broadcasts are produced by networks' sports divisions, competitions, even the more serious ones, they are packaged with "more emphasis on the aesthetic qualities of the skating—or of the female skaters—and on the pleasures of rooting for a home-country hero than on the technical details that determine the winners". Viewers who depend upon the televised coverage of figure skating are limited in their access to information about it as a sport because broadcasters present a week's worth of competition in a few hours and they are compelled to avoid overloading viewers with too much information about the more technical aspects of the sport. Journalists and scholars who write about figure skating also tend to focus on the same broader cultural issues.

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cable/rope is threaded through the movable pulley on the cable above. The coach holds the other end of the cable and lifts the skater by pulling the cable/rope. The skater can then practice the jump with the coach assisting the completion. This is used when a skater needs more help on a jump. However, if the coaches see fit, they could use another harness usually called "the fishing pole harness." It is named that because it looks similar to a fishing pole. The skater will put on the harness and the coach will adjust it so it fits the skater. The skater will go and do the jump with very little help from their coach. They can also do the jump on any pattern they choose, whereas, the other harness, they must do in a straight line.

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figures made up 60 percent of the total score at most competitions around the world. These figures continued to dominate the sport, although they steadily declined in importance, until the ISU voted to discontinue them as a part of competitions in 1990. Since 2015 with the founding of the World Figure Sport Society and the World Figure & Fancy Skating Championships & Festival on black ice more skaters are training and competing in figures. More coaches are learning the new methods developed by World Figure Sport to teach them to skaters, as some skaters and coaches believe that figures give skaters an advantage in developing alignment, core strength, body control, and discipline.

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this by representing another country. In response, the ISU introduced rules barring skaters from international events for a certain period of time. In the 2010 regulations, it was 24 months or more from the date of the last ISU Championship. In the 2012 regulations, the minimum was 18 months for singles and 12 months for pairs/ice dancers from the date of their last ISU Championships (Worlds, Europeans, Four Continents, Junior Worlds) and 12 months if they competed in some other international competition. Competitors may sit out for much longer because they also have to obtain a release from their previous federation. The ISU has set no limit to how long a country may hold skaters.

3040: 1407: 1313: 1736: 336: 1151: 1688: 1640: 40: 1136: 1762: 1361: 2254: 1664: 970:"). The simplest jump is a waltz jump, which can only be done in a half-leap and is not classified as a single, double, or triple jump. Triple jumps, other than the triple Axel, are commonly performed by female single skaters. It is rare for a female skater to land a quadruple jump, and very few female single skaters have been credited with quads in competition. Senior-level male single skaters perform mostly triple and quadruple jumps in competition. The final of the six jumps to be landed cleanly as a quad in international competition is the elusive 623:(formerly known as "precision skating") is for mixed-gender groups of between twelve and twenty figure skaters. This discipline resembles a group form of ice dance, with additional emphasis on precise formations of the group as a whole and complex transitions between formations. The basic formations include wheels, blocks, lines, circles, and intersections. The close formations, and the need for the team to stay in unison, add to the difficulty of the footwork performed by the skaters in these elements. Formal proposals were put forward by the 2121:(ISI), an international ice rink trade organization, runs its own competitive and test program aimed at recreational skaters. Originally headquartered in Minnesota, the organization now operates out of Dallas, Texas. ISI competitions are open to any member that have registered their tests. There are very few "qualifying" competitions, although some districts hold Gold Competitions for that season's first-place winners. ISI competitions are especially popular in Asian countries that do not have established ISU member federations. The 1373: 1106: 1385: 1121: 1039: 1712: 924:, each jump must take off from the landing edge of the previous jump, with no steps, turns, or change of edge between jumps. Toe loops and loops are commonly performed as the second or third jump in a combination because they take off from the back outside edge of the landing foot, or skating leg. To perform a salchow or flip on the back end of a combination, a half loop (which is actually a full rotation, but lands on a back inside edge of the landing leg) may be used as a connecting jump. In contrast, jump 2017:(GOE), is an integer with a minimum value of −5 and a maximum value of +5. The GOE mark is then translated into another value by using the table of values in ISU rule 322. The GOE value from the nine judges is then processed with a computerized random selection of nine judges, the highest and lowest values are then discarded, and finally the average of the remaining seven is calculated. This average value is then added to (or subtracted from) the base value to determine the total value for the element. 10108: 704: 2785: 1325: 1533: 2674: 344: 10859: 10051: 332:. These are used primarily in jumping and should not be used for stroking or spins. If used during a spin, the toe pick will cause the skater to lose momentum, or move away from the center of the spin. Blades are mounted to the sole and heel of the boot with screws. Typically, high-level figure skaters are professionally fitted for their boots and blades at a reputable skate shop. Professionals are also employed to sharpen blades to individual requirements. 1486: 1548: 1501: 451:

the 14th century and the practice of fastening boots permanently to skates in the 19th century, has had the greatest effect on figure skating. It allowed for skating year-round, as well as anywhere in the world, and prevented the cancellation of competitive events due to the lack of ice in outdoor rinks. The first attempts to make artificial ice occurred during the 1870s in England and the U.S. The first notable indoor ice rink was made in 1876, by

648: 475:(56) meters in one direction and twenty-six (26) meters in the other." The scoring system rewards skaters who have good ice coverage, i.e. those who efficiently cover the entire ice surface during their programs. Olympic-sized rinks make the differences in skill between skaters more apparent but they are not available for all events. If a rink has different dimensions, a skater's jump setup and speed may be hindered as he or she adjusts. 10881: 1617:

one or more spiral positions and edges done in sequence. Judges look at the depth, stability, and control of the skating edge, speed and ice coverage, extension, and other factors. Some skaters can change edges during a spiral, i.e. from inside to outside edge. Spirals performed on a "flat" are generally not considered as true spirals. Spiral sequences were required in women's and pair skating prior to the 2012–13 season, but from the

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who have lost their ISU eligibility and those who perform only in shows. They may also include former Olympic and World champions who have ended their competitive career, as well as skaters with little or no international competitive experience. In addition to performing in ice shows, professional skaters often compete in professional competitions, which are held throughout the world, each with its own format and rules.

275: 10870: 10061: 1421:, categorized in order of increasing level of difficulty. Judges look for the following when evaluating pair lifts: speed of entry and exit; control of the woman's free leg when she is exiting out of the lift, with the goal of keeping the leg high and sweeping; the position of the woman in the air; the man's footwork; quick and easy changes of position; and the maintenance of flow throughout the lift. 2548:). Some competitive skaters depend on income from shows. Shows must be sanctioned by their association, i.e. skaters may lose their competitive eligibility if they take part without permission. In some cases, skaters may feel pressure to compete through injury to be allowed to perform in a show. Others may become involved with coaching younger athletes in order to fund their own training costs. 2735: 2665:, collided during the warm up of the free program. Despite being visibly injured, both skaters finished the competition. On practice sessions with multiple skaters on the ice, the skater whose music is playing conventionally has right of way. Also, pairs and ice dancers skating as a unit have right of way over those skating separately as changing course is more difficult for a couple. 2270:

extended to allow women to wear trousers. They may wear opaque flesh-colored leggings or tights under dresses and skirts, which may extend to cover their skates. Men must wear trousers – they are not allowed to wear tights, although officials do not always impose a deduction for violations. Matching costumes are not required in pair skating and ice dance.

1972:"ordinal") separately for each judge; the judges' preferences were then combined to determine placements for each skater in each program. The placements for the two programs were then combined, with the free skate placement weighted more heavily than the short program. The highest placing individual (based on the sum of the weighted placements) was declared the winner. 932: 2695:(RED-S), formerly known as the "female athlete triad". RED-S is a syndrome of three interrelated conditions which can cause long-standing illness in girls and women and even death. Body image and the need to maintain a fit body is a very common issue in figure skating, as skaters age, their bodies change and change the way they must approach the sport. Skaters such as 1825:, in which they have a slightly wider choice of elements. Under both the 6.0 system and the ISU Judging System, the judges consider the "complete package" when evaluating performances, i.e. the best jumper is not always placed first if the judges consider the difference in jumping execution to be outweighed by another skater's speed, spins, presentation, etc. 2776:, who was considered to be the "father of modern figure skating". In the mid-1860s, Haines introduced a new style of skating, incorporating free and expressive techniques, which became known as the "international style". Although popular in Europe, the international style of skating was not widely adopted in the United States until long after Haines's death. 745:

difficult). For each element, a panel of judges determines the GOE, ranging between −5 and +5, according to how well the skater executes the element. The GOE is weighted according to the base value of the element. Through the ISU guidelines skaters must perform a minimum of seven elements in their short program and twelve elements in their long program.

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events. Thus, a skater with a lower SB but from a country with few high-level skaters may qualify to a major event while a skater with a much higher SB but from a country with more than three high-level skaters may not be sent. As a result, it is possible for a skater who regularly scores higher to end up with a much lower world standing.

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costumes are often less revealing than they may appear, there have been repeated attempts to ban clothing that gives the impression of "excessive nudity" or that is otherwise inappropriate for athletic competition. In general, accessories or props are not permitted in competition. The ISU allowed an exception for the

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increased because this part of the competition was televised and shown to the general public, whereas the compulsory figures competition was not. The television audience would complain when superior free programs sometimes failed to equate to gold medal victories. Beginning in 1968, the ISU progressively reduced the

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lighter. These materials may also be more flexible and help cushion jump landings and be protective of young athlete's joints. Ice dance blades have short tails to enable close foot work and reduce the risk of blade clash in close complex moves. They may also be thinner to assist with glide and fast changes of edge.

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formerly accounted for up to 60% of the score in singles figure skating, meaning that skaters who could build up a significant lead in figures could win competitions even if they were mediocre free skaters. As television coverage of skating events became more important, the popularity of free skating

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Competitions were held in the "English style" of skating, which was stiff and formal and bore very little resemblance to modern figure skating. Without changing the basic techniques used by skaters, only a limited number of figure skating moves could be performed. This was still true in the mid-1800s

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Skaters are generally free to select their own attire, with a few restrictions. In competition, women may wear a dress, typically with matching attached briefs. This rule of costuming was created in response to Katarina Witt's costume and performance at the 1988 Winter Olympics. In 2004, the rule was

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as "a movement in which one of the partners is elevated with active and/or passive assistance of the other partner to any permitted height, sustained there and set down on the ice". Dance lifts are delineated from pair lifts to ensure that ice dance and pair skating remain separate disciplines. After

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prefers Olympic-sized rinks for figure skating competitions, particularly for major events. According to ISU rule 342, a figure skating rink for an ISU event "if possible, shall measure sixty (60) meters in one direction and thirty (30) meters in the other, but not larger, and not less than fifty-six

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There are many different types of boots and blades to suit different disciplines and abilities. For example, athletes who are performing advanced multi-rotational jumps often need a stiffer boot that is higher and gives more support. Athletes working on single or double jumps require less support and

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Countries that have produced a great many successful skaters include Russia and the former Soviet Union, the United States, Canada, Japan, China, France, Germany, and Italy. While the sport has grown in East Asia, training opportunities in South Asia are limited due to a scarcity of ice rinks. India

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A spiral is an element in which the skater moves across the ice on a specific edge with the free leg held at hip level or above. Spirals are distinguished by the edge of the blade used (inside or outside), the direction of motion (forward or backward), and the skater's position. A spiral sequence is

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Step sequences are a required element in all four Olympic disciplines. The pattern can be straight line, circular, or serpentine. The step sequence consists of a combination of turns, steps, hops and edge changes. Additionally, steps and turns can be used as transitions between elements. The various

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Ice quality is judged by smoothness, friction, hardness, and brittleness. Factors affecting ice quality include temperature, water quality, and usage, with toe picks causing more deterioration. For figure skating, the ice surface temperature is normally maintained between −5.5 and −3.5 °C (22.1

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Since 1980, all figure skating competitions must be held in completely covered and enclosed rinks. The rule was expanded to include practice rinks in 1984. According to figure skating historian James R. Hines, the development of indoor ice rinks, other than the development of the bladed skate during

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The term "professional" in skating refers not to skill level but competitive status. Figure skaters competing at the highest levels of international competition are not "professional" skaters. They are sometimes referred to as amateurs, even though some earn money. Professional skaters include those

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status rules that once governed the sport. In May 1990, the ISU voted to allow skaters intending to skate professionally to return to ISU competition, provided that they obtained their national association's permission. In 1995, in an effort to retain skaters who might otherwise have given up their

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has modified its age rules several times. Before the 1990s, 12 was the minimum age for senior international competitions. New rules were introduced in 1996, requiring skaters to be at least 15 before July 1 of the preceding year to compete at the Olympics, Worlds, Europeans, or Four Continents. The

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According to current ISU regulations, costumes in competition must be fair, non-revealing, and appropriate for both short and long programs. Costumes should not be showy or exotic in nature. Clothing, however, can reflect the genre of music chosen. Although the use of flesh-colored fabric means the

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medal sport in 1976. According to the ISU, an ice dance team consists of one woman and one man. Ice dance has its roots in the "combined skating" developed in the 19th century by skating clubs and organizations and in recreational social skating. The first national competitions occurred in England,

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To show support, spectators sometimes throw a variety of items onto the ice after the end of a figure skating program, most commonly stuffed toys and flowers. Officials discourage people from throwing flowers that are not fully wrapped because of the possibility of debris disrupting or endangering

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At most international events, each country may send one to a maximum of three entries per discipline. Consequently, even if a skater has a high season's best, he or she may not be sent to major events if their country has many good skaters in their discipline. Some skaters have tried to circumvent

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There are six jumps in figure skating that count as jump elements. All six are landed on one foot on the back outside edge (with counter-clockwise rotation, for single and multi-revolution jumps), but have different takeoffs, by which they may be distinguished. Jumps are divided into two different

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Likewise, blades designed for free and pairs skating have a longer tail to assist landing. The blade profile and picks are designed to assist with spinning, jump entry, take-off, landing, and exit. Modern blade technology increasingly uses carbon fibre and materials other than steel to make blades

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The sport is also associated with show business. Major competitions generally conclude with exhibition galas, in which the top skaters from each discipline perform non-competitive programs. Many skaters, both during and after their competitive careers, also skate in ice shows, which run during the

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To compete internationally on the senior level, skaters must be at least 17 before July 1 of the preceding year. To be eligible for junior-level events, a skater must be at least 13 but under 19 before that date (or 21 for male pair skaters and ice dancers). A skater must meet the age requirement

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of a skater/couple is the highest score achieved within a particular season. There is an SB for the combined total score and the individual segment scores (short program/rhythm dance, free skating/free dance). Only scores achieved at selected international competitions are considered; scores from

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These standings do not necessarily reflect the capabilities of the skater(s). Due to limits on entries to events (no more than three from each country), and varying numbers of high-level skaters in each country, skaters from some countries may find it more difficult to qualify to compete at major

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were formerly a discipline of figure skating, and gave the sport its name. They are the "circular patterns which skaters trace on the ice to demonstrate skill in placing clean turns evenly on round circles". For approximately the first 50 years of figure skating as a sport, until 1947, compulsory

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is defined as "the skating of two persons in unison who perform their movements in such harmony with each other as to give the impression of genuine Pair Skating as compared with independent Single Skating". The ISU also states that a pairs team consists of "one Woman and one Man". Pair skating,

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article estimated the annual expense at US$ 9,000–$ 10,000 for pre-juvenile, US$ 18,000 for juvenile, US$ 35,000–$ 40,000 for novice, and said junior and senior levels were somewhat more expensive. In the 2010s, American senior national medalists had expenses in the mid-five-figure range. Swiss

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Some rinks have a harness system installed to help skaters learn new jumps in a controlled manner. A heavy-duty cable is securely attached to two of the walls around the ice, with a set of pulleys riding on the cable. The skater wears a vest or belt, with a cable or rope attached to it, and the

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According to writer Ellyn Kestnbaum, television helped figure skating become more celebrity oriented, with high-profile skaters being treated like entertainers and famous athletes in other sports. She states that television has encouraged "casual fans and other members of the general public to

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was born a few hours into July 1, 1996, in Moscow and consequently, was not eligible to compete at Junior Worlds until 2011 and senior Worlds until 2013. The ISU's rules apply to international events. Many countries have no age requirements for domestic non-ISU competitions, thus, some skaters

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Off-ice training is the term for physical conditioning that takes place off the ice. Besides regular physical exercise, skaters do walk-throughs of jumps off the ice to practice sufficient rotation and height of their jumps, and to practice consistency in landing on one foot. In 2020/2021 many

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Meanwhile, the Soviet Union rose to become a dominant force in the sport, especially in the disciplines of pair skating and ice dance. Soviet and Russian domination in pair skating began in the 1950s and continued throughout the rest of the 1900s. Only five non-Soviet or Russian teams won the

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Competition costumes vary widely, from simple designs to heavily beaded or trimmed costumes. Skaters risk a deduction if a piece of their costume falls onto the ice surface. An official may stop a program if he or she deems there to be a hazard. Skaters and family members may design their own

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scores, i.e. the highest scores achieved over their entire career, in terms of combined total and segment scores. However, PB scores are not completely comparable if achieved in different seasons because the ISU regulations and technical rules are modified before each new season. There may be

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A detailed description of each component is given in ISU rule 322.2. Judges award each component a raw mark from 0 to 10 in increments of 0.25, with a mark of 5 being defined as "average". For each separate component, the raw marks are then selected, trimmed, and averaged in a manner akin to

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segment provided space for the team event. Each team is composed of a men's and women's singles skater, a pair, and an ice dance duo. A maximum of ten teams can compete, with five eliminated after the short program. In December 2011, the ISU released details of the qualifying system and the

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Skating was formerly judged for "technical merit" (in the free skate), "required elements" (in the short program), and "presentation" (in both programs). The marks for each program ran from 0.0 to 6.0, the latter being the highest. These marks were used to determine a preference ranking (or

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Each element receives a score according to its base value and grade of execution (GOE), resulting in a combined technical elements score (TES). At competitions, a technical specialist identifies the elements and assigns each one a level of difficulty, ranging from B (Basic) to Level 4 (most

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Ice dancers' blades are about an inch shorter in the rear than those used by skaters in other disciplines, to accommodate the intricate footwork and close partnering in dance. Dancers' blades also have a smaller toepick as they do not require the large toepick used for jumping in the other

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A figure skater only needs to be able to jump in one direction, either clockwise or counter-clockwise. The vast majority of figure skaters prefer to rotate in a counter-clockwise direction when jumping. Thus, for clarity, all jumps will be described for a skater jumping counter-clockwise.

