27:
1817:
77:. As such, fillers, produced by more than 700 companies, rank among the world's major raw materials and are contained in a variety of goods for daily consumer needs. The top filler materials used are ground calcium carbonate (GCC), precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), kaolin, talc, and carbon black. Filler materials can affect the tensile strength, toughness, heat resistance, color, clarity, etc. A good example of this is the addition of
1823:
217:
102:
159:
295:
formulated system due to their extremely low bulk density. However, these limitations can be mostly if not entirely overcome through the use of formulation modifications, additives, and other surface treatments. Despite these potential challenges, Polymer Foam Beads can be added to formulated systems when weight or cost savings in a finished good are required.
286:. Nanoparticles are more widely used than nanoplates and nanofibers but nanoplates are starting to become more widely used. Nanoplates are like conventional platy fillers like talc and mica except the thickness is much smaller. The advantages of adding nanofillers include creating a gas barrier and their flame-retardant properties.
294:
Polymer Foam Beads can have a bulk density as low as 0.011 g/cc and range in size from 45 microns to over 8 mm. Common drawbacks to using
Polymer Foam Beads in formulated systems include static, temperature, and chemical resistance limitations and difficulty achieving a homogenous blend within a
1007:
will reduce the weld strength by as much as 32%. The strength of the plastic after welding would decrease with an increasing amount of fillers in the matrix compared to the bulk material. Use of abrasive fillers can affect the tool used for welding. Abrasive fillers will degrade the welding tools
149:
Kaolin is mainly used in plastics for its anti-blocking characteristics as well as an infrared absorber in laser marking. It increases impact strength and heat resistance. Metakolinite is used to stabilize PVC. Kaolin has also been shown to increase the abrasion resistance and can replace carbon
879:
is also an important factor influencing fatigue resistance. If stress is higher than the particles adhesion a crack will form/propagate. Fiber ends are areas where cracks initiate most often due to the high stress on fiber ends with lower adhesion. Talc is a filler that can be used to increase
138:
as a base with a large percentage in composition. Calcium carbonate powder accounts for 97% of the composition will bring white/opaque products more whiteness. So manufacturers can reduce the usage of white masterbatch. With a smaller percentage, calcium carbonate powder can be used for color
866:
resistance depending on the filler type and shape. In general fillers create small discontinuities in the matrix. This can contribute to crack initiation point. If the filler is brittle fatigue resistance will be low, whereas if the filler is very
705:
a, b, c, d are constants depending on the type of filler. "a" relates to stress concentration and is based on adhesion characteristics of the filler material. "b" is normally 0.67. c and d are constants that are inversely related to particle
1024:
Undeniably the importance of filler masterbatch in improving the physical properties of plastics, especially minimizing cost and production efficiency. With the advantage of price and stability, plastic filler supports the production of:
1020:
Filler is widely used in the production process of plastic products. Filler is used to changing the properties of the original plastic. By using plastic filler, manufacturers can save production costs as well as raw materials.
770:
In general fillers will increase impact resistance. The contributing factors that improve impact resistance is particle size, particle shape and particle rigidity. Fibers improve impact resistance the most due to their large
126:
can be used to make a composite. These additions can improve molding productivity by decreasing the cooling rate. They can also increase the operating temperatures of materials and provide insulation for electrical wiring.
122:
Referred to as "chalk" in the plastic industry, calcium carbonate is derived from limestone and marble. It is used in many applications including PVC's and unsaturated polyesters. As much as 90% CaCO
762:, while the addition of elastic filler materials can reduce the value slightly. Filler materials increase the modulus due to their rigidity or stiffness and good adhesion with the polymeric matrix.
1012:
of filler material is to compare weld strength to resin strength. This can be hard to do since many filler materials contain different level of additives that change the mechanical behavior.
2424:
963:
The better the filler bonds with the matrix the better creep resistance will be. Many interactions will have a positive influence. Glass beads and fibers both have been shown to improve
246:
and tensile strength, There is normally not an economic benefit for adding glass as a filler material. Some disadvantages of having glass in the matrix include low surface quality, high
208:
strength. Wollastonite competes with platy filler substances like mica and talc and also can be used to replace glass fibers when creating thermoplastics and thermosets.
