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first responders, such as anxiousness, irritability, nervousness, memory and concentration problems can occur overtime which can lead to anxiety and depression. Mental stress can have long lasting affects on the brain. A 2014 report from the
National Fallen Firefighters Foundation found that a fire department is three times more likely to experience a suicide in a given year than a line-of-duty death. Mental stress of the job can lead to substance abuse and alcohol abuse as ways of coping with the stress. The mental stress of fire fighting has many different causes. There are those they see on duty and also what they miss by being on duty. Firefighters schedules fluctuate by district. There are stations where fire fighters work 48 hours on and 48 hours off, whereas some allow 24 hours on and 72 hours off. The mental impact of missing a child's first steps or a ballet recital can take a heavy impact on first responders. There is also the stress of being on opposite shifts as a spouse or being away from family.
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103 and 114dBA of sound. According to OSHA, exposure at this level is acceptable for between 17 and 78 minutes and according to NIOSH is acceptable for between 35 seconds and 7.5 minutes over a 24-hour day before permanent hearing loss can occur. This time period considers that no other high level sound exposure occurs in that 24-hour time frame. Sirens often output about 120 dBA, which according to OSHA, 7.5 minutes of exposure is needed and according to NIOSH, 9 seconds of exposure is needed in a 24-hour time period before permanent hearing loss can occur. In addition to high sound levels, another risk factor for hearing disorders is the co-exposure to chemicals that are
1451:" are paid for responding to incidents, along with a small salary for spending long periods of time on call. The combined fire services of the United Kingdom retain around 18,000 retained firefighters alongside their wholetime colleagues. In both the UK and Ireland retained firefighters make up the majority of active firefighting personnel. Their training, qualifications, and range of possible deployments, are all comparable to wholetime firefighters. Retained firefighters are required to live or work within a set radius of their assigned fire station - in the United Kingdom this is usually 1 mile (1.6 km), and in Ireland 2 miles (3.2 km).
778:
1501:
841:. The ropes are generally 30 feet (9.1 m) long and can provide a firefighter (that has enough time to deploy the rope) a partially controlled exit out of an elevated window. Lack of a personal rescue rope is cited in the deaths of two New York City Firefighters, Lt. John Bellew and Lt. Curtis Meyran, who died after they jumped from the fourth floor of a burning apartment building in the Bronx. Of the four firefighters who jumped and survived, only one of them had a self-rescue rope. Since the incident, the Fire Department of New York City has issued self-rescue ropes to their firefighters.
1945:
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selves or the patient. Workplace violence consists of the mental and physical abuse sustained during on-duty activities. First
Responders are the most likely to experience this type of violence and EMS even has a percentage range of 53-90% of calls that had an instance of Workplace violence. This type of violence is a major reason for burnout and depression in First Responders, while EMS deal more with people on a daily basis, ~18% Firefighters experience PTSD due to WPV and 60% had at least one call where they had feared for their life or questioned their safety.
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537:, firefighters are forced to either open holes in the roof or floors of a structure (called vertical ventilation), or open windows and walls (called horizontal ventilation) to remove smoke and heated gases from the interior of the structure. Such ventilation methods are also used to improve interior visibility to locate victims more quickly. Ventilation helps to preserve the life of trapped or unconscious individuals as it releases the poisonous gases from inside the structure. Vertical ventilation is vital to firefighter safety in the event of a
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2018:. The primary difference between municipality departments and city departments is the funding source. Municipal fire departments do not share their budget with any other service and are considered to be private entities within a jurisdiction. This means that they have their own taxes that feed into their budgeting needs. City fire departments report to the mayor, whereas municipal departments are accountable to elected board officials who help maintain and run the department along with the chief officer staff.
1310:. They frequently create fire lines, which are swathes of cut-down trees and dug-up grass placed in the path of the fire. This is designed to deprive the fire of fuel. Wildland firefighting is a physically demanding job with many acute hazards. Wildland firefighters may hike several miles while carrying heavy equipment during the wildfire season, which has increased in duration over time, especially in the western United States. Unlike structural firefighters, wildland firefighters typically do not wear
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Association) is responsible for occupational health programs and standards in firefighters which discusses what hearing sensitivity is required to work as a firefighter, but also enforces baseline (initial) and annual hearing tests (based on OSHA hearing maintenance regulations). While NIHL can be a risk that occurs from working as a firefighter, NIHL can also be a safety concern for communicating while doing the job as communicating with coworkers and victims is essential for safety.
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712:
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7682:
317:
1937:
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7658:
276:
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1108:, occupational exposures can significantly increase a firefighter's risk. Historically, the fire service blamed poor firefighter physical condition for being the primary cause of cardiovascular related deaths. However, over the last 20 years, studies and research has indicated the toxic gasses put fire service personnel at significantly higher risk for cardiovascular related conditions and death. For instance,
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383:
1440:, with some providing cover each night. On the other hand, it may not be practical to employ full-time firefighters in villages and isolated small towns, where their services may not be required for days at a time. For this reason, many fire departments have firefighters who spend long periods on call to respond to infrequent emergencies; they may have regular jobs outside of firefighting.
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1375:. NIHL affects sound frequencies between 3,000 and 6,000 Hertz first, then with more frequent exposure, will spread to more frequencies. Many consonants will be more difficult to hear or inaudible with NIHL because of the higher frequencies effected, which results in poorer communication. NIHL is caused by exposure to sound levels at or above 85dBA according to
530:*Customer stabilization refers to customer service that fire departments provide during an emergency. When a fire department responds to an emergency, two related priorities are life safety and stabilizing the incident. Part of this process is ensuring the customer's well-being from the time of dispatch until after the incident becomes stable.
1607:, and are often split between engine and ladder companies. In Europe, where the size and usefulness of aerial appliances are often limited by narrow streets, they are only used for rescues, and firefighters can rotate between working on an engine and an aerial appliance. A final point in variation is how involved firefighters are in
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incident's critical factors and the risk management plan indicate an offensive strategy, the incident commander will define the tactical objectives for entering the structure. Offensive incident action plans (tactics) are based on the standard offensive tactical priorities and their corresponding completion benchmarks.
1534:, volunteers play a substantial role even in the largest fire departments, including Berlin's, which serves a population of 3.6 million. Regardless of how this balance works, a common feature is that smaller urban areas have a mix of full-time and volunteer/on-call firefighters. This is known in the United States as a
869:. Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of muscle tissue and has many causes including heat exposure, high core body temperature, and prolonged, intense exertion. Routine firefighter tasks, such as carrying extra weight of equipment and working in hot environments, can increase firefighters' risk for rhabdomyolysis.
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gain access into the structure. Specific procedures(NFPA 704) and equipment are needed at a property where hazardous materials are being used or stored. Additionally, fighting fires in some structures may require additional training and firefighting tactics that are specific to that structure. For example,
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that wildland firefighters could have an increased risk of lung cancer mortality. The research on cancer for other subspecialty groups of firefighters is limited, but a recent study of fire instructors in
Australia found an exposure-response relationship between training exposures and cancer incidence.
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and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Among women in the US, the occupations with the highest suicide rates are police and firefighters, with a rate of 14.1 per 100 000, according to the
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC. Chronic stress over time attributes to symptoms that affect
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while responding to or returning from an incident. Other firefighters have been injured or killed by vehicles at the scene of a fire or emergency (Paulison 2005). A common measure fire departments have taken to prevent this is to require firefighters to wear a bright yellow reflective vest over their
549:
Whenever possible during a structure fire, property is moved into the middle of a room and covered with a salvage cover, a heavy cloth-like tarp. Various steps such as retrieving and protecting valuables found during suppression or overhaul, evacuating water, and boarding windows and roofs can divert
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Buildings that are made of flammable materials such as wood are different from building materials such as concrete. Generally, a "fire-resistant" building is designed to limit fire to a small area or floor. Other floors can be safe by preventing smoke inhalation and damage. All buildings suspected or
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The time of exposure required to potentially cause damage depends on the level of sound exposed to. The most common causes of excessive sound exposure are sirens, transportation to and from fires, fire alarms, and work tools. Traveling in an emergency vehicle has shown to expose a person to between
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represents A-weighted decibels. dBA is used for measuring sound levels relating to occupational sound exposure since it attempts to mimic the sensitivity of the human ear to different frequencies of sound. OSHA uses a 5-dBA exchange rate, which means that for every 5dBA increase in sound from 90dBA,
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include assuming all power lines are energized until confirmation they are de-energized, and grounding power lines to guard against electrical feedback, and using appropriate personal protective equipment. Proper respiratory protection can protect against hazardous substances. Proper ventilation of
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Fire investigators, who are experienced firefighters trained in fire cause determinism, are dispatched to fire scenes, in order to investigate and determine whether the fire was a result of an accident or intentional. Some fire investigators have full law enforcement powers to investigate and arrest
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have been used by firefighters in the United States. Earmuffs are the most commonly used hearing protection device (HPD) as they are the most easy to put on correctly in a quick manner. Multiple fire departments have used HPDs that have communication devices built in, allowing firefighters to speak
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have been implemented in multiple stations and have shown to help lower the rate of firefighters with NIHL. Other attempts have been made to lower sound exposures for firefighters, such as enclosing the cabs of the firetrucks to lower the siren exposure while driving. NFPA (National Fire
Protection
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to burn potential fire fuel under controlled conditions. To examine cancer risk for wildland firefighters, a risk assessment was conducted using an exposure-response relationship for risk of lung cancer mortality and measured particulate matter exposure from smoke at wildfires. This study concluded
1175:
Cancer risk in the U.S. fire service is a topic of growing concern. Recent studies suggest that due to their exposure on the fireground, firefighters may be at an increased risk for certain types of cancer and other chronic diseases. Additionally, large international studies generally support the
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Firefighters have occasionally been assaulted by members of the public while responding to calls. These kinds of attacks can cause firefighters to fear for their safety when responding to specific areas and may cause them to not have full focus on the situation which could result in injury to their
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employ specialist firefighters to deal with potential ground emergencies. Due to the mass casualty potential of an aviation emergency, the speed with which emergency response equipment and personnel arrive at the scene of the emergency is of paramount importance. When dealing with an emergency, the
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When the first fire department arrives on-scene at a structure fire, scene size-up must occur to develop the appropriate strategy (offensive or defensive) and tactics. With scene size-up, a risk assessment must also occur to determine the risks of making an interior fire attack. When an
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While sometimes fires can be limited to small areas of a structure, wider collateral damage due to smoke, water and burning embers is common. Utility shutoff (such as gas and electricity) is typically an early priority for arriving fire crews. In addition, forcible entry may be required in order to
176:
The skills required for safe operations are regularly practiced during training evaluations throughout a firefighter's career. Initial firefighting skills are normally taught through local, regional or state-approved fire academies or training courses. Depending on the requirements of a department,
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and give a measure of exertion and fatigue. They also tell the people outside a building when they have stopped moving or fallen. This allows a supervisor to call in additional engines before the crew get exhausted and also gives an early warning to firefighters before they run out of air, as they
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if a fourth element is added: a chemical chain reaction which can help sustain certain types of fire. The aim of firefighting is to deprive the fire of at least one of those elements. Most commonly this is done by dousing the fire with water, though some fires require other methods such as foam or
942:
While many hazardous chemicals sued in fire-fighting materials, such as penta-bromdiphenyl ether have already been banned by the government, they are almost immediately replaced by a new substance with similar harmful effects. After banning penta-bromodiphenyl ether, chlorinated tris, chloroalkyl
495:
When fire departments respond to structure fires, the priorities are life safety, incident stabilization, and property conservation. Some tactics used to achieve positive results at a structure fire include scene size-up, door control, coordinated ventilation, and exterior attack prior to entry.