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as a result of falls from lifts. Although pair skaters are most susceptible, serious head injuries can occur in all disciplines, including ice dance. Partners have accidentally slashed each other with their skate blades. This may occur when partners drift too close during side-by-side

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admitted that Soviet skaters used doping substances in preparation for the competitive season, stating: "Boys in pairs and singles used drugs, but this was only in August or September. This was done just in training, and everyone was tested (in the Soviet Union) before competitions."

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had only four major indoor ice rinks as of 2011, but there were plans for ten more to be built, mostly in malls, over the following five years. As of 2016, three of these intended ten indoor rinks were built at Neptune Magnet Mall, Atria Millennium Mall, and Lulu Mall respectively.

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minimum age for all other senior internationals was 14 until July 2014, when it was raised to 15. The age limit was then raised to 16 years old for the 2023–24 season before increasing to 17 for the 2024–25 season, in a move to raise the age limit gradually. The move came after the

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are "the most thrilling and exciting component in pair skating". They can also be the most difficult movement to perform correctly. They require more strength and coordination than many other pair elements, and are usually the first or second element in a program. According to the

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There are also skating competitions organized for professional skaters by independent promoters. These competitions use judging rules set by whoever organizes the competition. There is no "professional league". Well-known professional competitions in the past have included the

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of the blade, which is one of two rockers to be found on a blade and is the roundest portion of the blade. The sweet spot is located just behind the toe pick and near the middle of the blade. The other rocker is the more general curvature of the blade when stroking or gliding.

2013:. This is done using instant replay video to verify features that distinguish different elements; e.g. the exact foot position at take-off and landing of a jump. A panel of nine judges then each award a mark for the quality and execution of the element. This mark, called the 2060:: This evaluates how the program is performed; what does the skater express and project; what energy is created; what is the musical sensitivity and timing; for Pair, Ice Dance and Synchronized skating is the skating appropriately synchronized and showing awareness of space? 2332:, the United States was obliged to send skaters who had placed 5th and 7th at nationals because higher-placed skaters were too young, including a skater who missed the cutoff by 20 days. The ISU has strictly enforced the rules in recent years. However, American pair skater 1069:

Again, these descriptions assume a counter-clockwise direction of rotation, landing backwards on the outside edge of the right foot. (For clockwise rotation, the skater takes off using the alternative foot and always lands backwards on the outside edge of the left foot.)

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says, "While jumps look like sport, spins look more like art. While jumps provide the suspense, spins provide the scenery, but there is so much more to the scenery than most viewers have time or means to grasp". According to world champion and figure skating commentator

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All of the above descriptions assume a counter-clockwise direction of rotation, landing backwards on the outside edge of the right foot. (For clockwise rotation, the skater takes off using the alternative foot and lands backwards on the outside edge of the left foot.)

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of Norway. Henie turned competitive success into a lucrative professional career as a movie star and touring skater, also setting the fashion for female skaters to wear short skirts and white boots. The top male figure skaters of this period included Sweden's

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Jumps involve the skater leaping into the air and rotating rapidly to land after completing one or more rotations. There are many types of jumps, identified by the way the skater takes off and lands, as well as by the number of rotations that are completed.

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national competitions and some international events are disregarded. The best combined total for each skater or couple appears on a list of season's bests, and the list may be used to help determine participants in the following season's Grand Prix series.

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Some elite skaters can complete a jump in about one second, with 26 inches of height and 10 feet in distance. The takeoff speed of a jump can reach up to 15 mph. Prior to most jumps, a figure skater needs to skate backward to build power and speed.

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Skaters may use professional music editors so that their music meets requirements. Ice dancers are required to skate to music that has a definite beat or rhythm. Singles and pair skaters more often skate to the melody and phrasing of their music. For

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for segment results (short and free program) (Since 2009). A medal is generally attributed to only one country, even if a partnership is composed of skaters with different nationalities. A notable exception was the pair skating partnership between

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Following the current season's World Championships, the results from the earliest season are deleted. A new partnership starts with zero points; there is no transfer of WS points if a pair or ice dance couple split up and form a new partnership.

2233:'s long program music included words but an insufficient number of judges voted for a deduction. In June 2012, the ISU voted to allow skaters from all disciplines to choose music with words in their competitive programs beginning in the 2085:. The trimmed mean scores are then translated into a factored mark by multiplying by a factor that depends on the discipline, competition segment, and level. Then the five (or four) factored marks are added to give the final PCS score. 8496: 5098: 935: 8553: 2096:

are added to give the total score for a competition segment (TSS). A skater's final placement is determined by the total of their scores in all segments of a competition. No ordinal rankings are used to determine the final results.

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With these changes, the emphasis in competitive figure skating shifted to increased athleticism. Landing triple jumps during the short program and the free skate became more important. By the 1980s, some skaters began practising

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of a skater/couple is calculated based on the results over the current and preceding two seasons. Competitors receive points based on their final placement at an event and the event's weight. The following events receive points:

2074:: This mark assesses the skater's command of the blade over the ice, including the ability to skate with power and ease. The judges look at variety and clarity of edges, balance, body control, turns, steps, flow, power and speed. 7185: 6590: 7517: 2768:), is the first-known book on figure skating. He designed skates that could be attached to shoes by screws through the heels (rather than using straps), and these were soon available from Riccard's Manufactory in London. 1078:

Several other jumps are usually performed only as single jumps and in elite skating are used as transitional movements or highlights in step sequences. These include the half toe loop (ballet jump), half loop, half flip,

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onward, they were replaced by the choreographic sequence. The choreographic sequence consists of moves in the field, unlisted jumps, spinning movements, etc. and is required for the men's, women's and pair free program.

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on the front of each blade. The toepicks are mainly used to help launch the skater into the air for the take-off when performing jumps. Ice dance blades have smaller toepicks than blades used for the other disciplines.

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into remaining eligible for future events, along with other skaters who had already competed at the World Championships. A loophole also existed for a few years for underage skaters who had medaled at Junior Worlds.

7566: 3537: 6617: 513:, male and female skaters compete individually. Figure skating is the oldest winter sport contested at the Olympics, with men's and women's single skating appearing as two of the four figure skating events at the 7548: 7285: 1474:

activities where travelling backwards is integral to the discipline. The ability to skate well backwards and forwards are considered to be equally important, as is the ability to transition well between the two.

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earn unanimous 6.0s for presentation, the only perfect score in Olympic skating history, which was ranked the 8th greatest sporting moment in a UK poll. In the 1993 National Sports Study II, considered by the

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became the first woman to land a triple Axel, pushing the athletic and technical level for women's programs. Worth only 20% by 1989, compulsory figures were eliminated from international competition in 1990.

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Figure skating is an expensive sport. This is particularly due to the costs of ice time and coaching. In the late 1980s, the expenses of a top-ten women's competitor at the U.S. Championships reached nearly

1675: 2046:: This evaluates how the program is designed in relation to the music; how are the different elements connected; how is the available space used; how does the choreography reflect musical phrase and form? 9585: 2153:

ISU Championships (World, European, Four Continents, and World Junior Championships) and Olympic Winter Games: The best result by points per season, the best two results by points over the three seasons.

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enacted a rule stating that a skater may perform each type of triple only once in a program, or twice if one of them is incorporated into a combination or sequence. For a set of jumps to be considered a

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different requirements specified to achieve a certain level; the required elements may change and new elements may be allowed (for example, two quads in the short program were permitted starting in the

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refers to skating on both edges at the same time, which is discouraged. An unclear edge or edge violation is indicated with an 'e' and reflected in the GOE according to the severity of the problem.

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have also included skating competitions for same-gender pairs and dance couples under ISI sponsorship. Other figure skating competitions for adults also attract participants from diverse cultures.

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of the blade is on the side farthest from the skater. In figure skating, it is always desirable to skate on only one edge of the blade. Skating on both at the same time (which is referred to as a

7750: 2626:, knee injuries, and back problems are not uncommon. Hip damage may occur as a result of practising jumps and throws. In rare cases, intensive training of spins may result in subtle concussions ( 6805: 4825: 4718: 4434: 2560:

in Nice, France, a pair skater who had been injured in a lift accident lay on the ice for several minutes and had to get up and leave the ice on his own before being offered medical attention.

1430:(ISU), "the Woman must be caught in the air at the waist by the Man prior to landing and be assisted to a smooth landing on the ice on a backward outside edge on one foot" during a twist lift. 6669: 2909:. After the war, with many European rinks in ruins, skaters from the United States and Canada began to dominate international competitions and to introduce technical innovations to the sport. 1167: 8488: 5106: 2009:(TES). Competitive programs are constrained to include a set number of elements. Each element is judged first by a technical specialist who identifies the specific element and determines its 8543: 7154: 1199: 5963:"International Skating Union Constitution and General Regulations 2010 as accepted by the 53rd Ordinary Congress, June 2010: Age limits for Single & Pair Skating / Ice Dance (page 102)" 3432:), 1881. Written by three members of the Vienna Skating Club, it was the most extensive book about figure skating published up to that time. A second expanded edition was published in 1892. 7896: 839:

Each jump receives a score according to its base value and grade of execution (GOE). Quality of execution, technique, height, speed, flow and ice coverage are considered by the judges. An

3857: 2274:

costumes, sometimes with assistance from their coach or choreographer, or turn to professional designers. Costumes may cost thousands of dollars if designed by a top-level costume maker.

5076: 3031:

of Canada landed the first quad toe loop which has remained ratified. Despite expectations, it was several years before quads became an important part of men's skating. In 1988, Japan's

6600: 2314: 2217:

For competitive programs, figure skaters were once restricted to instrumental music; vocals were allowed only if they contained no lyrics or words. Beginning in the 1997–98 season, the

1065:– the skater takes off forwards from the outside edge of the left (or right) foot. As this is the only rotating jump to take off from a forward edge, it includes an extra half rotation. 1015:(sometimes known as a toe salchow) – the skater takes off backwards from the inside edge of the left (or right) foot and assists the take-off using the opposite toe pick. 900:

which creates two distinct edges, inside and outside. The inside edge of the blade is on the side closest to the skater, the outside edge is on the side farthest from the skater, and a

6197: 1300: 574:. The elements performed by pairs teams must be "linked together by connecting steps of a different nature" and by other comparable movements and with a variety of holds and positions. 424:

are used to absorb condensation and protect the blades from rust when the skates are not being worn. In competition, skaters are allowed three minutes to make repairs to their skates.

420:

are used when the skater must walk in his or her skates when not on the ice, to protect the blade from dirt or material on the ground that may dull the blade. Soft blade covers called

6703: 4314: 934: 9160: 7970: 5299: 3067:

eligibility to participate in lucrative professional events, the ISU introduced prize money at its major competitions, funded by revenues from selling the TV rights to those events.

5596: 4408: 2658: 7513: 7310: 5032: 1810:; their 1910–11 medals were attributed to both Germany and Finland. Beyond the early 20th century, no skaters have been allowed to represent two countries in the same competition. 1348: 1231:

are an element in which the skater rotates, centered on a single point on the ice, while holding one or more body positions. They are performed by all disciplines of the sport. As

719: 8766: 1639: 5769: 4029: 1002:

Toe jumps are launched by digging the toe pick of one skate into the ice, using it to vault into the air with the opposite leg. The main toe jumps are (in order of score value):

663: 9166: 6828: 4289: 1597:

is a pre-determined required sequence that demonstrated basic skating skills and edge control. In the context of a competitive program, they include sequences that may include

470:-sized rinks are 26 m × 61 m (85 ft × 200 ft), while European rinks are sometimes 30 m × 64 m (98 ft × 210 ft). The 7100: 6957: 6926: 6764: 6376: 6248: 6217: 5962: 5826: 5667: 4900: 4521: 4493: 3817: 3529: 8665: 7783: 5128: 4997:"Communication No. 1672 – Single & Pair Skating – Amendments to the Scale of Values, Guidelines for marking Grade of Execution and Levels of Difficulty, season 2011–2012" 4568: 4343: 6094: 2975:

of China won the gold medal at the 2010 games, this was the first time since 1960 that a Russian, Soviet, or Unified Team (CIS) flagged team did not win the gold medal. The

7562: 7491: 3880: 1053:– the skater takes off backwards from the inside edge of the left (or right) foot, allowing the edge to come round, the opposite leg helps to launch the jump into the air. 8700: 6625: 5426: 5167: 748:

The ISU defines a fall as a loss of control with the result that the majority of the skater's body weight is not on the blade but supported by hands, knees, or buttocks.

6567: 5369: 4089: 3146: 1562: 8723: 9983: 8434: 6440: 5326:"ISU Communication No. 2089: Single & Pair Skating – Scale of Values, Levels of Difficulty and Guidelines for marking Grade of Execution, season 2017/18 (REVISED)" 4464:"ISU Communication No. 2168: Single & Pair Skating – Scale of Values, Levels of Difficulty and Guidelines for marking Grade of Execution, season 2018/19 (REVISED)" 1723: 3669: 1651: 8578: 8295: 8024: 1579:

are the two-foot equivalents of rockers and counters. Other movements that may be incorporated into step sequences or used as connecting elements include lunges and

226:

Figure skaters compete at various levels from beginner up to the Olympic level (senior) at local, regional, sectional, national, and international competitions. The

8634: 7679: 5398: 466:

There is significant variation in the dimensions of ice rinks. Olympic-sized rinks have dimensions of 30 m × 60 m (98.4 ft × 197 ft),

7226: 3950: 2401: 392:) may result in lower skating skills scores. The apparently effortless power and glide across the ice exhibited by elite figure skaters fundamentally derives from 8362: 8317: 3569: 2245:, figure skaters generally search for music with different moods and tempos. Music selections for exhibitions are less constrained than for competitive programs. 2156:

ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating and Final (senior and junior): The two best results by points per season, the best four results by points over the three seasons.

5644: 8529: 7049: 5325: 974:. A few male skaters made valiant efforts to land the immensely difficult four-and-a-half revolution jump (most notably two-time Olympic Champion from Japan, 8265: 6127: 5896: 5865: 1699: 1249:, sometimes special figures. Unlike jumps, spins were a "graceful and appreciated" part of figure skating throughout the 19th century. They advanced between 8069: 5247: 1797:

medals for fourth-place finishers in national events. Additionally, at the World, European, Four Continents, and World Junior Championships, the ISU awards

8401: 7465: 6417: 5730: 928:

are sets of jumps that may be linked by non-listed jumps or hops. Sequences are worth 80% of the combined value of the same jumps executed in combination.

