2857:(head of the community), the babaylan takes in the role of interim head of the community. Babaylans were powerful ritual specialists who were believed to have influence over the weather and tap various spirits in the natural and spiritual realms. Babaylans were held in such high regard as they were believed to possess powers that can block the dark magic of an evil datu or spirit and heal the sick or wounded. Among other powers of the babaylan were to ensure a safe pregnancy and child birth. As a spiritual medium, babaylans also lead rituals with offerings to the various divinities or deities. As an expert in divine and herb lore, incantations, and concoctions of remedies, antidotes, and a variety of potions from various roots, leaves, and seeds, the babaylans were also regarded as allies of certain datus in subjugating an enemy, hence, the babaylans were also known for their specialization in medical and divine combat. According to William Henry Scott (Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippines Culture and Society) a Katalonan could be of either sex, or male transvestites (bayoguin), but were usually women from prominent families who were wealthy in their own right. According to Luciano P. R. Santiago (To Love and to Suffer) as remuneration for their services they received a good part of the offerings of food, wine, clothing, and gold, the quality and quantity of which depended on the social status of the supplicant. Thus, the catalonas filled a very prestigious as well as lucrative role in society.
2989:
the
Spanish chronicler Chirino claimed that the natives had no religious writings, but on the same account narrated that a native possessed an indigenous poetic book. The book was utilized by the natives to express a "deliberate pact" with what the Spanish called with prejudice as "the devil", which contextually was an indigenous god and not a demon. The book was one of many of those burned by order of the colonizers. The scholar Beyer also noted of the time when a Spanish priest boasted about burning indigenous religious writings, specifically "more than three hundred scrolls written in the native character". To further prove the existence of indigenous religious writings, Chinese sources before the Spanish colonial era maintain the existence of such writings from the Philippines. In 1349, the Chinese Wang Ta-yuan recorded that widows of important leaders in Manila spent the rest of their lives poring over indigenous religious texts. Spanish sources note that native writings were written on native reeds and leaves that were turned into a papyrus-like material, while iron points and other locally-manufactured pointed objects were used pens. Bamboo was also utilized for writing. The native population had a high level of literacy even prior to Spanish contact, where every native could write in and read the indigenous writing systems.
2172:"Manila Manuscript" also emphasized the auxiliary role of gender non-conforming male shamans in relation to the female shamans. These evidences, together with the fact that there were no written accounts of female sex/male gender identification amongst the women who exercised authority within the spiritual sphere, prove that spiritual potency was not dependent upon the identification with a neuter "third" sex/gender space, but rather on the identification with the feminine – whether the biological sex was female or male. Femininity was considered the vehicle to the spirit world during the pre-colonial era, and the male shaman's identification with the feminine reinforced the normative situation of female as shaman. While Brewer (1999) agreed that it is naïve to dismiss the existence of a principal male shaman during the precolonial era, she also argued that such cases were unusual rather than the norm, and that the statistical imbalance in favour of principal male shamans occurred as a result of the influence of the male-centered Hispano-Catholic culture, such that in the late nineteenth century and in the early years of the twentieth century, in some areas like Negros, all the
1884:
2313:
put them in competition with one another. Individual success was attributed to the power of the deities with whom they identified, and who took possession of them in their frenzied dancing. The
Tagalog word “olak” according to Ferdinand Blumentritt is a term for the trembling of the whole body of the catalona, when she becomes possessed by the devil (anito). As spirit mediums, they conducted séances during which they spoke with the voice of spirits (anito), assisted by an "alagar" ("alagad", meaning personal attendant) to carry on the dialogue with the supernatural, or sent their own kaluluwa (soul) to seek lost souls. In this state of trance, the catalona was called “tarotaro” , for it was believed that the ancestral spirits had entered her body and were speaking from inside her. According to Blumentritt “tarotaro” is a Tagalog term describing the katalonas while possessed by the spirits, in this state, they cried tarotaro. When a catalona held the gift of prophecy, she was named masidhi (the fervent one).
2085:
302:
2864:, among the jobs of the shaman range from being a merchant, warrior, farmer, fisherfolk, blacksmith, crafstfolk, weaver, potter, musician, and even as a barber or chef, depending on the preference of the shaman, skill of the shaman, and the need of the community. Some shamans have more than two occupations at a time, especially if a community lacks people with the needed skills to take upon the role of certain jobs. This tradition of having a second job (or more than two jobs) has been ingrained in certain cultural societies in the Philippines and is still practiced today by certain communities that have not been converted into Christianity. Specific communities that have been converted into Islam have also preserved this tradition through Muslim imams.
3418:
31:
2539:
2684:, shamans are entirely differentiated from sorcerers. Shamans deal with the spirit world and supernatural beings but do not have magical powers of their own; while sorcerers were regarded as human beings with powers gained from magical spells or objects. Illnesses believed to be caused by sorcery are treated differently from illnesses caused by spirits. The former are treated with counter-spells, simple antidotes, and physical healing; while the latter requires the intervention or dialogue with the spirits and thus a shaman ritual.
326:
2305:. Unbound spirits always possess shamans during rituals. Either voluntarily or involuntarily. In contrast, bound spirits, as a rule, do not possess shamans. Instead, they are simply spoken to by the shaman. Bound spirits that inadvertently "stick" to humans are considered dangerous, and are the causes of spiritual illnesses, ranging from confusion, strange food cravings, lust, to unreasoning anger. Sometimes in order to speak to certain bound spirits, the shaman may need the intercession of their
7194:
260:
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1851:, "forest" or "thicket"). Other scholars believed that the origin of the word catalonan is from its root word “talo” which according to them is a Tagalog word originally means "to converse", thus the word catalonan literally means someone who converse or communicate with the spirits (anito). According to Blumentritt an old Tagalog word “tarotaro” is a term describing the catalonas while possessed by the spirits (anito). In some
462:
1974:
1956:. In cases of people with "shamanic illness", these initiation rites are regarded as the cure, where the initiate regains health or sanity by conceding to the wishes of the spirits and "answering the call". When volunteered rather than volunteering, their relatives are usually required to pay a large fee to the senior shaman for the training. Initiation rites can range from simply inducing a
4338:. They are described as being charismatic, very intelligent, confident, and strong-willed. They have a tendency to dominate others, and can do so without consciously being aware of it. They are natural leaders and are often respected ranking members of the community and thus tend to become sorcerers, shamans, chieftains, master craftsmen, or renowned warrior-heroes (known variously as
3021:
2824:, however, these witches actually include a variety of different kinds of people with differing occupations and cultural connotations which depend on the ethnic group they are associated with. They are completely different from the Western notion of what a witch is. Notable examples of witches in a Philippine concept are the mannamay, witches known to the Ibanag people,
4698:
The maganito went by several different names throughout the islands depending on linguistic groups, such as the babaylan, but the term maganito and similar variations appear to be a more universal of a term in
Spanish colonial sources. Because of this universality and its indigenous origins, the term
2312:
The
Katalonas performed public ceremonies for community prosperity, fertility, or seasonable weather as well as private services to diagnose and cure ailments. They were respected for these functions but they were also feared sorcerers able to work black magic. Their numbers too were large enough to
2648:
is believed to bring misfortune and evil, and various points in the compass all had different aspects depending on where the mouth was facing. These were consulted when making future plans like travel, trade, or marriage. When building houses, shamans were also often consulted to determine the most
3865:
For the previous statement regarding the
Bolinao Manuscript, see paragraph 29. For the previous statement related to the Manila manuscript, see paragraph 31. For Brewer's comment regarding the spiritual potency of the shaman depending on identification with femininity and not on the identification
2988:
The
Spanish chroniclers was also guilty of erasing indigenous religious texts, claiming that the natives never had any religious writings such as books. However, scholars agree that such statement reflected a desire by the colonizers to deny the existence of what they did not approve. For example,
2274:
of various animals and plants. They have inhuman and abstract qualities, reflecting their particular dominions. They do not normally appear in human form and are usually gender-less or androgynous. They rarely concern themselves with human affairs. Rituals involving these spirits are almost always
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After the
Spanish conquest of the Philippines, the practice of shamanism became clandestine due to persecution by the Catholic clergy. During this period, male shamans (particularly those specialized in the non-religious arts of herbalism and healing) became predominant. Female shamans became less
1964:
After initiation, the apprentices are then trained in the details of their role. This training includes learning about the rituals, the chants and songs, the sacrifices appropriate for each spirit, oral histories, herbs and healing practices, and magic spells, among others. They usually assist the
3000:
named Diego
Magsanga, along with his wife (who was said to be a skilled midwife), converted to Christianity. After he was baptized he became a faithful assistant of the friars in expanding Christianity in Silang, Cavite, teaching children and adults the catechism. Chirino also reported that many
2867:
In modern
Philippine society, their roles have largely been taken over by folk healers, which are now predominantly male, while some are still being falsely accused as "witches". In areas where the people have not been converted into Muslims or Christians, notably ancestral domains of indigenous
2171:
between 1679 and 1685, animistic paraphernalia were confiscated from 148 people. Of those, 145 were female shamans, and the remaining three were transvestite male shamans, thus highlighting the statistical imbalance between the female-to-male ratio of indigenous shamans. The anonymously-written
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assumed the voice, mannerisms, hairstyle, and dress of females. They were treated as women by the community and were considered as comparable to biological women aside from their incapability to give birth to children. Their social status and recognition also granted them access to professions
2894:
were seen as "shamans" whose souls and spirit guides were apparently more powerful than the native ones. They desecrated religious objects, sacred trees, and sacred areas with impunity, earning the awe of the natives. They could also cure various diseases that the native shamans could not.
2042:. Shamans either had spirit companions from birth, drew their attention during the "shamanic illness", or gained their allegiance during initiation into shamanism. Spirits are believed to be social beings, with individual quirks and personalities (both good and bad). The friendship of
3638:. Like their predecessors, they claimed supernatural powers and used fetishistic amulets, holy oils, and magic spells in battle. They attacked both American troops and local Filipinos cooperating with the American colonial government. The last Pulajanes leader was killed in 1911.
2331:
Healing was the most important role for shamans in their communities. Shamans distinguished between two kinds of illnesses, the natural (or non-spiritual) illnesses, and the spiritual illnesses. Natural illnesses do not require a shaman for healing, while spiritual illnesses do.
5990:
served a threefold purpose. It gave the male shaman status and authority in a sphere that would otherwise have been denied to him. It reinforced the stereotypical boundaries of femininity, but in so doing it also, importantly, reinforced the normative situation of woman as
2673:, or their spirit intermediaries. Healers are more strongly associated with sorcerers than mediums. In most cases, a healer is also a sorcerer. In order to cure or counteract sorcerous illnesses, healers must themselves know sorcery. This relationship is most apparent in
2075:
are essential in shamanistic rituals as they prevent the shaman's soul from getting lost in the spirit world. They also communicate entreaties on behalf of the shaman to more powerful spirits or deities, as well as fight evil spirits during healing or exorcism rituals.
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was closely tied to healing, as it was primarily used for diagnosing illnesses. It can be done by the shamans or by specialized apprentices with the necessary skill. Various paraphernalia and rituals are used to diagnose illnesses, examples include seashells, ginger,
5985:
Indeed, both female and male shamans, for ritual purposes, dressed in clothing that was identified as belonging to women. In the relative gender symmetry prevalent throughout the archipelago at this time, the temporary or permanent male/feminine inversion of the
2099:
In most
Philippine ethnic groups, shamans were predominantly female due to the role of the shaman (especially the medium) being an intrinsically feminine one. Among the minority of males, most belonged to a special class of shamans—the feminized men known as
2439:
can result in the loss of the person's mind and identity—thus insanity. Spiritual illnesses also include delirium, depression, trauma, fainting spells, and other mental illnesses. Evil or undesirable behavior may also be blamed on disharmony between the
2394:
will also mean the death of the body. They can range from wounds, broken bones, poisoning, and snakebites. These can be treated by skilled shamans, but were more often relegated to apprentices or assistants specializing in healing or herbalism.
3346:
by dressing up in women's clothing. He and his followers killed a Spanish priest and burned the town church before escaping to the mountains. Tapar and other leaders of his movement were captured and executed by Spanish and Filipino soldiers.