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The nomenclature of firefighting varies from country to country. The basic unit of firefighters is known as a "company" in many countries, including the United States, with its members typically working on the same engine. A "crew" or "platoon" is a subdivision of a company who work on the same
852:
alert 10–20 seconds after a firefighter has stopped moving in a structure. Physiological status monitors measure a firefighter's vital sign status, fatigue and exertion levels and transmit this information over their voice radio. This technology allows a degree of early warning to physiological
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in
Australia) has a role different from but just as important as other emergency personnel. The telecommunicator must process calls from unknown and unseen individuals, usually calling under stressful conditions. He/she must be able to obtain complete, reliable information from the caller and
742:
Other methods of fire prevention are by directing efforts to reduce known hazardous conditions or by preventing dangerous acts before tragedy strikes. This is normally accomplished in many innovative ways such as conducting presentations, distributing safety brochures, providing news articles,
5334:
Demers, Paul A; DeMarini, David M; Fent, Kenneth W; Glass, Deborah C; Hansen, Johnni; Adetona, Olorunfemi; Andersen, Maria HG; Freeman, Laura E Beane; Caban-Martinez, Alberto J; Daniels, Robert D; Driscoll, Timothy R (July 1, 2022). "Carcinogenicity of occupational exposure as a firefighter".
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is a major issue for firefighters as they wear insulated clothing and cannot shed the heat generated from physical exertion. Early detection of heat issues is critical to stop dehydration and heat stress becoming fatal. Early onset of heat stress affects cognitive function which combined with
1630:
The expedient and accurate handling of fire alarms or calls are significant factors in the successful outcome of any incident. Fire department communications play a critical role in that successful outcome. Fire department communications include the methods by which the public can notify the
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scenario. Releasing the flammable gases through the roof eliminates the possibility of a backdraft, and the removal of heat can reduce the possibility of a flashover. Flashovers, due to their intense heat (900–1,200 °F (480–650 °C)) and explosive temperaments, are commonly fatal to
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Navarro, Kathleen M.; Kleinman, Michael T.; Mackay, Chris E.; Reinhardt, Timothy E.; Balmes, John R.; Broyles, George A.; Ottmar, Roger D.; Naher, Luke P.; Domitrovich, Joseph W. (June 2019). "Wildland firefighter smoke exposure and risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality".
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equipment to receive alarms, give and receive commands, request assistance, and report on conditions. Since firefighters from different agencies routinely provide mutual aid to each other, and routinely operate at incidents where other emergency services are present, it is essential to have
4818:
Marques, M Matilde; Berrington de
Gonzalez, Amy; Beland, Frederick A.; Browne, Patience; Demers, Paul A; Lachenmeier, Dirk W; Bahadori, Tina; Barupal, Dinesh K.; Belpoggi, Fiorella; Comba, Pietro; Dai, Min (June 2019). "Advisory Group recommendations on priorities for the IARC Monographs".
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reduce the risk of death from a fire. With the small rooms typical of a residence, one or two sprinklers can cover most rooms. In the United States, the housing industry trade groups have lobbied at the State level to prevent the requirement for Fire
Sprinklers in one or two family homes.
593:
airport firefighters are tasked with rapidly securing the aircraft, its crew and its passengers from all hazards, particularly fire. Airport firefighters have advanced training in the application of firefighting foams, dry chemical and clean agents used to extinguish burning aviation fuel.
4446:
Abreu, Ana; Costa, Carla; Pinho e Silva, Susana; Morais, Simone; do Carmo
Pereira, Maria; Fernandes, Adília; Moraes de Andrade, Vanessa; Teixeira, João Paulo; Costa, Solange (August 3, 2017). "Wood smoke exposure of Portuguese wildland firefighters: DNA and oxidative damage evaluation".
3757:
Lee, David J.; Koru-Sengul, Tulay; Hernandez, Monique N.; Caban-Martinez, Alberto J.; McClure, Laura A.; Mackinnon, Jill A.; Kobetz, Erin N. (April 2020). "Cancer risk among career male and female
Florida firefighters: Evidence from the Florida Firefighter Cancer Registry (1981-2014)".
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are chemical products that are utilized to slow down or stop the spread of a fire by reducing its intensity. While there are numerous benefits to flame retardant products in terms of the reduction of major fires, the components that make up these substances are extremely harmful.
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shift. In British and Commonwealth fire services the firefighters of each station are more typically organised around a "watch" pattern, with several watches (usually four) working on a shift basis, as a separate "crew" for each engine or specialist appliance at that station.
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phospahtes, halogenated aryl esters, and tetrabromophthalate dio diester were used instead. While these chemicals are constantly changing with attempts to make it safer for the public, firefighters have constant, up-close exposure that can put them at increased risk.
848:
operating in dangerous environment makes heat stress and dehydration a critical issue to monitor. Firefighter physiological status monitoring is showing promise in alerting EMS and commanders to the status of their people on the fire ground. Devices such as
1435:
In a country with a comprehensive fire service, fire departments must be able to send firefighters to emergencies at any hour of day or night, to arrive on the scene within minutes. In urban areas, this means that full-time paid firefighters usually have
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outcomes. In the United States, the most common cause of on-duty fatalities for firefighters is sudden cardiac death, accounting for approximately 45% of on duty US firefighter deaths. In addition to personal factors that may predispose an individual to
3923:
Amadeo, Brice; Marchand, Jean-Luc; Moisan, Frédéric; Donnadieu, Stéphane; Coureau, Gaëlle; Mathoulin-Pélissier, Simone; Lembeye, Christian; Imbernon, Ellen; Brochard, Patrick (2015). "French firefighter mortality: Analysis over a 30-year period".
633:, have specialist teams for advanced technical rescue. As structure fires have been in decline for many years in developed countries such as the United States, rescues other than fires make up an increasing proportion of their firefighters' work.
826:(PASS) is commonly worn independently or as a part of the SCBA to alert others when a firefighter stops moving for a specified period of time or manually operates the device. The PASS device sounds an alarm that can assist another firefighter (
1723:) do possess extensive police powers in connection with their work of enforcement and control in regulatory and emergency situations. In some countries fire fighters carry, or have access to, firearms, including some US fire marshals, and the
4573:
Andersen, Maria Helena Guerra; Saber, Anne Thoustrup; Clausen, Per Axel; Pedersen, Julie Elbæk; Løhr, Mille; Kermanizadeh, Ali; Loft, Steffen; Ebbehøj, Niels; Hansen, Åse Marie; Pedersen, Peter Bøgh; Koponen, Ismo Kalevi (February 24, 2018).
995:. Sources of metals exposure include burnt or melted electronics, cars, refrigerators, stoves, etc. Fire debris cleanup workers may be exposed to these metals or their combustion products in the air or on their skin. These metals may include
1992:. Fire companies were composed of citizens who volunteered their time to help protect the community. As time progressed and new towns were established throughout the region, there was a sharp increase in the number of volunteer departments.
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the acceptable exposure time before a risk of permanent hearing loss occurs decreases by half (starting with 8 hours acceptable exposure time at 90dBA). NIOSH uses a 3-dBA exchange rate starting at 8 hours acceptable exposure time at 85dBA.
4132:
Harris, M. Anne; Kirkham, Tracy L.; MacLeod, Jill S.; Tjepkema, Michael; Peters, Paul A.; Demers, Paul A. (October 2018). "Surveillance of cancer risks for firefighters, police, and armed forces among men in a Canadian census cohort".
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were popular in the early days of radio equipment because of poor transmission and reception. Advances in modern radio technology have reduced the need for ten-codes and many departments have converted to simple English (clear text).
719:
Fire departments frequently provide advice to the public on how to prevent fires in the home and work-place environments. Fire inspectors or fire marshals will directly inspect businesses to ensure they are up to the current building
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firefighter personnel. Precautionary methods, such as smashing a window, reveal backdraft situations before the firefighter enters the structure and is met with the circumstance head-on. Firefighter safety is the number one priority.
575:. Wildfires have some ecological role in allowing new plants to grow, therefore in some cases they will be left to burn. Priorities in fighting wildfires include preventing the loss of life and property as well as ecological damage.
1399:
The average day of work for a firefighter can often be under the sound exposure limit for both OSHA and NIOSH. While the average day of sound exposure as a firefighter is often under the limit, firefighters can be exposed to
4785:
Oliveira, M.; Delerue-Matos, C.; Morais, S.; Slezakova, K.; Pereira, M.C.; Fernandes, A.; Costa, S.; Teixeira, J.P. (March 14, 2018), "Levels of urinary biomarkers of exposure and potential genotoxic risks in firefighters",
620:
Complex, infrequent situations requiring specialized training and equipment include rescues from collapsed buildings and confined spaces. Many fire departments, including most in the United Kingdom, refer to themselves as a
5778:
1326:
Due to the lack of central and comprehensive sources of data, research on cancer rates amongst firefighters has been challenging. On July 7, 2018, Congress passed the Firefighter Cancer Registry Act of 2018 requiring the
1253:(IARC) as known or probable carcinogens have been identified on the fireground. Several studies have documented airborne and/or dermal exposures to carcinogenic compounds during firefighting, as well as contamination on
1968:
revolutionized firefighting by calling for the creation of a fire guard that was trained, paid, and equipped by the state, thereby commissioning the first truly public and professional firefighting service. Known as the
5251:
Fent, Kenneth W.; Toennis, Christine; Sammons, Deborah; Robertson, Shirley; Bertke, Stephen; Calafat, Antonia M.; Pleil, Joachim D.; Wallace, M. Ariel Geer; Kerber, Steve; Smith, Denise; Horn, Gavin P. (March 2020).