3083:

as the largest study of spectator sport popularity in America, women's figure skating was the second most popular spectator sport in America, just behind

9973: 9575: 8159: 7809: 6063: 5803: 2328:

of Japan was age-eligible to compete at the Grand Prix Final, where she claimed the title, but she was not permitted to compete at the Olympics. For the

542:

along with men's and women's single skating, has been an Olympic discipline since figure skating, the oldest Winter Olympic sport, was introduced at the

7742: 7139: 2924:. In its early years, ice dance was dominated by British skaters, and until 1960 the world title was won every year by a British couple, beginning with 8465: 7720: 5563: 6797: 4821: 4710: 4430: 9304: 6142: 2681: 2139: 1150: 983: 517:. Single skating has required elements that skaters must perform during a competition and that make up a well-balanced skating program. They include 7841: 7014: 6504: 3984: 393: 8199: 5707: 1987: 4463: 3845: 978:), but failed to land one cleanly and fully-rotated. The first clean and fully-rotated quad Axel was successfully landed by American men's skater 10097: 9978: 9876: 8105: 7649: 6465: 5497: 4369: 2111: 2107: 8612: 6032: 5193: 3788: 8046: 7624: 7599: 7386: 3605: 2506:

Some national associations provide funding to some skaters if they meet certain criteria. Many skaters take part-time jobs and some have tried

2500: 1773:

is the governing body for international competitions in figure skating, including the World Championships and the figure skating events at the

7992: 6681: 2159:

International senior calendar competitions: The two best results by points per season, the best four results by points over the three seasons.

6280: 6203: 4637: 4607: 3703: 2510:. In Germany, many elite skaters join the army to fund their skating. In Italy, some skaters join police agencies' sport groups, such as the 1629:

is a required element of pair skating. There are four varieties distinguished by the lady's edge and direction of motion. The man performs a

6711: 6175: 5221: 4304: 1532: 9570: 9514: 8232: 5303: 3914: 3003:

after winning the free skate competition decisively, which produced an uproar and loud booing from the audience during the medal ceremony.

2913:, 1948 and 1952 Olympic Champion, was the first skater to perform the double Axel and triple loop jumps, as well as the flying camel spin. 1936: 1336: 247: 9242: 7904: 7300: 5586: 4869: 4400: 4152: 1994:, the ISU adopted the International Judging System (IJS), which became mandatory at all international competitions in 2006, including the 9943: 9783: 5043: 2428:

Skaters may represent a country of which they are not yet a citizen in most competitions, except the Olympics which require citizenship.

1547: 1135: 966:

The number of rotations performed in the air determines whether the jump is a single, double, triple, or quadruple (commonly known as a "

8755: 6537: 6353: 5999: 364:

inch) thick. When viewed from the side, the blade of a figure skate is not flat, but curved slightly, forming an arc of a circle with a

6639: 5761: 4996: 4021: 3020: 2862: 2830:). Only men competed in the early events but in 1902 a woman entered the World Championships for the first time: British female skater 2796: 160: 139: 133: 129: 1500: 376:

of the blade, below the ball of the foot. The blade is also "hollow ground"; a groove on the bottom of the blade creates two distinct

9938: 9544: 9539: 6874: 6850: 6836: 6330: 5948: 1926: 239: 7919: 7193: 7162: 7108: 6965: 6934: 6774: 6384: 5834: 5677: 4904: 3647: 1485: 1059:(also known as a Rittberger jump) – the skater takes off backwards from the outside edge of the right (or left) foot. 703: 9968: 9958: 9431: 9274: 9155: 9076: 7772: 7409: 6999: 4550: 4336: 1009:– the skater takes off backwards from the outside edge of the right (or left) foot, launching the jump using the opposite toe pick. 595:

Canada, the U.S., and Austria during the 1930s. The first international ice dance competition took place as a special event at the

6086: 2404:, were older. The dates disappeared from the website by February 15. On February 17, the ISU said there were no discrepancies for 9534: 7480: 7252: 7067: 5539: 5529: 3024: 3000: 2976: 2921: 2847: 2839: 2557: 2488: 2353: 2337: 2329: 2226: 2175:

of a skater/couple is calculated similarly to the overall world standing but is based on the results of the ongoing season only.

596: 547: 5619: 3888: 2999:

to achieve on the world stage despite her outstanding free skate programs. For example, she missed out on a podium place at the

2995:

of compulsory figures and introduced the short program in 1973. A critical issue was said to have been the continued failure of

9170: 7540: 6259: 5437: 5157: 7362: 7340: 6559: 6228: 5973: 5365: 4532: 4504: 4081: 3828: 3507: 2582:

Competitive skaters generally do not wear helmets or other protective gear. There is a risk of head injuries, particularly in

1360: 10925: 9948: 9509: 9309: 9121: 9095: 8424: 8395: 5139: 3345: 3321: 2935: 2874: 2807: 1931: 893:

revolution or more". A downgraded triple is treated as a double jump, while a downgraded double is treated as a single jump.

463:; it measured 24 by 40 feet. By the end of the 19th century, many major cities in Europe and North America had indoor rinks. 243: 7962: 6450: 3681: 3235: 9183: 8567: 8287: 8014: 6908: 4943: 896:

An edge violation occurs when a skater executes a jump on the incorrect edge. The hollow is a groove on the bottom of the

175:; the four individual disciplines are also combined into a team event, which was first included in the Winter Olympics in 10090: 9963: 9499: 7671: 7216: 6117: 5391: 3242: 3023:

which was recognized at the event but then ruled invalid three weeks later due to a touchdown with his free foot. At the

2692: 1946: 1845: 1735: 372:

of the blade. The "sweet spot" is the part of the blade on which all spins are rotated; this is usually located near the

231: 3962: 3559: 1406: 9953: 9523: 9504: 8354: 8325: 7455: 3111:

scandal in 1994 increased interest in figure skating. The first night of the women's figure skating competition in the

3099: – were among the eight most popular athletes in the United States, of more than 800 athletes surveyed. 2819: 1921: 587: 235: 9917: 9902: 9646: 9140: 9050: 9031: 9012: 8975: 8864: 8690: 5652: 3480: 3291: 2870: 2443: 2439: 2234: 2197: 2021: 1859: 1630: 1618: 1312: 1105: 436:

athletes relied on a variety of off-ice training and conditioning methods due to rinks being closed due to COVID-19.

377: 348: 7440: 7039: 5269: 4663: 2225:

music. Although the rules were not relaxed for singles and pairs, judges did not always penalize violations. At the

1663: 9519: 9334: 8255: 3456:, Dennis Bird (1979). History of the National Skating Association in England, to commemorate its 100th anniversary. 3277: 1951: 1120: 739: 251: 111: 6202:[Changing age to survive in Chinese sports] (in Chinese). xinhuanet.com. February 17, 2011. Archived from 5888: 5857: 5340: 4051: 1687: 10064: 8519: 8077: 7863: 6733: 6407: 5243: 3958: 3677: 3142: 647: 555: 8385: 5738: 2894: 10920: 10083: 9580: 9443: 9152:. Lausanne, Switzerland: International Skating Union. June 2022. Retrieved February 26, 2023 (S&P/ID 2022). 8675: 5555: 3096: 2633:

Injuries have also been sustained by skaters from different teams when many skaters are practising on the ice.

2516: 1893: 1814: 1239: 192: 7819: 6087:"Ice skating set to gradually raise minimum competition age from 15 to 17 after Kamila Valieva doping scandal" 6055: 5795: 4791: 3726: 2838:. The ISU quickly banned women from competing against men, and established a separate "ladies" competition in 428:

may use a less stiff boot. Ice dancers may prefer a lower cut boot that is designed to enable more knee bend.

10266: 9844: 9621: 8457: 7703: 3039: 2925: 2002:, however, the ISU has never used the term to describe their system in any of their official communications. 1626: 1602: 1580: 563: 220: 17: 8996:

Skating in America (1921-1996): The 75th Anniversary History of the United States Figure Skating Association

5467: 2005:

Under the IJS, points are awarded individually for each skating element, and the sum of these points is the

1098:

ladies split, performed in the position of the more traditional split, facing the direction of the front leg

10186: 9299: 9267: 9236: 3333: 3150: 1829: 1591:

refers to a deep edge performed with the body as low as possible to the ice in a near-horizontal position.

10316: 4974: 2110:(held in Landover, Maryland), the Challenge Of Champions, the Canadian Professional Championships and the 491:

cleans and smooths the surface of the ice sheet. Inadequate ice quality may affect skaters' performances.

10910: 9907: 9824: 9553: 9294: 8762: 8189: 7900: 7833: 7358: 7336: 6707: 6621: 6496: 6255: 6224: 5969: 5493: 5463: 5433: 5336: 5135: 5003: 4591: 4528: 4500: 3995: 3824: 3533: 3422:, H.E. Vandervell and T. Maxwell Witham (1869), the first book to refer to the sport of "figure skating". 3401: 2803: 2754: 2365: 2309: 2218: 1911: 1841: 1770: 1427: 916: 624: 471: 227: 60: 5699: 2951:

On February 15, 1961, the entire U.S. figure skating team and their coaches were killed in the crash of

1372: 559: 9922: 9778: 9359: 8167: 7639: 4471: 1756: 1515: 216: 9149: 8115: 6473: 5489: 4377: 2861:

Figure skating was the first winter sport contested at the Olympics; it made its Olympic debut at the

2487:

Prize money is relatively low compared to other sports. A men's or women's singles skater who won the

1446:(IJS), dance lifts became more "athletic, dramatic and exciting". There are two types of dance lifts: 627:

to include synchronized skating in the 2022 Winter Olympics, but those efforts have been unsuccessful.

551: 10663: 10164: 9339: 8604: 6040: 5624: 5203: 3884: 3776: 2729: 2417: 2409: 2393: 7614: 7589: 7376: 6150: 5936: 3591: 1384: 335: 10915: 10169: 9897: 8054: 8000: 7779: 7024: 3123:

three weeks earlier and, to that date, was the most watched sports television program of all time.

3084: 2712: 2442:, minimum scores were introduced for the World, European, or Four Continents Championships. In the 2031:(PCS) awards points to holistic aspects of a program or other nuances that are not rewarded in the 1711: 9232: 6291: 4629: 3695: 1817:, in which they complete a set of required elements consisting of jumps, spins and steps; and the 191:. From intermediate through senior-level competition, skaters generally perform two programs (the 10905: 10418: 10054: 9260: 8222: 8132: 8015:"Shen, Zhao capture pairs skating gold as China takes silver, too; Russians shut out from podium" 7275: 5217: 3087:

out of over 100 sports surveyed. The 1993 study found that three figure skaters –

2491:

earned US$ 45,000, about 1.8% to 2.5% of the US$ 1,800,000–$ 2,400,000 for winners of the tennis

1598: 1471: 694: 3925: 10472: 9839: 9616: 9468: 8050: 7381: 4144: 2866: 2435:

Skaters may lose their ISU eligibility if they perform in an unsanctioned show or competition.

1761: 1455: 1324: 571: 530: 467: 6527: 6009: 4431:"World figure skating enthusiasts take figures online | News, Sports, Jobs - Lake Placid News" 3145:

officially confirmed the approval of a figure skating team event, which was introduced at the

2591:. Several female pair skaters have suffered head/face injuries during this element, including 2200:); and the point values may change (for example, the values of quads were increased after the 1878:

Medals awarded to the skaters who achieved the highest overall placements in each discipline.

1245:

Figure skating spins, along with jumps, spirals, and spread eagles were originally individual

39: 10233: 10111: 9549: 9529: 9364: 8524: 7541:"Albena Denkova and Maxim Staviski: Bulgarian Dancers Triumph Over Injuries to Reach Top Ten" 7131: 6879: 6855: 5007: 3008: 2511: 2492: 2118: 1752: 1681:

Parallel mirror spread eagles with the man on an inside edge and the woman on an outside edge

1613:, and similar extended edge moves, along with loops, twizzles, and different kinds of turns. 967: 316:, showing the toe picks, the hollow (groove) on the bottom of the blade, and screw attachment 259: 255: 55: 7702: 6647: 6354:"'Full family sacrifice' big reason behind success of Edmonton figure skater Kaetlyn Osmond" 6167: 2253: 10873: 10754: 10306: 9892: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9405: 8963: 6320: 3284: 3138: 3112: 2496: 2456: 2201: 1995: 1991: 1774: 1401: 1223: 1141: 767: 757: 690: 619: 604: 600: 591: 543: 522: 518: 514: 212: 204: 200: 180: 176: 10880: 10311: 9222: 6987: 6884: 6860: 6361: 3637: 8: 10759: 9834: 9354: 9349: 8142: 7927: 6769: 5672: 4555: 3818:"Special Regulations & Technical Rules: Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance 2012" 3460:

Skating in America: The 75th Anniversary History of the United Figure Skating Association

2622:

said that "Most of the time, the worst falls are on things we kind of take for granted."

2499:. A couple who won the pairs or ice dance title split US$ 67,500. A winner of the senior 2460: 2305:

compete at the senior level nationally while not eligible for international competition.

1790: 1606: 1584: 445: 230:(ISU) regulates international figure skating judging and competitions. These include the 9150:"Special Regulations & Technical Rules Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance 2022" 9068: 8339: 7417: 4822:"Special Regulations & Technical Rules Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance 2022" 2890: 2465: 1587:

is similar to a spread eagle performed with one knee bent and typically an arched back.

986:, 34 years after the first-ever quadruple jump (a quad toe loop) was landed by Canada's 10862: 10397: 10213: 9426: 9369: 9177: 9085: 8548: 8429: 8260: 8227: 8194: 7644: 7305: 7221: 6532: 6412: 6325: 5591: 5525: 5162: 3642: 2987: 2865:

in London. On March 20, 1914, an international figure skating championship was held in

2596: 2345: 1981: 1813:

In singles and pairs figure skating competition, competitors perform two programs: the

1645:

A basic outside edge spiral position with the free leg held unsupported behind the body

1594: 1443: 1246: 1233: 631: 208: 9217: 7248: 7077: 2749:

for centuries, figure skating in its current form originated in the mid-19th century.

10259: 10229: 9136: 9117: 9091: 9046: 9027: 9008: 8971: 8870: 8860: 8391: 7712: 5629: 4599: 4560: 3479:"Women" were referred to as "ladies" in ISU regulations and communications until the 3120: 2952: 2940: 2576: 2301: 1205: 725: 2568: 10638: 10191: 10132: 10007: 9453: 7354: 7332: 6995: 6903: 6677: 6171: 5944: 5535: 5521: 3853: 3596: 3515: 3249: 3228: 3080: 3075: 2823: 2688: 2646: 2608: 2592: 2541: 2533: 2521: 2361: 2020:

Note: The IJS previously used a GOE scale of −3 to +3 but this was changed for the

1807: 1174: 583: 479:

and 25.7 °F), with the Olympic disciplines requiring slightly softer ice (−3.5

399:

Skates used in singles and pair skating have a set of large, jagged teeth called a

88: 6056:"Figure Skating: ISU Congress votes in favour of increasing age limit to 17 years" 5300:"Summary of ISU Judging System for Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance 2004/5" 2673: 1095:

Russian split, performed in a position that is similar to that of a straddle split

897: 329: 313: 10288: 10196: 10000: 9438: 9213: 9209: 8728: 7814: 7619: 7594: 6595: 4284: 3592:"Japanese skating star Hanyu looks to wider stage as he retires from competition" 3377: 3214: 3116: 3104: 3043: 2944: 2855: 2788: 2638: 2619: 2556:

In some countries, medical personnel may be slow to respond to accidents. At the

2525: 2484:

estimated that a Canadian pair team had expenses of about Can$ 100,000 per year.

2477: 2416:

between the birthdates listed on their passports, ISU registration forms and the

2357: 2333: 1803: 1038: 1025:

edge of the left (or right) foot, launching the jump using the opposite toe pick.

456: 8489:"Bearing up under a deluge of teddy bears, panties and sundry other projectiles" 3062:

area after competing. Television also played a role in removing the restrictive

2604: 2600: 2360:. On February 14, 2011, questions emerged surrounding nine Chinese skaters. The 10843: 10833: 9723: 9697: 9458: 9390: 9205: 8956:

Evaluation of Errors in Figures, with Sections on Free Skating and Pair Skating

7072: 6898: 4935: 3601: 3305: 3100: 3088: 3012: 2929: 2835: 2773: 2738: 2715:

results but it is not common. In a 1991 interview, three-time Olympic champion

2612: 2545: 2318: 2279: 2230: 1837: 1833: 1193:

A pair team after the woman has been thrown: Jessica Miller rotates in the air.