2206:, however, did not immediately change the originally feminine role of the shamans. Male shamans in the late 17th century still dressed as women during rituals, even though they did not do so in their day-to-day activities. Unlike the ancient
3519:" ("Whirlwind God") and proclaimed himself the savior of the people. He declared that they would stop paying taxes to the Spanish government. He formed a community of around two thousand followers (whom the Spanish authorities called the
2278:
The second type of spirits are the "unbound" spirits that have an independent existence. They appear in animals (usually as birds) or human-like forms, have gender differentiation, and have personal names. They are most similar to the
3271:
who saw the spread of Catholicism as a threat. He rallied around two thousand followers in an effort to "return to the old ways", but his rebellion was crushed by the Spanish authorities with the help of converted native auxiliaries.
3185:
shamans. During the 17th to 18th centuries, Spanish administrators in the Philippines burned people convicted of homosexual relations at the stake and confiscated their possessions, in accordance with a decree by the president of the
3209:
records that their "unnatural crime" was punished by the Muslim peoples in Mindanao with death by burning or drowning, and that their houses and property were also burned as they believed that the behavior was contagious.
3001:
people followed Magsanga and even the Jesuits could not surpass him when it came to devotion to the teachings of the Church and diligence in teaching his brethren. Magsanga was not a priest; his likely role was that of a
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Labastida, Sean Clark Luinor Antallan; Alapay, Johnpolven; Billones, Jenny; Gonzales, Jackquilyn; Macuja, Yra; Manlapig, Ena Eloisa; Montevirgen, Maurice Joy; Pineda, Karla Joyce; Tirol, Fritzie Andrea (April 29, 2016).
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from a past event), and strange visions or dreams. These are regarded as encounters with the spirits, where the soul of the person is said to be journeying to the spirit world. In cases like this, it is said that a
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in 1887. His wife and relatives attempted to continue the movement, but they were eventually captured and exiled by Spanish authorities. The remnants of the group either descended to banditry or joined other later
3413:
selling amulets and magical pieces of paper. Their members were mostly from the illiterate rural poor who had little knowledge of formal Catholic teachings and were living in extreme poverty under colonial rule.
2418:
detaches to travel through the spirit world, resulting in dreams. However, when this separation happens when the person is awake, it results in spiritual illnesses. The causes of the separation can include the
3460:) who claimed they had supernatural powers over diseases in 1865; Benedicta, an old woman and a healer who called herself "La Santa de Leyte" ("The Saint of Leyte") in 1862 and prophesied that the island of
2806:
There are also "true" sorcerers who are said to have hereditary sorcerous powers. Unlike healers, they do not consider the justice of their actions. The latter type of sorcerers are often conflated with the
7160:
5210:
1867:“talo or talotalo” means ‘a prayer or to pray’. Linguist Malcolm Mintz, however, offers a different etymology. He determines that the Tagalog root word is “tulong” which means to help. Some writers such as
2979:, or mentally unstable and were harshly persecuted by the Spanish clergy. The Spanish burned down everything they associated with the native people's indigenous religions (including shrines such as the
1960:
through herbs or alcohol, to inducing personal crises through physical or psychological hardship. Extreme examples of initiation rites include getting buried alive or being immersed in water overnight.
3013:
wore his hair long (which is unusual for Tagalog men) and braided it to signify his priesthood. Before he was baptized, in front of an audience, he cut his hair as a sign that the power of the
4632:
Anito: 16th century Tagalog and Visayan (according to Spanish records): an idol or deity inhabiting the idol, also maganito: a ceremony for such idols, and anitero: (Sp.) witch doctor, shaman.
2985:), even forcefully ordering native children to defecate on their own gods' idols, murdering those who disobeyed. Spanish friars often sought out and persecuted female shamans in particular.
3302:
in 1565 when their expedition first landed on the islands. Like Tamblot, Bankaw and Pagali both wanted a return to the old ways. Bankaw renounced his Catholic faith and built a temple to a
2707:) which was equated with " power". Their alleged powers include conjuring fire or water, flight, shape-shifting, invisibility, invulnerability, and the ability to call down disasters. The
2298:
These categories are not static, however. A bound spirit can become unbound, and vice versa. Some shamans have spirit guides which are originally nature spirits that have become unbound.
1965:
senior shaman during ceremonies until their training is complete, which can take months to years. Each shaman can have one or more such apprentices, at varying ranks or specializations.
4157:
There are various names for sorcerers in Philippine ethnic groups, different from the term for "shaman". Most of these names have negative connotations, and thus is also translated to "
3883:. In general, there was a great degree of sexual freedom in precolonial Filipino societies. Virginity was not valued, adultery was not perceived negatively, and there was wide use of
3130:, shamans, usually male, are now relegated to folk healing and dealing with "indigenous" spirits. All other aspects of the religious life of Muslim Filipinos have been taken over by
2884:
and the introduction of Catholic Christianity resulted in the extinction of most native shamanistic practices. Christianity was initially seen by native Filipinos as another type of
1875:
favoured Mintz suggestion and used the term catolonan (which is actually a Pampangan term) to refer to the priests and priestesses of the Tagalogs instead of catalona or catalonan.
2467:
of a person to prepare them for challenges, problems and obstacles. This ritual also protects the person from possible spiritual attack caused by malevolent spirits and sorcery.
3917:
Names of spirits are generally not spoken aloud outside of a shamanic ritual, as it is believed that it may provoke them. They are instead referred to in euphemistic terms like
2868:
peoples, the shamans and their cultural traits have continued to exist with their respective communities, although these shamans and their practices are being slowly diluted by
7190:
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Turner, Robert P.; Lukoff, David; Barnhouse, Ruth Tiffany; Lu, Francis G. (1995). "Religious or spiritual problem. A culturally sensitive diagnostic category in the DSM-IV".
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by leading them to a city that would rise from the waves; and many more. These movements were usually suppressed by the Spanish by imprisoning their leaders or exiling them.
4502:
2020:, with more powerful shamans having many. Certain individuals like powerful leaders or warriors (especially those with shaman relatives) are also believed to have their own
3062:) movement of the 20th century. However, their methods of worship remained basically the same. The faith healers were still, in essence, mediums; but instead of channeling
1948:
After being chosen, shamans go through an initiation rite. These rites are meant to gain or transfer the patronage of a spirit. Among Visayans, this ritual is known as the
2757:
named Salindagaw Masingir that can take the aspect of typhoons, floods, and pillars of fire; while King Dalondong a Mimbantas of the kingdom of Gindolongan Marogong has a
2295:) in modern Filipino folklore. Unlike the "bound" spirits, these spirits can be invited into human households, and their rituals can take place both outdoors and indoors.
4053:). (Scott, 1994; Tan, 2008; Mercado, 1991) Most of the terms for the astral soul literally translate to "twin" or "double", from PAN *duSa, "two". (Yu, 2000; Blust, 2010)
2309:, who in turn will possess the shaman. Bound spirits can also be interacted with by non-shamans, like when offering sacrifices to the spirit of the forest before a hunt.
3599:
3243:
Open revolts led by shamans were common during Spanish rule. Aside from the early revolts in the 17th century, most of these were led by religious leaders who practiced
5923:
Castano, José. 1895. “Breve Noticia Acerca del Origen, Religión, Creencias y Supersticiones de los Antiguos Indios del Bícol.” Madrid: Colegio de Misioneros de Almagro.
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after experiencing what has been termed a "shamanistic initiatory crisis" (also "shamanic illness" or "shamanic madness"). This includes serious or chronic illnesses,
3342:
named Tapar in 1663. Tapar syncretized native shamanism with Catholic terminology and declared himself "God Almighty" of a new religion. He also emulated the ancient
2713:
leaders of the Visayan peasant revolts in the late 19th century often claimed to possess these kinds of powers. A more common use of the power to command elements is
3218:
A few followers of the native shamanism resisted Spanish rule and conversion, especially in areas difficult to reach for Spanish missionaries, like the highlands of
1883:
3855:
This prevalence of the male in matters spiritual was not replicated in the Philippine case, where it was the female shamans who predominated in the religious realm.
3527:
shamans, he dressed in women's clothing and assumed feminine mannerisms even though he was married to a woman. He claimed supernatural powers much like the ancient
3146:. They follow Islam but also provide traditional healing practices and cultural rituals retained from their shamanistic past. They usually perform minor rites like
2890:. The Spanish missionaries exploited this misconception in their successful conversion and occupation of most of the islands with minimal military support. Spanish
7955:
5225:
5013:
3115:
are now usually male (except midwives). They are sought out by those with minor ailments or illnesses that modern medicine can not diagnose or cure. Like ancient
2270:). They "own" places and concepts like agricultural fields, forests, cliffs, seas, winds, lightning, or realms in the spirit world. Some were also "keepers" or
2718:
5902:
2132:
became shamans by virtue of being themselves. Unlike female shamans, they neither needed to be chosen nor did they undergo initiation rites. However, not all
7980:
5826:
4785:
4753:
3009:
who, together with a group of peers he was leading, was convinced by Jesuit priest Francisco Almerique to convert to Christianity. Chirino noted that this
4699:
maganito will be used as a general term to describe all the animist shaman missionaries came into contact with in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
7970:
7965:
6901:
3548:
3293:. Bankaw's rebellion was notable as Bankaw was one of the first converts to Catholicism in the Philippines. As a young man, he had formerly welcomed the
2194:
who were recorded by early Spanish colonists as being married to men. In some ethnic groups, marriage was a prerequisite for gaining full shaman status.
3606:. He surrendered on August 6, 1907, to American authorities and was sentenced to death. This was later commuted to life imprisonment and he died in the
3703:
231:
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2860:
Shamans of the many ethnicities in the Philippines always have another role in the community, aside from being spiritualists. Similar to the Shinto
3556:
288:
241:
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2795:
covertly. Healer-sorcerers who practice this kind of sorcery usually justify it as a form of criminal punishment, as a widespread belief is that
4931:
7182:
3240:. Shamanistic rituals also continued to be performed secretly in some areas, though these were punished by the Spanish clergy when discovered.
5500:
They came to their calling through attacks of illness or insanity which could be cured by accepting the call, and then attached themselves an
8056:
8046:
2575:), and chicken entrails. Diviners have names that indicate their preferred methods. For example, a diviner using alum crystals is known as a
3623:
2155:
Historical accounts suggest that during the precolonial period in the Philippines, female shamans predominated in the religious realm. The
3190:, Pedro Hurtado Desquibel. Several instances of such punishments were recorded by the Spanish priest Juan Francisco de San Antonio in his
8061:
7056:
3827:, though they were not necessarily shamans (Garcia, 2008; Kroeber, 1918). In modern Filipino languages, the most commonly used terms are
2343:(sometimes referred to as "twin souls" or "double souls"). A person is believed to be composed of at least two souls—the breath of life (
5937:
5719:
2084:
7326:
7259:
4662:
A more general terminology that seems be used throughout the archipelago is based on the signifier for the spirit anito. These include
2881:
2803:. Sorcery of this type is seen as a kind of "justice", especially for people who can not (or failed to) legally prosecute a wrongdoer.
6822:
5038:
7321:
5296:
3567:), disseminated anti-colonial ideas, and launched attacks on towns in Antique and Iloilo. The group was eventually suppressed by the
370:
211:
183:
3879:
Early colonial accounts point out that same-sex sexual relations were common for precolonial Filipinos of both sexes, not only the
2516:
Aside from rituals and herbal medicine, an ubiquitous traditional healing method done by shamans and healers is massage with oils (
5972:
5795:
4971:
3405:) were religious leaders so named because of their penchant for identifying themselves with Christian religious figures. They led
6413:
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and being described as having European features, along with a propensity for deceiving, seducing, and playing tricks on people.
301:
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rituals. The first are the environmental or nature spirits "bound" to a particular location or natural phenomenon (similar to
6806:
6225:. Interreligious and Intercultural Investigations. Vol. 3. Editrice Pontifica Universita Gregoriana. pp. 148, 149.