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Bolstad-Johnson, Dawn M.; Burgess, Jefferey L.; Crutchfield, Clifton D.; Storment, Steve; Gerkin, Richard; Wilson, Jeffrey R. (September 2000). "Characterization of Firefighter Exposures During Fire Overhaul".
1646:
While some fire departments are large enough to utilize their own telecommunication dispatcher, most rural and small areas rely on a central dispatcher to provide handling of fire, rescue, and police services.
885:). Structural collapse, which often occurs without warning, may crush or trap firefighters inside the structure. To avoid loss of life, all on-duty firefighters should maintain two-way communication with the
4727:
Jeong, Kyoung Sook; Zhou, Jin; Griffin, Stephanie C.; Jacobs, Elizabeth T.; Dearmon-Moore, Devi; Zhai, Jing; Littau, Sally R.; Gulotta, John; Moore, Paul; Peate, Wayne F.; Richt, Crystal M. (May 2018).
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communications center of an emergency, the methods by which the center can notify the proper fire fighting forces, and the methods by which information is exchanged at the scene. One method is to use a
724:, which are enforced so that a building can sufficiently resist fire spread, potential hazards are located, and to ensure that occupants can be safely evacuated, commensurate with the risks involved.
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from downed or exposed electrical lines or in instances where water has come into contact with electrical equipment. Structures that have been burned may be unstable and at risk of sudden collapse.
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have a single national fire service. Others like Australia, the United Kingdom and France organize fire services based on regions or sub-national states. In the United States, Austria, Germany and
6695:
5052:
Fent, Kenneth W.; Alexander, Barbara; Roberts, Jennifer; Robertson, Shirley; Toennis, Christine; Sammons, Deborah; Bertke, Stephen; Kerber, Steve; Smith, Denise; Horn, Gavin (October 3, 2017).
1211:, but research is inconclusive as of 2014. Preliminary research from 2015 on a large cohort of US firefighters showed a direct relationship between the number of hours spent fighting fires and
1751:
653:(EMS) agency. Elsewhere, it is common for firefighters to respond to medical calls. The impetus for this is the growing demand in medical emergencies and the significant decline in fires.
5828:
Berger, William; Coutinho, Evandro Silva Freire; Figueira, Ivan; Marques-Portella, Carla; Luz, Mariana Pires; Neylan, Thomas C.; Marmar, Charles R.; Mendlowicz, Mauro Vitor (2012-06-01).
3298:
Daniels, Robert D; Kubale, Travis L; Yiin, James H; Dahm, Matthew M; Hales, Thomas R; Baris, Dalsu; Zahm, Shelia H; Beaumont, James J; Waters, Kathleen M; Pinkerton, Lynne E (June 2014).
5176:
Beitel, Shawn C.; Flahr, Leanne M.; Hoppe-Jones, Christiane; Burgess, Jefferey L.; Littau, Sally R.; Gulotta, John; Moore, Paul; Wallentine, Darin; Snyder, Shane A. (February 1, 2020).
2961:"Associations between polyfluoroalkyl substance and organophosphate flame retardant exposures and telomere length in a cohort of women firefighters and office workers in San Francisco"
1343:
As with other emergency workers, firefighters may witness traumatic scenes during their careers. They are thus more vulnerable than most people to certain mental health issues such as
7861:
5770:
3222:
Kales, Stefanos N.; Soteriades, Elpidoforos S.; Christophi, Costas A.; Christiani, David C. (2007). "The New England Journal of Medicine", March 22, 2007, Accessed:July 17, 2011".
2959:
Clarity, Cassidy; Trowbridge, Jessica; Gerona, Roy; Ona, Katherine; McMaster, Michael; Bessonneau, Vincent; Rudel, Ruthann; Buren, Heather; Morello-Frosch, Rachel (December 2021).
2136:
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1603:
Another way in which a firefighter's work varies around the world is the nature of firefighting equipment and tactics. For example, American fire departments make heavier use of
7911:
2645:
397:
5926:
Stanley, Ian H.; Hom, Melanie A.; Hagan, Christopher R.; Joiner, Thomas E. (2015). "Career prevalence and correlates of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among firefighters".
6028:
2829:
Young, Anna S.; Hauser, Russ; James-Todd, Tamarra M.; Coull, Brent A.; Zhu, Hongkai; Kannan, Kurunthachalam; Specht, Aaron J.; Bliss, Maya S.; Allen, Joseph G. (May 2021).
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that can be used to avoid or minimize exposure to hazardous substances. When ventilation is insufficient or dust cannot be avoided, personal protective equipment such as
5800:
4399:"Exposure-response relationships for select cancer and non-cancer health outcomes in a cohort of US firefighters from San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphia (1950-2009)"
7755:
2831:"Impact of "healthier" materials interventions on dust concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and organophosphate esters"
1801:
957:
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chemicals. Studies linked PFAS exposure with health effects including major neurological defects and cancer. Long term exposure to these chemicals is a notable concern.
1952:
Although people have fought fires since there have been valuable things to burn, the first instance of organized professionals combating structural fires occurred in
4623:
Keir, Jennifer L. A.; Akhtar, Umme S.; Matschke, David M. J.; Kirkham, Tracy L.; Chan, Hing Man; Ayotte, Pierre; White, Paul A.; Blais, Jules M. (November 7, 2017).
4576:"Association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA damage in human volunteers during fire extinction exercises"
703:
incidents. Specialized firefighters, known as hazardous materials technicians, are trained in chemical identification, leak and spill control, and decontamination.
7881:
1027:(PAHs), some of which are carcinogenic, come from the incomplete combustion of organic materials and are often found as a result of structural and wildland fires.
6472:
4990:
Austin, C. C.; Wang, D.; Ecobichon, D. J.; Dussault, G. (July 15, 2001). "Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds in Smoke at Municipal Structural Fires".
3809:
Pinkerton, Lynne; Bertke, Stephen J; Yiin, James; Dahm, Matthew; Kubale, Travis; Hales, Thomas; Purdue, Mark; Beaumont, James J; Daniels, Robert (February 2020).
4297:
Pukkala, Eero; Martinsen, Jan Ivar; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Kjaerheim, Kristina; Lynge, Elsebeth; Tryggvadottir, Laufey; Sparén, Pär; Demers, Paul A (June 2014).
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dry agents. Firefighters are equipped with a wide variety of equipment for this purpose that include ladder trucks, pumper trucks, tanker trucks, fire hose, and
4625:"Elevated Exposures to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Other Organic Mutagens in Ottawa Firefighters Participating in Emergency, On-Shift Fire Suppression"
1276:. As firefighters combat a fire and clean up hazardous materials, there is a risk of harmful chemicals coming in contact with their skin if it penetrates their
6716:
6552:
4678:
Hoppe-Jones, C.; Beitel, S.; Burgess, J. L.; Snyder, S.; Flahr, L.; Griffin, S.; Littau, S.; Jeong, K. S.; Zhou, J.; Gulotta, J.; Moore, P. (April 1, 2018).
3355:
LeMasters, Grace K.; Genaidy, Ash M.; Succop, Paul; Deddens, James; Sobeih, Tarek; Barriera-Viruet, Heriberto; Dunning, Kari; Lockey, James (November 2006).
3266:
3062:
3039:
2619:
2603:
2390:
1376:
927:
While firefighters are generally responsible for managing hazardous materials in the environment, there is a great deal of risks that they face by doing so.
488:
exposed to the initial fire. Hose streams directed into the interior through exterior wall apertures may conflict and jeopardize interior fire attack crews.
7561:
6245:"Occupational exposure to chemicals and hearing impairment. The Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals. 44 (4): 177"
5610:
Lee, David J.; Koru-Sengul, Tulay; Hernandez, Monique N.; Caban-Martinez, Alberto J.; McClure, Laura A.; Mackinnon, Jill A.; Kobetz, Erin N. (April 2020).
225:
Firefighters had to focus their efforts on saving the adjacent church instead of this burning building, an abandoned convent in Massueville, Quebec, Canada
571:) require a unique set of strategies and tactics. In many countries such as Australia and the United States, these duties are mostly carried out by local
2232:
484:
lines inside the building, find the fire and cool it with water. Exterior crews may direct water into windows and other openings, or against any nearby
7720:
2764:
Murray, Regan M.; Davis, Andrea L.; Shepler, Lauren J.; Moore-Merrell, Lori; Troup, William J.; Allen, Joseph A.; Taylor, Jennifer A. (February 2020).
1219:
mortality in firefighters. This link is a topic of continuing research in the medical community, as is cancer mortality in general among firefighters.
142:
that threaten life and property, as well as to rescue persons from confinement or dangerous situations. Male firefighters are sometimes referred to as
1151:
During fire suppression activities a firefighter can reach peak or near peak heart rates which can act as a trigger for a cardiac event. For example,
1230:
to investigate exposures' effects on biological changes that could be related to cancer development. Several of these studies have found evidence of
730:
have a proven record for controlling and extinguishing unwanted fires. Many fire officials recommend that every building, including residences, have
2672:
Murray, Regan M.; Davis, Andrea L.; Shepler, Lauren J.; Moore-Merrell, Lori; Troup, William J.; Allen, Joseph A.; Taylor, Jennifer A. (2019-12-16).
6503:
6269:
7926:
7840:
6652:
6407:
5830:"Rescuers at risk: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of the worldwide current prevalence and correlates of PTSD in rescue workers"
5119:
Mayer, Alexander C.; Fent, Kenneth W.; Bertke, Stephen; Horn, Gavin P.; Smith, Denise L.; Kerber, Steve; La Guardia, Mark J. (February 1, 2019).
2026:
Funds for firefighting equipment may be raised by the firefighters themselves, especially in the case of volunteer organizations. Events such as
2339:
1518:
A key difference between many countries' fire services is what the balance is between full-time and volunteer (or on-call) firefighters. In the
810:
To allow protection from the inherent risks of fighting fires, firefighters wear and carry protective and self-rescue equipment at all times. A
6004:
1407:
There are also high rates of hearing loss, often NIHL, in firefighters, which increases with age and number of years working as a firefighter.
6345:
5980:
1960:
existed solely as privately organized and funded groups that operated more similarly to a business than a public service; however, during the
2899:"Organophosphate Flame Retardants and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Drinking Water Treatment Plants from Korea: Occurrence and Human Exposure"
1380:
1167:
1124:. The substances inside of materials change during combustion, and their by-products can interfere with the transport of oxygen in the body.