89:
are the main subgroups of filler materials. Particulates are small particles of filler that are mixed in the matrix where size and aspect ratio are important.
775:. Low hardness fillers will decrease impact strength. Particle size, within a specific range can increase the impact strengths based on the filler material.
750:
Polymers with smaller additions of filler follow this equation closely. In general addition of filler materials will increase the modulus. The additions of
49:) that can improve specific properties, make the product cheaper, or a mixture of both. The two largest segments for filler material use is elastomers and
2148:
1318:"Physical–mechanical properties and morphology of filled low-density polypropylene: Comparative study on calcium carbonate with oil shale and coal ashes"
53:. Worldwide, more than 53 million tons of fillers (with a total sum of approximately US$ 18 billion) are used every year in application areas such as
1079:
896:
have been shown to do better than glass in some base materials. In general fibrous materials are better at deflecting heat than particle fillers.
838:
of the material. Particle size and shape are contributing factors. Smaller particle size increase wear resistance because they cause less debris.
1443:
2141:
654:
is the most used method to evaluate filler materials. The tensile strength of the composite can be calculated using the equation
250:
when melted, poor weldability, and warpage. The addition of glass beads will help with oil absorption and chemical resistance.
2024:
1472:
177:
with silica. In the plastic industry, it is used for packaging and food applications due to its long-term thermal stability.
2483:
2434:
2403:
1164:
2134:
1641:
892:
polymers are negligibly affected by filler material. Glass fiber additions are used the most to deflect the most heat.
1602:
1260:
1212:
1174:
1096:
234:, and long glass fibers. in plastics by tonnage. Glass fibers are used to increase the mechanical properties of the
907:
resistance is heavily impacted by filler materials. The equation below shows the creep strain of a filled material:
2126:
1666:
1202:
2419:
2398:
2295:
2049:
330:. Gravel, stone, and sand are used to reduce the cost of concrete. Rebars are used to strengthen the concrete.
1440:
Handbook of
Fillers (4th Edition) - 8. The Effect of Fillers on the Mechanical Properties of Filled Materials.
1008:
faster, for example, the surface of the ultrasonic horn in contact with the plastic. The best way to test the
85:. Most of the filler materials used in plastics are mineral or glass based filler materials. Particulates and
2473:
2393:
303:
Masonry filler is used to repair cracks and holes in exterior walls and is typically made using cement and
1369:
2535:
2466:
2388:
2204:
1801:
1582:
1240:
282:
and fire-resistant fillers. Nanofillers can be broken out into three groups nanoplates, nanofibers, and
1731:
1706:
834:
Matrix and filler both contribute to wear resistance. In general a filler is selected to decrease the
2506:
2240:
2039:
1864:
1681:
1671:
651:
1494:
2310:
2300:
2162:
1849:
1796:
1686:
193:
1900:
1791:
1776:
1756:
20:
1136:
1112:
2315:
2193:
1948:
1676:
1634:
1444:
https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/pdf/id:kt00CQMQQ7/handbook-fillers-4th/effect-fillers-mechanical
1282:
995:
can increase the resin's ability to transmit ultrasonic waves. For electromagnetic welding and
139:
products. In addition, it brings final plastic products a more bright and more glossy surface.
1302:
2495:
2199:
1844:
239:
2530:
2215:
2210:
2183:
2101:
847:
279:
259:
150:
black as a filler material and improve the flow properties of glass-reinforced substances.
8:
2345:
2106:
2029:
1943:
1895:
1357:
968:
964:
904:
174:
888:
Filler materials have a large influence on thermal deformation in crystalline polymers.
2525:
2360:
2278:
2019:
1993:
1963:
1923:
1854:
1806:
1786:
1556:
1521:
1482:
1339:
1252:
984:
872:
863:
720:
263:
42:
971:
resistance. Water absorption will decrease the creep resistance of a filled material.
2490:
2456:
2376:
2188:
2010:
1928:
1627:
1598:
1594:
1560:
1525:
1468:
1343:
1290:
1256:
1208:
1170:
1092:
996:
988:
751:
220:
170:
2381:
2076:
1978:
1953:
1885:
1751:
1746:
1691:
1590:
1552:
1517:
1460:
1329:
1248:
1084:
243:
197:
93:
are small circular strands that can be very long and have very high aspect ratios.