5493:
4729:
4655:
775:. However, different ethnic groups had different names for shamans, including shamans with specialized roles. These include:
6875:
5580:
5133:
2202:(shaman or otherwise) were punished harshly and driven to hiding. The change in women's status and the ostracization of the
2180:
during the late Spanish colonial period was probably the influence of the male-led Catholic church that "ousted" the female
7218:
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5275:"Mystical Chants in the Bajau Society: A Preliminary Observation on the Changes in the Mindset Towards the Planting Ritual"
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and isolated herself and her followers from Spanish rule; Francisco Gonzalez (alias "Francisco Sales" or "Fruto Sales") of
3371:
was a result of the natives abandoning their ancestral beliefs. It was suppressed by neighboring Christian townsmen led by
2060:, and blood from a sacrificial animal (usually a chicken or a pig) in order to maintain good relations. This friendship of
281:
236:
224:
6100:"Contrasting Landscapes, Conflicting Ontologies: Assessing Environmental Conservation on Palawan Island (The Philippines)"
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5973:"Intersections: Baylans, Asogs, Transvestism, and Sodomy: Gender, Sexuality and the Sacred in Early Colonial Philippines"
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distinguish between "spiritual diseases" and "natural diseases"; the latter they will usually refer to a medical doctor.
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504:
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movement was initially purely religious, only reacting defensively to Spanish persecution. However, by the 1880s, some
2735:
Sorcery was not restricted to shamans, but were also a common claim for leaders and warrior-heroes. In the pre-Islamic
5211:"The Traditional Maranaw Governance System: Descriptives, Issues and Imperatives for Philippine Public Administration"
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does not work on people who are innocent. Their targets are usually "wrongdoers" like thieves, adulterous spouses, or
2287:, as they are the most "sociable" and can take interest in human activities. These spirits are usually referred to as
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Mora, Manolete (2005). "Mind, Body, Spirit, and Soul: A Filipino Epistemology of Adeptness in Musical Performance".
3409:-like religious movements, promising prosperity, supernatural powers, or healing to their followers. Most were mere
3595:
2732:. According to local legend, she alleviated a three-year drought by performing a ritual that summoned a rainstorm.
366:
2753:) that grant them superhuman abilities. King Awilawil o Ndaw of the kingdom of Kaibat a Kadaan for example, has a
2136:
trained to become shamans. Castano (1895) states that the people of Bicol would hold a thanksgiving ritual called
7136:
7100:
5845:
4498:
2612:
affected the physical world, from the phases of the moon, to eclipses, the weather, floods, and earthquakes. The
1868:
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274:
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The People of the Philippines, Their Religious Progress and Preparation for Spiritual Leadership in the Far East
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or disappearing for several days with no memory of the events), bouts of insanity (including those induced by
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7168:
5696:
5251:
145:
82:
72:
7366:
7707:
3749:
2769:
Numerous types of shamans use different kinds of items in their work, such as talismans or charms known as
2068:
of a deceased shaman will often "return" to a living relative who might choose to become a shaman as well.
791:
750:
More general terms used by Spanish sources for native shamans throughout the archipelago were derived from
7223:
7106:
To Love and to Suffer: the development of the religious congregations for women in the Spanish Philippines
6835:
8066:
7909:
4898:
3603:
3158:(exorcism). A version of the traditional massage therapy conducted by folk healers also exists, known as
3075:
2246:
1993:
1852:
721:
417:
6735:
Census of the Philippine Islands, Taken Under the Director of the Philippine Commission in the Year 1903
5671:
Songs and Gifts at the Frontier: Person and Exchange in the Agusan Manobo Possession Ritual, Philippines
3448:
who claimed he was Jesus Christ in 1811; Ignacio Dimas, who led the "Tres Cristos" ("Three Christs") of
2000:
that guide them and intercede for them. These spirits are usually referred to in euphemistic terms like
7940:
7894:
7228:
3495:
groups became more violently anti-colonial. The first such group was the one led by Ponciano Elofre, a
2491:
6044:"The passing of rice spirits: cosmology, technology, and gender relations in the colonial Philippines"
3299:
7607:
6924:
6340:
Tradisyunal nga Pamulong: A Rationale on the Persistence of Faith Healing Practices in Miagao, Iloilo
4939:
4356:
4148:. Though the cycles do not correspond exactly, all of them were used as a sort of geomantic calendar.
3673:
3568:
3312:
3131:
30:
5184:
2383:
represents the person's identity, mind, and strength of will. Both are required in a living person.
8021:
7149:
6823:
https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-15-1977/francisco-indian-prespanish-philippines.pdf
6738:. Vol. I: Geography, History, and Population. United States Bureau of the Census. p. 328.
3591:
3127:
2125:
706:
3559:, a sacred pilgrimage site for shamans. Lampinio led a force of around 400 people. They collected
7433:
7084:
6525:. Vol. 1. Marawi: Folklore Division, University Research Center, Mindanao State University.
4685:'She Serves the Lord': Feminine Power and Catholic Appropriation in the Early Spanish Philippines
4382:
3481:
3449:
330:
4851:
3904:
Spirits in human form are believed to be distinguishable from humans because they do not have a
2210:, they did not have sexual relations with other men, and indeed, were usually married to women.
2054:
must regularly offer sacrifices to these spirits, usually consisting of food, alcoholic drinks,
914:
7945:
4447:
3732:
These sacrifices vary depending on the type of spirit being interacted with (Buenconsejo, 2002)
2028:
are also believed to guide, teach, and inspire skilled artists and craftsmen in the community.
1872:
523:
7060:
3417:
2699:). They could purportedly command the elements through magic spells and the strength of their
2538:
7985:
7960:
7935:
7109:
5949:
5759:
3590:
in 1896 against Spanish rule. After the Philippines was ceded to the United States after the
3473:
3197:
Feminized men were also persecuted harshly in the (then recently) Islamized ethnic groups in
2608:), usually depicted as a gigantic serpent or dragon with a looped tail. The movements of the
1918:
488:
6517:
7874:
7203:
5811:
5804:, Transvestism, and Sodomy: Gender, Sexuality and the Sacred in Early Colonial Philippines"
5047:
4683:
3648:
3087:
2398:
Spiritual illnesses, on the other hand, are believed to be caused by the separation of the
2336:
2224:
1937:
1910:, older shamans can choose apprentices from among the eligible young women of the village.
1148:
667:
555:
484:
438:
22:
5305:
4650:. C. Brewer and the Institute of Women's Studies, St. Scholastica's College. p. 156.
8:
7914:
7854:
7844:
5046:. CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art. National Library of the Philippines. Archived from
4601:
Dempwolff, Otto (1934–1938). "Vergleichende Lautlehre des austronesischen Wortschatzes".
4365:
3178:
3079:
2948:) during this period were also syncretized with the friars themselves, becoming known as
2869:
2714:
2160:
1825:
1821:
1118:
3206:
2918:
prayers and verses became part of the shaman's repertoire of magical chants and spells.
7995:
7975:
7950:
7864:
7818:
7275:
7145:
7038:
6743:
6688:
6581:
6547:
6315:
6196:
6188:
5980:
5837:
5633:
5625:
5447:
5111:
5078:
The Man In The Fairy Tale Isle (Colored Version): A true story narrated by Laura Montez
4975:
4879:
4202:
3945:
3552:
3497:
3171:
2621:
1845:
1829:
1448:
1213:
611:
264:
5674:. Current Research in Ethnomusicology: Outstanding Dissertations Volume 4. Routledge.
5460:
5102:
Williams, Mark S. (1997). "Causality, Power, and Cultural Traits of the Maguindanao".
4435:
3618:
Concurrent with Papa Isio's rebellion in Negros Occidental against American rule, the
7889:
7849:
7808:
7579:
7438:
7428:
7397:
7018:
6988:
6958:
6802:
6775:
6636:
6609:
6526:
6496:
6466:
6390:
6338:
6226:
6200:
6107:
6078:
6051:
6022:
5878:
5841:
5763:
5754:
Clash of Spirits: The History of Power and Sugar Planter Hegemony on a Visayan Island
5752:
5675:
5637:
5556:
5552:
5489:
5452:
5388:
5367:
5340:
5274:
5163:
5082:
4725:
4651:
4621:
4579:
4508:
4214:
3683:
3587:
3582:("Pope Isio"). He was a former member of the Dios Buhawi group. He organized his own
3564:
3236:(resettlement) and move deeper into the island interiors at the instigation of their
3154:
2935:
2687:
In contrast, in Visayan societies, the most powerful shamans were sorcerers known as
2427:
being captured, attacked, or seduced by another spirit; or simply the refusal of the
2302:
1926:
1856:
1837:
1833:
1647:
1606:
1397:
942:
931:
755:
601:
6705:
Myths of the Philippines; Gaverza, J.K., 2014, University of the Philippines Diliman
3097:
Other shamans abandoned the animistic aspects of shamanism and became folk healers (
2828:, witches that use materials from nature and the cursee as a form of curse, and the
2390:. While they do not require a shaman, they are still important, as the death of the
8000:
7859:
7336:
7127:
Ethnic Groups of Insular Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Andaman Islands, and Madagascar
7014:
A History of the Philippines: From the Spanish Colonization to the Second World War
6715:
Blair, Emma Helen; Robertson, James Alexander; Edward Gaylord Bourne, eds. (1904).
6180:
5617:
5548:
5442:
5434:
4910:
4689:
4361:
3998:
3884:
3693:
3607:
3320:
3309:
3260:
3244:
2996:
was provided by a Spanish priest named Pedro Chirino (1604). He wrote that a blind
2786:
2750:
1623:
1565:
1481:
1459:
1380:
1320:
1166:
1018:
780:
751:
747:
is a suffixed form, and thus believe that Dempwolff's interpretation is incorrect.
697:
6171:
Gaabucayan, Samuel (1971). "The Medicine Men of Agusan in Mindanao, Philippines".
3551:(better known as "Gregorio Dios", and also known as "Hilario Pablo" or "Papa") in
3453:
2971:
were stigmatized by the Catholic clergy as "priests of the devil" and labeled as
7828:
7803:
7528:
7361:
7331:
7012:
6982:
6952:
6796:
6769:
6733:
6630:
6490:
6381:
6354:
6220:
6104:
Ethnographies of Conservation: Environmentalism and the Distribution of Privilege
6099:
6072:
6043:
6014:
6010:
5870:
5669:
5517:
5483:
5361:
5334:
5076:
4719:
4647:
Holy Confrontation: Religion, Gender, and Sexuality in the Philippines, 1521-1685
4645:
4166:
4038:
4030:
3974:
3759:
is the term used for transvestite male shamans in most of the Visayas and in the
3512:
3433:
3372:
3276:
3091:
2960:
2817:-like supernatural beings capable of appearing human (or were originally human).
2176:
were male. Lachica (1996) has also hypothesized that the disappearance of female
1864:
964:
892:
693:
679:
637:
377:
325:
188:
6247:
4538:
7548:
7538:
7305:
7300:
7290:
5903:"The History of Philippine Civilization as Reflected in Religious Nomenclature"
4899:"The Tribal Philosophical Thoughts of the Higaunon of Iligan City, Philippines"
4378:
4226:
4174:
4124:
4022:
4006:
3824:
3187:
3167:
3078:. Late-20th-century and 21st-century faith healers also frequently use western
2841:
2736:
2722:
2641:
1906:
they were apprenticed to, usually a relative. In some cultures, like among the
1841:
1297:
1261:
903:
857:
841:
713:
647:
575:
476:
381:
87:
6731:
4915:
2035:
8015:
7732:
7543:
7523:
7412:
6679:
Millare, Florencio D. (1955). "The Tinguians and Their Old Form of Worship".
5423:"The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics"
4190:
4050:
4014:
3982:
3812:
3630:("those who wear red"), they were led by Faustino Ablen ("Papa Faustino") in
3578:
rebellion in the 19th century was led by Dionisio Magbuelas, better known as
3523:) and would regularly attack Spanish-controlled towns. Emulating the ancient
3457:
3398:
3360:
3280:
3083:
3067:
3033:
2849:
were highly respected members of the community, on par with the pre-colonial
2800:
2649:
propitious placement of the foundations to avoid the ill luck brought by the
2234:
2117:
related to the spiritual realm, such as shamans and religious functionaries.