859:
7479:
1302:
There are many types of firefighters. Most research on firefighters' cancer risk has involved structural or municipal career firefighters.
1050:
5392:
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans / World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer
1580:. In Germany, conscription can also be used if a village does not have a functioning fire service. Other unusual arrangements are seen in
6531:
6429:
3568:
Jalilian, Hamed; Ziaei, Mansour; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Rueegg, Corina Silvia; Khosravi, Yahya; Kjaerheim, Kristina (November 15, 2019).
3113:
2117:
1250:
952:
401:
1404:, which has a very low acceptable time exposure before permanent hearing damage can occur due to the high intensity and short duration.
7311:
6724:
3151:
1328:
862:
tables exist for heat injury and the allowable amount of work in a given environment based on temperature, humidity and solar loading.
6052:
2490:
8003:
979:
can be found in concrete, roofing tiles, or it may be a naturally occurring element. Occupational exposures to silica dust can cause
2416:
2179:
1159:, also known as a heart attack. This along with unhealthy habits and lack of exercise can be very hazardous to firefighter health.
6632:
6376:
5612:"Cancer risk among career male and female Florida firefighters: Evidence from the Florida Firefighter Cancer Registry (1981-2014)"
5553:
Tsai, Rebecca J.; Luckhaupt, Sara E.; Schumacher, Pam; Cress, Rosemary D.; Deapen, Dennis M.; Calvert, Geoffrey M. (May 6, 2015).
3519:"Health Risks of Structural Firefighters from Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
1260:
In addition to chemical exposures, firefighters often work 24-hr shifts or longer, and may respond to emergencies at night. Night
8352:
8347:
8212:
4516:
Adetona, Olorunfemi; Simpson, Christopher D; Li, Zheng; Sjodin, Andreas; Calafat, Antonia M; Naeher, Luke P (November 11, 2015).
2513:
2063:
4176:
Kirstine Ugelvig Petersen, Kajsa; Pedersen, Julie Elbaek; Bonde, Jens Peter; Ebbehoej, Niels Erik; Hansen, Johnni (April 2018).
1447:
provide most of the cover in rural areas. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, by contrast, actual volunteers are rare. Instead, "
7851:
7805:
7713:
6842:
6752:
3300:"Mortality and cancer incidence in a pooled cohort of US firefighters from San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphia (1950–2009)"
2289:
1948:
Vancouver firemen responding to a fire alarm, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Photograph taken by W.J. Carpenter in 1910.
1249:
and hazardous contaminants, which is thought to contribute to their excess cancer risk. Dozens of chemicals classified by the
4803:
4680:"515 Use of urinary biomarkers and bioassays to evaluate chemical exposure and activation of cancer pathways in firefighters"
1913:
1257:
and other equipment worn by firefighters. Some of these compounds have been shown to absorb into firefighters' bodies.
4397:
Daniels RD, Bertke S, Dahm MM, Yiin JH, Kubale TL, Hales TR, Baris D, Zahm SH, Beaumont JJ, Waters KM, Pinkerton LE (2015).
7469:
2315:
2203:
2010:
City fire departments draw their funding directly from city taxes and share the same budget as other public works like the
1195:
exposure, at twice the rate of the non-firefighting working population. Younger firefighters (under age 65) also developed
1774:
751:, is educated in the proper techniques of fire safety, has an evacuation route and rendezvous point is of top priority in
7916:
7765:
7740:
6198:
5054:"Contamination of firefighter personal protective equipment and skin and the effectiveness of decontamination procedures"
3057:
1996:
1656:
936:
5254:"Firefighters' absorption of PAHs and VOCs during controlled residential fires by job assignment and fire attack tactic"
2577:
2550:
676:
has been introduced more recently. Another point of variation is whether the firefighters respond in a fire engine or a
7901:
7815:
7316:
7117:
6963:
6817:
6479:
4077:
Glass, Deborah Catherine; Del Monaco, Anthony; Pircher, Sabine; Vander Hoorn, Stephen; Sim, Malcolm Ross (April 2019).
3694:"Cancer risks of firefighters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of secular trends and region-specific differences"
2079:
1740:
827:
811:
688:
6666:
5962:
4231:
Petersen, Kajsa Ugelvig; Pedersen, Julie Elbæk; Bonde, Jens Peter; Ebbehøj, Niels Erik; Hansen, Johnni (August 2018).
1584:, where most fire services are run by private companies, and in France, where two of the country's fire services (the
7921:
7706:
3420:
3174:
1671:
983:, lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, airway diseases, and some additional non-respiratory diseases. Inhalation of
441:
423:
364:
303:
5309:
346:
1690:
1639:
1526:, large metropolitan fire departments are almost entirely made up of full-time firefighters. On the other hand, in
1464:
584:
5887:"A systematic review of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among police officers, firefighters, EMTs, and paramedics"
3031:"Evaluation of fire debris cleanup employees' exposure to silica, asbestos, metals, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons"
221:
7993:
7825:
7276:
6608:
1024:
649:
is the only medical training that firefighters have, and medical calls are the sole responsibility of a separate
405:
4518:"Hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as biomarkers of exposure to wood smoke in wildland firefighters"
4022:
Glass, Deborah C; Del Monaco, Anthony; Pircher, Sabine; Vander Hoorn, Stephen; Sim, Malcolm R (September 2017).
7968:
7866:
7820:
7673:
7556:
6827:
2074:
1589:
1344:
1176:
finding from U.S. studies that firefighters have elevated rates of cancer, with some variation by cancer site.
1129:
781:
342:
1655:
structures in place to establish a unified chain of command, and share information between agencies. The U.S.
7891:
7855:
7649:
7366:
6933:
1870:
1332:
1277:
1038:
796:
626:
533:
Some firefighting tactics may appear to be destructive, but often serve specific needs. For example, during
7571:
7566:
7546:
6573:
2439:
2007:. Large cities began establishing paid, full-time staff in order to try to facilitate greater call volume.
1408:
657:
338:
289:
31:
17:
1974:
1417:
with each other at safe, but audible sound levels, while lowering the hazardous sound levels around them.
747:(PSA) or establishing meaningful displays in well-visited areas. Ensuring that each household has working
7341:
7296:
1535:
1280:(PPE). In June 2022, IARC classified occupational exposure as a firefighter as "carcinogenic to humans."
677:
6507:
7896:
7886:
7780:
7589:
7321:
7260:
6745:
6244:
3444:
1724:
1608:
1368:
744:
650:
534:
42:
6403:
3635:
Soteriades, Elpidoforos S; Kim, Jaeyoung; Christophi, Costas A; Kales, Stefanos N (November 1, 2019).
510:
The incident commander should consider these priorities and firefighting tactics at a structure fire:
8116:
7876:
7729:
7301:
6832:
5665:
Ma, Fangchao; Fleming, Lora E.; Lee, David J.; Trapido, Edward; Gerace, Terence A. (September 2006).
2364:
2004:
1674:(FCC); as such, fire departments that operate radio equipment must have radio licenses from the FCC.
1500:
1444:
1426:
1367:
Another long-term risk factor from firefighting is exposure to high levels of sound, which can cause
1356:
1058:
785:
777:
673:
572:
457:
205:
185:
5427:
5385:
4861:
3460:"Cancer Incidence and Mortality among Firefighters: An Overview of Epidemiologic Systematic Reviews"
3236:
2137:"London Fire Brigade accuses BBC of sexism over use of term 'fireman' in children's show Hey Duggee"
476:
may be attacked with either "interior" or "exterior" resources, or both. Interior crews, using the "
8217:
7937:
7790:
7661:
7619:
7336:
7230:
7142:
6868:
6720:
6341:
1643:
prioritize requests for assistance. It is the dispatcher's responsibility to bring order to chaos.
910:
turnout coats if they have to work on a public road, to make them more visible to passing drivers.
327:
38:
3811:"Mortality in a cohort of US firefighters from San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphia: an update"
1659:(FEMA) has established a National Incident Management System. One component of this system is the
7985:
7795:
7760:
7685:
7306:
7215:
4911:
Jankovic, J.; Jones, W.; Burkhart, J.; Noonan, G. (1991). "Environmental study of firefighters".
4353:
2068:
1930:
1887:
1660:
1577:
1101:
962:
831:
331:
3030:
1984:
The earliest American fire departments were volunteers, including the volunteer fire company in
392:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
8121:
8111:
8059:
7745:
7551:
7444:
7132:
7112:
6943:
6928:
6895:
3271:
Preventing Fire Fighter Fatalities Due to Heart Attacks and Other Sudden Cardiovascular Events.
3231:
2051:
1944:
1862:
1758:
1460:
1105:
568:
3637:"Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Firefighters: A State-of-the-Art Review and Meta-َAnalysis"
3145:
2897:
Sim, Wonjin; Choi, Sol; Choo, Gyojin; Yang, Mihee; Park, Ju-Hyun; Oh, Jeong-Eun (2021-03-05).
1592:) are part of the armed forces; similarly, the national fire service of Monaco is part of the
1155:
can cause plaque buildup to break loose and lodge itself is a small part of the heart causing
8342:
8310:
7810:
7785:
7770:
7637:
7489:
7071:
6837:
6738:
6263:
3052:
3050:
2097:
1811:
1780:
1720:
1401:
1264:
has been classified as a probable human carcinogen by IARC. Some firefighters also work with
1208:
1156:
669:
467:
204:, their work will overlap with law enforcement. Firefighters may also provide some degree of
6199:"Noise exposure computation - 1910.95 App A | Occupational Safety and Health Administration"
4375:
3967:
Glass, D. C.; Pircher, S.; Monaco, A. Del; Hoorn, S. Vander; Sim, M. R. (November 1, 2016).
3517:
Hwang, Jooyeon; Xu, Chao; Agnew, Robert J.; Clifton, Shari; Malone, Tara R. (January 2021).
7906:
7845:
7835:
7800:
7530:
7484:
7371:
6908:
6903:
6802:
5462:
5428:"Firefighters : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
5189:
4999:
4636:
4575:
4456:
4298:
4244:
4177:
4023:
3705:
2972:
2842:
2777:
2685:
2529:
1549:
Another point of variation is how the fire services are organized. Some countries like the
1448:
1430:
1303:
1116:, formed during the combustion of paper, cotton, plastics, and other substances containing
1075:
966:
854:
800:
559:
8317:
6447:
4696:
3116:
3047:
1604:
972:
Once extinguished, fire debris cleanup poses several safety and health risks for workers.