2156:
1394:
1088:
2245:
2231:
2096:
1983:
1973:
1741:
889:
843:
839:
759:
716:
2274:
2086:
1988:
1859:
1508:
Stewart, Richard (March 2007). "ANTEC™ 2007 & Plastics
Encounter @ ANTEC".
62:
1077:
Pelzl, Bernhard; Wolf, Rainer; Kaul, Bansi Lal (2018). "Plastics, Additives".
2519:
2461:
2268:
2054:
2044:
2034:
1938:
1839:
1761:
1711:
1564:
1529:
1464:
1455:
Malloy, Robert A. (2010-10-07). "Plastic Part Design for
Injection Molding".
893:
304:
235:
82:
2081:
2071:
1933:
1880:
1781:
1726:
1701:
983:
of the plastic. This also depends on the type of welding process used. For
967:
resistance in some materials. Aluminum oxide also has a positive effect on
772:
283:
189:
26:
2327:
1816:
2264:
2236:
2171:
2091:
1890:
1771:
1766:
1009:
1004:
980:
231:
135:
2340:
1968:
1958:
1057:
205:
1334:
1317:
2429:
2335:
2305:
2175:
1736:
1721:
1696:
992:
868:
275:
247:
143:
101:
2350:
876:
851:
835:
315:
70:
46:
1822:
2478:
2355:
2256:
2158:
1650:
230:
filler materials come in a few diverse forms: glass beads, short
74:
58:
50:
38:
1241:"Modifying Specific Properties: Mechanical Properties – Fillers"
216:
319:
1015:
723:) of a filled polymer can be found using the equation below:
327:
227:
200:
and high hardness. This filler can improve moisture content,
158:
90:
86:
66:
54:
258:
Coal and shale oil fly ashes have been used as a filler for
1716:
1619:
1000:
784:
755:
323:
201:
166:
78:
1457:
Plastic Part Design for
Injection Molding: An Introduction
979:
Additions of filler materials can drastically affect the
1395:"Functional Fillers and Specialty Minerals for Plastics"
854:
powder are common fillers that improve wear resistance.
1113:"Fillers Market Report: Global Industry Analysis, 2024"
278:. They have a high aspect ratio and are mainly used as
1358:
https://www.buildbase.co.uk/link/1/3434147_31669_t.pdf
169:, a soft mineral and generally more expensive than
37:
materials are particles added to resin or binders (
334:Table Of Filler Materials and Physical Properties
974:
862:Filler can have a negative or positive effect on
274:Nanofiller have a particle size of less than 100
2517:
1280:
765:
1283:"About Calcium Carbonate in filler masterbatch"
1080:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2142:
1635:
1076:
945:(t) = is strain of matrix or unfilled polymer
153:
113:
1162:
791:) for plastic materials can be calculated:
2149:
2135:
1642:
1628:
1281:European Plastic, Company (June 5, 2019).
1016:Applications of filler in plastic industry
1580:
1333:
959:=is the Young's Modulus of filled polymer
16:Particles added to improve its properties
1322:Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology
1129:
641:
215:
204:resistance, thermal stability, and high
180:
173:. It is derived from layering sheets of
157:
100:
25:
1507:
1315:
1200:
223:filler (left) and fiber fillers (right)
2518:
1732:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)
1454:
1434:
1238:
1083:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–57.
883:
2130:
1672:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)
1667:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
1623:
1576:
1574:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1137:"Market Study: Fillers (3rd edition)"
857:
743:= Modulus of unfilled resin or binder
289:
2484:List of environmental health hazards
2404:List of environmental health hazards
1166:Introduction to Plastics Engineering
1163:Shrivastava, Anshuman (2018-05-15).
695:= tensile strength of polymer matrix
1442:ChemTec Publishing. Retrieved from
1370:"Filler materials Used In Concrete"
646:
13:
2289:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
1571:
1557:10.1002/j.1941-9635.2011.tb01931.x
1522:10.1002/j.1941-9635.2007.tb00070.x
1411:
1221:
1183:
1151:
778:
710:
14:
2547:
1309:
938:(t) = is strain of filled polymer
307:. Manufacturers include Toupret.