2064:, once earned, is enduring. They become, in essence, part of the family. The
1978:
1576:
1094:
953:
821:
591:
565:
545:
466:
92:
6902:"PEACETALK: Understanding the typology of Filipino Muslim religious leaders"
6492:
Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World
6284:
2963:
of Philippine animistic cultures, in general, became more subdued under the
2661:
Some shamans were believed to be able to control the physical world through
7904:
7772:
7533:
7518:
6721:. Vol. 38 (1674–1683). The Arthur H. Clark Company. pp. 114, 218.
5456:
4504:
Looking For The Prehispanic Filipino and Other Essays in Philippine History
3990:
3867:
3760:
3508:
3295:
2617:
2411:
2340:
2326:
2283:
of European folklore. These are the most common types of spirits to become
2088:
1997:
1907:
1887:
1803:
1196:
1077:
1054:
832:
736:
657:
621:
511:
401:
376:. These shamans specialized in communicating, appeasing, or harnessing the
306:
160:
5621:
5560:
4436:"The Tinguian; Social, Religious, and Economic life of a Philippine tribe"
4398:("herbalist"). These generalist healers were also known by the Spanish as
3634:; and Pablo Bulan ("Papa Pablo"), Antonio Anugar, and Pedro de la Cruz in
3071:
2938:
people. These flourished as they were tolerated by the Spanish clergy as "
7899:
7717:
7692:
7553:
7392:
7346:
7295:
7193:
7156:
The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
3516:
3477:
2939:
2829:
2825:
2796:
2792:
2774:
2662:
2352:
1930:
404:, by which they could contact and interact with the spirits and deities (
373:
77:
6692:
6585:
6319:
5115:
4883:
3688:
3480:
who claimed in 1888 that he was a king sent to save people from another
3028:
Shamans who were assimilated by the church syncretized their roles into
2959:
was lost under Spanish colonization. The role of women and the relative
2479:
7884:
7823:
7667:
7657:
7351:
7254:
6548:"Darangen: In Original Maranao Verses, with English Translation, Vo. 5"
6192:
5629:
4693:
3698:
3663:
3232:
3041:
2972:
2964:
2934:-like powers to the idols such as miraculous healing or the ability to
2927:
2907:
2556:
2322:
2267:
2242:
2229:
2168:
2056:
1408:
732:
515:
450:
446:
421:
67:
2414:
literature). This separation happens normally during sleep, where the
674:-derived terms have largely disappeared among lowland Filipinos after
7813:
7777:
7752:
7712:
7647:
7612:
7513:
7402:
7371:
7356:
7341:
5438:
3925:, literally meaning "those unlike us". (Buenconsejo, 2002; Tan, 2008)
3653:
3579:
3421:
3410:
3099:
3045:
3029:
2911:
2407:
2250:
540:
442:
362:
155:
135:
52:
7115:
Shamanism, Catholicism, and Gender Relations in Colonial Philippines
6795:
Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell (September 1, 2006).
6306:
Mercado, Leonardo N. (1991). "Soul and Spirit in Filipino Thought".
6184:
3940:
3134:. A direct equivalent of the Christian Filipino "faith healers" and
2898:
By the late 16th century, Christian symbols and paraphernalia (like
2820:
The negative counterparts of the shamans are collectively called as
2263:
428:
7747:
7742:
7727:
7687:
7652:
7622:
7617:
7280:
7249:
6714:
5405:
4254:
4142:
4128:
3905:
3469:
3364:
3223:
3198:
2976:
2903:
2861:
2741:
2674:
2666:
2600:
2591:
2544:
1922:
1472:
110:
3363:
was led by a healer named Lagutao. He claimed that an outbreak of
2761:
named Mabokelod a Romba which took the form of a giant crocodile.
2262:
There are two general types of spirits usually interacted with in
731:, in the meaning of "one who escorts a soul to the other world (a
461:
7787:
7782:
7637:
7632:
7505:
7464:
7407:
7244:
3627:
3586:
group from remnants of Elofre's followers and led an uprising in
3429:
3384:
3268:
3227:
3104:
3050:
2981:
2850:
2821:
2814:
2709:
2568:
2164:
1973:
1860:
1401:
519:
500:
471:
317:
165:
125:
7459:
5907:
Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History
4580:"Baylan : Animist Religion and Philippine Peasant Ideology"
3658:
3444:
leaders in the 19th century. They include Lungao, a healer from
2184:
since the people were looking for parallels to the male clergy.
2148:, assisted him and led the women in singing what was called the
329:
A performer depicting a shaman in a recent Babaylan Festival of
7757:
7722:
7627:
7569:
7376:
7285:
6335:
5808:
Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context
3668:
3532:
3445:
3432:
after his surrender to American authorities in 1907. Note his "
3356:
3331:
3148:
2899:
2809:
2770:
2729:
2670:
2561:
1957:
1816:
According to Jaime Veneracion, Katalonan incorporates the root
140:
130:
62:
47:
4896:
4364:
culture as well as similar "men of prowess" concepts in other
3622:
movement in eastern Visayas turned their attention to the new
3602:. However, he picked up armed resistance again in 1899 in the
2245:. They were intermediaries between the physical world and the
7919:
7879:
7737:
7702:
7697:
7672:
7662:
7602:
7574:
7469:
7454:
6572:
Saber, Mamitua (1961). "Darangen: The Epic of the Maranaws".
6519:
Darangen: In Original Maranao Verse, with English Translation
6144:"Faith Healing in the Philippines: An Historical Perspective"
6074:
A History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos
5504:, apprentices, to some older babaylan, frequently a relative.
4158:
4135:
3949:
3841:
3713:
3635:
3631:
3503:
3461:
3368:
3335:
3304:
3264:
3219:
3094:), with little connection to traditional shamanic religions.
2944:
2915:
2891:
2886:
2681:
2522:
2511:
2368:
2367:
is believed to reside in the pit of the stomach (usually the
2280:
2271:
2255:
2039:
1942:
1421:
759:
412:
406:
385:
311:
246:
120:
57:
6658:"The complementary roles of the Mandirigma and the Babaylan"
4870:
Lambrecht, Godfrey (1960). "Anitu Rites Among the Gaddang".
2579:, while a diviner that prefers to conduct a ritual known as
2451:
Shamans may also perform rituals to heal and strengthen the
682:
where it persisted and acquired the Spanish feminine suffix
7682:
7495:
7097:
Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippines Culture and Society
7059:. The Visayan Daily Star. November 10, 2009. Archived from
3708:
3678:
3406:
3285:
3275:
Tamblot's revolt inspired another rebellion in neighboring
3020:
2875:
2854:
2565:
850:
569:
115:
6798:
The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives
5485:
Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society
4754:"Naming the PHILIPPINE SHAMAN: Which Term Should You Use?"
4721:
Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society
2590:
Diviners are also able to foretell the future and perform
6771:
Gender Pluralism: Southeast Asia Since Early Modern Times
5871:"Precolonial Gender-Crossing and the Babaylan Chronicles"
5279:
International Journal of the Malay World and Civilisation
4162:
3935:
3315:. Bankaw was beheaded, while Pagali and eighty-one other
3203:
Historia de las Islas de Mindanao, Iolo, y sus adyacentes
2379:
represents the person's body and bodily urges; while the
2339:
cultures, animistic Filipinos believed in the concept of
2237:
shaman performing a sacred wake ritual with a death chair
503:
and spelling variants thereof. They are all derived from
5875:
Philippine Gay Culture: Binabae to Bakla, Silahis to MSM
5827:"Male Homosexuality in the Philippines: a short history"
2777:, and sacred oil concoctions, among many other objects.
2140:
that was "presided" by an "effeminate" priest called an
2016:("guide"), among other terms. Shamans have at least one
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
6732:
United States Philippine Commission, 1900-1916 (1905).
6414:"Witches in Philippines' Siquijor province are old hat"
5538:
4440:
Field Museum of Natural History: Anthropological Series
2463:
among Visayan shamans. It strengthens and empowers the
1890:
shamans (the two women in the foreground) conducting a
1616:
1610:
7010:
5668:
Buenconsejo, José S. (2002). Post, Jennifer C. (ed.).
4786:"Walking between heaven and earth: The babaylan today"
3472:, Iloilo in the late 1880s who proclaimed herself the
2435:. While it is not immediately lethal, the loss of the
1452:
7011:
Constantino, Renato; Constantino, Letizia R. (1975).
5304:. National Library of the Philippines. Archived from
4845:
4843:
2548:
in a calendar year, as explained in Mansueto Porras'
6821:
chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/
5014:"Philippine Shamanism and Southeast Asian Parallels"
4859:. The Babaylan Symposium. St. Scholastica's College.
3436:" and the woman's dress worn by the man to his left.
3192:
Chronicas de la Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio
3111:
massage therapy with oils. These modern versions of
2926:) were replaced by Catholic idols and their rituals
1984:
overseeing the ritual sacrifice of a pig during the
1945:
chose the person, rather than the other way around.
1087:
1081:
7006:
7004:
6222:
Inculturation of Filipino-Chinese Culture Mentality
4897:Daug & Ashera Dyan T. Neri, Artchil C. (2013).
4688:(M.A.). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. p. 4.
4350:in various Filipino ethnic groups). The concept of
3213:
2832:, witches that utilize insects as a form of curse.
2190:can freely marry and have children, including male
533:
527:
7045:. Today Printers and Publishers. pp. 110–118.
5751:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5420:
5359:
4840:
3704:Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people
3177:Most strongly affected by this religious shift to
2386:Natural illnesses are the result of damage to the
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
549:
3226:. In Spanish-controlled areas (especially in the
2677:Island, where healer-sorcerers are still common.
1929:, strange events or behavior (including climbing
1158:
1152:
8013:
7001:
6794:
6606:Cebuano Sorcery: Malign Magic in the Philippines
6102:. In Anderson, David G.; Berglund, Eeva (eds.).
3934:With strong parallels to human-like beings like
3267:in 1621–1622. It was led by a male shaman named
2791:Sorcerers are also believed to have powers that
2745:epic poem, heroes are born with "twin spirits" (
946:
510:, meaning "shaman" (probably originally female,
6516:Coronel, Maria Delia; Cali, Hadji Lawa (1986).
6166:
6164:
5935:
5644:
5581:"The Sulod: A Mountain People in Central Panay"
5151:
3944:, as well as diminutive human-like beings like
2050:. The shamans do not command them. People with
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
605:
483:The most common native terms for shamans among
6725:
5421:Greenhill, S.J.; Blust, R; Gray, R.D. (2008).
5208:
5185:"IP leaders hold tribal ritual to save Mt Apo"
5070:
5068:
4849:
4600:
3748:, "shaman in ritual transvestite attire"; and
3464:would sink; Clara Tarrosa, an eighty-year-old
3308:. Their rebellion was defeated by the Spanish
3230:), entire villages would defy the policies of
2530:. It is still commonly practiced to this day.
935:
595:
7176:
6946:
6944:
6942:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6021:. Studies in Liturgy. Vol. 77. Peeters.
5864:
5862:
5860:
5858:
5695:Madarang, Rhea Claire E. (January 29, 2013).
5574:
5572:
5570:
5518:"6 Guidelines for Becoming a Filipino Shaman"
5007:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4863:
4817:
3355:A religious uprising in 1785 in Ituy (modern
3040:movement in the 17th and 18th centuries, the
2594:rituals. A key mythological creature used in
2363:, which can travel to the spirit world). The
2124:(1668), the Spanish historian and missionary
1820:which in ancient Tagalog meant "forest" (cf.
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1569:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1384:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
924:
918:
907:
896:
825:
770:
764:
700:
661:
432:
431:rituals. There were also various subtypes of
395:
389:
355:
341:
282:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6484:
6482:
6331:
6329:
6161:
6046:. In Gin, Ooi Keat; Tuan, Hoang Anh (eds.).
5745:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5095:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
3594:, he was initially made "military chief" of
3531:. He was killed while attacking the town of
2351:, which stays with the living body) and the
2163:investigation of the shamans in the town of
2159:(1685), for example, records that during an
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1110:
1104:
1098:
957:
678:in the Spanish era. Some exceptions include
631:
625:
6916:
6893:
6748:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
6656:Mallari, Perry Gil S. (November 16, 2013).