8:
7775:
7389:
7245:
7235:
7102:
7031:
7011:
4232:
2766:"A Systematic Review of Workplace Violence Against Emergency Medical Services Responders"
2674:"A Systematic Review of Workplace Violence Against Emergency Medical Services Responders"
2290:"Surrey firefighters called to almost 300 medical emergencies during co-responding trial"
2071: – Standardized approach to command, control, and coordination of emergency response
1667:
1623:
1140:
and possibly ischemic heart disease. Other factors associated with firefighting, such as
878:
630:
606:
5504:
Glass, D. C.; Del Monaco, A.; Pircher, S.; Vander Hoorn, S.; Sim, M. R. (October 2016).
5466:
5193:
5003:
4640:
4460:
4248:
3877:
3845:
3810:
3709:
3198:
2976:
2846:
2781:
2689:
7961:
7871:
7429:
7414:
7210:
7087:
6938:
6875:
6782:
6680:
6591:
6372:
6309:
6284:
6225:
6119:
5862:
5829:
5745:
5702:
5682:
5647:
5587:
5554:
5486:
5404:
5387:
5368:
5286:
5253:
5233:
5153:
5120:
5101:
5031:
4888:
4863:
4844:
4762:
4709:
4550:
4517:
4498:
4423:
4398:
4334:
4276:
4213:
4158:
4114:
4059:
4004:
3905:
3858:
3791:
3734:
3693:
3669:
3617:
3545:
3518:
3494:
3459:
3438:
3392:
3372:
3332:
3299:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3085:
3003:
2960:
2933:
2898:
2871:
2830:
2806:
2765:
2714:
2673:
2495:
2034:
are common in the United States. Social events are used to raise money include dances,
1593:
1585:
1474:
1413:
1283:
Firefighters are in addition to carcinogenic chemicals, firefighters can be exposed to
1180:
886:
661:
642:
189:
6163:
5771:"The National Firefighter Registry: An update on the plan to track firefighter cancer"
5348:
4832:
2510:
8238:
7594:
7454:
7449:
7051:
7026:
6996:
6646:
6314:
6175:
6111:
5943:
5908:
5867:
5849:
5694:
5686:
5651:
5639:
5631:
5592:
5574:
5535:
5527:
5490:
5478:
5409:
5372:
5360:
5352:
5291:
5273:
5237:
5225:
5217:
5158:
5140:
5093:
5085:
5023:
5015:
4972:
4964:
4928:
4893:
4875:
4848:
4836:
4799:
4767:
4749:
4701:
4660:
4652:
4605:
4597:
4555:
4537:
4502:
4490:
4482:
4428:
4326:
4318:
4299:"Cancer incidence among firefighters: 45 years of follow-up in five Nordic countries"
4268:
4260:
4205:
4197:
4150:
4106:
4098:
4051:
4043:
3996:
3988:
3949:
3941:
3897:
3862:
3850:
3832:
3795:
3783:
3775:
3739:
3721:
3674:
3656:
3609:
3601:
3550:
3499:
3481:
3426:
3416:
3384:
3376:
3337:
3319:
3249:
3008:
2990:
2938:
2920:
2876:
2858:
2811:
2793:
2719:
2701:
2293:
2057:
2027:
2011:
1762:
1651:
1273:
1141:
1125:
1070:
906:
894:
617:
259:
162:
6300:
6123:
5706:
5105:
5035:
4729:
4713:
4338:
4280:
4162:
4118:
4063:
4008:
3909:
3621:
3131:
2088: – Operations for life saving, removal from danger and liberation from restrain
1030:
Safety hazards of fire cleanup include the risk of reignition of smoldering debris,
8163:
8142:
7830:
7291:
6986:
6304:
6296:
6101:
5935:
5898:
5857:
5841:
5720:
5678:
5623:
5582:
5566:
5517:
5470:
5399:
5344:
5281:
5265:
5207:
5197:
5148:
5132:
5075:
5065:
5007:
4956:
4920:
4883:
4828:
4791:
4757:
4741:
4691:
4644:
4624:
4587:
4545:
4529:
4472:
4464:
4418:
4410:
4310:
4252:
4217:
4189:
4142:
4090:
4035:
3980:
3933:
3889:
3840:
3822:
3767:
3729:
3713:
3664:
3652:
3648:
3591:
3581:
3540:
3530:
3489:
3471:
3396:
3368:
3356:
3327:
3311:
3241:
3093:
2998:
2980:
2928:
2910:
2866:
2850:
2801:
2785:
2746:
2709:
2693:
2584:
2557:
2237:
2015:
2000:
1989:
1597:
1508:
1494:
1235:
1113:
819:
752:
295:
253:
5178:"Assessment of the toxicity of firefighter exposures using the PAH CALUX bioassay"
5136:
5070:
5053:
4468:
1443:
Whether they are paid or not varies by country. In the United States and Germany,
715:
Firefighters frequently give fire prevention talks at schools and community events
8049:
7394:
7286:
7255:
7240:
7036:
6918:
6863:
6797:
6777:
5474:
5202:
5177:
5121:"Firefighter hood contamination: Efficiency of laundering to remove PAHs and FRs"
4745:
3969:"Mortality and cancer incidence in a cohort of male paid Australian firefighters"
2854:
2517:
2031:
1469:
1319:
1296:
1288:
1265:
1200:
1133:
1109:
1066:
976:
928:
700:
692:
477:
158:
154:
131:
102:
5963:"Why are suicide rates higher for farmers and firefighters than for librarians?"
4679:
2209:
1148:, and heavy physical exertion, also increase the risk of cardiovascular events.
897:
was the founder and greatest contributor to this element of firefighter safety.
518:· Life safety – primary and secondary "All Clear(s)" (A/C)
8275:
8029:
8019:
7474:
7424:
7326:
7250:
7175:
7127:
7097:
7016:
6948:
6433:
6106:
6089:
5011:
3717:
2985:
1957:
1854:
1550:
1523:
1292:
1204:
1196:
1096:
1079:
1062:
866:
815:
804:
731:
727:
613:
473:
110:
7750:
6226:"NIOSH/Criteria for a Recommended Standard--Occupational Noise Exposure, 1998"
5939:
5903:
5886:
5845:
5269:
4960:
4924:
4414:
4314:
4256:
4193:
4175:
4094:
4039:
3984:
3827:
3636:
3430:
3315:
2118:"BBC in sexism row over cartoon hippo in Hey Duggee who wants to be a fireman"
1355:, where they eat, sleep, and perform other duties during their shifts. Hence,
470:
are a type of structure fire that require specific tactics to decrease risks.
8336:
8299:
7998:
7954:
7614:
7464:
7331:
7205:
7180:
7165:
7122:
7061:
5853:
5690:
5635:
5578:
5531:
5386:
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2010).
5356:
5277:
5221:
5144:
5089:
5019:
4968:
4879:
4862:
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2010).
4795:
4753:
4705:
4656:
4601:
4541:
4486:
4322:
4264:
4201:
4178:"Long-term follow-up for cancer incidence in a cohort of Danish firefighters"
4102:
4047:
4024:"Mortality and cancer incidence among male volunteer Australian firefighters"
3992:
3945:
3836:
3779:
3725:
3660:
3605:
3485:
3380:
3323:
3098:
2994:
2924:
2862:
2797:
2789:
2705:
2697:
2589:
2562:
2154:
1985:
1953:
1708:
1519:
1031:
893:(PASS) on all fire scenes and maintain radio communication on all incidents.
791:
612:
Firefighters rescue persons from confinement or dangerous situations such as
524:· Post fire control firefighter decontamination (Decon)
247:
180:
Firefighters work closely with other emergency response agencies such as the
114:
106:
7698:
5522:
5505:
4648:
4592:
2624:
Preventing Injuries and Deaths of Fire Fighters Due to Truss System Failures
404:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
8250:
8191:
8034:
7520:
7505:
7404:
7195:
7160:
7046:
7021:
7006:
6981:
6976:
6953:
6880:
6807:
6787:
6761:
6318:
6115:
5947:
5912:
5871:
5805:
5698:
5666:
5643:
5611:
5596:
5539:
5482:
5413:
5364:
5295:
5229:
5162:
5097:
5027:
4976:
4897:
4840:
4771:
4664:
4609:
4559:
4494:
4432:
4354:"Is There a Link Between Firefighting and Cancer? – Epidemiology in Action"
4330:
4272:
4209:
4154:
4110:
4078:
4055:
4000:
3953:
3901:
3854:
3787:
3743:
3678:
3613:
3554:
3535:
3503:
3476:
3410:
3388:
3341:
3253:
3012:
2942:
2915:
2880:
2815:
2723:
1918:
1893:
1844:
1716:
1695:
Many firefighters are sworn members with command structures similar to the
1352:
1315:
1223:
1188:
1137:
992:
844:
601:
229:
193:
135:
6179:
4932:
3357:"Cancer Risk Among Firefighters: A Review and Meta-analysis of 32 Studies"
3270:
3086:"Health effects of occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica"
2608:
Preventing Injuries and Deaths of Fire Fighters due to Structural Collapse
55:
8280:
8196:
8044:
8039:
7525:
7200:
7185:
7092:
7066:
7056:
6991:
6971:
6913:
6858:
6812:
6696:"Longtime Deadwood firefighter to be honored at annual chili feed Sunday"
4945:
4817:
3282:
3245:
2091:
1903:
1876:
1712:
1626:
station officer (red helmet) and firefighters (yellow helmets), Australia
1573:
1558:
1478:
1393:
1384:
1254:
1239:
1212:
1152:
1145:
890:
849:
823:
755:
for most fire prevention teams in almost all fire department localities.
748:
672:. In the United Kingdom, where fire services and EMS are run separately,
5212:
4533:
4477:
3968:
2770:
NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy
2678:
NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy
2623:
2607:
177:
additional skills and certifications may also be acquired at this time.
8260:
8024:
7434:
7220:
7190:
7170:
7107:
7077:
7041:
6885:
6792:
5627:
5570:
5080:
4146:
3937:
3893:
3771:
3596:
2415:
Pollack, Keshia; Frattaroli, Shannon; Somers, Scott (August 24, 2015).