298:
196:structure with a relatively high
109:used widely as a filler material.
30:Plastic consumption uses by field
1821:
1815:
1707:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
1682:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
1595:10.1016/b978-188420717-4.50005-1
1253:10.1016/b978-185617370-4/50006-3
1201:Gilbert, Marianne (2016-09-27).
310:
1687:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)
1536:
1501:
1448:
1387:
1362:
1245:Additives for Plastics Handbook
688:= tensile strength of composite
2050:Category:Plastics applications
1797:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)
1792:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)
1777:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
1350:
1274:
1105:
1070:
975:Weldability of plastic fillers
952:= is Young's Modulus of matrix
269:
1:
1757:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)
1089:10.1002/14356007.a20_459.pub2
1063:
830:= Interlaminar shear strength
766:Impact resistance (toughness)
105:Powder calcium carbonate CaCO
2474:Persistent organic pollutant
2435:Toxic Substances Control Act
2394:Persistent organic pollutant
1677:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)
1649:
1589:, Elsevier, pp. 15–27,
1587:Handbook of Plastics Joining
1247:, Elsevier, pp. 19–35,
1204:Brydson's Plastics Materials
811:K = Proportionality constant
253:
7:
2467:Great Pacific garbage patch
2389:Great Pacific garbage patch
1802:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)
1717:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
1051:
1032:Blown film & lamination
875:will be fatigue resistant.
702:= volume fraction of filler
10:
2552:
2430:Japan Toxic Substances Law
2225:Miscellaneous plasticizers
154:Magnesium hydroxide (talc)
18:
2504:
2449:
2425:European REACH regulation
2420:California Proposition 65
2412:
2369:
2326:
2288:
2255:
2224:
2170:
2163:polyhalogenated compounds
2119:
2064:
2040:High-performance plastics
2009:
2002:
1914:
1873:
1865:High-performance plastics
1830:
1813:
1657:
318:filler materials include
142:
1850:Fibre-reinforced plastic
1787:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
1465:10.3139/9783446433748.fm
1438:Wypych, George. (2016).
1374:www.engineeringcivil.com
1139:. Ceresana. January 2014
899:
746:Φ = Filler concentration
211:
96:
1901:Biodegradable additives
1035:Extrusion (pipe, sheet)
262:that could be used for
114:Calcium carbonate (CaCO
21:Filler (disambiguation)
2316:Perfluorooctanoic acid
1752:Polyphenyl ether (PPE)
1747:Polyoxymethylene (POM)
1692:Polyacrylic acid (PAA)
447:Silica (Precipitated)
224:
163:
110:
31:
2496:Biodegradable plastic
1845:Thermosetting polymer
1742:Polylactic acid (PLA)
1551:(4): 25. April 2011.
1239:Murphy, John (2001),
642:Mechanical properties
219:
161:
104:
29:
2507:Identification codes
2107:Foam food containers
2030:Engineering plastics
1545:Plastics Engineering
1510:Plastics Engineering
1316:Krasnou, I. (2021).
880:fatigue resistance.
848:molybdenum disulfide
836:friction coefficient
820:D = Sliding distance
19:For other uses, see
2346:Endocrine disruptor
1944:Compression molding
1896:Polymer stabilizers
1583:"Vibration Welding"
884:Thermal deformation
572:Magnetite/Hematite
555:Diatomaceous earth
357:Aspect Ratio/Shape
335:
181:Wollastonite (CaSiO
175:magnesium hydroxide
2536:Plastics additives
2361:Polymer fume fever
2020:Commodity plastics
1994:Rotational molding
1964:Fiberglass molding
1924:Injection moulding
1906:Filler (materials)
1855:Corrugated plastic
1807:Tritan copolyester
1762:Polypropylene (PP)
1712:Polycarbonate (PC)
1581:PDL Staff (1997),
1459:. pp. I–XIV.
1301:has generic name (
1207:. William Andrew.
1169:. William Andrew.