6515:
6370:
6368:
6299:
6064:
5877:. The University of the Philippines Press.
5789:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5667:
5603:
5601:
5509:
5218:Philippine Journal of Public Administration
5157:
5065:
4745:
4609:
4584:Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society
4086:(Ilocano, Itawis, Zambal, & Pampango);
3054:movement of the late 19th century, and the
2773:or anting-anting, curse deflectors such as
1992:The shaman's power to communicate with the
1807:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1390:
1070:
1064:
1058:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
784:
687:
651:
641:
16:Shamans of ethnic groups in the Philippines
7183:
7169:
6954:The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook
6939:
6756:
6281:"Pacete: Exploring the spirit world in us"
6248:"Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: *du"
6170:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5931:
5929:
5896:
5894:
5855:
5818:
5567:
5380:
4990:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4539:"Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: *ba"
3779:. In the rest of Luzon, they are known as
3289:named Bankaw and his son Pagali who was a
743:have noted that there is no evidence that
585:
579:
559:
289:
275:
7085:Babaylan: Folk Healers in the Philippines
6927:. Panitikan: Philippine Literature Portal
6850:
6599:
6597:
6595:
6479:
6326:
6274:
6272:
6270:
6268:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6097:
6091:
5734:
5515:
5446:
5414:
5353:
5289:
5249:
4914:
4869:
4823:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4704:
4681:
4454:
3255:The first recorded armed revolt led by a
2455:of a person. These include the ritual of
2122:Historia de las islas e indios de Bisayas
705:, although the meaning has shifted after
615:
7204:including their mythologies and folklore
7121:The Religious System and Culture of Nias
7031:
6976:
6974:
6827:
6767:
6374:
6365:
6343:. University of the Philippines Visayas.
6245:
6015:"Inculturation: An Interpretative Model"
5936:Geremia-Lachica, Maria Milagros (1996).
5776:
5720:"Brief encounter with a Manobo babaylan"
5694:
5688:
5598:
5386:
5328:
5326:
5127:
5125:
5101:
5011:
4930:Manipon, Roel Hoang (February 1, 2021).
4903:Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences
4890:
4536:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4507:. New Day Publishers. pp. 124–127.
4491:
4433:
3961:Other names for the astral soul include
3744:is from Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian
3555:from 1888. The uprising was formed near
3416:
3152:(cutting the hair of the firstborn) and
3019:
2876:Persecution, decline, and syncretization
2764:
2537:
2228:
2083:
1972:
1882:
727:("escort", "accompany") with the suffix
460:
324:
300:
7037:
6987:. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 99–100.
6899:
6836:"The Filipina as ritualist and warrior"
6834:Mallari, Perry Gil S. (March 8, 2014).
6833:
6678:
6655:
6649:
6635:. University of the Philippines Press.
6438:Tomada, Nathalie M. (October 3, 2010).
6305:
6141:
6120:
6070:
6041:
6035:
6019:Liturgy and Inculturation: Introduction
5996:
5926:
5900:
5891:
5758:. University of Hawaii Press. pp.
5749:
5717:
5711:
5488:. Ateneo University Press. p. 83.
5363:Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog
5243:
5202:
5182:
5074:
4954:
4929:
4923:
4806:
4800:
4784:Mayuga, Sylvia L. (November 15, 2012).
4605:(Special Publications nos. 15, 17, 19).
4573:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4434:Cole, Fay-Cooper; Gale, Albert (1922).
3036:and miracle workers. These include the
2882:Spanish colonization of the Philippines
8014:
7129:by Frank M. LeBar and George N. Appell
6922:
6708:
6699:
6603:
6592:
6465:. Lopez Group Foundation. p. 65.
6437:
6431:
6278:
6265:
6207:
6048:Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1350-1800
6009:
5868:
5824:
5793:
5578:
5532:
5516:De Guzman, Daniel (December 4, 2016).
5407:The T'boli: Songs, Stories and Society
5397:
5390:The T'boli: Songs, Stories and Society
5272:
5266:
5134:"Foreign Influences on Muslim Rituals"
5081:. BoD - Books on Demand. p. 404.
5031:
4824:Cojuangco, Tingting (March 23, 2008).
4783:
4772:
4643:
4472:Limos, Mario Alvaro (March 18, 2019).
4429:
4427:
4425:
4377:Examples include the festivals of the
3005:. Chirino also mentioned another male
2470:
2423:getting lost in the spirit world; the
2091:potters, the person on the right is a
1863:it means ‘a malediction or curse’. In
1347:(mediator, keeper of traditions, also
7164:
6971:
6950:
6873:
6571:
6565:
6545:
6539:
6488:
6460:
6454:
6353:
6347:
6283:. SunStar Philippines. Archived from
5938:"Panay's Babaylan: The Male Takeover"
5541:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
5481:
5332:
5323:
5252:"Palaw'an-English-Tagalog Dictionary"
5131:
5122:
4972:"The Healing Arts of the Philippines"
4717:
4615:
4603:Zeitschrift für Eingeborenen-Sprachen
4577:
4521:
4497:
4471:
3389:The 19th century saw the rise of the
1902:inherited their status from an older
1859:“tarotaro” means ‘to pray’, while in
763:("spirit"), these include terms like
8057:Southeast Asian traditional medicine
8047:Indigenous Philippine folk religions
7200:Indigenous Philippine folk religions
7049:
6980:
6925:"Philippine Gay Culture: Conclusion"
6923:Garcia, J. Neil C. (June 23, 2014).
6411:
6405:
6239:
6106:. Berghahn Books. pp. 171–188.
5607:
5336:Introducing Anthropology of Religion
5273:Mahali, Saidatul Nornis Hj. (2015).
5224:(1 & 2): 155–203. Archived from
4974:. Jade Dragon Online. Archived from
4756:. The Aswang Project. Archived from
4556:
2474:
2241:The primary role of shamans were as
309:renewing an offering to the spirit (
237:Religion in pre-colonial Philippines
6628:
6622:
6412:Haas, Benjamin (October 30, 2011).
6252:Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
5403:
4969:
4620:. New Day Publishers. p. 148.
4594:
4543:Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
4422:
4165:" in English sources. They include
3815:, the highest-ranking shaman was a
3547:uprising was led by a shaman named
3107:, and practitioners of traditional
3032:in the Christian context, becoming
2301:Not all shamanic rituals result in
2259:), both malevolent and benevolent.
2144:. His female counterpart, called a
384:. They were almost always women or
13:
8062:Traditional healthcare occupations
7090:
6608:. University of California Press.
6509:
6218:
5970:
3066:, they instead claimed to channel
2992:An account of the conversion of a
2955:The previously high status of the
2624:every three months; facing north (
29:
14:
8078:
7078:
6718:The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803
6279:Pacete, Ver F. (March 16, 2017).
6246:Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen.
6042:Aguilar, Filomeno V. Jr. (2015).
5750:Aguilar, Filomeno V. Jr. (1998).
5718:Morales, Ime (January 22, 2013).
5387:Talavera, Maria Jezia P. (2013).
4853:Babaylan: She Dances in Wholeness
4850:Miclat-Cacayan, Agnes N. (2005).
4751:
4537:Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen.
4123:Similar beliefs exist throughout
4110:(Maranao & Maguindanao); and
3853:From paragraph 26 (Brewer 1999):
3086:terminology and practices (like "
2218:
2079:
720:may have ultimately derived from
7192:
6900:Morales, Yusuf (July 26, 2017).
6050:. Routledge. pp. 250, 251.
5553:10.1097/00005053-199507000-00003
5366:. Lulu Press, Inc. p. 322.
5250:Macdonald, Charles (July 2011).
5209:Ibañez-Nolasco, Liberty (2004).
5183:Cauayan, Editha (May 24, 2016).
3596:La Castellana, Negros Occidental
3214:Resistance against colonial rule
2835:
2478:
1968:
361:, among many other names), were
258:
6815:
6788:
6672:
6604:Lieban, Richard Warren (1977).
6495:. Verso Books. pp. 96–97.
5964:
5917:
5697:"In the presence of a Babaylan"
5475:
5176:
5160:Songs and Gifts at the Frontier
5012:Demetrio, Francisco R. (1973).
4807:Laubach, Frank Charles (1925).
4388:
4371:
4324:
4151:
4117:
4056:
3955:
3928:
3911:
3898:
3873:
3859:
3847:
3735:
3726:
3613:
3440:There are numerous examples of
3401:" or "false god", from Spanish
3378:
3350:
3250:
3138:are Islamized shamans known as
2616:was central to a sixteen-point
2598:geomancy in the Visayas is the
2024:that give them magical powers.
505:Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian
7870:Da Adventures of Pedro Penduko
6574:Philippine Sociological Review
5339:. Routledge. pp. 68, 69.
5298:Philippine Ethnography: Badjao
5104:Philippine Sociological Review
5040:Philippine Ethnography: Ivatan
4724:. University of Hawaii Press.
4675:
4637:
3763:. Other Visayan terms include
3024:Performers depicting babaylans
2780:
692:. It also survives among some
456:
400:). They were believed to have
1:
8042:Healthcare in the Philippines
7475:Witchcraft in the Philippines
7117:, 1521-1685 by Carolyn Brewer
6768:Peletz =, Michael G. (2009).
6632:Revisiting Usog, Pasma, Kulam
6463:Iloilo: A Rich and Noble Land
5482:Scott, William Henry (1994).
5158:Buenconsejo, Jose S. (2013).
4718:Scott, William Henry (1994).
4682:Fluckiger, Steven J. (2018).
4616:Scott, William Henry (1988).
4416:
3279:in the same time period. The
2967:culture of the Spanish. Most
2533:
2038:, but they are more commonly
1878:
420:. Their primary role were as
7142:The Threshold of the Pacific
6801:. ANU E Press. p. 338.
6219:Yu, Jose Vidamor B. (2000).
6017:. In Lamberts, Jozef (ed.).
3624:American colonial government
3247:rather than true shamanism.
437:specializing in the arts of
7:
7910:Mga Kuwento ni Lola Basyang
7123:, Indonesia by Peter Suzuki
7057:"Papa Isio marker unveiled"
5869:Garcia, J. Neil C. (2008).
5825:Garcia, J. Neil C. (2004).
5427:Evolutionary Bioinformatics
5360:Jean-Paul G. Potet (2013).
3641:
3205:(1667), the Spanish priest
1853:Malayo-Polynesian languages
735:)". However, the linguists
10:
8083:
8027:Filipino religious leaders
7941:Philippine folk literature
6876:"Dios-Dios in the Visayas"
6389:(9): 37–41. Archived from
5948:(1): 53–60. Archived from
5333:Eller, Jack David (2015).
4970:Apostol, Virgil J. Mayor.
4813:. George H. Doran Company.
4474:"The Fall of the Babaylan"
4354:is comparable to the term
3755:, "sterile" or "asexual".
3382:
2839:
2793:cause harm to other people
2784:
2680:In some cultures like the
2656:
2640:) in a given twelve-month
2509:
2320:
2316:
2249:, due to their ability to
2222:
2095:in female attire (c. 1922)
1359:(healer against sorcery),
1222:(female shaman, midwife),
242:Shrines and sacred grounds
8037:Feminism and spirituality
8032:Austronesian spirituality
7928:
7837:
7796:
7593:
7562:
7504:
7483:
7447:
7421:
7385:
7314:
7268:
7237:
7211:
7152:, and Frederic Henry Drew
7133:The Polynesian Wanderings
7043:Negros Occidental History
6981:Duka, Cecilio D. (2008).
6774:. Routledge. p. 84.
6142:Salazar, Zeus A. (2007).
6098:Novellino, Dario (2003).
6071:Francia, Luis H. (2013).
5942:Review of Women's Studies
5579:Jocano, J. Landa (1958).
5162:. Routledge. p. 91.
5132:Loyre, Ghislaine (1998).
4916:10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n9p74
4368:cultures. (Aguilar, 1998)
3870:gender, see paragraph 34.
