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1490:, later to be recognized as one of Costa Rica's national heroes, sacrificed himself to burn down the place where the Filibusters were staying. Walker set himself up as President of Nicaragua, after conducting an uncontested election. He was inaugurated on 12 July 1856, and soon launched an Americanization program, reinstating slavery, declaring English an official language and reorganizing currency and fiscal policy to encourage immigration from the United States of America.
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the alliance because of the havoc that cholera disease had caused in their troops, but would resume actions later. Also, democratic and loyalist factions allied to
Patricio Rivas, signed on 12 September, a "Providential Pact" declaring war against William Walker. On 14 September, SeptentriĂłn Army (as the allied army was called) forces managed the first victory of the patriotic Nicaraguans in the so-called
1373:
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Meanwhile, Walker was expelled from
Granada by the rest of the allied armies. Some reinforcements under the command of Lockridge and Titus tried to recover the control of the River from the Costa Ricans, unsuccessfully. By April 1857, Walker had taken Rivas again, and the allies had laid siege to the
1493:
Meanwhile, government representatives from
Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala signed in the City of Guatemala a Treaty of Alliance on 18 July 1856, for "defense of its sovereignty and independence" also recognized Patricio Rivas as president of Nicaragua. Costa Rica could not attend at that time to
1521:
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Honduras, and other
Central American countries united to drive Walker out in 1857. During this time, Granada was burned and thousands of Central Americans lost their lives. The final battle of what Nicaraguans called the "National War" (1856â1857) took place in the spring of
1508:
sent one of his agents, Sylvanus
Spencer, to collaborate with the Costa Rican army in order to recover the possession of the Transit Company he had lost to Walker. Spencer arrived to San Jose in November 1856 and was assigned to a company under Major Maximo Blanco to take over the steamers of the
1127:
created interest in the United States in finding a quicker route between the
American east and west coasts. However, Great Britain had long been present on the coast of Nicaragua, which created tension between the two countries. The
1478:, President of Costa Rica, rejected Walker's diplomatic overtures and instead declared war on his regime. Walker sent Colonel Schlessinger to invade Costa Rica in a preemptive action, but his forces were defeated at the
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to bring as many as three hundred "colonists" to
Nicaragua. Walker sailed from San Francisco on 3 May 1855, with approximately 60 men. Upon landing, the force was reinforced by 170 locals and about 100 Americans.
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1355:
ran under heavy fire to capture the Walker flag and bring it back to the
Central American coalition army trenches shouting "Filibuster bullets don't kill!" Zavala survived this adventure unscathed.
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in
Central America nor gain exclusive control over any part of the region." Many Nicaraguans originally welcomed this treaty because of the potential financial benefits a canal could bring.
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The
National War made for the cooperation between the Liberal and Conservative parties, which had brought Walker to Nicaragua. On 1 May 1857, Walker surrendered to Commander
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The Costa Rican government resumed action in late 1856, and developed plans to take over the San Juan River in order to cut Walker's supply of weapons and new recruits.
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and was repatriated. Upon disembarking in New York City, he was greeted as a hero, but he alienated public opinion when he blamed his defeat on the U.S. Navy.
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1857 in the town of Rivas, Nicaragua. Walker beat off the attacks, but the effort diminished the strength and morale of his forces and he soon succumbed.
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Transit Company. By January 1857, the Costa Rican army was in control of the San Juan River and all the steamers of the Transit Company.
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in March 1856. In April 1856, Costa Rican troops penetrated into Nicaraguan territory and inflicted a defeat on Walker's men at the
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El lado oculto del presidente Mora: resonancias de la Guerra Patria contra el filibusterismo de Estados Unidos (1850-1860)
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who sought to take control of Latin American countries with the purpose of making them a part of the United States.
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Following Nicaraguan independence from Spain, a conflict over power developed between the liberal party, based in
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Costa Rican troops take the steamer "San Carlos", isolating William Walker's government from the Atlantic Ocean.
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and took effective control of the country. Initially, as commander of the army, Walker ruled Nicaragua through
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was signed in 1850, in which both sides "agreed that neither would claim exclusive power over a future
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2272:(in Spanish). SecretarĂa General del Sistema de la IntegraciĂłn Centroamericana SG-SICA. Archived from
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2039:(1st ed.). San José, Costa Rica: Editorial de la Universidad Estatal a Distancia. p. 432.