526: 509: 488: 164: 2851: 1417:

are required elements in pair skating and ice dance. There are five groups of

10899: 10658: 10610: 10595: 10463: 10181: 10107: 10075: 9692: 9641: 8110: 8019: 7716: 6829:"European News: Aliona Savchenko and Robin Szolkowy and More: Summer Updates" 6673: 5198: 4603: 4564: 3221: 3207: 3108: 3092: 3071: 3070:

In 1984, more than 24 million people in Great Britain watched ice dance pair

3028: 3016: 2834:

competed in the men's competition, finishing in second place behind Sweden's

2827: 2792: 2716: 2700: 2691:

are reportedly common in figure skating and can result in the development of

2341: 1242:, spins are often used "as breathing points or transitions to bigger things" 1178: 1006: 987: 777: 670: 608: 567: 156: 123: 8874: 7432: 6591:"The bottom line: Lysacek, U.S. Skating both losing in dispute between them" 5069:"ISU Judging System − Technical Panel Handbook − Single Skating − 2018/2019" 3530:"Results of Proposals in Replacement of the 58th Ordinary ISU Congress 2021" 3394:), Jean Garcin (1813), the first book about ice skating published in France. 2877:. However, international competitions in figure skating were interrupted by 2446:

season, different minimum scores were introduced for the Grand Prix series.

2420:'s website. Athletes in China sometimes face pressure to falsify their age. 368:

of 180–220 centimetres (71–87 inches). This curvature is referred to as the

10668: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10468: 10438: 10252: 10206: 10021: 10014: 9912: 9829: 9773: 9763: 9758: 9718: 9713: 9687: 9463: 9448: 9410: 9395: 9344: 7743:"Ashley Wagner opens up on 'severe depression' after missing 2018 Olympics" 7514:"Researchers Investigate Link Between Figure Skating Spins and Concussions" 6445: 3416:, Edward F. Gill (1863), first book about skating written in North America. 3270: 3134: 3059: 3058:

Television contributed to the sport's popularity by showing skaters in the

3051: 2906: 2843: 2784: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2623: 2583: 2572: 2529: 2507: 2473: 2321:

doping allegations and the controversy over her responsibility as a minor.

2258: 2242: 1907: 1897: 1854: 1818: 1786: 1782: 1610: 1588: 1576: 1553: 1506: 1270: 1254: 1156: 1050: 979: 975: 787: 674: 537: 460: 303: 286:

The term "figure skating" is an English language term; the sport is called

196: 188: 168: 152: 101: 45: 6851:"Cappellini-Lanotte verso la qualificazione olimpica, attesa per Carolina" 5099:"ISU Judging System − Technical Panel Handbook − Pair Skating − 2018/2019" 4280:"Synchro figure skating, mass start speed race proposed for 2018 Olympics" 2963:. This tragedy sent the U.S. skating program into a period of rebuilding. 912:

are the colloquial terms for a Lutz and flip jump with an edge violation.

10838: 10744: 10628: 10600: 10590: 10585: 10523: 10508: 10493: 10478: 10402: 10366: 10201: 10154: 10028: 9871: 9819: 9798: 9788: 7704:"Gracie Gold's Battle for Olympic Glory Ended in a Fight to Save Herself" 7563:"Yuzuru Hanyu suffers nasty collision, still wins silver at Cup of China" 5532:

skating to Concerto for Coloratura with vocals by Evgenia Miroshnichenko.

5277: 3438:, T.D. Richardson (1938). Includes list of jumps created up to that time. 3298: 3263: 3173: 2972: 2910: 2885: 2878: 2831: 2815: 2746: 2696: 2677: 2627: 2588: 2469: 2381: 2369: 1849: 1538: 1521: 1467: 1250: 1080: 710: 452: 184: 10774: 8387:

Inside Edge: A Revealing Journey into the Secret World of Figure Skating

4659: 4177:. Lausanne, Switzerland: International Skating Union. November 2, 2017. 550:

introduced pair skating in 1908. Pair skating required elements include

10828: 10708: 10693: 10653: 10648: 10528: 10503: 10453: 10428: 10332: 10144: 10035: 9753: 9735: 9667: 9374: 8355:"Stars on ice: As nice as the kids next door – Las Vegas Sun Newspaper" 7996: 7019: 4309: 4059: 3361: 3141:, singles/pair skating and ice dance have grown. On April 6, 2011, the 3063: 3047: 3032: 2996: 2649:

collided at the 1994 Olympics, but all went on to compete. At the 2014

2634: 2481: 2262: 1966: 1828:

Ice dance competitions formerly consisted of three phases: one or more

1778: 1439: 1282: 1111: 1088: 1084: 343: 321: 7871: 6741: 5490:"ISU Statutes, Constitution, Regulations & Technical Rules (2018)" 4551:"U.S. figure skater Ilia Malinin lands first quad axel in competition" 324:

skates is that figure skates have a set of large, jagged teeth called

10800: 10790: 10769: 10698: 10543: 10518: 10498: 10433: 10423: 10392: 10387: 10352: 10127: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9662: 9400: 8321: 7460: 7044: 6122: 3564: 3373: 2992: 2917: 2413: 2405: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2325: 2222: 2122: 1126: 1062: 1056: 1046:

Edge jumps use no toe assist, and include (in order of score value):

1018: 1012: 971: 827: 817: 807: 797: 578: 373: 172: 8857:

Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to World War II

6670:"Caroline Wozniacki should not be ranked No. 1: Martina Navratilova" 3444:, Nigel Brown (1959). First comprehensive history of figure skating. 1886:

Small Medals awarded only at ISU Championships since probably 2009:

10810: 10805: 10795: 10764: 10728: 10723: 10713: 10565: 10513: 10488: 10347: 10342: 10122: 9866: 9730: 8855:

Norton, Rictor (2002). Aldrich, Robert; Wotherspoon, Garry (eds.).

7615:"Jenny Kirk on Figure Skating's Eating Disorder Epidemic (Part II)" 4799: 4401:"Who Needs Triple Axels and Toe Loops—Give Us 'Compulsory Figures'" 4022:"Savchenko and Szolkowy land throw triple Axel; lead pairs in Nice" 3256: 2968: 2956: 2397: 2389: 1479:

turns, which skaters can incorporate into step sequences, include:

1276: 1209: 654: 599:

in London. The elements ice dance teams must perform are the dance

10884: 9201: 8691:"Figure skating-New team event at Sochi Olympics will begin early" 7590:"Jenny Kirk on Figure Skating's Eating Disorder Epidemic (Part I)" 5762:"Savchenko and Szolkowy off to strong start in pre-Olympic season" 2734: 1777:. Medals are awarded for overall results; the standard medals are 1021:– similar to the flip, but the skater takes off from the backward 308: 10820: 10718: 10688: 10633: 10623: 10448: 10382: 10377: 10362: 10357: 10337: 10139: 9803: 9252: 8695: 8670: 8544:"Ice rink comes up in Gurgaon; 10 more across country in 5 Years" 8137: 6004:[Elena Buianova: "Sotnikova is much better than I was"]. 5459: 4082:"Olympic Figure Skating at Beijing 2022: Top Five Things to Know" 3985:"Handbook for Referees − Synchronized Skating − Season 2018–2019" 3784: 3381: 2905:

Skating competitions were again interrupted for several years by

2811: 2662: 1568: 612: 8756:"Qualification system for XXII Olympic Winter Games, Sochi 2014" 7040:"Skater Binnebose back on the ice, teaching after brain surgery" 4305:"Synchronized skating could be included in 2022 Olympic program" 3410:, George Anderson (1852), about skating in England and Scotland. 274: 10749: 10372: 10176: 7640:"New Muscles and Pounds Boost an American Ice Dancer's Outlook" 4966: 2960: 1794: 1556:: one-foot turn involving a change of lobe as well as direction 1541:: one-foot turn involving a change of lobe as well as direction 1491: 1257:; by the late 1930s, all three basic spin positions were used. 365: 6281:"FOCUS for parents: What does it cost to skate competitively?" 5518:

Notable skaters who used vocal music without lyrics or words:

10703: 10618: 10533: 10458: 10292: 10285: 8724:"Team figure skating, women's ski jumping new Olympic events" 4223: 2449: 2344:, who was 13 at the time the 1996 rules were introduced, was 1906:

Small medals awarded to the skaters who achieved the highest

1892:

Small medals awarded to the skaters who achieved the highest

151:

is a sport in which individuals, pairs, or groups perform on

8793: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8635:"India's largest mall in Kochi: Lulu Mall – Lulu Mall Kochi" 7301:"OLYMPICS: NAGANO 1998; Taking Life and Its Scars and Pains" 6497:"Stéphane Lambiel: "If I wanted to compete I would compete"" 5917:"The 1999 Official USFSA Rulebook.", SSR 19.00. USFSA, 1998. 4936:"Learn how to Ice Skate – Skate UK – Basic Skills Programme" 4870:"Ice Dancing: A Dance Form Frozen in Place by Hostile Rules" 3727:"Why Off-Ice Training is Important for Figure Skaters | ISI" 3450:(1967). ISU publication to commemorate its 75th anniversary. 2340:

when she was two years too young and American single skater

2024:

and is in the early stages of being tested in competitions.

1998:. The new system is sometimes informally referred to as the 1454:, which should be done in under 12 seconds. A well-balanced 155:

on ice. It was the first winter sport to be included in the

10538: 10483: 10443: 10149: 6991: 5940: 3849: 2982: 2703:

have faced issues such as eating disorders and depression.

2388:, were younger than their ISU ages, and four male skaters, 2356:, skating has experienced controversy surrounding possible 8803: 6060:

Olympics: Olympic Games, Medals, Results & Latest News

3560:"Evan Lysacek wins Sullivan Award for top amateur athlete" 2772:

before improvements were brought about by American skater

2753:(1772) by the accomplished skater, Welshman Lt. 'Captain' 2575:

competes with his head bandaged after his accident at the

1848:, the compulsory and original dances were merged into the 10275: 8922: 8920: 8784: 7485: 7280: 6528:"Embracing the Risks of Figure Skating Pays Off for Chan" 6466:"Agnes Zawadzki aiming for newly open spot at 2014 games" 4522:"IJS Technical Panel Handbook – Single Skating 2012/2013" 4052:"Jump Training Harness for Figure Skaters – Coaching Aid" 2967:

Olympics and World Championships from 1965 to 2010. When

278:"Central Park, Winter: the Skating Pond", 1862 lithograph 8932: 7132:"Nóra Hoffmann: "We've gone through really tough times"" 5542:

skating to Scene d'Amour with vocals by Sarah Brightman.

4760: 4748: 4711:"Appreciating Skating's Spins, the Art Behind the Sport" 4678: 4250: 4211: 2884:

In the 1920s and 1930s, figure skating was dominated by

2300:

it becomes July 1 in their place of birth. For example,

1729:

Male ice dancer in Besti squat while lifting his partner

9196: 8838: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8830: 6618:"ISU World Figure Skating Championships 2011 – Preview" 6375:

Brannen, Sarah S.; Meekins, Drew (September 20, 2011).

4738: 4736: 4240: 4238: 2916:

The World Figure Skating Championships did not include

1509:: the blade is turned counter to the curve of the lobe. 384:

of the blade is on the side closest to the skater; the

10244: 9135:. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. 8917: 8893: 8160:"The quad: Skating's evolution is for more revolution" 7276:"Journey back to the ice: Skaters recover after slash" 6560:"The cost of being a pair figure skater, item by item" 3756: 3744: 2563: 1844:

to music of the skaters' own choice. Beginning in the

503:

Figure skating consists of the following disciplines:

8905: 8815: 7942: 7155:"Bates sidelined after injuring Achilles in practice" 5358: 2128: 1873: 1494:: the blade turns into the curve of the edge or lobe. 8881: 8827: 6798:"Figure skaters get creative to cover massive costs" 6168:"ISU: No discrepancies for Olympic silver medalists" 6001:Елена Буянова: "Сотникова намного лучше, чем была я" 5587:"'Rhapsody in Blue' or Rap? Skating Will Add Vocals" 4733: 4235: 9133:

Culture on Ice: Figure Skating and Cultural Meaning

7410:"The Figure Skater and Ganglion Cysts of the Ankle" 6765:"Workin' for a livin': Skaters take part-time jobs" 5700:"What not to wear: The rules of fashion on the ice" 5668:"Beyond 'Carmen': Finding the right piece of music" 5392:"THE 2023-24 OFFICIAL U.S. FIGURE SKATING RULEBOOK" 4494:"Singles and Pairs Deductions: Who is responsible?" 3951:"8 things you didn't know about ... Figure skating" 3612: 1657:

A pair outside edge spiral in a catch-foot position

1450:, which should be done in under seven seconds; and 1354:

Pair spin with woman in layback and man in sit spin

990:at the World Figure Skating Championships in 1988. 728:

from Germany demonstrating compulsory figures, 1971

199:), which, depending on the discipline, may include 9116:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. 8458:"TV ratings slip as figure skating loses its edge" 5620:"The Inside Edge: Programs with vocals on the way" 5618:Brannen, Sarah S.; Meekins, Drew (July 16, 2014). 4104: 2741:is considered the father of modern figure skating. 871:revolution" and receives 70% of the base value. A 487:°C). Typically after every two warm-up groups, an 8154: 8152: 7773:"2015 Anti-Doping Rule Violations (ADRVs) Report" 6958:"Amodio, Meite seek prominence in different ways" 6612: 6610: 5827:"Fashion forward: Designers, skaters on costumes" 5645:"Programmer makes music jump for Olympic skaters" 5384: 3943: 1746: 10897: 9184:"Understanding the International Judging System" 8666:"Sochi 2014 winter Games to have six new events" 7377:"Shin splints or anterior compartment syndrome?" 7355:"Elena RIABCHUK / Stanislav ZAKHAROV: 2002/2003" 7068:"Concussions in figure skating: How they happen" 6441:"Damigella Eyes Chance At Gold In Next Olympics" 6406:Castronovo Fusco, Mary Ann (December 19, 1999). 6405: 2100: 1917:Small Medals awarded only at ISU Championships: 9877:World Professional Figure Skating Championships 9059:Johnson, Susan A.: "And Then There Were None". 8223:"After Skating, a Unique Olympic Event: Crying" 8106:"'Figures' don't add up in competition anymore" 7672:"The Problem with Body Image in Figure Skating" 7146: 7101:"Dangerous drama: Dance lifts becoming 'scary'" 6143:"Junior skaters shouldn't face senior pressure" 5997: 5642: 5158:"Kwan's Slips Open Door For a Younger Champion" 4901:"Dangerous Drama: Dance Lifts Becoming 'Scary'" 4778:S&P/ID 2022, pp. 115–116, 118–119, 142, 145 4370:"'Figures' Don't Add up in Competition Anymore" 3404:(1772), the earliest book about figure skating. 1410:Pair skaters performing a one-arm overhead lift 439: 10105: 8425:"FOCUS ON SPORTS; The Whole World Is Watching" 8214: 8149: 7891: 7889: 7555: 6927:"Wounded Savchenko and Szolkowy in tough spot" 6607: 6374: 6243: 6241: 6118:"Age requirement could keep stars from rising" 5643:Howard Heithaus, Harriet (February 17, 2014). 5617: 4854: 4852: 4824:. International Skating Union. July 15, 2022. 4786: 4784: 4118: 4116: 2140:ISU World Standings and Season's World Ranking 942:Video demonstrating basic figure skating jumps 10260: 10091: 9268: 9169:. International Skating Union. Archived from 8288:"1984: British ice couple score Olympic gold" 8099: 8097: 8095: 7993:"Shen-Zhao set record in pairs short program" 6875:"Isu Grand Prix, anche Anna e Luca sul podio" 5218:"Introduction to Figure Skating Competitions" 4861: 2668: 2551: 1087:, inside Axel, one-foot Axel, stag jump, and 9043:Competitive Figure Skating: A Parent's Guide 7325: 7292: 7249:"Totmianina was motionless for five minutes" 7177: 7061: 7059: 6956:Berlot, Jean-Christophe (December 2, 2011). 6726: 6704:"Preview of 2011 Grand Prix Final in Quebec" 6314: 6312: 6274: 6272: 5998:Vaytsekhovskaya, Elena (December 13, 2010). 5187: 5185: 4202: 4130: 4128: 3912: 3448:75 Years of European and World Championships 3107:as the most popular athlete in America. The 2979:was the last event held on an outdoor rink. 2869:. This event was the forerunner of both the 1937:Four Continents Figure Skating Championships 1571:: traveling multi-rotation turns on one foot 1268:. There are three basic spin positions: the 394:efficient use of the edges to generate speed 9243:"All You Need to Know About Figure Skating" 8480: 8353:Coolidge, Shelley Donald (March 21, 1996). 7920:"100 Greatest Female Athletes: Sonja Henie" 7911: 7886: 7506: 7241: 7092: 6980: 6920: 6918: 6552: 6249:"Constitution and General Regulations 2012" 6238: 6218:"Constitution and General Regulations 2010" 6210: 6162: 6160: 5818: 5789: 5787: 5129:"World Figure Skating Championships: Pairs" 4849: 4781: 4113: 3994:. July 28, 2018. p. 44. Archived from 3908: 3906: 3879:Berlot, Jean-Christophe (October 7, 2013). 3774: 3631: 3629: 3627: 1840:rhythm that was designated annually; and a 10267: 10253: 10098: 10084: 9275: 9261: 8682: 8657: 8511: 8416: 8377: 8332: 8280: 8247: 8182: 8092: 7273: 7267: 7123: 7065: 7031: 7006: 6820: 6789: 6696: 6519: 6399: 6368: 6134: 5556:"Chan takes World title with record score" 5512: 5105:. July 19, 2018. p. 5. Archived from 5075:. July 19, 2018. p. 5. Archived from 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4175:"ISU Archives – History of Figure Skating" 4013: 3881:"French skaters debut programs in Orléans" 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3768: 2711:Figure skaters occasionally have positive 2450:Competitors' expenses, income, and funding 2423: 2368:'s website suggested five female skaters, 38: 9130: 8962: 8809: 8797: 8602: 8568:"Neptune Magnet Mall opens up in Bhandup" 8517: 8449: 8318:"100 Greatest Sporting Moments – Results" 8103: 8067: 7801: 7606: 7581: 7481:"Dr. Investigates Figure Skating Dangers" 7478: 7433:"How To Evaluate Figure Skating Injuries" 7217:"Russian's Comeback In Pairs Is Stunning" 7208: 7152: 7056: 7012: 6925:Kany, Klaus-Reinhold (January 24, 2012). 6891: 6867: 6756: 6662: 6582: 6488: 6463: 6457: 6432: 6351: 6345: 6309: 6269: 6140: 6084: 6030: 6024: 5911: 5731:"Slovak Pair Tests New ISU Costume Rules" 5636: 5585:Clarey, Christopher (February 18, 2014). 5578: 5460:"Statistics Personal & Season's Best" 5191: 5182: 5149: 4892: 4766: 4754: 4709:Clarey, Christopher (February 19, 2014). 4704: 4702: 4684: 4548: 4398: 4367: 4296: 4229: 4217: 4125: 4019: 3552: 3502: 3500: 1927:World Junior Figure Skating Championships 1208:lands after performing a throw jump with 159:, with its introduction occurring at the 8848: 8748: 8663: 8520:"Flowers and ice a perilous combination" 8352: 8253: 7631: 7472: 7447: 7443:from the original on September 16, 2012. 7430: 7186:"Denney, Barrett out of Four Continents" 6988:"Ukrainian pairs skater injured in fall" 6915: 6843: 6494: 6318: 6190: 6157: 5886: 5880: 5855: 5849: 5793: 5784: 5753: 5722: 5659: 5611: 5452: 5421: 5419: 5366:"ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2023/24" 4630:"why do figure skaters skate backwards?" 4271: 3903: 3872: 3838: 3775:Fitzpatrick, Jamie (November 16, 2018). 3624: 3038: 2983:Effect of television and the present day 2934: 2783: 2733: 2672: 2567: 2252: 1760: 1405: 1037: 930: 342: 334: 307: 273: 9223:"The History of Ice and Figure Skating" 9087:Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating 9040: 8968:Figure Skating: Championship Techniques 8859:. London: Routledge. pp. 232–233. 8772:from the original on September 21, 2016 8715: 8556:from the original on November 22, 2014. 8456:Brennan, Christine (January 23, 2008). 8455: 8422: 8383: 8310: 8104:Loosemore, Sandra (December 16, 1998). 8023:. Associated Press. February 16, 2010. 7856: 7532: 7424: 7407: 7401: 7369: 7298: 7214: 7184:Brannen, Sarah S. (February 12, 2011). 7183: 7098: 6949: 6762: 6632: 6116:Brennan, Christine (January 25, 2008). 6115: 6109: 6053: 5951:from the original on February 17, 2015. 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5824: 5665: 5404:from the original on September 28, 2023 5318: 5292: 5155: 4898: 4449: 4399:Radnofsky, Louise (December 20, 2019). 4368:Loosemore, Sandra (December 16, 1998). 4317:from the original on September 28, 2019 3913:Theiler, Jeff; Kurko, Sara (May 2011). 3803: 3777:"Olympic Hockey Rules Versus NHL Rules" 3724: 3635: 3584: 2959:en route to the World Championships in 2641:at the 1991 World Championships, while 1956:or any other international competitions 1458:in ice dance must include dance lifts. 266:competitive season and the off-season. 163:in London. The Olympic disciplines are 14: 10898: 9111: 8993: 8854: 8688: 8536: 8468:from the original on February 17, 2011 8365:from the original on September 3, 2019 8346: 8202:from the original on February 22, 2013 8127: 8125: 8047:"Russian skating slump hits home hard" 7844:from the original on December 16, 2019 7700: 7538: 7520:from the original on September 3, 2015 7516:. NBC Connecticut. February 12, 2014. 7479:Kutiakose, Sabina (February 7, 2012). 7453: 7347: 7343:from the original on January 21, 2012. 7037: 7013:Loosemore, Sandra (October 17, 1999). 6955: 6911:from the original on January 20, 2012. 6827:Kany, Klaus-Reinhold (July 13, 2011). 6808:from the original on November 22, 2015 6570:from the original on November 22, 2015 6526:Clarey, Christopher (April 28, 2011). 6525: 6438: 6319:Gerstner, Joanne C. (March 26, 2011). 6278: 6130:from the original on January 29, 2012. 6097:from the original on December 23, 2022 6033:"Raising age minimums won't be enough" 5991: 5955: 5728: 5710:from the original on February 10, 2022 5584: 5547: 5538:took bronze in ladies' singles at the 5500:from the original on November 24, 2018 5192:Loosemore, Sandra (December 2, 1998). 4867: 4721:from the original on February 27, 2023 4708: 4699: 4666:from the original on November 28, 2018 4199:S&P/ID 2022, pp. 115–117, 118-—119 4181:from the original on February 27, 2023 3878: 3662: 3497: 3380:that mentions ice skating, written in 1461: 548:ISU World Figure Skating Championships 179:. The non-Olympic disciplines include 10248: 10079: 9256: 9090:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 9083: 9021: 8984: 8938: 8926: 8911: 8899: 8887: 8842: 8821: 8721: 8703:from the original on October 22, 2012 8298:from the original on January 31, 2008 8220: 8070:"2011 European Championships Preview" 8027:from the original on October 15, 2012 7973:from the original on February 1, 2024 7960: 7948: 7810:"Rodnina Confirms Soviet Steroid Use" 7807: 7765: 7637: 7612: 7587: 7569:from the original on October 10, 2023 7494:from the original on February 9, 2012 7288:from the original on October 5, 2012. 7153:Rosewater, Amy (September 29, 2010). 7066:Rutherford, Lynn (February 2, 2016). 7038:Beiser, H. Darr (December 21, 2010). 7015:"Falls, injuries often come in pairs" 6795: 6588: 5856:Golinsky, Reut (September 14, 2012). 5825:Brannen, Sarah S. (August 20, 2012). 5772:from the original on November 5, 2012 5759: 5566:from the original on October 31, 2018 5553: 5470:from the original on December 5, 2018 5416: 5372:from the original on December 9, 2023 5250:from the original on February 1, 2024 4946:from the original on January 22, 2021 4742: 4610:from the original on January 30, 2013 4571:from the original on December 8, 2022 4549:Carpenter, Les (September 15, 2022). 4514: 4486: 4437:from the original on February 5, 2023 4411:from the original on February 5, 2023 4277: 4256: 4244: 4092:from the original on November 4, 2022 3791:from the original on January 16, 2013 3762: 3750: 3725:Siclari, Stephanie (March 10, 2022). 3618: 3540:from the original on October 10, 2021 3346:Winter Sports: The Ultimate Challenge 3322:ESPN International Winter Sports 2002 3161: 2900: 2808:European Figure Skating Championships 2661:a few months before, and the Chinese 2618:Commenting on falls and concussions, 2282:in the 2007–08 season but not since. 2207: 1975: 1932:European Figure Skating Championships 1159:lands on the right back outside edge. 1091:. There are two kinds of split jump: 733: 10869: 10060: 9079:from the original on March 13, 2016. 8486: 8198:. Associated Press. March 26, 1988. 7723:from the original on January 2, 2022 7627:from the original on March 29, 2019. 7602:from the original on March 29, 2019. 7365:from the original on March 30, 2010. 7255:from the original on January 4, 2024 7002:from the original on April 18, 2008. 6924: 6826: 6377:"The Inside Edge: The new quad king" 6141:Loosemore, Sandra (March 16, 2000). 5920: 5796:"Costumes on Ice, Part I: Ice dance" 5666:Brannen, Sarah S. (April 23, 2012). 4302: 4278:Hersh, Philip (September 29, 2014). 3846:"Michal Brezina leads Skate America" 3236:The Cutting Edge: Going for the Gold 2503:in December 2011 earned US$ 25,000. 2364:found that birthdates listed on the 2221:decided to allow lyrics or words in 1470:, figure skating is one of the only 1438:the judging system changed from the 851:) is "missing rotation of more than 27:Ice sport performed on figure skates 9066: 9002: 8736:from the original on April 10, 2011 8664:Grohmann, Karolos (April 6, 2011). 8532:from the original on March 9, 2013. 8499:from the original on March 18, 2013 8256:"Professional Rules Undergo Change" 8221:Macur, Juliet (February 22, 2010). 8122: 8053:. February 24, 2010. Archived from 7999:. February 14, 2010. Archived from 7961:Hersh, Philip (February 16, 2010). 7638:Macur, Juliet (February 16, 2010). 7613:Coker, Lesleyann (March 23, 2010). 7588:Coker, Lesleyann (March 22, 2010). 7468:from the original on June 28, 2011. 7313:from the original on March 15, 2016 7229:from the original on April 29, 2012 7142:from the original on March 8, 2012. 7129: 7099:Brannen, Sarah S. (July 13, 2012). 7052:from the original on June 28, 2011. 6507:from the original on April 15, 2012 6464:Cazeneuve, Brian (April 10, 2013). 6352:Karatchuk, Tammy (March 11, 2013). 6031:Loosemore, Sandra (June 15, 1998). 5760:Flade, Tatjana (October 31, 2012). 5262: 5224:from the original on March 25, 2022 5156:Longman, Jere (February 16, 1997). 5121: 4899:Brannen, Sarah S. (July 13, 2012). 4880:from the original on August 2, 2020 4828:from the original on August 7, 2019 4342:. U.S. Figure Skating Association. 4155:from the original on April 12, 2021 4032:from the original on April 15, 2014 3860:from the original on April 15, 2014 3608:from the original on July 21, 2022. 3572:from the original on March 17, 2011 3243:The Cutting Edge: Chasing the Dream 3187:The Complete Book of Figure Skating 3181:The Official Book of Figure Skating 2693:relative energy deficiency in sport 2564:Head injuries, falls and collisions 2472:100,000 per season. World champion 1947:Figure skating at the Olympic Games 709:American synchronized skating team 483:°C) than synchronized skating (−5.5 24: 9282: 9178:Scoring System: IJS vs. 6.0 system 9156:ISU Constitution & Regulations 8645:from the original on July 18, 2019 8615:from the original on July 31, 2020 8584:from the original on July 31, 2020 8437:from the original on June 26, 2017 8423:Longman, Jere (February 6, 1994). 8404:from the original on April 4, 2023 8268:from the original on June 27, 2017 8235:from the original on June 27, 2017 8166:. December 2, 1999. Archived from 7789:from the original on April 6, 2017 7701:Crouse, Karen (January 25, 2019). 7652:from the original on June 27, 2017 7551:from the original on May 25, 2024. 7539:Mittan, Barry (December 3, 2001). 7454:Falcon, Mike (September 6, 2002). 7431:Janowicz, Rachel A. (April 2006). 7389:from the original on April 9, 2014 7299:Longman, Jere (February 4, 1998). 7274:Burkholder, Amy (April 23, 2007). 6763:Brannen, Sarah S. (May 31, 2012). 6710:. December 7, 2011. Archived from 6680:. January 23, 2012. Archived from 6589:Hersh, Philip (October 28, 2011). 6540:from the original on June 27, 2017 6439:Heeren, Dave (February 28, 1988). 6420:from the original on June 27, 2017 6333:from the original on June 27, 2017 6178:from the original on July 10, 2013 5937:"China eyed over 9 athletes' ages" 5887:Golinsky, Reut (October 4, 2012). 5858:"Costumes on Ice, Part II: Ladies" 5794:Golinsky, Reut (August 18, 2012). 5729:Mittan, Barry (December 5, 2004). 4640:from the original on June 14, 2020 4589: 4349:from the original on March 5, 2023 4303:Lutz, Rachel (February 24, 2018). 4020:Kondakova, Anna (March 28, 2012). 3961:. October 31, 2016. Archived from 3650:from the original on June 27, 2017 2820:World Figure Skating Championships 2459:50,000 a year. In October 2004, a 2290: 2257:An example of ice dance costumes ( 2133: 2129:World standings and season's bests 1922:World Figure Skating Championships 1874:Overall Medals (Stage 1 + Stage 2) 1765:Pair skaters performing crossovers 1260:There are two types of spins, the 588:World Figure Skating Championships 354:Blades are about 4.7 millimetres ( 25: 10937: 9918:World Figure Skating Hall of Fame 9647:Competition elements in ice dance 9295:International Skating Union (ISU) 9190: 8689:Sarkar, Pritha (March 29, 2012). 8487:Mick, Hayley (January 19, 2013). 8254:Janofsky, Michael (May 2, 1990). 7808:Hersh, Phil (February 14, 1991). 7408:Walston, Sharon (April 2, 2002). 6085:Mngqosini, Sammy (June 7, 2022). 6066:from the original on July 5, 2022 5899:from the original on May 18, 2013 5868:from the original on May 18, 2013 5806:from the original on May 18, 2013 5599:from the original on July 7, 2017 5554:Flade, Tatjana (April 28, 2011). 5170:from the original on May 27, 2015 4977:from the original on July 7, 2019 4696:S&P/ID 2022, pp. 103–105, 129 4337:"Special Regulations for Figures" 4110:S&P/ID 2022, pp. 105—106, 110 3706:from the original on July 6, 2022 3696:"All About Blades: A Basic Guide" 3292:Tonya and Nancy: The Inside Story 2682:2016 Four Continents Championship 2178: 320:The most visible difference from 140:the first Winter Olympics in 1924 10879: 10868: 10858: 10857: 10106: 10059: 10050: 10049: 9984:Highest historical junior scores 8627: 8596: 8560: 8518:Gillespie, Ian (March 8, 2013). 8061: 8039: 8007: 7985: 7954: 7917: 7826: 7753:from the original on May 2, 2021 7735: 7694: 7682:from the original on May 2, 2021 7664: 7215:Longman, Jere (March 19, 1997). 6624:. April 23, 2011. Archived from 6495:Golinsky, Reut (April 2, 2012). 6078: 5889:"Costumes on Ice, Part III: Men" 5528:won gold in pair skating at the 4531:. August 7, 2012. Archived from 3924:. pp. 46–47. Archived from 3278:Snow White and the Three Stooges 3015:of Czechoslovakia landed a quad 2112:World Professional Championships 2108:World Professional Championships 1952:ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating 1734: 1722: 1710: 1698: 1686: 1674: 1662: 1650: 1638: 1561: 1546: 1531: 1514: 1499: 1484: 1383: 1371: 1359: 1347: 1335: 1323: 1311: 1299: 1198: 1186: 1166: 1149: 1134: 1119: 1104: 740:Glossary of figure skating terms 718: 702: 682: 662: 646: 297: 112:Glossary of figure skating terms 9186:(US Figure Skating Association) 9180:(US Figure Skating Association) 8722:Hersh, Philip (April 6, 2011). 8605:"Orama Ice Skating Rink, Worli" 8340:"1993 National Sports Study II" 8141:. June 28, 2016. Archived from 7897:"Some Key Dates in ISU History" 7456:"Tara Lipinski skates past DVT" 6796:Kwong, PJ (November 18, 2015). 6408:"The Costs Of Pursuing A Medal" 6054:Merrell, Chloe (June 7, 2022). 6047: 5692: 5482: 5436:. July 21, 2010. Archived from 5244:"Short Program medal at worlds" 5236: 5210: 5194:"It's the presentation, stupid" 5091: 5061: 5042:. June 21, 2012. Archived from 5025: 4989: 4964: 4958: 4928: 4919: 4868:Reiter, Susan (March 1, 1995). 