3819:. They are also known as
3626:. Calling themselves the
3561:contribuciones babaylanes
3428:followers in a prison in
3313:Alonso Fajardo de Entenza
3132:Islamic religious leaders
2375:resides in the head. The
514:, or hermaphroditic) or "
315:) of a warrior's shield (
7315:Epic and folklore heroes
7150:Sir Grafton Elliot Smith
7017:. Monthly Review Press.
6951:Woods, Damon L. (2006).
6629:Tan, Michael L. (2008).
6461:Feleo, Anita B. (2007).
6375:McClenon, James (1985).
5977:intersections.anu.edu.au
5794:Brewer, Carolyn (1999).
5075:Stummer, Martin (2017).
4826:"Women, North and South"
4644:Brewer, Carolyn (2001).
3750:Proto-Central Philippine
3720:
3181:were the feminized male
2930:, including attributing
2853:. In the absence of the
2739:society depicted in the
2717:. A notable example was
2213:
2152:, in honor of Gugurang.
2126:Francisco Ignacio Alcina
716:has also theorized that
7434:Battle of Dolores River
5901:Kroeber, A. L. (1918).
4932:"When we were babaylan"
3604:Philippine–American War
3300:Miguel López de Legazpi
2620:. It faces a different
1913:A few, however, become
1808:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1617:
1611:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1570:
1453:
1402:
1391:
1385:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1159:
1153:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1088:
1082:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
958:
947:
936:
925:
919:
908:
897:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
826:
785:
771:
765:
701:
688:
662:
652:
642:
632:
626:
616:
606:
596:
586:
580:
560:
550:
534:
528:
433:
390:
342:
331:Bago, Negros Occidental
7956:Kapampangan literature
7946:Philippine epic poetry
6874:Marco, Sophia (2001).
6555:Asian Folklore Studies
6173:Asian Folklore Studies
6077:. The Overlook Press.
5983:on September 9, 2019.
4578:McCoy, Alfred (1982).
3437:
3025:
2553:
2251:influence and interact
2238:
2096:
1996:is derived from their
1989:
1919:near-death experiences
1895:
1873:Luciano P. R. Santiago
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
570:
524:Austronesian languages
522:in other non-Filipino
480:
396:
356:
333:
322:
305:1922: a shaman of the
265:Philippines portal
212:Mythological creatures
34:
8052:Religious occupations
7986:Pangasinan literature
7961:Hiligaynon literature
7936:Philippine literature
7110:Luciano P.R. Santiago
6393:on September 17, 2019
6377:"Island of Sorcerers"
6359:Some Filipino Beliefs
5814:on February 12, 2020.
5622:10.1353/amu.2005.0022
4394:Derived from Spanish
3952:. (Buenconsejo, 2002)
3908:. (Buenconsejo, 2002)
3574:The last significant
3420:
3222:and the interiors of
3023:
2961:gender egalitarianism
2765:Talismans and potions
2541:
2232:
2087:
1976:
1886:
489:Island Southeast Asia
464:
328:
304:
33:
7063:on November 13, 2009
6984:Struggle for Freedom
6546:Miura, Taro (1993).
6489:Davis, Mike (2002).
5952:on February 12, 2020
5851:on December 8, 2019.
5520:. The Aswang Project
5311:on February 15, 2019
5231:on February 10, 2020
5053:on November 23, 2018
4499:Scott, William Henry
4127:. These include the
4090:(northern Ilocano);
3923:"hindi kagaya natin"
3811:. Notably among the
3649:Philippine mythology
3592:Spanish–American War
3515:. He took the name "
2719:Estrella Bangotbanwa
2542:The rotation of the
2275:conducted outdoors.
2225:Philippine mythology
1938:psychological trauma
469:to prepare land for
339:, commonly known as
207:Mythological figures
23:Philippine mythology
7981:Mindanao literature
7915:The Mythology Class
7855:Ang Mahiwagang Baul
7367:Malakas and Maganda
7101:William Henry Scott
7039:Sa-onoy, Modesto P.
6440:"Mystical Siquijor"
6361:. W. Glaisher, Ltd.
6287:on October 18, 2018
5810:(2). Archived from
4330:People with strong
3866:with the neuter or
3600:American government
3330:was an uprising in
3321:burned at the stake
3179:Abrahamic religions
2942:". Nature spirits (
2870:Abrahamic religions
2644:. The mouth of the
2471:Traditional massage
2104:in the Visayas and
1869:William Henry Scott
378:spirits of the dead
25:
8067:Women and religion
7996:Tagbanwa mythology
7991:Tagalog literature
7976:Ilokano literature
7951:Cebuano literature
7819:Hudhud hi Aliguyon
7595:Mythical creatures
7146:Charles Elliot Fox
6883:Philippine Studies
6838:. The Manila Times
6681:Philippine Studies
6660:. The Manila Times
6308:Philippine Studies
5588:Philippine Studies
5404:Cabalza, Chester.
5141:Philippine Studies
4872:Philippine Studies
4383:Santo Niño de Cebú
3608:old Bilibid Prison
3498:cabeza de barangay
3438:
3172:Maguindanao people
3026:
2622:cardinal direction
2554:
2490:. You can help by
2253:with the spirits (
2239:
2157:Bolinao Manuscript
2097:
1990:
1896:
722:Proto-Austronesian
481:
374:Philippine islands
334:
323:
35:
21:
8009:
8008:
7971:Ifugao literature
7966:Ibanag literature
7809:Code of Kalantiaw
7580:Code of Kalantiaw
7563:Legendary objects
7484:Spiritual persons
7439:Negros Revolution
7429:Dagohoy Rebellion
7422:Historical events
7398:Francisco Dagohoy
7386:Historical people
7137:William Churchill
6808:978-1-920942-85-4
6442:. PhilStar Global
6418:Los Angeles Times
5971:Brewer, Carolyn.
5913:(Part II): 35–37.
5722:. GMA News Online
5495:978-971-550-135-4
5254:. SIL Philippines
4788:. GMA News Online
4731:978-971-550-135-4
4657:978-971-8605-29-5
3919:"dili ingon nato"
3895:). (Brewer, 1999)
3885:genital piercings
3684:Negros Revolution
3588:Negros Occidental
3565:revolutionary tax
3549:Gregorio Lampinio
3126:Similarly, among
3017:had been broken.
2508:
2507:
2431:to return to the
2406:(referred to as "
2303:spirit possession
2128:records that the
2040:non-human spirits
2012:("guardian"), or
1998:spirit companions
1445:(healer, midwife)
848:(also the female
382:spirits of nature
299:
298:
8074:
8001:Waray literature
7929:Literary sources
7860:Aso ni San Roque
7491:Filipino shamans
7465:Pulajan religion
7337:Daragang Magayon
7224:Creation stories
7197:
7196:
7185:
7178:
7171:
7162:
7161:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7068:
7053:
7047:
7046:
7035:
7029:
7028:
7008:
6999:
6998:
6978:
6969:
6968:
6948:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6932:
6920:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6909:
6897:
6891:
6890:
6880:
6871:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6831:
6825:
6819:
6813:
6812:
6792:
6786:
6785:
6765:
6754:
6753:
6747:
6739:
6729:
6723:
6722:
6712:
6706:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6676:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6665:
6653:
6647:
6646:
6626:
6620:
6619:
6601:
6590:
6589:
6569:
6563:
6562:
6552:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6524:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6486:
6477:
6476:
6458:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6447:
6435:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6409:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6372:
6363:
6362:
6355:Starr, Frederick
6351:
6345:
6344:
6333:
6324:
6323:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6276:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6258:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6216:
6205:
6204:
6168:
6159:
6158:
6148:
6139:
6118:
6117:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6068:
6062:
6061:
6039:
6033:
6032:
6011:Brazal, Agnes M.
6007:
5994:
5993:
5979:. Archived from
5968:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5933:
5924:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5898:
5889:
5888:
5866:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5844:. Archived from
5831:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5791:
5774:
5773:
5757:
5747:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5665:
5642:
5641:
5605:
5596:
5595:
5585:
5576:
5565:
5564:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5463:on June 24, 2020
5459:. Archived from
5450:
5439:10.4137/EBO.S893
5418:
5412:
5411:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5330:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5310:
5303:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5230:
5215:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5138:
5129:
5120:
5119:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5072:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5052:
5045:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5018:
5009:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4978:on July 16, 2015
4967:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4942:on June 11, 2021
4938:. Archived from
4927:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4847:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4781:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4715:
4702:
4701:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4575:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4534:
4519:
4518:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4469:
4452:
4451:
4431:
4411:
4392:
4386:
4375:
4369:
4362:Pacific Islander
4328:
4322:
4155:
4149:
4121:
4115:
4060:
4054:
3959:
3953:
3932:
3926:
3915:
3909:
3902:
3896:
3877:
3871:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3694:Tamblot Uprising
3373:Dominican friars
3310:Governor-general
3261:Tamblot uprising
3245:Folk Catholicism
3207:Francisco Combés
3128:Muslim Filipinos
3084:pseudoscientific
2787:Filipino witches
2503:
2500:
2482:
2475:
2036:ancestor spirits
1894:ritual (c. 1922)
1811:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1620:
1614:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1573:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1456:
1405:
1394:
1388:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1162:
1156:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1091:
1085:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
961:
950:
939:
928:
922:
911:
900:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
829:
788:
774:
768:
704:
694:Muslim Filipinos
691:
676:Christianization
665:
655:
645:
635:
629:
619:
609:
599:
589:
583:
573:
563:
553:
537:
531:
465:A ritual of the
436:
399:
393:
359:
345:
337:Filipino shamans
291:
284:
277:
263:
262:
261:
105:Mythical animals
26:
20:
8082:
8081:
8077:
8076:
8075:
8073:
8072:
8071:
8022:Asian shamanism
8012:
8011:
8010:
8005:
7924:
7885:Encantadia Saga
7838:Popular culture
7833:
7804:Biag ni Lam-ang
7792:
7589:
7585:Gintong Salakot
7558:
7500:
7479:
7443:
7417:
7381:
7377:Princess Urduja
7332:Bernardo Carpio
7310:
7264:
7238:Supreme deities
7233:
7207:
7191:
7189:
7108:, 1565-1898 by
7093:
7091:Further reading
7081:
7076:
7066:
7064:
7055:
7054:
7050:
7036:
7032:
7025:
7009:
7002:
6995:
6979:
6972:
6965:
6949:
6940:
6930:
6928:
6921:
6917:
6907:
6905:
6898:
6894:
6878:
6872:
6851:
6841:
6839:
6832:
6828:
6820:
6816:
6809:
6793:
6789:
6782:
6766:
6757:
6741:
6740:
6730:
6726:
6713:
6709:
6704:
6700:
6677:
6673:
6663:
6661:
6654:
6650:
6643:
6627:
6623:
6616:
6602:
6593:
6570:
6566:
6550:
6544:
6540:
6533:
6522:
6514:
6510:
6503:
6487:
6480:
6473:
6459:
6455:
6445:
6443:
6436:
6432:
6422:
6420:
6410:
6406:
6396:
6394:
6373:
6366:
6352:
6348:
6334:
6327:
6304:
6300:
6290:
6288:
6277:
6266:
6256:
6254:
6244:
6240:
6233:
6217:
6208:
6185:10.2307/1177763
6169:
6162:
6146:
6140:
6121:
6114:
6096:
6092:
6085:
6069:
6065:
6058:
6040:
6036:
6029:
6008:
5997:
5969:
5965:
5955:
5953:
5934:
5927:
5922:
5918:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5867:
5856:
5848:
5834:IIAS Newsletter
5829:
5823:
5819:
5792:
5777:
5770:
5748:
5735:
5725:
5723:
5716:
5712:
5702:
5700:
5693:
5689:
5682:
5666:
5645:
5606:
5599:
5583:
5577:
5568:
5537:
5533:
5523:
5521:
5514:
5510:
5496:
5480:
5476:
5466:
5464:
5419:
5415:
5402:
5398:
5385:
5381:
5374:
5358:
5354:
5347:
5331:
5324:
5314:
5312:
5308:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5271:
5267:
5257:
5255:
5248:
5244:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5213:
5207:
5203:
5193:
5191:
5181:
5177:
5170:
5156:
5152:
5136:
5130:
5123:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5073:
5066:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5016:
5010:
4991:
4981:
4979:
4968:
4955:
4945:
4943:
4928:
4924:
4895:
4891:
4868:
4864:
4856:
4848:
4841:
4831:
4829:
4822:
4818:
4805:
4801:
4791:
4789:
4782:
4773:
4763:
4761:
4760:on July 6, 2018
4752:Clark, Jordan.