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CronologĂa histĂłrica relacionada con la Guerra Nacional Centroamericana contra los Filibusteros
1715:
1483:
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376:
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1281:, Walker defeated the Legitimist army. On 13 October, he conquered the Legitimist capital of
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To circumvent American neutrality laws, Walker obtained a contract from Democratic president
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Walker had scared his neighbors with talk of further military conquests in Central America.
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2147:[National War] (in Spanish). Nicaragua Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from
1939:[National War] (in Spanish). Nicaragua Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from
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Walker attempted to return to campaign in the region in 1860, but he was arrested by the
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2182:"California Filibusters: A History of their Expeditions into Hispanic America (excerpt)"
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in 1855. He seized control of the country by 1856, but was ousted the following year.
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recognized Walker's regime as the legitimate government of Nicaragua on 20 May 1856.
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Map of North America and the Caribbean showing the Filibuster War at omniatlas.com
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and the river San Juan, as well as the fortresses of El Castillo and San Carlos.
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1967:
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1995:
1988:
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1323:, who conquered the Nicaraguans and occupied their country from 1855 to 1857
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Filibusters and Financiers: the Story of William Walker and his Associates
2014:. San José: Editorial de la Universidad Estatal a Distancia. p. 398.
1989:"Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Nineteenth Century"
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Costa Rican troops began a series of attacks that take river steamers in
1273:
With CastellĂłn's consent, Walker attacked the Legitimists in the town of
322:
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1446: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1351:. On 12 October 1856, during the siege of Granada, Guatemalan officer
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and a coalition of Central American armies. An American mercenary,
296:
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1889:, Central American allies, again, attack the town without results.
1748:
William Walker decrees the legalization of slavery in the country.
1729:
1301:
677:
639:
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1767:: The Allied Central American Army repels the filibuster troops.
1544:, tried for piracy by a Honduran military court, and executed.
1501:
By the end of 1856, Walker ordered the destruction of Granada.
1116:
Nicaragua's independence from Spain, Mexico, and then from the
1738:
Victory of Nicaraguan patriots against the filibusters in the
1912:
1785:, the Central American allies reject William Walker's troops.
1399:
1133:
2813:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of North America
2217:(4th ed.). New York: Avalon Travel Publishing. p.
1859:
Nicaraguan and Central American troops under the command of
136:
Costa Rican troops attacking William Walker at Rivas in 1856
1880:, Central American allies attack the town without results.
1335:
Map of William Walker's theater of operations in Nicaragua
2266:
La invasiĂłn filibustera de Nicaragua y la Guerra Nacional
1513:
city, in what became known as the Third Battle of Rivas.
16:
1856â57 invasion of Nicaragua by mercenary William Walker
2630:
1895:
Central American Allied troops occupy San Juan del Sur.
2062:"The Federal Republic of Central America (1823â1840)"
2720:
1718:: Costa Rican troops repel the attack. The soldier,
2434:
List of federal judges appointed by Franklin Pierce
1120:in 1838 did not free it from foreign interference.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2262:
2208:
2131:
1776:: William Walker's troops defeat JosĂ© MarĂa Cañas.
2248:. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. 72â75.
1728:Costa Rican troops leave Nicaragua, decimated by
1411:
1300:Walker declared himself president, re-instituted
2744:
1163:(also called the 'Conservative party'), and the
2011:Los soldados de la Campaña Nacional (1856-1857)
1867:, respectively, defeat the filibusters in the
1367:Walker's flag of filibuster-occupied Nicaragua
1171:of LeĂłn was losing the struggle to unseat the
2616:
2311:
1179:and turned for help to a San Francisco-based
1104:, and his small private army were invited to
1065:
892:
663:
151:(1 year, 11 months and 4 days)
2034:
1319:, the self-proclaimed American President of
1586:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1241:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
180:William Walker-led Filibusters are defeated
2623:
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1961:
1901:William Walker surrenders to U.S. Captain
1304:, and made English the official language.
1202:
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1911:William Walker abandons Nicaragua in the
1754:Costa Rican troops, under the command of
1606:Learn how and when to remove this message
1462:Learn how and when to remove this message
1261:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2400:1852 United States presidential election
1955:
1689:with help from Nicaraguan troops of the
2263:Dueñas Van Severen, J. Ricardo (2006).
2241:
2176:. New York: S.H. Goetzel & Company.