4840: 4814: 4772: 4690: 4652: 4622: 4583: 4542: 4470:. June 25, 2018. Archived from 4423: 4392: 4361: 4329: 4262: 4193: 4167: 4137: 4074: 4044: 3977: 3731:Recreational Ice Skating Online 3718: 3143:International Olympic Committee 3046:waits for his marks with coach 2875:Canadian National Championships 2806:was founded in 1892. The first 1914:placements in each discipline. 1900:placements in each discipline. 1881: 1852:, which itself was renamed the 958: 407:During a spin, skaters use the 223:, and other elements or moves. 128:Part of the Summer Olympics in 9202:ISU Figure Skating Biographies 8948: 6883:. October 2011. Archived from 6321:"It Isn't Over Until She Says" 6279:Bodmer, Doris (October 2004). 5651:. Miami Herald. Archived from 5339:. May 11, 2017. Archived from 3688: 3636:Belluck, Pam (June 22, 2009). 3522: 3473: 3384:during the early 13th century. 3137:has mostly disappeared, while 2779: 2609:Galina Maniachenko (Efremenko) 2336:was allowed to compete at the 2285: 2191:Skaters and couples also have 1747:Competition format and scoring 1073: 952: 498: 269: 165:men's singles, women's singles 13: 1: 9515:Four Continents Championships 9024:Figure Skating: A Celebration 8603:TeamPress (August 10, 2012). 8133:"Video Magic Memories on Ice" 8068:Stevenson, Alexandra (2011). 7782:. April 3, 2017. p. 10. 7333:"Galina EFREMENKO: 2005/2006" 5006:. May 5, 2011. Archived from 4903:. Ice Network. Archived from 4268:S&P/ID 2022, pp. 142, 145 3490: 3376:textbook and compilation of 3366: 3353: 3193:The Science of Figure Skating 2850:, where the title was won by 2758: 2101:Other judging and competition 1960: 1942:Small Medals not awarded in: 1033: 615:, and choreographic elements. 312:Close-up of a figure skating 248:Four Continents Championships 10926:Former Summer Olympic sports 9237:Minnesota Historical Society 9026:. McClelland & Stewart. 8994:Wright, Benjamin T. (1996). 8958:(8th ed.). USFSA. 1976. 7963:"Fourth time is their charm" 6859:. March 2009. Archived from 6008:(in Russian). Archived from 5033:"Technical Notification 103" 3462:, Benjamin T. Wright (1996). 3334:Michelle Kwan Figure Skating 3103:was statistically tied with 2315:2022 Winter Olympics scandal 2265:at 2012 World Championships) 1986:In 2004, in response to the 1705:Canadian Championships Dance 1366:Layback spin with catch-foot 997: 653:South Korean singles skater 558:and partner assisted jumps, 459:along the north bank of the 440:Ice rinks and rink equipment 83:Individuals, duos, or groups 7: 9197:International Skating Union 9041:Ogilvie, Robert S. (1985). 9005:The Story of Figure Skating 8384:Brennan, Christine (1996). 7838:www.skateguard.blogspot.com 6258:. June 2012. Archived from 6227:. June 2010. Archived from 5337:International Skating Union 4967:"Home – Learn to Skate USA" 4145:"History of Figure Skating" 3827:. June 2012. Archived from 3534:International Skating Union 3021:1986 European Championships 2804:International Skating Union 2468:said his costs were around 2366:Chinese Skating Association 2324:During the 2005–06 season, 2248: 1428:International Skating Union 597:World Championships in 1950 228:International Skating Union 61:International Skating Union 10: 10942: 9954:Figure skaters (ice dance) 9923:World Figure Sport Society 9581:Junior World Challenge Cup 9576:World Junior Championships 9545:World Junior Championships 9235:video podcast produced by 9161:ISU Judging System Summary 7385:. April 2014. p. 55. 3670:"Figure skating equipment" 3638:"Science Takes to the Ice" 2745:Although people have been 2727: 2723: 2669:Eating disorders and RED–S 2552:Injuries and health issues 2137: 1979: 1964: 1757:Figure skating competition 1750: 1466:Along with other forms of 1399: 1221: 883:) is "missing rotation of 755: 737: 443: 416:disciplines. Hard plastic 380:, inside and outside. The 301: 240:World Junior Championships 10852: 10819: 10783: 10737: 10681: 10664:Short-track speed skating 10609: 10561: 10552: 10411: 10325: 10299: 10282: 10222: 10118: 10045: 9992: 9974:Highest historical scores 9931: 9885: 9857: 9812: 9744: 9706: 9655: 9609: 9598: 9563: 9490: 9481: 9419: 9383: 9327: 9318: 9290: 9131:Kestnbaum, Ellyn (2003). 9114:Figure Skating: A History 9112:Hines, James R. (2006b). 9073:Ice Skating International 8190:"A Quadruple Jump on Ice" 7924:sportsillustrated.cnn.com 6470:sportsillustrated.cnn.com 4592:"A Quadruple Jump on Ice" 3915:"What makes quality ice?" 3340:NBC Sports Figure Skating 3149:. The elimination of the 2730:History of figure skating 2706: 2418:Chinese Olympic Committee 1865: 1858:in June 2018, before the 1524:: the two-foot equivalent 764: 521:(and jump combinations), 328:on the front part of the 250:, the Grand Prix series ( 122: 117: 107: 97: 87: 79: 74: 66: 53: 37: 9898:Doping in figure skating 9084:Hines, James R. (2011). 9022:Smith, Beverley (1994). 8390:. Scribner. p. 17. 7780:World Anti-Doping Agency 6198: 6000: 5540:2000 World Championships 5530:1999 World Championships 5427:"ISU Communication 1629" 3466: 3025:1988 World Championships 3001:1971 World Championships 2977:1967 World Championships 2848:1908 World Championships 2558:2000 World Championships 2489:2011 World Championships 2338:1990 World Championships 2330:2008 World Championships 2227:2011 World Championships 2212: 2094:program components score 2029:program components score 1669:Back inside death spiral 1395: 1217: 1181:set up for a throw jump. 751: 582:historically draws from 10274: 7130:Bőd, Titanilla (2010). 6899:"Pattinaggio di figura" 4925:S&P/ID 2022, p. 145 4858:S&P/ID 2022, p. 130 4662:. Holland Ice Academy. 4208:S&P/ID 2022, p. 110 4122:S&P/ID 2022, p. 113 3127:the following skaters. 2424:Other eligibility rules 2114:(held in Jaca, Spain). 1286:. Skaters also perform 695:Leonardo Maekawa Moreno 572:choreographic sequences 531:choreographic sequences 9949:Figure skaters (pairs) 9944:Figure skaters (women) 9617:Choreographic sequence 9510:European Championships 9310:Records and statistics 8970:. Sports Illustrated. 8575:ConstructionWeekOnline 8051:NBC Olympic broadcasts 6640:"US Open: Prize Money" 5972:. 2010. Archived from 5368:. September 20, 2023. 3508:"About Figure Skating" 3442:Ice Skating: A History 3328:Imagine: Figure Skater 3055: 2948: 2867:New Haven, Connecticut 2846:was introduced at the 2799: 2742: 2685: 2579: 2266: 2173:season's world ranking 2035:. The components are: 1766: 1411: 1043: 943: 669:Canadian pair skaters 590:in 1952, and became a 351: 340: 317: 279: 244:European Championships 10921:Winter Olympic sports 10234:Summer Olympic sports 10112:Winter Olympic sports 9979:Highest junior scores 9167:"ISU Judging Systems" 9003:Boo, Michael (1998). 8987:Single Figure Skating 8985:Dĕdič, Josef (1974). 8964:Petkevich, John Misha 8525:The London Free Press 8294:. February 14, 1984. 8080:on September 21, 2011 8057:on February 26, 2010. 7930:on September 11, 2006 7678:. December 31, 2018. 6880:Polizia Penitenziaria 6856:Polizia Penitenziaria 6839:on November 20, 2011. 6566:. November 18, 2015. 6453:on November 29, 2016. 6387:on September 25, 2011 6174:. February 17, 2011. 5947:. February 14, 2011. 5655:on February 26, 2014. 4965:USA, Learn To Skate. 4590:Ap (March 26, 1988). 4134:S&P/ID 2022, p. 9 3436:Modern Figure Skating 3042: 2939:Russian pair skaters 2938: 2822:were held in 1896 in 2810:were held in 1891 in 2787: 2751:A Treatise on Skating 2737: 2676: 2571: 2512:Polizia Penitenziaria 2256: 2119:Ice Skating Institute 1764: 1753:Figure skating season 1419:lifts in pair skating 1409: 1041: 941: 346: 338: 311: 277: 260:ISU Challenger Series 9939:Figure skaters (men) 9893:Adult figure skating 9564:Synchronized skating 9406:Synchronized skating 9300:National federations 9069:"Mechanics of Lifts" 8577:. January 30, 2012. 8552:. December 8, 2011. 8145:on October 30, 2021. 7907:on November 3, 2013. 7874:on November 22, 2018 7749:. October 11, 2018. 7251:. October 24, 2004. 7027:on January 12, 2012. 6907:. February 4, 2011. 6744:on November 21, 2018 6650:on November 23, 2011 6628:on January 27, 2012. 6234:on October 18, 2011. 6153:on October 13, 2008. 6012:on December 29, 2010 5706:. January 21, 2016. 5346:on February 22, 2018 5306:on December 11, 2013 5280:on November 21, 2018 5145:on December 5, 2013. 4510:on October 11, 2010. 4232:, pp. xiv, 102. 3856:. October 22, 2011. 3834:on October 29, 2013. 3518:on January 29, 2014. 3454:Our Skating Heritage 3147:2014 Winter Olympics 3139:synchronized skating 3113:1994 Winter Olympics 2863:1908 Summer Olympics 1996:2006 Winter Olympics 1992:2002 Winter Olympics 1821:, also known as the 1775:Winter Olympic Games 1415:Figure skating lifts 1402:Figure skating lifts 1224:Figure skating spins 1142:Kevin van der Perren 984:2022 CS U.S. Classic 758:Figure skating jumps 691:Pilar Maekawa Moreno 689:Mexican ice dancers 620:Synchronized skating 592:Winter Olympic Games 544:1908 Summer Olympics 515:London Games in 1908 181:synchronized skating 10760:Iceman (occupation) 9571:World Championships 9540:Youth Olympic Games 9505:World Championships 9063:, March/April 1991. 8170:on October 31, 2000 8074:IceSkatingIntnl.com 7822:on October 7, 2018. 7196:on February 4, 2021 7165:on January 13, 2014 7136:AbsoluteSkating.com 7080:on February 5, 2016 6937:on January 26, 2012 6684:on January 24, 2012 6603:on October 7, 2018. 5979:on October 18, 2011 5837:on January 16, 2013 5333:USFigureSkating.org 5049:on October 30, 2012 5040:usfigureskating.org 4971:learntoskateusa.com 4907:on November 6, 2017 4556:The Washington Post 4405:Wall Street Journal 4292:on October 8, 2014. 4259:, pp. 173–174. 3430:Tracings on the Ice 3426:Spuren auf dem Eise 3414:The Skater's Manual 2461:U.S. Figure Skating 2146:world standing (WS) 2090:total element score 2033:total element score 2007:total element score 1988:judging controversy 1791:U.S. Figure Skating 1462:Turns, steps, moves 1144:rotates in the air. 1129:sets up for a jump. 1114:sets up for a jump. 446:Figure skating rink 292:patinage artistique 236:World Championships 56:governing body 34: 10911:Ice skating sports 10312:Crystalline phases 10214:Ski mountaineering 9813:Moves in the field 9432:Demise and revival 9427:Compulsory figures 9370:ISU Judging System 9247:WashingtonPost.com 9173:on March 29, 2009. 9045:. Harper Collins. 9007:. Harper Collins. 8765:. September 2012. 8639:The Economic Times 8549:The Economic Times 8493:The Globe and Mail 8430:The New York Times 8261:The New York Times 8228:The New York Times 8195:The New York Times 7834:"Skate Guard Blog" 7709:The New York Times 7676:Grandstand Central 7645:The New York Times 7420:on August 7, 2008. 7306:The New York Times 7222:The New York Times 6998:. March 29, 2000. 6968:on January 6, 2014 6714:on January 6, 2014 6533:The New York Times 6413:The New York Times 6364:on March 12, 2013. 6326:The New York Times 6297:on August 18, 2019 5592:The New York Times 5526:Anton Sikharulidze 5440:on August 16, 2011 5430:(downloadable PDF) 5206:on April 29, 1999. 5163:The New York Times 4792:"Skating Glossary" 4715:The New York Times 4596:The New York Times 3684:on March 12, 2009. 3643:The New York Times 3568:. March 15, 2011. 3408:The Art of Skating 3398:The Art of Skating 3162:In popular culture 3117:Nielsen TV ratings 3056: 2988:Compulsory figures 2949: 2901:After World War II 2814:, Germany (won by 2800: 2743: 2686: 2597:Tatiana Totmianina 2580: 2480:150,000. In 2015, 2267: 2208:Music and clothing 2193:personal best (PB) 2185:season's best (SB) 2083:grade of execution 2015:grade of execution 1982:ISU Judging System 1976:ISU Judging System 1767: 1595:Moves in the field 1456:free dance program 1444:ISU Judging System 1412: 1247:compulsory figures 1234:The New York Times 1044: 944: 875:jump (indicated by 843:jump (indicated by 765:ISU abbreviations: 734:Elements and moves 632:Compulsory figures 352: 347:Figure skates and 341: 318: 280: 209:moves in the field 32: 10893: 10892: 10874:Wikimedia Commons 10677: 10676: 10242: 10241: 10230:Paralympic sports 10073: 10072: 9853: 9852: 9747:and basic strokes 9610:Required elements 9594: 9593: 9586:Challenger Series 9550:Junior Grand Prix 9535:World Team Trophy 9530:Challenger Series 9477: 9476: 9335:Glossary of terms 9233:"History on Ice!" 9123:978-0-252-07286-4 9097:978-0-8108-6859-5 9067:Rossano, George. 8941:, p. xxviii. 8397:978-0-6848-0167-4 8328:on June 28, 2002. 8118:on July 27, 2008. 8003:on March 4, 2010. 7967:Los Angeles Times 6476:on April 14, 2013 6206:on July 18, 2011. 6043:on July 26, 2008. 5649:Naples Daily News 5632:on July 19, 2014. 5246:. April 8, 2018. 4940:iceskating.org.uk 4846:Tech panel, p. 26 4802:on August 6, 2020 4062:on March 29, 2020 3891:on April 14, 2014 3765:, pp. 23–24. 3604:. July 21, 2022. 3536:. June 30, 2021. 3388:Le vrai pattineur 2957:Brussels, Belgium 2953:Sabena Flight 548 2941:Ludmila Belousova 2907:World War II 2826:, Russia (won by 2818:), and the first 2577:2014 Cup of China 2476:'s expenses were 2438:Beginning in the 2358:age falsification 2302:Adelina Sotnikova 1830:compulsory dances 1789:for third place. 1781:for first place, 1452:combination lifts 1292:combination spins 1206:Anabelle Langlois 939: 833: 832: 726:Sonja Morgenstern 146: 145: 16:(Redirected from 10933: 10883: 10872: 10871: 10861: 10860: 10559: 10558: 10269: 10262: 10255: 10246: 10245: 10110: 10100: 10093: 10086: 10077: 10076: 10063: 10062: 10053: 10052: 10008:The Cutting Edge 9794: 9769: 9607: 9606: 9488: 9487: 9454:Compulsory dance 9325: 9324: 9277: 9270: 9263: 9254: 9253: 9174: 9146: 9127: 9108: 9106: 9104: 9080: 9056: 9037: 9018: 8999: 8990: 8981: 8959: 8942: 8936: 8930: 8924: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8879: 8878: 8852: 8846: 8840: 8825: 8819: 8813: 8807: 8801: 8795: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8771: 8760: 8752: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8741: 8719: 8713: 8712: 8710: 8708: 8686: 8680: 8679: 8678:on May 13, 2021. 8674:. Archived from 8661: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8600: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8583: 8572: 8564: 8558: 8557: 8540: 8534: 8533: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8484: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8453: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8420: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8381: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8370: 8350: 8344: 8343: 8336: 8330: 8329: 8324:. Archived from 8314: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8284: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8251: 8245: 8244: 8242: 8240: 8218: 8212: 8211: 8209: 8207: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8175: 8156: 8147: 8146: 8129: 8120: 8119: 8114:. Archived from 8101: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8076:. Archived from 8065: 8059: 8058: 8043: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8011: 8005: 8004: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7978: 7958: 7952: 7946: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7935: 7926:. Archived from 7915: 7909: 7908: 7903:. Archived from 7893: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7879: 7870:. Archived from 7860: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7830: 7824: 7823: 7818:. Archived from 7805: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7788: 7777: 7769: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7706: 7698: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7657: 7635: 7629: 7628: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7499: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7451: 7445: 7444: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7416:. Archived from 7405: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7351: 7345: 7344: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7318: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7245: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7192:. Archived from 7181: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7161:. Archived from 7150: 7144: 7143: 7127: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7107:. Archived from 7096: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7076:. Archived from 7063: 7054: 7053: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7023:. Archived from 7010: 7004: 7003: 6996:Associated Press 6984: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6964:. Archived from 6953: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6933:. Archived from 6922: 6913: 6912: 6904:Polizia di Stato 6895: 6889: 6888: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6847: 6841: 6840: 6835:. Archived from 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6773:. Archived from 6760: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6740:. Archived from 6730: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6678:Associated Press 6666: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6646:. Archived from 6636: 6630: 6629: 6614: 6605: 6604: 6599:. Archived from 6586: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6501:Absolute Skating 6492: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6472:. Archived from 6461: 6455: 6454: 6449:. Archived from 6436: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6383:. Archived from 6372: 6366: 6365: 6360:. Archived from 6358:Edmonton Journal 6349: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6316: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6296: 6290:. Archived from 6285: 6276: 6267: 6266: 6265:on July 2, 2013. 6264: 6253: 6245: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6222: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6172:Associated Press 6164: 6155: 6154: 6149:. Archived from 6138: 6132: 6131: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6039:. Archived from 6028: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6006:sport-express.ru 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5978: 5967: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5945:Associated Press 5933: 5918: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5893:Absolute Skating 5884: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5862:Absolute Skating 5853: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5833:. Archived from 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5800:Absolute Skating 5791: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5737:. Archived from 5726: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5676:. Archived from 5663: 5657: 5656: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5628:. Archived from 5615: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5551: 5545: 5536:Maria Butyrskaya 5522:Elena Berezhnaya 5516: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5431: 5423: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5403: 5396: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5345: 5330: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5302:. Archived from 5296: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5276:. Archived from 5270:"The 6.0 System" 5266: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5202:. Archived from 5189: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5138:. Archived from 5133: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5109:on July 25, 2018 5095: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5079:on July 25, 2018 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5048: 5037: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5012: 5001: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4932: 4926: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4865: 4859: 4856: 4847: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4798:. Archived from 4788: 4779: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4706: 4697: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4636:. May 29, 2020. 