985:ultrasonic welding
858:Fatigue resistance
758:will increase the
731:(1 + 2.5Φ + 14.1Φ)
362:Calcium Carbonate
333:
290:Polymer foam beads
225:
164:
134:is used in filler
111:
32:
2513:
2512:
2491:Plastic recycling
2457:Plastic pollution
2443:
2442:
2377:Plastic pollution
2157:Health issues of
2115:
2114:
2011:Plastics industry
1929:Plastic extrusion
1782:Polyurethane (PU)
1772:Polysulfone (PES)
1727:Polyethylene (PE)
1702:Polybutylene (PB)
1474:978-3-446-40468-7
1335:10.1002/vnl.21869
1038:Injection Molding
997:hot plate welding
989:calcium carbonate
752:calcium carbonate
639:
638:
623:Titanium Dioxide
280:scratch resistant
264:injection molding
221:Glass microsphere
171:calcium carbonate
2543:
2382:Rubber pollution
2232:Organophosphates
2151:
2144:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2007:
2006:
1979:Filament winding
1954:Transfer molding
1881:Polymer additive
1825:
1819:
1767:Polystyrene (PS)
1644:
1637:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1478:
1452:
1446:
1436:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1399:Phantom Plastics
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1236:
1219:
1218:
1198:
1181:
1180:
1160:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1117:www.ceresana.com
1109:
1103:
1102:
1074:
652:Tensile strength
647:Tensile strength
336:
332:
244:flexural modulus
198:specific gravity
2551:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2500:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2408:
2365:
2322:
2284:
2251:
2220:
2166:
2155:
2121:
2111:
2060:
1998:
1984:Solvent bonding
1974:Plastic welding
1916:
1910:
1869:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1811:
1722:Polyester (PEs)
1659:
1653:
1648:
1618:
1617:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1579:
1572:
1543:"ANTEC® 2011".
1542:
1541:
1537:
1506:
1502:
1490:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1453:
1449:
1437:
1412:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1377:
1376:. 16 March 2008
1368:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1314:
1310:
1298:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1237:
1222:
1215:
1199:
1184:
1177:
1161:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1054:
1041:Nonwoven fabric
1018:
987:, fillers like
977:
958:
951:
944:
937:
926:
922:
918:
914:
902:
886:
860:
829:
802:
798:
790:
781:
779:Wear resistance
768:
760:elastic modulus
742:
730:
721:Young's modulus
717:elastic modulus
713:
711:Elastic modulus
701:
694:
687:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
649:
644:
538:
518:
498:Barium Sulfate
313:
301:
292:
272:
256:
214:
187:
184:
156:
147:
133:
125:
120:
117:
108:
99:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2549:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2275:Vinyl chloride
2272:
2269:Polycarbonates
2261:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2168:
2167:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2082:Packaging film
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2065:Specific goods
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1989:Vacuum forming
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1860:Polymeric foam
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1737:Polyimide (PI)
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1697:Polyamide (PA)
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1603:
1570:
1535:
1500:
1491:|journal=
1473:
1447:
1410:
1386:
1361:
1349:
1308:
1273:
1261:
1220:
1213:
1182:
1175:
1150:
1128:
1104:
1097:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1017:
1014:
976:
973:
961:
960:
956:
953:
949:
946:
942:
939:
935:
928:
927:
924:
920:
916:
912:
901:
898:
885:
882:
859:
856:
832:
831:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
805:
804:
800:
796:
788:
780:
777:
767:
764:
748:
747:
744:
740:
733:
732:
728:
712:
709:
708:
707:
703:
699:
696:
692:
689:
685:
678:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
658:
648:
645:
643:
640:
637:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
620:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
603:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
586:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
569:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
552:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
532:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
512:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
495:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
478:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
461:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
444:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
427:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
410:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
393:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
376:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
359:
358:
355:
349:
348:Mohs Hardness
346:
340:
312:
309:
300:
299:Masonry filler
297:
291:
288:
271:
268:
266:applications.
260:thermoplastics
255:
252:
213:
210:
186:
182:
179:
162:Block of talc.