1961:
1849:
1807:
1437:
1311:
1268:
and trained to control and clean up these dangerous materials, such as
1261:
1246:
1231:
988:
665:
201:
166:
5827:
3586:
3569:
2750:
1351:
When not on the scene of an emergency, firefighters remain on call at
905:
In the United States, 25% of fatalities of firefighters are caused by
8265:
8255:
8245:
8186:
8158:
8054:
7459:
7439:
7419:
7409:
7399:
7281:
7225:
7155:
7150:
7001:
5667:"Cancer incidence in Florida professional firefighters, 1981 to 1999"
5609:
4378:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 25 July 2014
4079:"Mortality and cancer incidence among female Australian firefighters"
3876:
Ahn, Yeon-Soon; Jeong, Kyoung-Sook; Kim, Kyoo-Sang (September 2012).
3756:
2739:"Workplace violence and mental health of paramedics and firefighters"
2646:"Rapid Response: Firefighters describe alarming moments during riots"
1839:
1815:
1677:
1632:
1569:
1504:
1359:
is another occupational hazard that they may encounter at their job.
1284:
1269:
1227:
1016:
996:
980:
721:
711:
646:
542:
538:
481:
8321:
4784:
2530:"OSHA Technical Manual (OTM) - Section III: Chapter IV: Heat Stress"
521:· Property conservation – "Loss Stopped" (L/S)
316:
8233:
7515:
7510:
7351:
6923:
6822:
4296:
3221:
2738:
2039:
1965:
1936:
1873:("PPE") designed to withstand water and high temperatures, such as
1696:
1372:
1307:
1216:
1192:
1121:
1042:
1004:
984:
564:
5503:
4076:
4021:
1727:
of Monaco which is a military unit providing civilian fire cover.
1335:
designed to collect data on cancer rates among U.S. firefighters.
4868:
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
3692:
Casjens, Swaantje; Brüning, Thomas; Taeger, Dirk (October 2020).
3523:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
3464:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
2903:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
2551:"What structural fire fighters need to know about rhabdomyolysis"
1970:
1826:
A partial list of some equipment typically used by firefighters:
1581:
1531:
1527:
1512:
1183:
showed that firefighters are at higher risk for certain types of
1054:
1046:
1000:
822:, toxic fumes, and super heated gases. A special device called a
589:
6667:"Volunteer Voices: Fundraising Ideas for Local Fire Departments"
6577:
6375:. Bristol, England: JISC (Joint Information Systems Committee).
5801:"Fire fighters' battle with PTSD: "Every day is an anxious day""
3878:"Cancer morbidity of professional emergency responders in Korea"
1489:
1128:
can then lead to heart injury. In addition, chronic exposure to
8080:
6730:
4237:
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
3698:
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
2763:
2671:
2578:"What wildland fire fighters need to know about rhabdomyolysis"
2085:
1978:
1766:
1704:
1700:
1562:
1554:
1184:
1117:
1020:
1008:
242:
181:
98:
6633:"The Difference Between a Fire Department and a Fire District"
6029:"Special report: Firefighter behavioral health - NFPA Journal"
5451:
4677:
3175:"Personal Protective Equipment During Fire Cleanup Operations"
975:
Many hazardous substances are commonly found in fire debris.
935:
The most concerning materials that make up these products are
858:
may not be able to make voice calls over their radio. Current
853:
stress. These devices are similar to technology developed for
699:
Fire departments are usually the lead agency that responds to
8137:
8095:
8090:
7082:
5175:
5051:
4445:
3922:
3567:
3354:
2635:
Federal Highway Administration DOT 23CFR634 Worker Visibility
1897:
1795:
A firefighter using a hydraulic cutter during a demonstration
1539:
1482:
882:
881:
of a burning building (e.g. a wall, floor, ceiling, roof, or
197:
37:"Fireman" and "Firewoman" redirect here. For other uses, see
6694:
Pioneer, Jaci Conrad Pearson Black Hills (2 November 2018).
5885:
Stanley, Ian H.; Hom, Melanie A.; Joiner, Thomas E. (2016).
5555:"Risk of cancer among firefighters in California, 1988-2007"
5552:
5258:
Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology
4572:
4522:
Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology
4230:
4131:
3634:
1715:
departments), though certain fire safety officials (such as
1318:
and other compounds emitted by the wildfires. They also use
527:· Customer Stabilization* – Short term
8085:
8075:
7977:
5981:"Health & Wellness: How Firefighters Can Manage Stress"
5721:"Firefighter Cancer Registry Act of 2018 (2018 - H.R. 931)"
5506:"Mortality and cancer incidence at a fire training college"
5250:
4989:
4910:
2035:
1882:
1619:
1543:
1306:
are specially trained firefighters tasked with controlling
1012:
838:
485:
238:
196:
investigate the cause of a fire. If the fire was caused by
170:
139:
6448:"Chile's firefighters in spotlight after Valparaiso blaze"
5750:
U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
3090:
U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2958:
2828:
2419:. No. Fire and Worker Health and Safety. SAGE Journal
8270:
4622:
4233:"Mortality in a cohort of Danish firefighters; 1970–2014"
1834:
1600:
for use by firefighters during civil defence operations.
1203:
at higher rates than the general population. The risk of
1171:
Smoke can expose firefighters to a variety of carcinogens
656:
In such departments, firefighters are often certified as
173:, firefighters have become ubiquitous around the world.
60:
Firefighter team work together to contain a blazing barn
7946:
6574:"Emergency Management in Australia - Triple Zero (000)"
5333:
4811:
4356:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
3966:
3808:
3285:/research/CardioChemRisksModernFF_InterimReport2016.pdf
2414:
6597:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. December 2008.
6005:"Stress takes heavy toll on firefighters, experts say"
4992:
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A
4726:
4515:
4449:
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A
3458:
Laroche, Elena; L'Espérance, Sylvain (March 3, 2021).
3457:
3029:
Beaucham, Catherine; Eisenberg, Judith (August 2019).
2208:, Natural Resources Canada, 2008-06-05, archived from
2054: – Vehicle for use during firefighting operations
1614:
877:
Another leading cause of death during firefighting is
492:
on fire must be evacuated, regardless of fire rating.
157:, also known in some countries as the fire brigade or
5925:
5310:"IARC Monographs Volume 124: Night Shift Work – IARC"
4396:
3415:. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2010.
3297:
3267:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
3203:
California Division of Occupational Safety and Health
3179:
California Division of Occupational Safety and Health
3063:
California Division of Occupational Safety and Health
3040:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2620:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2604:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1910:
Handheld radio, pager, or other communication devices
1670:
in the United States is under authorization from the
734:
systems. Correctly working sprinklers in a residence
625:
for this reason. Large fire departments, such as the
6681:"Pancake Breakfast – Tracy Firefighters Association"
6609:"Humberside Fire and Rescue Service: Shift patterns"
6090:"Hazardous Decibels: Hearing Health of Firefighters"
4734:
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine
3691:
2491:"3 Firefighters Die in Blazes in Brooklyn and Bronx"
237:
A fire burns due to the presence of three elements:
6532:"Fire Commentary: European Firefighting Operations"
6285:"Firefighters' noise exposure: A literature review"
5664:
5118:
3570:"Cancer incidence and mortality among firefighters"
3516:
1761:4 level protective gear during an exercise held at
1485:
and certain sites of national strategic importance.
578:
27:
Rescuer trained to extinguish fires and save people
5671:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
3361:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
2417:"Research Shows Residential Sprinklers Save Lives"
2233:"Plenty of firefighters, but where are the fires?"
5125:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
5058:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
3028:
2340:"NFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code"
1973:, they were organised into cohorts, serving as a
1565:, fire departments are run at a municipal level.
1420:
814:(SCBA) delivers air to the firefighter through a
762:
8334:
6283:Taxini, Carla; Guida, Heraldo (6 January 2014).
6243:Johnson, Ann-Christin and Morata, Thais (2010).
5884:
3024:
3022:
1981:force in addition to their firefighting duties.
1454:
1095:Firefighting has long been associated with poor
834:(RIT), in locating the firefighter in distress.
6630:
4949:AIHAJ - American Industrial Hygiene Association
4292:
4290:
3293:
3291:
2896:
1940:A picture of American firefighters in the 1770s
1112:, present in nearly all fire environments, and
641:Firefighters frequently provide some degree of
6406:. Dublin, Ireland: GradIreland (GTI Ireland).
5834:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
3058:"Worker Safety and Health During Fire Cleanup"
2667:
2665:
1859:Circular ("K-12"), Cutters Edge and chain saws
837:Firefighters often carry personal self-rescue
188:. A firefighter's role may overlap with both.
7962:
7728:
7714:
6746:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6289:International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology
3019:
2954:
2952:
2892:
2890:
865:Firefighters are also at risk for developing
636:
7480:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel
6268:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5047:
5045:
4287:
3288:
3199:"Respiratory Protection During Fire Cleanup"
2488:
1362:
1242:changes related to firefighters' exposures.
146:(and, less commonly, female firefighters as
6651:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
6526:
6524:
6282:
3875:
2662:
2469:National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
2395:National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
2344:National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
2060: – Phenomenon of arsonist firefighters
1638:A telecommunicator (often referred to as a
1251:International Agency for Research on Cancer
953:Occupational hazards of fire debris cleanup
345:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
304:Learn how and when to remove these messages
245:and heat. This is often referred to as the
7969:
7955:
7721:
7707:
7312:International Association of Fire Fighters
6753:
6739:
6725:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
6360:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6330:
6328:
6157:
6155:
6153:
4376:"Study of Cancer among U.S. Fire Fighters"
3641:Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
3152:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2949:
2887:
2316:"NFPA 1072 Hazardous Materials Technician"
1904:Personal alert safety system (PASS) device
1481:unit which serves as the fire service for
1329:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
799:tackle an aircraft fire during a drill at
265:
54:
8004:Native American use of fire in ecosystems
6308:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6105:
5902:
5861:
5586:
5521:
5403:
5285:
5211:
5201:
5152:
5079:
5069:
5042:
4887:
4761:
4695:
4591:
4549:
4476:
4422:
3844:
3826:
3733:
3668:
3595:
3585:
3544:
3534:
3493:
3475:
3331:
3235:
3097:
3002:
2984:
2932:
2914:
2870:
2805:
2713:
2588:
2561:
2437:
2365:"Overview of the International Fire Code"
1883:Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
1090:
987:can result in various diseases including
442:Learn how and when to remove this message
424:Learn how and when to remove this message
365:Learn how and when to remove this message
6521:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6193:
6191:
6189:
6164:"Noise and Hearing Loss in Firefighting"
6087:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6073:
2440:"The Fire Sprinkler War, State by State"
2227:
2225:
1999:in the United States was established in
1943:
1935:
1929:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1734:
1618:
1499:
1488:
1468:
1166:
956:
946:
790:
776:
710:
687:
600:
553:
228:
220:
8213:International Flame Research Foundation
6693:
6325:
6242:
5616:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
5559:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
5510:Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England)
5388:"Painting, firefighting, and shiftwork"
4864:"Painting, firefighting, and shiftwork"
4684:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
4403:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
4352:Daniels, Robert D. (17 December 2014).