4750:
4746:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4716:
4705:
4680:
4676:
4658:
4642:
4638:
4628:
4618:A Sagada Reader
4614:
4610:
4599:
4595:
4576:
4557:
4547:
4545:
4535:
4522:
4515:
4496:
4492:
4482:
4480:
4470:
4455:
4432:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4393:
4389:
4376:
4372:
4329:
4325:
4156:
4152:
4122:
4118:
4061:
4057:
4043:kadengan-dengan
3960:
3956:
3933:
3929:
3916:
3912:
3903:
3899:
3878:
3874:
3864:
3860:
3852:
3848:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3644:
3616:
3513:Negros Oriental
3434:Papal vestments
3387:
3381:
3353:
3328:Tapar rebellion
3277:Carigara, Leyte
3253:
3216:
3092:psychic surgery
2878:
2844:
2838:
2789:
2783:
2767:
2659:
2536:
2514:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2488:needs expansion
2473:
2412:anthropological
2329:
2319:
2227:
2221:
2216:
2082:
2034:spirits can be
1971:
1925:and trembling,
1881:
1814:
1246:( healer, also
1187:(diviner, also
1139:(diviner, also
741:Stephen Trussel
477:swidden farming
459:
365:of the various
295:
259:
257:
252:
251:
232:Tagalog beliefs
227:
217:
216:
202:
194:
193:
189:Bernardo Carpio
179:
178:Mythical heroes
171:
170:
106:
98:
97:
43:
42:Mythical beings
17:
12:
11:
5:
8080:
8070:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8007:
8006:
8004:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7932:
7930:
7926:
7925:
7923:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7895:Juan dela Cruz
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7841:
7839:
7835:
7834:
7832:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7800:
7798:
7797:Literary works
7794:
7793:
7791:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7599:
7597:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7566:
7564:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7556:
7551:
7549:Mount Pinatubo
7546:
7541:
7539:Mount Makiling
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7510:
7508:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7498:
7493:
7487:
7485:
7481:
7480:
7478:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7451:
7449:
7448:Belief systems
7445:
7444:
7442:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7425:
7423:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7389:
7387:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7318:
7316:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7272:
7270:
7269:Lesser deities
7266:
7265:
7263:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7241:
7239:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7215:
7213:
7209:
7208:
7188:
7187:
7180:
7173:
7165:
7159:
7158:
7153:
7139:
7130:
7124:
7118:
7112:
7103:
7092:
7089:
7088:
7087:
7080:
7079:External links
7077:
7075:
7074:
7048:
7030:
7023:
7000:
6993:
6970:
6963:
6938:
6915:
6892:
6849:
6826:
6814:
6807:
6787:
6780:
6755:
6724:
6707:
6698:
6687:(4): 403–414.
6671:
6648:
6641:
6621:
6614:
6591:
6580:(1/2): 42–46.
6564:
6538:
6531:
6508:
6501:
6478:
6471:
6453:
6430:
6404:
6364:
6346:
6325:
6314:(3): 287–302.
6298:
6264:
6238:
6231:
6206:
6160:
6119:
6112:
6090:
6083:
6063:
6056:
6034:
6027:
5995:
5963:
5925:
5916:
5890:
5883:
5854:
5817:
5775:
5768:
5733:
5710:
5687:
5680:
5643:
5597:
5566:
5547:(7): 435–444.
5531:
5508:
5494:
5474:
5413:
5396:
5379:
5372:
5352:
5345:
5322:
5288:
5265:
5242:
5201:
5175:
5168:
5150:
5121:
5094:
5087:
5064:
5030:
4989:
4953:
4936:Tribune.net.ph
4922:
4889:
4878:(3): 584–602.
4862:
4839:
4816:
4799:
4771:
4744:
4730:
4703:
4674:
4656:
4636:
4626:
4608:
4593:
4555:
4520:
4514:978-9711005245
4513:
4490:
4453:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4387:
4379:Black Nazarene
4370:
4323:
4223:mangngibawanen
4150:
4125:Southeast Asia
4116:
4078:(Pangasinan);
4055:
3954:
3927:
3910:
3897:
3872:
3858:
3846:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3615:
3612:
3557:Mount Balabago
3383:Main article:
3380:
3377:
3352:
3349:
3252:
3249:
3215:
3212:
3188:Real Audiencia
3088:psychic energy
2877:
2874:
2842:Barangay state
2837:
2834:
2785:Main article:
2782:
2779:
2766:
2763:
2728:from southern
2658:
2655:
2583:is known as a
2535:
2532:
2510:Main article:
2506:
2505:
2485:
2483:
2472:
2469:
2335:Like in other
2318:
2315:
2291:(from Spanish
2243:spirit mediums
2223:Main article:
2220:
2219:Spirit mediums
2217:
2215:
2212:
2198:common, while
2112:in Luzon. The
2081:
2080:Sex and gender
2078:
1970:
1967:
1880:
1877:
1813:
1812:
1801:
1645:
1621:
1604:
1574:
1563:
1479:
1470:
1457:
1446:
1406:
1395:
1378:
1318:
1295:
1288:(healer, also
1259:
1255:ebpamangalamat
1211:
1194:
1164:
1146:
1116:
1092:
1075:
1052:
1016:
962:
951:
940:
929:
912:
901:
890:
855:
839:
830:
819:
789:
777:
714:Otto Dempwolff
458:
455:
297:
296:
294:
293:
286:
279:
271:
268:
267:
254:
253:
250:
249:
244:
239:
234:
228:
225:Folk religions
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
209:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:
186:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
95:
90:
88:Maria Makiling
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
41:
40:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8079:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8019:
8017:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7927:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7840:
7836:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7795:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7733:Nuno sa punso
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7600:
7598:
7596:
7592:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7567:
7565:
7561:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7529:Mount Kanlaon
7527:
7525:
7524:Mount Banahaw
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7511:
7509:
7507:
7506:Sacred places
7503:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7482:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7450:
7446:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7424:
7420:
7414:
7413:Nardong Putik
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7384:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7313:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7271:
7267:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7242:
7240:
7236:
7230:
7229:Soul concepts
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7210:
7205:
7201:
7195:
7186:
7181:
7179:
7174:
7172:
7167:
7166:
7163:
7157:
7154:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7134:
7131:
7128:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7098:
7095:
7094:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7062:
7058:
7052:
7044:
7040:
7034:
7026:
7024:9780853453949
7020:
7016:
7015:
7007:
7005:
6996:
6994:9789712350450
6990:
6986:
6985:
6977:
6975:
6966:
6964:9781851096756
6960:
6956:
6955:
6947:
6945:
6943:
6926:
6919:
6903:
6896:
6888:
6884:
6877:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6837:
6830:
6824:
6818:
6810:
6804:
6800:
6799:
6791:
6783:
6781:9781135954895
6777:
6773:
6772:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6751:
6745:
6737:
6736:
6728:
6720:
6719:
6711:
6702:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6675:
6659:
6652:
6644:
6642:9789715425704
6638:
6634:
6633:
6625:
6617:
6615:9780520034204
6611:
6607:
6600:
6598:
6596:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6568:
6561:(2): 319–322.
6560:
6556:
6549:
6542:
6534:
6532:9789711110338
6528:
6521:
6520:
6512:
6504:
6502:9781859843826
6498:
6494:
6493:
6485:
6483:
6474:
6472:9789719390404
6468:
6464:
6457:
6441:
6434:
6419:
6415:
6408:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6383:
6378:
6371:
6369:
6360:
6356:
6350:
6342:
6341:
6332:
6330:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6302:
6286:
6282:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6269:
6253:
6249:
6242:
6234:
6232:9788876528484
6228:
6224:
6223:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6167:
6165:
6156:
6152:
6151:Asian Studies
6145:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6115:
6113:9780857456748
6109:
6105:
6101:
6094:
6086:
6084:9781468315455
6080:
6076:
6075:
6067:
6059:
6057:9781317559191
6053:
6049:
6045:
6038:
6030:
6028:9789068318371
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6006:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5992:
5989:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5967:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5932:
5930:
5920:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5897:
5895:
5886:
5884:9789715425773
5880:
5876:
5872:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5828:
5821:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5771:
5769:9780824820824
5765:
5761:
5756:
5755:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5721:
5714:
5698:
5691:
5683:
5681:9780415941242
5677:
5673:
5672:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5604:
5602:
5594:(4): 401–436.
5593:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5535:
5519:
5512:
5505:
5503:
5497:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5478:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5417:
5409:
5408:
5400:
5392:
5391:
5383:
5375:
5373:9781291457261
5369:
5365:
5364:
5356:
5348:
5346:9781317579144
5342:
5338:
5337:
5329:
5327:
5307:
5300:
5299:
5292:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5269:
5253:
5246:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5190:
5186:
5179:
5171:
5169:9781136719738
5165:
5161:
5154:
5147:(4): 429–451.
5146:
5142:
5135:
5128:
5126:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5098:
5090:
5088:9783744864862
5084:
5080:
5079:
5071:
5069:
5049:
5042:
5041:
5034:
5027:(2): 128–154.
5026:
5022:
5021:Asian Studies
5015:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4977:
4973:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4926:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4893:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4866:
4855:
4854:
4846:
4844:
4827:
4820:
4812:
4811:
4803:
4787:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4733:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4678:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4640:
4633:
4629:
4627:9789711003302
4623:
4619:
4612:
4604:
4597:
4590:(3): 141–194.
4589:
4585:
4581:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4544:
4540:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4516:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4494:
4479:
4475:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4421:
4410:(Marco, 2001)
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4385:(McCoy, 1982)
4384:
4380:
4374:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4334:are known as
4333:
4327:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3907:
3901:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3570:
3569:Guardia Civil
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3458:Camarines Sur
3455:
3454:Nueva Cáceres
3451:
3447:
3443:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3399:god pretender
3396:
3392:
3386:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3361:Nueva Vizcaya
3358:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3283:was led by a
3282:
3281:Bankaw revolt
3278:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3194:(1738–1744).
3193:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3046:revolutionary
3044:(and usually
3043:
3039:
3035:
3034:faith healers
3031:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2914:objects, and
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2873:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2836:Social status
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2804:
2802:
2801:land grabbers
2798:
2794:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2683:
2682:Manobo people
2678:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2636:), and east (
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2502:
2499:December 2018
2493:
2489:
2486:This section
2484:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2371:), while the
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:Inquisitional
2158:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1969:Spirit guides
1966:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1782:(herbalist),
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1737:makinaadmanon
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1538:(herbalist),
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1377:(head shaman)
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1249:ebpamanggamut
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
966:
963:
960:
955:
952:
949:
944:
941:
938:
933:
930:
927:
921:
916:
913:
910:
905:
902:
899:
894:
891:
888:
882:
876:
870:
864:
859:
856:
854:of the tribe)
853:
852:
847:
843:
840:
838:
834:
831:
828:
823:
820:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
790:
787:
782:
779:
778:
776:
773:
767:
762:
761:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
723:
719:
715:
712:The linguist
710:
708:
703:
699:
695:
690:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
546:Kadazan-Dusun
543:
542:
536:
530:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
478:
474:
473:
468:
467:Iraya Mangyan
463:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
430:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:
409:
408:
403:
402:spirit guides
398:
392:
387:
386:feminized men
383:
379:
375:
372:
368:
367:ethnic groups
364:
360:
358:
352:
351:
346:
344:
338:
332:
327:
320:
319:
314:
313:
308:
303:
292:
287:
285:
280:
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273:
272:
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256:
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230:
229:
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185:
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175:
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167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
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152:
149:
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142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
102:
101:
94:
93:Nuno sa punso
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
49:
46:
45:
39:
38:
32:
28:
27:
24:
19:
7905:Luna Mystika
7773:Tigmamanukan
7534:Mount Lantoy
7519:Mount Arayat
7490:
7155:
7141:
7132:
7126:
7120:
7114:
7105:
7096:
7065:. Retrieved
7061:the original
7051:
7042:
7033:
7013:
6983:
6957:. ABC-CLIO.