155:
152:
146:
141:
131:
123:
119:
115:
112:
106:
98:
95:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2548:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2462:Garbage patch
2460:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2328:Health issues
2325:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2102:Shopping bags
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2057:(Agriculture)
2056:
2055:Plasticulture
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2035:Geosynthetics
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1939:Thermoforming
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Thermoplastic
1838:
1837:
1835:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1606:
1604:9781884207174
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1496:
1484:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1292:
1284:
1277:
1264:
1262:9781856173704
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1216:
1214:9780323370226
1210:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1178:
1176:9780323396196
1172:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1138:
1132:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1100:
1098:9783527306732
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1047:Thermoforming
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1002:
999:additions of
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
972:
970:
966:
954:
947:
940:
933:
932:
931:
910:
909:
908:
906:
897:
895:
894:Carbon fibers
891:
881:
878:
874:
870:
865:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
809:
808:
794:
793:
792:
786:
776:
774:
763:
761:
757:
753:
745:
738:
737:
736:
726:
725:
724:
722:
718:
704:
697:
690:
683:
682:
681:
657:
656:
655:
653:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
621:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
604:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
587:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
570:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
553:
549:
546:
543:
540:
534:
533:
529:
526:
523:
520:
514:
513:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
496:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
479:
475:
472:
469:
466:
464:Carbon Black
463:
462:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
445:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
428:
425:20-100 Plate
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
411:
407:
404:
401:
398:
396:Wollastonite
395:
394:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
377:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
360:
356:
354:
350:
347:
345:
341:
338:
337:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
311:Other fillers
308:
306:
305:hydrated lime
296:
287:
285:
284:nanoparticles
281:
277:
267:
265:
261:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
236:thermoplastic
233:
229:
222:
218:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
178:
176:
172:
168:
160:
151:
145:
140:
137:
128:
103:
94:
92:
88:
84:
83:polypropylene
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
28:
22:
2172:Plasticizers
2120:Environment
2072:Blister pack
2025:Construction
1934:Blow molding
1905:
1608:, retrieved
1586:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1516:(3): 24–38.
1513:
1509:
1503:
1456:
1450:
1439:
1402:. Retrieved
1398:
1389:
1378:. Retrieved
1373:
1364:
1352:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1299:|first=
1276:
1266:, retrieved
1244:
1203:
1165:
1141:. Retrieved
1131:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:
1107:
1078:
1072:
1029:Blow molding
1023:
1019:
978:
962:
929:
903:
887:
861:
833:
806:
782:
773:aspect ratio
769:
749:
734:
714:
679:
650:
442:10-30 Plate
352:
343:
339:Filler Type
314:
302:
293:
273:
257:
232:glass fibers
226:
190:Wollastonite
188:
165:
148:
129:
121:
69:, coatings,
34:
33:
2531:Papermaking
2413:Regulations
2265:Bisphenol A
1949:Calendering
1891:Plasticizer
1831:Mechanical
1143:7 September
1010:weldability
981:weldability
817:E = Modulus
799:= KμPDW/(EI
606:Zinc Oxide
589:Halloysite
550:1-10 Plate
530:1-10 Plate
473:0.014-0.25
408:5-30 Fiber
391:5-40 Plate
374:1-3 Blocky
270:Nanofillers
136:masterbatch
2520:Categories
2341:Carcinogen
2306:Organotins
2176:Phthalates
2122:and health
1969:Pultrusion
1959:Laminating
1917:processing
1610:2019-02-15
1404:2019-02-20
1380:2019-04-03
1356:Buildbase
1328:: 94–103.