1167:(also called the 'Liberal party'). The
1143:, and the conservative party, based in
2745:
2169:
2089:
1849:Allied troops occupy the lake port of
987:First Costa Rican Republic (1848â1948)
2604:
2299:
2206:
2007:
1516:
1017:Founding Junta of the Second Republic
651:
638:9,615 soldiers and civilians dead by
2179:
1584:adding citations to reliable sources
1551:
1444:adding citations to reliable sources
1415:
1239:adding citations to reliable sources
1206:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2469:1856 Democratic National Convention
2406:1852 Democratic National Convention
2325:
2059:
1818:Walker occupies the city of Rivas.
1685:Filibusters capture of the city of
1658:Filibuster troops take the port of
1118:United Provinces of Central America
1002:Dictatorship of the Tinoco Brothers
972:Federal Republic of Central America
785:Federal Republic of Central America
176:Central American alliance victory
13:
1096:multinational troops stationed in
14:
2834:
2818:NicaraguaâUnited States relations
2284:
1159:erupted in Nicaragua between the
1150:
621:(Ejército Aliado Centroamericano)
245:(Ejército Aliado Centroamericano)
2723:
2584:
2583:
1634:band are victorious over Walker.
1556:
1420:
1398:. Oil on canvas painting by the
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1360:
1340:
1328:
1309:
1211:
1092:was a military conflict between
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2429:Inauguration of Franklin Pierce
2235:
2196:from the original on 2009-08-02
2163:
2137:
1966:. calnative.com. Archived from
1431:needs additional citations for
1032:COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica
679:Willam Walker in Nicaragua and
34:needs additional citations for
2768:Military history of Costa Rica
2342:President of the United States
2256:
2106:
2083:
2053:
2035:Vargas Araya, Armando (2007).
2028:
2008:Arias, RaĂșl Francisco (2001).
2001:
1982:
1929:
1648:is killed, ending 18 years of
1412:Central American counterattack
1:
2823:Presidency of Franklin Pierce
2669:Barrios' War of Reunification
2096:Journal of Hispanic Philology
1922:
1662:. The action by the teacher,
1547:
1111:
810:35 Years of conservative rule
611:5,213 mercenaries (1855â1857)
2242:Scroggs, William O. (1916).
1998:(collection of many sources)
1964:"The Saga of William Walker"
1380:Representation of La Pedrada
1347:President Walker's house in
242:Allied Central American Army
7:
2705:Nicaraguan invasion attempt
2094:: Origin and Development",
2068:. About.com. Archived from
1807:24 November to 14 December:
1630:, Nicaraguan troops of the
10:
2839:
2793:Wars involving El Salvador
2631:Armed conflicts involving
2500:Franklin Pierce University
2350:Senator from New Hampshire
2215:Moon Handbooks: Costa Rica
1801:Action of 23 November 1856
1758:, occupy San Juan del Sur.
1652:military rule in Nicaragua
1394:during the War of 1856 in
1012:1948 Costa Rican Civil War
815:Liberal Revolution of 1893
718:Action of 23 November 1856
2788:Wars involving Costa Rica
2783:19th century in Nicaragua
2718:
2681:Anti-Tinoquista rebellion
2646:
2639:
2562:
2533:
2525:Statue of Franklin Pierce
2515:Pierce County, Washington
2485:Franklin Pierce Homestead
2477:
2419:
2372:
2333:
2210:"The William Walker Saga"
2090:Lipski, John M. (1982), "
1709:in Costa Rican territory.
1187:. Walker was known as an
790:18 Years of military rule
688:
626:
605:
342:
197:
141:
128:
123:
2808:Wars involving Nicaragua
2798:Wars involving Guatemala
2553:Benjamin Kendrick Pierce
1861:Fernando Chamorro Alfaro
1664:Enmanuel Mongalo y Rubio
977:Free State of Costa Rica
775:Piracy on Lake Nicaragua
149:1 June 1855 â 5 May 1857
2803:Wars involving Honduras
2132:Dueñas Van Severen 2006
2112:Museo Juan SantamarĂa:
1783:Second Battle of Masaya
1540:when he disembarked at
1203:Establishment of Walker
830:Sandinista insurrection
2641:listed chronologically
2520:Pierce County, Georgia
2439:Young America movement
2066:Latin American History
2060:Minster, Christopher.