4351:
4303:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
4182:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
4135:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
4083:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
4028:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
3973:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
3926:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
3882:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
3815:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
3760:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
3304:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
2736:
2134:
2115:
2094: – Skydiving wildland firefighters
1890:, face mask and visor; climbing helmets
1226:studies, mechanistic studies have used
872:
233:Firefighter carrying out a ladder slide
14:
8335:
6209:
6130:
6088:Hong, O.; Samo, D.G. (1 August 2007).
4629:Environmental Science & Technology
3283:https://www.fsi.illinois.edu/documents
683:
138:, primarily to control and extinguish
7950:
7702:
6734:
6592:"National Incident Management System"
6391:
6186:
6161:
6070:
4697:10.1136/oemed-2018-ICOHabstracts.1178
3412:Painting, Firefighting, and Shiftwork
2222:
900:
8306:
7781:Denmark - Copenhagen Fire Department
7645:
7470:Modular Airborne FireFighting System
5379:
2180:"Hazardous Materials identification"
2177:
2116:Knowles, Michael (January 4, 2018).
1879:, including turnout jacket and pants
1865:such as spreaders, cutters, and rams
1136:. Noise exposures may contribute to
922:
505:Firefighting priorities and tactics:
376:
343:adding citations to reliable sources
310:
269:
6410:from the original on 12 August 2021
6379:from the original on 27 August 2021
6348:from the original on 12 August 2021
5960:
3146:"Worker Safety During Fire Cleanup"
2482:
2438:Faturechi, Robert (June 22, 2016).
2270:from the original on 13 August 2017
2135:Coulter, Martin (January 3, 2018).
1707:(although some firefighters in the
1703:. They do not usually have general
1657:Federal Emergency Management Agency
1615:Communication and command structure
1546:, all firefighters are volunteers.
1379:and at or above 90dBA according to
891:personal alert safety system device
216:
24:
7118:Self-contained breathing apparatus
6818:Firefighter assist and search team
6504:"SCDF Website - GENERAL: About Us"
5781:from the original on April 7, 2022
5683:10.1097/01.jom.0000235862.12518.04
4788:Occupational Safety and Hygiene VI
4730:"MicroRNA Changes in Firefighters"
3373:10.1097/01.jom.0000246229.68697.90
1741:Glossary of firefighting equipment
1085:
828:firefighter assist and search team
812:self-contained breathing apparatus
706:
25:
8364:
6709:
6344:. UK Fire Service Resources Ltd.
6053:"9 sources of firefighter stress"
2489:James Barron (January 24, 2005).
1956:. Likewise, fire fighters of the
1711:have limited police powers, like
1672:Federal Communications Commission
1493:Firefighters tackling a blaze in
1245:Firefighters regularly encounter
285:This section has multiple issues.
8316:
8305:
8295:
8294:
7680:
7668:
7656:
7644:
7633:
7632:
6843:Fire department ranks by country
6760:
6719:regarding risks for exposure to
6687:
6673:
6659:
6624:
6615:
6601:
6584:
6566:
6545:
6496:
6465:
6440:
6422:
6276:
6236:
6045:
2737:Setlack, Jennifer (2019-04-02).
2391:"NFPA Fire Sprinkler Initiative"
2369:International Code Council (ICC)
1800:
1788:
1773:
1750:
1691:Fire department ranks by country
1650:Firefighters are trained to use
1465:Fire department ranks by country
1409:Hearing loss prevention programs
1338:
585:Aircraft rescue and firefighting
579:Aircraft rescue and firefighting
381:
315:
274:
7994:Control of fire by early humans
7681:
7317:International Firefighters' Day
7277:Candidate Physical Ability Test
6576:. July 27, 2010. Archived from
6301:10.7162/S1809-97772013000100014
6021:
5997:
5973:
5954:
5919:
5878:
5821:
5793:
5763:
5746:"National Firefighter Registry"
5738:
5713:
5658:
5603:
5546:
5497:
5445:
5420:
5327:
5302:
5244:
5169:
5112:
4983:
4939:
4904:
4855:
4790:, CRC Press, pp. 267–271,
4778:
4720:
4671:
4616:
4566:
4509:
4439:
4390:
4368:
4345:
4224:
4169:
4125:
4070:
4015:
3960:
3916:
3869:
3802:
3750:
3685:
3628:
3574:International Journal of Cancer
3561:
3510:
3451:
3403:
3348:
3276:
3260:
3224:New England Journal of Medicine
3215:
3191:
3167:
3122:
3106:
3078:
2822:
2757:
2730:
2638:
2629:
2613:
2597:
2570:
2543:
2522:
2503:
2457:
2431:
2408:
2383:
2357:
2332:
2080:International Firefighters' Day
2003:, followed four years later by
818:and is worn to protect against
767:
293:or discuss these issues on the
251:. Sometimes it is known as the
8353:Protective service occupations
8348:Occupational safety and health
6828:Special operations firefighter
6717:Firefighters and EMS providers
6631:rogerwaters3320 (2021-04-16).
6534:. Fire Engineering. 2008-06-12
5928:Journal of Affective Disorders
4913:Annals of Occupational Hygiene
3653:10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.11.3221
2308:
2282:
2252:
2196:
2171:
2147:
2128:
2109:
2075:Index of firefighting articles
2021:
1590:Marseille Naval Fire Battalion
1421:Types of coverage and workload
1345:post-traumatic stress disorder
763:Occupational health and safety
84:
76:
13:
1:
7367:Wildfire emergency management
6934:Hazardous materials apparatus
6094:Workplace Health & Safety
5349:10.1016/S1470-2045(22)00390-4
5137:10.1080/15459624.2018.1540877
5071:10.1080/15459624.2017.1334904
4833:10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30246-3
4469:10.1080/15287394.2017.1286896
2178:Hart, Jonathan (2021-11-05).
2103:
1871:Personal protective equipment
1455:Firefighting around the world
1333:National Firefighter Registry
1278:personal protective equipment
1069:devices. Hazard controls for
1039:personal protective equipment
658:emergency medical technicians
627:New York City Fire Department
550:or prevent post-fire runoff.
6555:. Fire Apparatus. 2016-06-07
5475:10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.060
5203:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105207
4746:10.1097/JOM.0000000000001307
2855:10.1016/j.envint.2020.106151
2465:"Anti-sprinkler legislation"
1997:first career fire department
1624:New South Wales Fire Brigade
1596:and maintains an armoury of
1132:in smoke is associated with
824:Personal Alert Safety System
406:Knowledge's inclusion policy
32:Firefighter (disambiguation)
7:
7342:World Police and Fire Games
7297:Fire protection engineering
6473:"Die Schweizer Feuerwehren"
6373:"Job Profile - Firefighter"
2045:
1536:combination fire department
913:
782:Firemen's Memorial (Boston)
745:public safety announcements
161:, is one of the three main
10:
8369:
7590:Glossary of wildfire terms
7322:List of firefighting films
6770:Personnel and organization
6621:Essentials of Firefighting
6553:"United States vs. Europe"
6107:10.1177/216507990705500803
5891:Clinical Psychology Review
5012:10.1080/152873901300343470
3718:10.1007/s00420-020-01539-0
2986:10.1186/s12940-021-00778-z
2082: – Observance (May 4)
1928:
1924:
1738:
1725:Corps des Sapeurs-Pompiers
1688:
1609:emergency medical services
1458:
1445:volunteer fire departments
1424:
1414:Hearing protection devices
1369:noise-induced hearing loss
950:
674:fire service co-responding
651:emergency medical services
637:Emergency medical services
582:
557:
43:Firewoman (disambiguation)
36:
29:
8289:
8226:
8205:
8179:
8151:
8130:
8104:
8068:
8012:
7984:
7935:
7771:China (People's Republic)
7736:
7730:Geography of firefighting
7628:
7607:
7582:
7539:
7498:
7380:
7359:
7350:
7302:Geography of firefighting
7269:
7141:
6962:
6894:
6851:
6833:Volunteer fire department
6768:
5940:10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.007
5904:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.12.002
5846:10.1007/s00127-011-0408-2
5270:10.1038/s41370-019-0145-2
5182:Environment International
4961:10.1080/15298660008984572
4415:10.1136/oemed-2014-102671
4315:10.1136/oemed-2013-101803
4257:10.1007/s00420-018-1323-6
4194:10.1136/oemed-2017-104660
4095:10.1136/oemed-2018-105336
4040:10.1136/oemed-2016-104088
3985:10.1136/oemed-2015-103467
3828:10.1136/oemed-2019-105962
3316:10.1136/oemed-2013-101662
2835:Environment International
2005:St. Louis Fire Department
1578:fire service conscription
1507:fire fighters handling a
1427:Volunteer fire department
1363:Occupational hearing loss
1162:
1049:or safety glasses, heavy
1041:for fire cleanup include
1025:Polyaromatic hydrocarbons
596:
211:
206:emergency medical service
186:emergency medical service
92:
70:
65:
53:
8218:The Combustion Institute
7976:
7938:List of fire departments
7620:Template:Fire protection
7337:World Firefighters Games
7231:Gaseous fire suppression
4796:10.1201/9781351008884-47
3099:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2002129
2790:10.1177/1048291119893388
2698:10.1177/1048291119893388
2590:10.26616/nioshpub2018131
2563:10.26616/nioshpub2018133
1833:Flat-head and pick-head
1810:in firefighting gear on
1757:Turkish firefighters in
1684:
772:
728:Fire suppression systems
645:. In some jurisdictions
39:Fireman (disambiguation)
7307:History of firefighting
6342:"Retained Firefighters"
4925:10.1093/annhyg/35.6.581
4649:10.1021/acs.est.7b02850
2069:Incident Command System
1931:History of firefighting
1783:prepare their equipment
1661:Incident Command System
1106:cardiovascular diseases
1102:coronary artery disease
889:and be equipped with a
832:rapid intervention team
623:fire and rescue service
567:(known in Australia as
266:Structural firefighting
8060:Spontaneous combustion
7445:Firefighting apparatus
7133:Thermal imaging camera
7113:Secure information box
6929:Firefighting apparatus
5455:Environmental Research
4690:(Suppl 2): A412–A413.