4626: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4538:on May 10, 2013. 4537: 4526: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4503:. Archived from 4498: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4460: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4380:on July 27, 2008 4376:. Archived from 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4348: 4341: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4288:. Archived from 4275: 4269: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4123: 4120: 4111: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4058:. Archived from 4048: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4001:on July 23, 2018 4000: 3989: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3965:on July 14, 2018 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3930: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3887:. Archived from 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3854:Associated Press 3842: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3822: 3814: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3753:, p. xxvii. 3748: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3680:. Archived from 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3633: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3597:Mainichi Shimbun 3588: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3514:. Archived from 3504: 3484: 3477: 3371: 3368: 3229:The Cutting Edge 3200:Films and series 3151:compulsory dance 3115:achieved higher 3081:Associated Press 3076:Christopher Dean 2891:Gillis Grafström 2824:Saint Petersburg 2767: 2763: 2760: 2689:Eating disorders 2657:, winner of the 2647:Tanja Szewczenko 2593:Elena Berezhnaya 2542:Federica Faiella 2534:Polizia di Stato 2522:Carolina Kostner 2501:Grand Prix Final 2466:Stéphane Lambiel 2362:Associated Press 2319:Kamila Valieva's 1808:Walter Jakobsson 1785:for second, and 1738: 1726: 1714: 1702: 1690: 1678: 1666: 1654: 1642: 1565: 1550: 1535: 1518: 1503: 1488: 1433:The ISU defines 1387: 1375: 1363: 1351: 1339: 1327: 1315: 1303: 1202: 1190: 1175:Marissa Castelli 1170: 1153: 1138: 1123: 1108: 940: 892: 891: 887: 882: 878: 870: 869: 865: 861:, but less than 860: 859: 855: 850: 846: 762: 761: 722: 706: 686: 666: 650: 586:. It joined the 584:ballroom dancing 486: 482: 363: 362: 358: 339:Blade sharpening 42: 35: 31: 21: 10941: 10940: 10936: 10935: 10934: 10932: 10931: 10930: 10916:Athletic sports 10896: 10895: 10894: 10889: 10848: 10815: 10779: 10733: 10673: 10605: 10554: 10548: 10419:Albedo feedback 10407: 10321: 10307:Amorphous solid 10295: 10278: 10273: 10243: 10238: 10218: 10197:Nordic combined 10114: 10104: 10074: 10069: 10041: 10001:Blades of Glory 9988: 9927: 9903:Country changes 9881: 9859: 9849: 9808: 9792: 9767: 9746: 9740: 9702: 9651: 9602: 9600: 9590: 9559: 9492: 9491:Singles, pairs 9483: 9473: 9439:Special figures 9415: 9379: 9320: 9314: 9305:World Standings 9286: 9281: 9193: 9165: 9143: 9124: 9102: 9100: 9098: 9053: 9034: 9015: 8978: 8954: 8951: 8946: 8945: 8937: 8933: 8929:, p. xxvi. 8925: 8918: 8910: 8906: 8902:, p. xxiv. 8898: 8894: 8886: 8882: 8867: 8853: 8849: 8841: 8828: 8820: 8816: 8812:, p. viii. 8808: 8804: 8796: 8785: 8775: 8773: 8769: 8758: 8754: 8753: 8749: 8739: 8737: 8729:Chicago Tribune 8720: 8716: 8706: 8704: 8687: 8683: 8662: 8658: 8648: 8646: 8633: 8632: 8628: 8618: 8616: 8609:365 Mumbai Kids 8601: 8597: 8587: 8585: 8581: 8570: 8566: 8565: 8561: 8542: 8541: 8537: 8516: 8512: 8502: 8500: 8485: 8481: 8471: 8469: 8454: 8450: 8440: 8438: 8421: 8417: 8407: 8405: 8398: 8382: 8378: 8368: 8366: 8359:lasvegassun.com 8351: 8347: 8338: 8337: 8333: 8316: 8315: 8311: 8301: 8299: 8286: 8285: 8281: 8271: 8269: 8252: 8248: 8238: 8236: 8231:. pp. A1. 8219: 8215: 8205: 8203: 8188: 8187: 8183: 8173: 8171: 8158: 8157: 8150: 8131: 8130: 8123: 8102: 8093: 8083: 8081: 8066: 8062: 8045: 8044: 8040: 8030: 8028: 8013: 8012: 8008: 7991: 7990: 7986: 7976: 7974: 7959: 7955: 7947: 7943: 7933: 7931: 7916: 7912: 7895: 7894: 7887: 7877: 7875: 7862: 7861: 7857: 7847: 7845: 7832: 7831: 7827: 7815:Chicago Tribune 7806: 7802: 7792: 7790: 7786: 7775: 7771: 7770: 7766: 7756: 7754: 7741: 7740: 7736: 7726: 7724: 7699: 7695: 7685: 7683: 7670: 7669: 7665: 7655: 7653: 7636: 7632: 7620:Huffington Post 7611: 7607: 7595:Huffington Post 7586: 7582: 7572: 7570: 7561: 7560: 7556: 7545:GoldenSkate.com 7537: 7533: 7523: 7521: 7512: 7511: 7507: 7497: 7495: 7477: 7473: 7452: 7448: 7429: 7425: 7406: 7402: 7392: 7390: 7375: 7374: 7370: 7353: 7352: 7348: 7331: 7330: 7326: 7316: 7314: 7297: 7293: 7272: 7268: 7258: 7256: 7247: 7246: 7242: 7232: 7230: 7213: 7209: 7199: 7197: 7182: 7178: 7168: 7166: 7151: 7147: 7128: 7124: 7114: 7112: 7097: 7093: 7083: 7081: 7064: 7057: 7036: 7032: 7011: 7007: 6986: 6985: 6981: 6971: 6969: 6954: 6950: 6940: 6938: 6923: 6916: 6897: 6896: 6892: 6887:on May 5, 2012. 6873: 6872: 6868: 6863:on May 5, 2012. 6849: 6848: 6844: 6825: 6821: 6811: 6809: 6794: 6790: 6780: 6778: 6777:on June 3, 2012 6761: 6757: 6747: 6745: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6717: 6715: 6702: 6701: 6697: 6687: 6685: 6668: 6667: 6663: 6653: 6651: 6638: 6637: 6633: 6616: 6615: 6608: 6596:Chicago Tribune 6587: 6583: 6573: 6571: 6558: 6557: 6553: 6543: 6541: 6524: 6520: 6510: 6508: 6493: 6489: 6479: 6477: 6462: 6458: 6437: 6433: 6423: 6421: 6404: 6400: 6390: 6388: 6373: 6369: 6350: 6346: 6336: 6334: 6317: 6310: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6283: 6277: 6270: 6262: 6251: 6247: 6246: 6239: 6231: 6220: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6181: 6179: 6166: 6165: 6158: 6139: 6135: 6114: 6110: 6100: 6098: 6083: 6079: 6069: 6067: 6052: 6048: 6029: 6025: 6015: 6013: 6002: 5996: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5965: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5935: 5934: 5921: 5916: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5885: 5881: 5871: 5869: 5854: 5850: 5840: 5838: 5823: 5819: 5809: 5807: 5792: 5785: 5775: 5773: 5758: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5741:on June 6, 2013 5727: 5723: 5713: 5711: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5683: 5681: 5680:on May 14, 2012 5664: 5660: 5641: 5637: 5616: 5612: 5602: 5600: 5583: 5579: 5569: 5567: 5552: 5548: 5517: 5513: 5503: 5501: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5473: 5471: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5443: 5441: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5417: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5283: 5281: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5253: 5251: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5227: 5225: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5190: 5183: 5173: 5171: 5154: 5150: 5142: 5131: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5112: 5110: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5010: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4990: 4980: 4978: 4963: 4959: 4949: 4947: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4897: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4831: 4829: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4790: 4789: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4707: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4643: 4641: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4613: 4611: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4547: 4543: 4535: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4507: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4477: 4475: 4474:on July 8, 2018 4462: 4461: 4450: 4440: 4438: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4414: 4412: 4397: 4393: 4383: 4381: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4318: 4301: 4297: 4285:Chicago Tribune 4276: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4243: 4236: 4228: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4158: 4156: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4126: 4121: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4056:jumpharness.com 4050: 4049: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4018: 4014: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3987: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3931:on May 21, 2014 3928: 3917: 3911: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3820: 3816: 3815: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3735: 3733: 3723: 3719: 3709: 3707: 3700:Skaters Landing 3694: 3693: 3689: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3651: 3634: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3506: 3505: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3487: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3392:The True Skater 3378:Norse mythology 3369: 3356: 3351: 3311: 3215:Blades of Glory 3164: 3105:Mary Lou Retton 3044:Takahiko Kozuka 3009:quadruple jumps 2985: 2945:Oleg Protopopov 2903: 2856:Heinrich Burger 2789:Special figures 2782: 2765: 2761: 2732: 2726: 2709: 2671: 2639:Laetitia Hubert 2620:Madison Hubbell 2566: 2554: 2526:Anna Cappellini 2497:Australian Open 2452: 2426: 2334:Natasha Kuchiki 2293: 2291:Age eligibility 2288: 2251: 2215: 2210: 2181: 2142: 2136: 2134:World standings 2131: 2103: 1984: 1978: 1969: 1963: 1884: 1876: 1868: 1804:Ludowika Eilers 1759: 1751:Main articles: 1749: 1742: 1739: 1730: 1727: 1718: 1715: 1706: 1703: 1694: 1691: 1682: 1679: 1670: 1667: 1658: 1655: 1646: 1643: 1572: 1566: 1557: 1551: 1542: 1536: 1525: 1519: 1510: 1504: 1495: 1489: 1464: 1404: 1398: 1391: 1388: 1379: 1376: 1367: 1364: 1355: 1352: 1343: 1342:Pair camel spin 1340: 1331: 1328: 1319: 1316: 1307: 1304: 1226: 1220: 1213: 1203: 1194: 1191: 1182: 1171: 1160: 1154: 1145: 1139: 1130: 1124: 1115: 1109: 1076: 1036: 1000: 931: 889: 885: 884: 880: 876: 867: 863: 862: 857: 853: 852: 848: 844: 766: 760: 754: 742: 736: 729: 723: 714: 711:The Haydenettes 707: 698: 687: 678: 667: 658: 651: 554:, twist lifts, 546:in London. The 501: 484: 480: 448: 442: 360: 356: 355: 306: 300: 272: 232:Winter Olympics 137: 75:Characteristics 49: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10939: 10929: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10906:Figure skating 10891: 10890: 10888: 10887: 10876: 10865: 10853: 10850: 10849: 10847: 10846: 10844:Snowball Earth 10841: 10836: 10834:Little Ice Age 10831: 10825: 10823: 10817: 10816: 10814: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10787: 10785: 10781: 10780: 10778: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10741: 10739: 10735: 10734: 10732: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10685: 10683: 10679: 10678: 10675: 10674: 10672: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10644:Figure skating 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10615: 10613: 10607: 10606: 10604: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10562: 10556: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10429:Circle or disc 10426: 10421: 10415: 10413: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10329: 10327: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10303: 10301: 10297: 10296: 10283: 10280: 10279: 10272: 10271: 10264: 10257: 10249: 10240: 10239: 10237: 10236: 10223: 10220: 10219: 10217: 10216: 10211: 10210: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10174: 10173: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10160:figure skating 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10136: 10135: 10125: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10103: 10102: 10095: 10088: 10080: 10071: 10070: 10068: 10067: 10057: 10046: 10043: 10042: 10040: 10039: 10032: 10025: 10018: 10011: 10004: 9996: 9994: 9990: 9989: 9987: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9969:Highest scores 9966: 9961: 9959:Olympic venues 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9935: 9933: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9889: 9887: 9883: 9882: 9880: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9863: 9861: 9855: 9854: 9851: 9850: 9848: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9816: 9814: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9761: 9756: 9750: 9748: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9727: 9726: 9724:Biellmann spin 9721: 9710: 9708: 9704: 9703: 9701: 9700: 9698:Quadruple jump 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9659: 9657: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9613: 9611: 9604: 9596: 9595: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9567: 9565: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9557: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9496: 9494: 9485: 9479: 9478: 9475: 9474: 9472: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9459:Original dance 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9435: 9434: 9423: 9421: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9391:Single skating 9387: 9385: 9381: 9380: 9378: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9331: 9329: 9322: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9291: 9288: 9287: 9284:Figure skating 9280: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9257: 9251: 9250: 9240: 9239:(January 2012) 9230: 9220: 9199: 9192: 9191:External links 9189: 9188: 9187: 9181: 9175: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9147: 9141: 9128: 9122: 9109: 9096: 9081: 9064: 9057: 9051: 9038: 9032: 9019: 9013: 9000: 8991: 8982: 8976: 8960: 8950: 8947: 8944: 8943: 8931: 8916: 8914:, p. xxv. 8904: 8892: 8880: 8865: 8847: 8826: 8824:, p. xix. 8814: 8810:Kestnbaum 2003 8802: 8800:, p. vii. 8798:Kestnbaum 2003 8783: 8747: 8714: 8681: 8656: 8626: 8595: 8559: 8535: 8510: 8479: 8448: 8415: 8396: 8376: 8345: 8331: 8309: 8279: 8246: 8213: 8181: 8148: 8121: 8111:CBS SportsLine 8091: 8060: 8038: 8006: 7984: 7953: 7951:, p. 191. 7941: 7910: 7885: 7855: 7825: 7800: 7764: 7734: 7693: 7663: 7630: 7605: 7580: 7554: 7531: 7505: 7471: 7446: 7437:Podiatry Today 7423: 7400: 7368: 7346: 7324: 7291: 7266: 7240: 7207: 7190:IceNetwork.com 7176: 7159:icenetwork.com 7145: 7122: 7111:on May 4, 2014 7091: 7073:IceNetwork.com 7055: 7030: 7005: 6979: 6948: 6914: 6890: 6866: 6842: 6819: 6788: 6755: 6725: 6695: 6661: 6631: 6606: 6581: 6551: 6518: 6487: 6456: 6431: 6398: 6367: 6344: 6308: 6268: 6237: 6209: 6189: 6156: 6147:CBS Sportsline 6133: 6108: 6077: 6046: 6037:CBS Sportsline 6023: 5990: 5954: 5919: 5910: 5879: 5848: 5817: 5783: 5752: 5721: 5691: 5658: 5635: 5610: 5577: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5533: 5511: 5481: 5451: 5415: 5383: 5357: 5317: 5291: 5261: 5235: 5209: 5199:CBS SportsLine 5181: 5148: 5120: 5090: 5060: 5024: 5013:on May 1, 2015 4988: 4957: 4927: 4918: 4891: 4874:Dance Magazine 4860: 4848: 4839: 4813: 4780: 4771: 4769:, p. 280. 4767:Kestnbaum 2003 4759: 4757:, p. 129. 4755:Petkevich 1988 4747: 4745:, p. 103. 4732: 4698: 4689: 4687:, p. 127. 4685:Petkevich 1988 4677: 4651: 4621: 4582: 4541: 4513: 4485: 4448: 4422: 4391: 4374:CBS SportsLine 4360: 4328: 4295: 4270: 4261: 4249: 4247:, p. 102. 4234: 4230:Kestnbaum 2003 4222: 4220:, p. 223. 