6953:
6929:. Retrieved
6918:
6906:. Retrieved
6895:
6886:
6882:
6840:. Retrieved
6829:
6817:
6797:
6790:
6770:
6734:
6727:
6717:
6710:
6701:
6684:
6680:
6674:
6662:. Retrieved
6651:
6631:
6624:
6605:
6577:
6573:
6567:
6558:
6554:
6541:
6518:
6511:
6491:
6462:
6456:
6444:. Retrieved
6433:
6421:. Retrieved
6417:
6407:
6395:. Retrieved
6391:the original
6386:
6380:
6358:
6349:
6339:
6311:
6307:
6301:
6289:. Retrieved
6285:the original
6255:. Retrieved
6251:
6241:
6221:
6179:(1): 39–54.
6176:
6172:
6154:
6150:
6103:
6093:
6073:
6066:
6047:
6037:
6018:
5987:
5984:
5981:the original
5976:
5966:
5956:February 12,
5954:. Retrieved
5950:the original
5945:
5941:
5919:
5910:
5906:
5874:
5846:the original
5833:
5820:
5812:the original
5807:
5801:
5797:
5753:
5724:. Retrieved
5713:
5701:. Retrieved
5690:
5670:
5616:(2): 81–95.
5613:
5609:
5591:
5587:
5544:
5540:
5534:
5522:. Retrieved
5511:
5501:
5499:
5484:
5477:
5465:. Retrieved
5461:the original
5430:
5426:
5416:
5406:
5399:
5389:
5382:
5362:
5355:
5335:
5315:November 16,
5313:. Retrieved
5306:the original
5297:
5291:
5282:
5278:
5268:
5256:. Retrieved
5245:
5235:November 29,
5233:. Retrieved
5226:the original
5221:
5217:
5204:
5192:. Retrieved
5188:
5178:
5159:
5153:
5144:
5140:
5110:(1): 34–63.
5107:
5103:
5097:
5077:
5055:. Retrieved
5048:the original
5039:
5033:
5024:
5020:
4980:. Retrieved
4976:the original
4944:. Retrieved
4940:the original
4935:
4925:
4909:(9): 74–81.
4906:
4902:
4892:
4875:
4871:
4865:
4852:
4830:. Retrieved
4819:
4809:
4802:
4790:. Retrieved
4762:. Retrieved
4758:the original
4747:
4735:. Retrieved
4720:
4697:
4684:
4677:
4667:
4663:
4661:
4646:
4639:
4631:
4617:
4611:
4602:
4596:
4587:
4583:
4546:. Retrieved
4542:
4503:
4493:
4481:. Retrieved
4477:
4443:
4439:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4373:
4366:Austronesian
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4267:dalongdongan
4266:
4262:
4258:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4222:
4218:
4211:mangkukusino
4210:
4206:
4198:
4194:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4170:
4153:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4119:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4046:
4042:
4034:
4026:
4018:
4010:
4002:
3994:
3986:
3978:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3939:
3930:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3880:
3875:
3861:
3854:
3849:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3761:Bicol Region
3756:
3752:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3728:
3619:
3617:
3614:20th century
3583:
3575:
3573:
3560:
3544:
3542:
3537:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3509:Zamboanguita
3502:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3465:
3441:
3439:
3425:
3402:
3397:(literally "
3394:
3390:
3388:
3379:19th century
3367:in northern
3354:
3351:18th century
3343:
3339:
3325:
3316:
3303:
3296:conquistador
3294:
3290:
3284:
3274:
3256:
3254:
3251:17th century
3242:
3237:
3231:
3217:
3202:
3196:
3191:
3182:
3176:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3096:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3037:
3027:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2968:
2956:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2897:
2885:
2879:
2866:
2859:
2846:
2845:
2819:
2808:
2805:
2790:
2768:
2758:
2754:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2725:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2693:dalongdongan
2692:
2688:
2686:
2679:
2663:incantations
2660:
2650:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:compass rose
2613:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2496:
2492:adding to it
2487:
2464:
2460:
2457:batak dungan
2456:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2341:soul dualism
2337:Austronesian
2334:
2330:
2327:Soul dualism
2311:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2261:
2254:
2247:spirit world
2240:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2004:("friend"),
2001:
1994:spirit world
1991:
1985:
1981:
1963:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1931:
1914:
1912:
1908:Isneg people
1903:
1899:
1897:
1891:
1848:
1817:
1815:
1629:tao d'mangaw
1476:
1467:
1463:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1178:mangindaloan
1015:(apprentice)
849:
845:
836:
833:Balanguingui
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
758:
749:
744:
737:Robert Blust
728:
724:
717:
711:
707:Islamization
683:
671:
592:Old Javanese
539:
512:transvestite
507:
496:
492:
485:Austronesian
482:
470:
425:
418:spirit world
411:
405:
371:pre-colonial
354:
349:
348:
340:
336:
335:
316:
310:
307:Itneg people
161:Tigmamanukan
18:
7900:Luna Blanca
7718:Manananggal
7693:Hantu Demon
7554:Mount Pulag
7544:Mount Mayon
7393:Dios Buhawi
7347:Irong-Irong
6904:. MindaNews
6889:(1): 42–77.
6291:October 18,
5610:Asian Music
5433:: 271–283.
5285:(1): 35–43.
5194:December 4,
4694:10125/62485
4404:saludadores
4400:mediquillos
4231:mangkukulam
4207:mangkukusim
4203:Kapampangan
4183:managinulod
4102:(Ilonggo);
4074:(Kalinga);
3969:(Visayan);
3839:. See also
3540:movements.
3517:Dios Buhawi
3482:great flood
3478:Jaro, Leyte
3474:Virgin Mary
3393:"shamans".
3233:reducciónes
3076:Holy Spirit
3056:espiritista
2965:patriarchal
2940:white magic
2928:syncretized
2851:noble class
2830:mambabarang
2826:mangkukulam
2797:black magic
2781:Black magic
2775:buntot pagi
2520:) known as
2353:astral soul
2048:reciprocity
1794:(diviner),
1588:mangungubat
1556:(diviner),
1553:pangatahoan
1541:manggagamot
1454:magbulungay
1441:(diviner),
1225:pendarpa'an
1214:Maguindanao
1149:Kapampangan
1109:(midwife),
1051:(herbalist)
670:). However
518:". Various
457:Terminology
83:Mangkukulam
78:Manananggal
73:Mambabarang
8016:Categories
7824:Juan Tamad
7668:Dalaketnon
7658:Bungisngis
7352:Juan Tamad
7255:Mangindusa
6157:(2): 1–15.
5836:(35): 13.
4828:. PhilStar
4417:References
4408:curanderos
4396:herbolario
4315:mang-aawug
4311:mang-aawog
4303:manughiwit
4279:mamalarang
4275:mamamarang
4259:dalagangan
4243:may-galing
4239:mangagaway
4235:mancocolam
4215:Pangasinan
4179:managtanem
4094:(Ibanag);
4070:(Ivatan);
4066:(Bontoc);
4027:kiyaraluwa
3823:among the
3699:Two-spirit
3664:Hun and po
3598:under the
3584:babaylanes
3529:dalagangan
3521:babaylanes
3426:babaylanes
3411:charlatans
3166:among the
3060:spiritista
2908:holy water
2904:crucifixes
2840:See also:
2715:rainmaking
2689:dalagangan
2642:lunar year
2632:), south (
2585:mangluluop
2577:magtatawas
2557:Divination
2534:Divination
2323:Mananambal
2321:See also:
2268:genii loci
2169:Pangasinan
2046:depend on
1927:depression
1879:Initiation
1826:Masbatenyo
1822:Hiligaynon
1797:mananabang
1791:manghihila
1785:manghuhula
1776:(healer),
1770:(healer),
1767:mananambal
1638:(healer),
1635:tao mulung
1547:manghuhula
1544:(healer),
1477:banawangon
1468:tanguiling
1409:Sama-Bajau
1392:pamomolong
1344:manhuhusay
1243:pangagamot
1240:(healer),
1234:(medium),
1228:(medium),
1181:(healer),
1133:(healer),
1127:(medium),
1119:Kankana-ey
1103:(medium),
1083:mandadawak
1048:mangngagas
1045:(medium),
970:mandadawak
943:Hiligaynon
887:paradiwata
733:psychopomp
487:groups in
447:divination
416:) and the
68:Juan Tamad
7814:Hinilawod
7778:Tikbalang
7753:Sarimanok
7713:Kumakatok
7648:Berberoka
7643:Berbalang
7613:Amalanhig
7514:Mount Apo
7403:Papa Isio
7372:Sarimanok
7357:Kalantiaw
7342:Datu Daya
7219:Religions
6744:cite book
6201:153002277
5842:141119860
5699:. Rappler
5638:145375061
5258:April 10,
4319:mang-aaug
4307:mamumuyag
4219:manananem
4171:parakaraw
4129:Cambodian
4098:(Isneg);
4011:ikaruruwa
3999:Kankanaey
3868:third sex
3777:babayenon
3654:Bobohizan
3628:Pulajanes
3620:dios-dios
3610:in 1911.
3580:Papa Isio
3576:dios-dios
3571:by 1890.
3545:dios-dios
3538:dios-dios
3493:dios-dios
3489:dios-dios
3442:dios-dios
3424:with two
3422:Papa Isio
3395:Dios-dios
3391:dios-dios
3338:led by a
3136:albolaryo
3119:, modern
3100:arbularyo
3074:, or the
3051:dios-dios
3042:messianic
3030:mysticism
2977:satanists
2910:) became
2710:dios-dios
2667:talismans
2638:sidlangan
2630:katungdan
2628:), west (
2408:soul loss
2402:from the
1921:, sudden
1846:Agutaynen
1830:Inabaknon
1800:(midwife)
1731:mamumuhat
1665:babailana
1603:(diviner)
1600:pagalamat
1566:Talaandig
1562:(midwife)
1511:manganito
1505:catalonan
1487:katalonan
1449:Sarangani
1417:wali jinn
1356:manukasey
1273:binulusan
1258:(diviner)
1231:pedtompan
1160:catulunan
1154:katulunan
1130:mansib-ok
1124:manbunong
1115:(diviner)
1100:machanitu
1066:dorarakit
1030:mangoodan
1012:manalisig
959:mambunong
926:balyán-an
881:paraanito
818:(diviner)
792:Aeta/Agta
612:Mongondow
541:bobohizan
443:herbalism
426:pag-anito
357:katalonan
156:Tikbalang
136:Sarimanok
53:Berbalang
7875:Dyesebel
7829:Maragtas
7748:Sarangay
7743:Santelmo
7728:Minokawa
7688:Engkanto
7653:Biringan
7623:Anggitay
7618:Amomongo
7408:Pulajans
7327:Aliguyon
7306:Sinukuan
7301:Makiling
7281:Bakunawa
7260:Kabunian
7250:Kan-Laon
7067:July 10,
7041:(1992).
6693:42719181
6586:43498156
6446:July 15,
6423:July 14,
6397:July 14,
6357:(1930).
6320:42633258
6013:(1996).
5726:July 17,
5703:July 17,
5457:19204825
5116:41853689
4946:June 11,
4884:42719586
4737:July 18,
4664:maganito
4501:(1992).
4483:July 12,
4381:and the
4336:dunganon
4299:sigbinan
4295:paktolan
4283:barangan
4271:busalian
4263:dunganon
4251:hukloban
4247:hukluban
4187:mannamay
4039:Bukidnon
4031:Tagbanwa
4019:karaduwa
3995:ab-abiik
3946:brownies
3906:philtrum
3801:bayoquin
3797:bayoguin
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3470:Tigbauan
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3456:(modern
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3291:babaylan
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3080:esoteric
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3007:katalona
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6664:July 5,
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5630:4098517
5561:7623015
5524:July 6,
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5057:July 6,
4982:July 6,
4832:July 6,
4792:July 6,
4764:July 6,
4668:anitera
4548:July 5,
4478:Esquire
4255:Visayan
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2815:vampire
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2281:fairies
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2146:baliana
1986:dipdipo
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