1887:Fourth Battle of Rivas
1810:destruction of Granada
1765:First Battle of Masaya
1716:Second Battle of Rivas
1484:Second Battle of Rivas
1386:overthrowing American
840:Post-Sandinista period
343:Commanders and leaders
2699:Costa Rican Civil War
2490:Franklin Pierce House
2385:9th Infantry Regiment
1878:Third Battle of Rivas
1774:Battle of the Transit
1740:Battle of San Jacinto
1677:Jose Santos Guardiola
1628:First Battle of Rivas
1496:Battle of San Jacinto
1392:Battle of San Jacinto
1130:ClaytonâBulwer Treaty
947:Pre-Columbian History
627:Casualties and losses
2395:Battle of Churubusco
2173:The War in Nicaragua
2145:"La Guerra Nacional"
1937:"La Guerra Nacional"
1707:Battle of Santa Rosa
1580:improve this section
1506:Cornelius Vanderbilt
1480:Battle of Santa Rosa
1440:improve this article
1404:Luis Vergara Ahumada
1235:improve this section
1125:California Gold Rush
850:Coronavirus pandemic
451:Domingo de GoicourĂa
43:improve this article
2711:Dominican Civil War
2464:Topeka Constitution
2454:KansasâNebraska Act
2390:Battle of Contreras
2358:U.S. Representative
1962:Don Fuchik (2007).
1869:Battle of El Jocote
1673:Battle of La Virgen
1646:José Trinidad Muñoz
1527:Charles Henry Davis
1279:Battle of La Virgen
1196:Francisco CastellĂłn
377:Francisco CastellĂłn
237:Nicaraguan Liberals
2778:1857 in Costa Rica
2773:1856 in Costa Rica
2568:â Millard Fillmore
2510:Pierceton, Indiana
2411:Old North Cemetery
2279:on 7 October 2009.
2207:Baker, CP (2001).
2192:(4): 3â6, 15, 19.
2170:Walker, W (1860).
2119:2016-04-03 at the
1826:San Juan del Norte
1780:15 to 17 November:
1642:Battle of El Sauce
1542:Trujillo, Honduras
1531:United States Navy
1517:Walker's surrender
1353:JosĂ© VĂctor Zavala
1349:Granada, Nicaragua
1181:soldier of fortune
869:Years in Nicaragua
561:JosĂ© VĂctor Zavala
415:Charles Henningsen
2758:Conflicts in 1857
2753:Conflicts in 1856
2740:
2739:
2731:Costa Rica portal
2598:
2597:
2228:978-1-56691-608-0
2046:978-9968-521-96-3
2021:978-9968-315-46-3
1865:Florencio Xatruch
1762:11 to 13 October:
1675:, Walker defeats
1616:
1615:
1608:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1293:. U.S. President
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1270:
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1048:Costa Rica Portal
1022:1949 Constitution
1007:The Liberal State
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835:Sandinista period
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537:JosĂ© JoaquĂn Mora
501:Fernando Chamorro
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2449:Ostend Manifesto
2444:Gadsden Purchase
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2186:The Grizzly Bear
2180:Juda, F (1919).
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1970:on 23 April 2015
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1903:Charles H. Davis
1756:JosĂ© MarĂa Cañas
1660:San Juan del Sur
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997:1917 coup d'Ă©tat
992:1870 coup d'Ă©tat
952:Spanish Conquest
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58:"Filibuster War"
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2529:
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1151:Initial stages
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2072:on 2013-11-05
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2017:
2013:
2012:
2004:
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1996:archive.today
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1797:Once de Abril
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1746:22 September:
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1736:14 September:
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1565:This section
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1429:This section
1427:
1423:
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1417:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:Andrés Castro
1381:
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1225:
1220:This section
1218:
1214:
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1208:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:liberal elite
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1137:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1121:
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1095:
1094:filibustering
1091:
1090:Walker affair
1087:
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1063:
1061:
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845:Ortega return
843:
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820:US occupation
818:
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724:
723:Puente Grande
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691:
690:
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637:
636:1,202 killed
634:
631:
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573:RamĂłn Belloso
564:
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336:United States
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183:Surrender of
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113:
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81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: â
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2693:World War II
2662:
2651:Ochomogo War
2582:
2573:
2566:
2505:Mount Pierce
2495:Pierce Manse
2478:Public image
2274:the original
2265:
2244:
2237:
2214:
2198:. Retrieved
2189:
2185:
2172:
2165:
2155:25 September
2153:. Retrieved
2149:the original
2139:
2127:
2108:
2102:(3): 213â238
2099:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2074:. Retrieved
2070:the original
2065:
2055:
2036:
2030:
2010:
2003:
1984:
1972:. Retrieved
1968:the original
1957:
1947:25 September
1945:. Retrieved
1941:the original
1931:
1915:
1908:
1898:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1856:
1846:
1840:
1821:
1816:16 December:
1815:
1806:
1796:
1792:
1789:23 November:
1788:
1779:
1771:11 November:
1770:
1761:
1751:
1745:
1735:
1725:
1712:
1703:
1690:
1682:
1670:3 September:
1669:
1655:
1649:
1637:
1631:
1624:
1602:
1593:
1578:Please help
1566:
1535:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1503:
1500:
1492:
1473:
1458:
1449:
1438:Please help
1433:verification
1430:
1379:
1299:
1272:
1257:
1248:
1233:Please help
1221:
1193:
1173:conservative
1154:
1138:
1122:
1115:
1089:
1085:
1083:
962:Independence
804:
795:Independence
708:Second Rivas
680:
635:
632:1,000 killed
616:(Costa Rica)
513:MĂĄximo Jerez
468:
400:
381:
268:DemocrĂĄticos
267:
264:Legitimistas
263:
241:
240:
203:
198:Belligerents
175:
135:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2713:(1965â1966)
2695:(1941â1945)
2675:World War I
2665:(1855â1857)
2541:Jane Pierce
2364:(1833â1837)
2362:NH at-large
2352:(1837â1842)
2344:(1853â1857)
2257:Works cited
2092:Filibustero
1847:28 January:
1752:7 November:
1691:democratico
1683:13 October:
1632:legitimista
1596:August 2023
1486:, in which
1452:August 2023
1382:, scene of
1251:August 2023
1155:In 1854, a
926:History of
749:History of
713:San Jacinto
693:First Rivas
338:(from 1857)
323:El Salvador
212:Filibusters
99:August 2023
2763:Filibuster
2747:Categories
2657:League War
2633:Costa Rica
2421:Presidency
2200:2011-07-20
2076:2013-11-05
1923:References
1916:St. Mary's
1841:3 January:
1679:'s troops.
1656:30 August:
1644:, General
1548:Chronology
1538:Royal Navy
1388:filibuster
1289:President
1189:adventurer
1123:The 1850s
1112:Background
982:League War
928:Costa Rica
703:Santa Rosa
619:4,000 men
614:2,500 men
463:Byron Cole
284:Costa Rica
161:Costa Rica
69:newspapers
2555:(brother)
2380:Doughface
1893:17 April:
1884:11 April:
1875:23 March:
1851:San Jorge
1822:December:
1795:vs. brig
1791:schooner
1726:26 April:
1713:11 April:
1704:20 March:
1638:18 August
1567:does not
1402:painter,
1396:Nicaragua
1321:Nicaragua
1222:does not
1175:elite of
1157:civil war
1106:Nicaragua
1098:Nicaragua
957:New Spain
825:Civil War
751:Nicaragua
698:La Virgen
310:Guatemala
259:Nicaragua
226:Nicaragua
224:Occupied
165:Nicaragua
2687:Coto War
2589:Category
2549:(father)
2194:Archived
2117:Archived
1992:Archived
1974:11 April
1857:5 March:
1650:de facto
1625:29 June:
917:a series
915:Part of
740:a series
738:Part of
642:outbreak
606:Strength
297:Honduras
156:Location
1799:. (See
1793:Granada
1730:cholera
1687:Granada
1588:removed
1573:sources
1529:of the
1400:Chilean
1302:slavery
1283:Granada
1243:removed
1228:sources
1177:Granada
1145:Granada
640:cholera
469:†
401:†
270:parties
83:scholar
2707:(1955)
2701:(1948)
2689:(1921)
2683:(1919)
2677:(1918)
2671:(1885)
2659:(1835)
2653:(1823)
2543:(wife)
2534:Family
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1287:puppet
1183:named
919:on the
742:on the
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172:Result
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2270:(PDF)
1913:sloop
1693:band.
1275:Rivas
1134:canal
90:JSTOR
76:books
2373:Life
2360:for
2339:14th
2223:ISBN
2157:2016
2041:ISBN
2016:ISBN
1976:2015
1949:2016
1863:and
1835:1857
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1571:any
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1141:LeĂłn
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