4218:Kestnbaum 2003 4210: 4201: 4192: 4166: 4136: 4124: 4112: 4103: 4073: 4043: 4012: 3976: 3942: 3902: 3871: 3837: 3802: 3767: 3755: 3743: 3717: 3687: 3661: 3623: 3621:, p. xxx. 3611: 3602:Chiyoda, Tokyo 3583: 3551: 3521: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3481:2021–22 season 3471: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3423: 3420:Figure Skating 3417: 3411: 3405: 3395: 3385: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3349: 3342: 3337: 3330: 3325: 3317: 3310: 3309: 3306:Dancing on Ice 3302: 3295: 3288: 3281: 3274: 3267: 3260: 3253: 3246: 3239: 3232: 3225: 3218: 3211: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3163: 3160: 3101:Dorothy Hamill 3097:Scott Hamilton 3089:Dorothy Hamill 3013:Jozef Sabovcik 2984: 2981: 2930:Lawrence Demmy 2902: 2899: 2893:and Austria's 2836:Ulrich Salchow 2781: 2778: 2774:Jackson Haines 2739:Jackson Haines 2728:Main article: 2725: 2722: 2708: 2705: 2701:Ashley Wagner 2670: 2667: 2637:collided with 2613:Elena Riabchuk 2565: 2562: 2553: 2550: 2546:Paolo Bacchini 2517:Fiamme Azzurre 2451: 2448: 2440:2010–11 season 2425: 2422: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2280:original dance 2250: 2247: 2235:2014–15 season 2231:Florent Amodio 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2198:2010–11 season 2180: 2179:Season's bests 2177: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2138:Main article: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2102: 2099: 2081:determining a 2078: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2071:Skating skills 2064: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2022:2018–19 season 2000:Code of Points 1980:Main article: 1977: 1974: 1965:Main article: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1949: 1940: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1883: 1880: 1875: 1872: 1867: 1864: 1860:2018–19 season 1846:2010–11 season 1834:original dance 1748: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1637: 1619:2012–13 season 1574: 1573: 1567: 1560: 1558: 1552: 1545: 1543: 1537: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1520: 1513: 1511: 1505: 1498: 1496: 1490: 1483: 1463: 1460: 1400:Main article: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1382: 1380: 1378:Biellmann spin 1377: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1298: 1240:Scott Hamilton 1222:Main article: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1204: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1185: 1183: 1173:Pairs skaters 1172: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1155: 1148: 1146: 1140: 1133: 1131: 1125: 1118: 1116: 1110: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1075: 1072: 1067: 1066: 1060: 1054: 1035: 1032: 1027: 1026: 1016: 1010: 999: 996: 972:quadruple Axel 831: 830: 825: 821: 820: 815: 811: 810: 805: 801: 800: 795: 791: 790: 785: 781: 780: 775: 771: 770: 756:Main article: 753: 750: 738:Main article: 735: 732: 731: 730: 724: 717: 715: 708: 701: 699: 688: 681: 679: 668: 661: 659: 652: 645: 642: 641: 637:school figures 628: 616: 575: 568:step sequences 534: 527:step sequences 510:Single skating 500: 497: 489:ice resurfacer 444:Main article: 441: 438: 302:Main article: 299: 296: 290:in German and 271: 268: 185:Theater on Ice 149:Figure skating 144: 143: 126: 120: 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 99: 95: 94: 91: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 58: 51: 50: 44:Figure skater 43: 33:Figure skating 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10938: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10903: 10901: 10886: 10882: 10877: 10875: 10866: 10864: 10855: 10854: 10851: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10826: 10824: 10822: 10818: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10788: 10786: 10782: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10742: 10740: 10736: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10686: 10684: 10682:Constructions 10680: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10659:Speed skating 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10616: 10614: 10612: 10608: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10563: 10560: 10557: 10551: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10474: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10416: 10414: 10410: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10368: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10324: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10304: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10287: 10281: 10277: 10270: 10265: 10263: 10258: 10256: 10251: 10250: 10247: 10235: 10231: 10228: 10225: 10224: 10221: 10215: 10212: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10187:cross-country 10185: 10183: 10180: 10179: 10178: 10175: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10157: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10134: 10131: 10130: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10120: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10101: 10096: 10094: 10089: 10087: 10082: 10081: 10078: 10066: 10058: 10056: 10048: 10047: 10044: 10038: 10037: 10033: 10031: 10030: 10026: 10024: 10023: 10019: 10017: 10016: 10012: 10010: 10009: 10005: 10003: 10002: 9998: 9997: 9995: 9993:Film & TV 9991: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9936: 9934: 9930: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9884: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9856: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9811: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9743: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9716: 9715: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9705: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9693:Toe loop jump 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9654: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9642:Step sequence 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9608: 9605: 9597: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9562: 9555: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9525: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9500:Olympic Games 9498: 9497: 9495: 9493:and ice dance 9489: 9486: 9482:International 9480: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9444:Short program 9442: 9440: 9437: 9433: 9430: 9429: 9428: 9425: 9424: 9422: 9418: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9388: 9386: 9382: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9326: 9323: 9317: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9292: 9289: 9285: 9278: 9273: 9271: 9266: 9264: 9259: 9258: 9255: 9248: 9244: 9241: 9238: 9234: 9231: 9229:(August 2018) 9228: 9227:ThoughtCo.com 9224: 9221: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9194: 9185: 9182: 9179: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9151: 9148: 9144: 9142:0-8195-6641-1 9138: 9134: 9129: 9125: 9119: 9115: 9110: 9099: 9093: 9089: 9088: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9065: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9052:0-06-015375-X 9048: 9044: 9039: 9035: 9033:0-7710-2819-9 9029: 9025: 9020: 9016: 9014:0-688-15821-8 9010: 9006: 9001: 8997: 8992: 8988: 8983: 8979: 8977:0-452-26209-7 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8952: 8940: 8935: 8928: 8923: 8921: 8913: 8908: 8901: 8896: 8890:, p. 23. 8889: 8884: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8866:0-415-15982-2 8862: 8858: 8851: 8845:, p. xx. 8844: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8833: 8831: 8823: 8818: 8811: 8806: 8799: 8794: 8792: 8790: 8788: 8768: 8764: 8757: 8751: 8735: 8731: 8730: 8725: 8718: 8702: 8698: 8697: 8692: 8685: 8677: 8673: 8672: 8667: 8660: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8630: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8599: 8580: 8576: 8569: 8563: 8555: 8551: 8550: 8545: 8539: 8531: 8527: 8526: 8521: 8514: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8483: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8452: 8436: 8432: 8431: 8426: 8419: 8403: 8399: 8393: 8389: 8388: 8380: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8349: 8341: 8335: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8313: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8283: 8267: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8250: 8234: 8230: 8229: 8224: 8217: 8201: 8197: 8196: 8191: 8185: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8155: 8153: 8144: 8140: 8139: 8134: 8128: 8126: 8117: 8113: 8112: 8107: 8100: 8098: 8096: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8064: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8042: 8026: 8022: 8021: 8020:cleveland.com 8016: 8010: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7988: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7957: 7950: 7945: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7914: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7892: 7890: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7859: 7848:September 15, 7843: 7839: 7835: 7829: 7821: 7817: 7816: 7811: 7804: 7785: 7781: 7774: 7768: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7738: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7705: 7697: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7667: 7651: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7634: 7626: 7622: 7621: 7616: 7609: 7601: 7597: 7596: 7591: 7584: 7568: 7564: 7558: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7535: 7519: 7515: 7509: 7493: 7489: 7487: 7482: 7475: 7467: 7463: 7462: 7457: 7450: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7427: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7404: 7388: 7384: 7383: 7378: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7350: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7328: 7312: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7295: 7287: 7283: 7282: 7277: 7270: 7254: 7250: 7244: 7228: 7224: 7223: 7218: 7211: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7180: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7149: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7126: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7095: 7079: 7075: 7074: 7069: 7062: 7060: 7051: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7034: 7026: 7022: 7021: 7016: 7009: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6983: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6952: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6921: 6919: 6910: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6894: 6886: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6857: 6852: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6792: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6766: 6759: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6699: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6674:National Post 6671: 6665: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6635: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6613: 6611: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6585: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6522: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6491: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6460: 6452: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6435: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6402: 6391:September 20, 6386: 6382: 6378: 6371: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6348: 6332: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6315: 6313: 6293: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6273: 6261: 6257: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6230: 6226: 6219: 6213: 6205: 6201: 6193: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6163: 6161: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6137: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6112: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6081: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6027: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5994: 5983:September 22, 5975: 5971: 5964: 5958: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5914: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5883: 5872:September 24, 5867: 5863: 5859: 5852: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5790: 5788: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5756: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5725: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5679: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5662: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5614: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5581: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5550: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5485: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5422: 5420: 5408:September 19, 5400: 5393: 5387: 5371: 5367: 5361: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5327: 5321: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5188: 5186: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5152: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5124: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5028: 5009: 5005: 4998: 4992: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4922: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4855: 4853: 4843: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4785: 4775: 4768: 4763: 4756: 4751: 4744: 4739: 4737: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4705: 4703: 4693: 4686: 4681: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4639: 4635: 4634:Skate Perfect 4631: 4625: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4557: 4552: 4545: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4517: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4489: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4395: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4345: 4338: 4332: 4321:September 28, 4316: 4312: 4311: 4306: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4274: 4265: 4258: 4253: 4246: 4241: 4239: 4231: 4226: 4219: 4214: 4205: 4196: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4131: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4107: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4016: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3980: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3909: 3907: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3781:thoughtco.com 3778: 3771: 3764: 3759: 3752: 3747: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3639: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3620: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3598: 3593: 3587: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3555: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3512:Sochi2014.com 3509: 3503: 3501: 3496: 3482: 3476: 3472: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3357: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3315: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3224: 3223: 3222:Carmen on Ice 3219: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3168: 3159: 3155: 3154:competition. 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3109:Tonya Harding 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3093:Peggy Fleming 3090: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3072:Jayne Torvill 3068: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3029:Kurt Browning 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2926:Jean Westwood 2923: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2871:United States 2868: 2864: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2828:Gilbert Fuchs 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2797:1908 Olympics 2794: 2793:Nikolai Panin 2790: 2786: 2777: 2775: 2769: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2721: 2718: 2717:Irina Rodnina 2714: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2659:Olympic title 2656: 2653:the Japanese 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2561: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2346:grandfathered 2343: 2342:Tara Lipinski 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2283: 2281: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2246: 2244: 2243:long programs 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2205: 2203: 2202:2010 Olympics 2199: 2194: 2189: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2141: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1983: 1973: 1968: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1894:short program 1891: 1887: 1879: 1871: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1815:short program 1811: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1737: 1732: 1725: 1720: 1713: 1708: 1701: 1696: 1689: 1684: 1677: 1672: 1665: 1660: 1653: 1648: 1641: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1620: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1603:spread eagles 1600: 1596: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1581:spread eagles 1578: 1570: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1534: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1487: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1472:human powered 1469: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1408: 1403: 1386: 1381: 1374: 1369: 1362: 1357: 1350: 1345: 1338: 1333: 1326: 1321: 1314: 1309: 1302: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1266:backward spin 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1211: 1207: 1201: 1196: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1179:Simon Shnapir 1176: 1169: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1107: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1071: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1040: 1031: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1003: 995: 991: 989: 988:Kurt Browning 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 964: 962: 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Wolfe 636: 630: 618: 603:, the dance 577: 538:Pair skating 536: 508: 502: 493: 477: 465: 461:Thames River 449: 434: 430: 426: 421: 418:skate guards 417: 414: 408: 406: 400: 398: 389: 386:outside edge 385: 381: 369: 353: 325: 319: 304:Figure skate 294:in French. 291: 288:Eiskunstlauf 287: 285: 281: 264: 225: 189:four skating 169:pair skating 148: 147: 80:Team members 46:Yuzuru Hanyu 29: 10839:Pleistocene 10553:Ice-related 10464:Frost heave 10398:Stalactites 10202:ski jumping 10165:short-track 10029:Yuri on Ice 9872:Ice theatre 9820:Besti squat 9799:Rocker turn 9789:Mohawk turn 9384:Disciplines 9360:Competition 9319:Competitive 8949:Works cited 8441:February 7, 8272:February 7, 8206:October 14, 8174:October 31, 7747:For The Win 7498:February 9, 7488:Connecticut 7317:February 7, 7084:February 2, 6972:December 2, 6962:Ice Network 6941:January 25, 6931:Ice Network 6770:Ice Network 6718:December 7, 6688:January 25, 6654:December 7, 6424:February 7, 5903:November 1, 5776:November 2, 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10784:Other uses 10654:Ice racing 10649:Ice hockey 10624:Iceboating 10555:activities 10326:Formations 10317:Superionic 10170:long-track 10145:Ice hockey 10036:Zero Chill 9908:Grand Slam 9825:Cantilever 9754:Three turn 9736:Camel spin 9668:Euler jump 9520:Grand Prix 9469:Free dance 9375:6.0 system 8939:Hines 2011 8927:Hines 2011 8912:Hines 2011 8900:Hines 2011 8888:Hines 2011 8843:Hines 2011 8822:Hines 2011 8472:August 27, 8164:CBS Sports 7997:NBC Sports 7573:January 4, 7259:January 4, 7105:Icenetwork 7020:CBS Sports 6802:CBC Sports 6644:usopen.org 6564:CBC Sports 6381:Icenetwork 5831:Icenetwork 5810:August 23, 4743:Hines 2011 4310:NBC Sports 4257:Hines 2011 4245:Hines 2011 3795:January 1, 3763:Hines 2011 3751:Hines 2011 3710:August 15, 3619:Hines 2011 3491:References 3362:Prose Edda 3354:Literature 3121:Super Bowl 3048:Nobuo Sato 3033:Midori Ito 2997:Janet Lynn 2764: – c. 2635:Midori Ito 2538:Fiamme Oro 2482:CBC Sports 2354:gymnastics 2263:Scott Moir 2011:base value 1967:6.0 system 1961:6.0 System 1912:free dance 1842:free dance 1819:free skate 1607:Ina Bauers 1492:Three-turn 1440:6.0 system 1390:Death drop 1306:Camel spin 1283:camel spin 1280:, and the 1112:Ross Miner 1089:split jump 1085:waltz jump 1034:Edge jumps 960:edge jumps 873:downgraded 560:pair spins 409:sweet spot 322:ice hockey 197:free skate 10596:Sculpture 10412:Phenomena 10227:See also: 10192:freestyle 10128:Bobsleigh 9867:Ice shows 9835:Ina Bauer 9784:Loop turn 9779:Crossover 9683:Lutz jump 9678:Loop jump 9673:Flip jump 9663:Axel jump 9601:and other 9401:Ice dance 8503:March 18, 8462:USA Today 8322:Channel 4 8084:March 31, 7868:usfsa.org 7864:"History" 7717:0362-4331 7461:USA Today 7200:April 10, 7169:April 10, 7045:USA Today 6738:usfsa.org 6734:"Funding" 6480:April 12, 6337:March 26, 6288:usfsa.org 6123:USA Today 5684:April 27, 5570:April 29, 5274:usfsa.org 4950:April 28, 4832:August 6, 4806:August 6, 4604:0362-4331 4565:0190-8286 4066:March 29, 4036:April 15, 3935:April 15, 3922:usfsa.org 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