1268:2019-02-14
1122:2019-02-14
1064:References
1058:Adulterant
601:5-20 Tube
584:~1 Blocky
567:2-10 Disc
535:MDH Mg(OH)
515:ATH Al(OH)
456:0.005-0.1
353:(Microns)
351:Mean Size
276:nanometres
206:dielectric
43:composites
2526:Materials
2370:Pollution
2336:Teratogen
2267:(BPA, in
1915:Plastics
1886:Colorants
1874:Additives
1658:Chemical
1565:0091-9578
1530:0091-9578
1493:ignored (
1483:cite book
1344:244252984
890:Amorphous
873:composite
814:P = force
787:volume (W
510:~1 Round
493:~1 Round
481:Dolomite
476:~1 Round
459:~1 Round
322:, stone,
254:Fly ashes
248:viscosity
240:thermoset
71:adhesives
2351:Diabetes
2257:Monomers
2237:Adipates
2159:plastics
2013:segments
2003:Products
1651:Plastics
1291:cite web
1052:See also
877:Adhesion
852:graphite
823:W = load
635:1 Round
618:1 Round
615:0.05-10
501:4.0-4.5
467:1.7-1.9
450:1.9-2.1
416:2.8-2.9
382:2.7-2.8
371:0.02-30
342:Density
316:Concrete
242:such as
194:acicular
75:sealants
59:plastics
51:plastics
47:concrete
39:plastics
2479:Dioxins
2399:Dioxins
2356:Obesity
2097:Cutlery
2087:Bottles
930:where:
919:(t) = E
869:ductile
864:fatigue
844:alumina
807:where:
735:where:
632:0.1-10
507:0.1-30
430:Kaolin
422:5-1000
388:0.5-20
344:(g/cm)
192:has an
2196:(BBzP)
2165:(PHCs)
2077:Chairs
2045:Nurdle
1601:
1563:
1528:
1471:
1342:
1259:
1211:
1173:
1095:
1044:Raffia
993:kaolin
850:, and
840:silica
680:where
578:5.5-6
561:5.5-6
558:2-2.5
547:0.5-8
544:2.5-3
524:2.5-3
504:3-3.5
487:3.5-4
439:0.2-8
419:2.5-4
405:1-500
326:, and
320:gravel
144:Kaolin
91:Fibers
87:fibers
73:, and
67:paints
63:rubber
35:Filler
2450:Waste
2296:PBDEs
2207:(DOP)
1833:types
1660:types
1340:S2CID
1005:glass
969:creep
965:creep
915:(t)/ε
905:Creep
900:Creep
727:E = E
706:size.
667:(1-aΦ
626:4.23
598:1-20
592:2.54
581:1-50
564:4-30
527:5-80
521:2.42
490:1-30
484:2.85
413:Mica
379:Talc
328:rebar
228:Glass
212:Glass
97:Types
55:paper
2311:PFCs
2301:PCBs
2277:(in
2241:DEHA
2216:DINP
2211:DIDP
2205:DEHP
2200:DIHP
2184:DIBP
2161:and
2092:Bags
1599:ISBN
1561:ISSN
1526:ISSN
1495:help
1469:ISBN
1303:help
1257:ISBN
1209:ISBN
1171:ISBN
1145:2015
1093:ISBN
1003:and
1001:talc
991:and
871:the
785:wear
783:The
756:talc
754:and
715:The
612:4.5
609:5.6
595:2.5
575:5.2
541:2.4
470:2-3
453:5.5
433:2.6
402:4.5
399:2.9
368:3-4
365:2.7
324:sand
202:wear
167:Talc
130:CaCO
79:talc
2279:PVC
2246:DOA
2194:BBP
2189:DBP
1591:doi
1553:doi
1518:doi
1461:doi
1330:doi
1249:doi
1085:doi
671:+cΦ
663:= σ
238:or
81:to
2522::
2174::
1597:,
1585:,
1573:^
1559:.
1549:67
1547:.
1524:.
1514:63
1512:.
1487::
1485:}}
1481:{{
1467:.
1413:^
1397:.
1372:.
1338:.
1326:28
1324:.
1320:.
1295::
1293:}}
1289:{{
1255:,
1243:,
1223:^
1185:^
1153:^
1115:.
1091:.
923:/E
846:,
842:,
629:6
436:2
385:1
65:,
61:,
57:,
45:,
41:,
2281:)
2271:)
2248:)
2239:(
2150:e
2143:t
2136:v
1643:e
1636:t
1629:v
1593::
1567:.
1555::
1532:.
1520::
1497:)
1477:.
1463::
1407:.
1383:.
1346:.
1332::
1305:)
1285:.
1251::
1217:.
1179:.
1147:.
1125:.
1101:.
1087::
957:c
955:E
950:m
948:E
943:m
941:ε
936:c
934:ε
925:c
921:m
917:m
913:c
911:ε
828:s
826:I
803:)
801:s
797:s
795:W
789:s
741:0
739:E
729:0
719:(
700:f
698:Φ
693:p
691:σ
686:c
684:σ
675:)
673:f
669:f
665:p
661:c
659:σ
537:2
517:3
185:)
183:3
132:3
124:3
118:)
116:3
107:3
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