3536:10.3390/ijerph18084209
3477:10.3390/ijerph18052519
3443:: CS1 maint: others (
2916:10.3390/ijerph18052645
2743:University of Manitoba
2264:www.london-fire.gov.uk
2052:Firefighting apparatus
1949:
1941:
1914:Thermal imaging camera
1900:and Carbon flash hoods
1863:Hydraulic rescue tools
1721:fire safety inspectors
1627:
1515:
1497:
1486:
1461:Firefighting worldwide
1312:respiratory protection
1247:carcinogenic materials
1172:
1091:Cardiovascular disease
969:
807:
788:
716:
696:
695:after a chemical spill
643:emergency medical care
609:
573:volunteer firefighters
234:
226:
7927:Vatican City/Holy See
7490:Wildland water tender
7072:Hydraulic rescue tool
6838:Women in firefighting
6436:on December 28, 2008.
6430:"Organisation – ÖBFV"
6168:Occupational Medicine
5967:Nordic Labour Journal
5523:10.1093/occmed/kqw079
4593:10.1093/mutage/gex021
3092:. NIOSH. 2017-05-13.
2556:. NIOSH. 2018-05-01.
2205:Forest Fire in Canada
2098:Women in firefighting
1947:
1939:
1812:HMS Illustrious (R06)
1735:Firefighter equipment
1622:
1503:
1492:
1472:
1459:Further information:
1449:retained firefighters
1304:Wildland firefighters
1191:, which is caused by
1179:A 2015 retrospective
1170:
1157:myocardial infarction
960:
947:During debris cleanup
795:Firefighters wearing
794:
780:
759:suspected arsonists.
714:
691:
670:advanced life support
664:, and more rarely as
605:A demonstration of a
604:
554:Wildland firefighting
460:for other techniques.
232:
224:
7531:Wildland fire module
7485:Wildland fire engine
7372:Wildfire suppression
6909:Fire command vehicle
6904:Airport crash tender
6803:Retained firefighter
6162:Tubbs, R.L. (1995).
3246:10.1056/NEJMoa060357
2965:Environmental Health
2509:Zephyr Technologies
1830:Hand tools, such as
1781:Toronto firefighters
1431:Retained firefighter
967:September 11 attacks
873:Structural collapses
855:Future Force Warrior
801:Dyess Air Force Base
660:in order to deliver
560:Wildfire suppression
339:improve this section
30:For other uses, see
7390:Aerial firefighting
7246:Stop, drop and roll
7236:Multiple-alarm fire
7103:Portable water tank
7012:Fire proximity suit
6700:Black Hills Pioneer
5467:2019ER....173..462N
5337:The Lancet Oncology
5194:2020EnInt.13505207B
5004:2001JTEHA..63..437A
4821:The Lancet Oncology
4641:2017EnST...5112745K
4635:(21): 12745–12755.
4534:10.1038/jes.2015.75
4461:2017JTEHA..80..596A
4249:2018IAOEH..91..759P
3710:2020IAOEH..93..839C
2977:2021EnvHe..20...97C
2847:2021EnInt.15006151Y
2782:2020NewSo..29..487M
2690:2020NewSo..29..487M
2159:Public Safety Elite
1668:radio communication
1266:hazardous materials
1209:female firefighters
1187:. Firefighters had
1076:engineering control
991:, lung cancer, and
879:structural collapse
701:hazardous materials
684:Hazardous materials
631:London Fire Brigade
607:vehicle extrication
514:Incident Priorities
480:" rule, may extend
50:
7430:Fire retardant gel
7415:Fire lookout tower
7088:New York roof hook
6939:Light and air unit
6876:Fire lookout tower
6783:Chief fire officer
6669:. October 7, 2019.
5628:10.1002/ajim.23086
5571:10.1002/ajim.22466
4455:(13–15): 596–604.
4147:10.1002/ajim.22891
3938:10.1002/ajim.22434
3894:10.1002/ajim.22068
3772:10.1002/ajim.23086
3155:. 27 December 2012
2516:2010-04-07 at the
2496:The New York Times
2141:www.standard.co.uk
2028:pancake breakfasts
1950:
1942:
1628:
1594:Military of Monaco
1586:Paris Fire Brigade
1572:and many parts of
1516:
1498:
1487:
1475:Paris Fire Brigade
1274:chemical accidents
1207:may be present in
1181:longitudinal study
1173:
1130:particulate matter
1059:hearing protection
970:
907:traffic collisions
901:Traffic collisions
887:incident commander
808:
789:
717:
697:
662:basic life support
610:
260:fire extinguishers
235:
227:
190:Fire investigators
163:emergency services
48:
8330:
8329:
8239:List of wildfires
7944:
7943:
7696:
7695:
7603:
7602:
7595:List of wildfires
7455:Helicopter bucket
7450:Firefighting foam
7052:Hard suction hose
6997:Fire extinguisher
6987:Fire brigade keys
6059:. 9 February 2015
5777:. 17 March 2022.
4805:978-1-351-00888-4
3647:(11): 3221–3231.
3587:10.1002/ijc.32199
3580:(10): 2639–2646.
3367:(11): 1189–1202.
3230:(12): 1207–1215.
2294:Surrey Advertiser
2064:USAF Firefighting
2058:Firefighter arson
2012:police department
1818:, 25 October 2009
1763:Incirlik Air Base
1605:aerial appliances
1314:, and may inhale
1071:electrical injury
1023:, and many more.
923:Chemical exposure
895:Francis Brannigan
618:crashed vehicles.
614:burning buildings
452:
451:
444:
434:
433:
426:
375:
374:
367:
308:
120:
119:
87:
79:
16:(Redirected from
8360:
8320:
8309:
8308:
8298:
8297:
8143:Death by burning
8105:Individual fires
7971:
7964:
7957:
7948:
7947:
7723:
7716:
7709:
7700:
7699:
7684:
7683:
7672:
7671:
7660:
7659:
7648:
7647:
7636:
7635:
7357:
7356:
7292:Fire photography
7074:("Jaws of life")
7032:Fireman's switch
6755:
6748:
6741:
6732:
6731:
6704:
6703:
6691:
6685:
6684:
6677:
6671:
6670:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6650:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6628:
6622:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6588:
6582:
6581:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6528:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6506:. Archived from
6500:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6490:
6484:
6478:. Archived from
6477:
6469:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6444:
6438:
6437:
6432:. Archived from
6426:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6400:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6369:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6338:
6323:
6322:
6312:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6267:
6259:
6252:Arbete och Hälsa
6249:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6222:
6207:
6206:
6195:
6184:
6183:
6159:
6128:
6127:
6109:
6085:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6049:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5961:Lindahl, Björn.
5958:
5952:
5951:
5923:
5917:
5916:
5906:
5882:
5876:
5875:
5865:
5840:(6): 1001–1011.
5825:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5809:. 23 August 2017
5797:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5590:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5525:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5407:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5314:www.iarc.who.int
5306:
5300:
5299:
5289:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5215:
5205:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5156:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5083:
5073:
5049:
5040:
5039:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4891:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4765:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4699:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4595:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4553:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4480:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4426:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4294:
4285:
4284:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4019:
4013:
4012:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3848:
3830:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3737:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3672:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3599:
3589:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3538:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3497:
3479:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3442:
3434:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3335:
3295:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3239:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3142:
3129:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3035:
3026:
3017:
3016:
3006:
2988:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2936:
2918:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2874:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2717:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2627:
2617:
2611:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2582:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2555:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2526:
2520:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2238:The Boston Globe
2229:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2113:
2001:Cincinnati, Ohio
1804:
1792:
1777:
1754:
1635:to communicate.
1509:traffic accident
1495:Montreal, Canada
1357:sleep disruption
1320:prescribed fires
1236:oxidative stress
1114:hydrogen cyanide
961:Firefighters at
929:Flame retardants
820:smoke inhalation
753:public education
458:Fire suppression
447:
440:
429:
422:
418:
415:
409:
385:
384:
377:
370:
363:
359:
356:
350:
319:
311:
300:
278:
277:
270:
254:fire tetrahedron
217:Fire suppression
94:Activity sectors
86:
83:
78:
75:
58:
51:
47:
21:
8368:
8367:
8363:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8358:
8357:
8333:
8332:
8331:
8326:
8285:
8222:
8201:
8175:
8147:
8126:
8100:
8064:
8050:Fire protection
8008:
7980:
7975:
7945:
7940:
7931:
7732:
7727:
7697:
7692:
7669:
7657:
7624:
7599:
7578:
7535:
7494:
7395:Controlled burn
7382:
7376:
7346:
7287:Fire engine red
7265:
7256:Two-in, two-out
7211:Fireman's carry
7137:
7037:Flame retardant
6958:
6919:Fire motorcycle
6890:
6864:Fire department
6847:
6798:Station officer
6778:Battalion chief
6764:
6759:
6715:Fact Sheet for
6712:
6707:
6692:
6688:
6679:
6678:
6674:
6665:
6664:
6660:
6644:
6643:
6637:
6635:
6629:
6625:
6620:
6616:
6607:
6606:
6602:
6594:
6590:
6589:
6585:
6572:
6571:
6567:
6558:
6556:
6551:
6550:
6546:
6537:
6535:
6530:
6529:
6522:
6513:
6511:
6502:
6501:
6497:
6488:
6486:
6482:
6475:
6471:
6470:
6466:
6457:
6455:
6446:
6445:
6441:
6428:
6427:
6423:
6413:
6411:
6402:
6401:
6392:
6382:
6380:
6371:
6370:
6361:
6351:
6349:
6340:
6339:
6326:
6281:
6277:
6261:
6260:
6247:
6241:
6237:
6230:www.nonoise.org
6224:
6223:
6210:
6197:
6196:
6187:
6160:
6131:
6086:
6071:
6062:
6060:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6037:
6035:
6027:
6026:
6022:
6013:
6011:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5989:
5987:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5959:
5955:
5924:
5920:
5883:
5879:
5826:
5822:
5812:
5810:
5799:
5798:
5794:
5784:
5782:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5755:
5753:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5729:
5727:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5663:
5659:
5608:
5604:
5551:
5547:
5502:
5498:
5450:
5446:
5436:
5434:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5384:
5380:
5332:
5328:
5318:
5316:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5249:
5245:
5174:
5170:
5117:
5113:
5064:(10): 801–814.
5050:
5043:
4988:
4984:
4944:
4940:
4909:
4905:
4860:
4856:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4783:
4779:
4725:
4721:
4676:
4672:
4621:
4617:
4571:
4567:
4514:
4510:
4444:
4440:
4409:(10): 699–706.
4395:
4391:
4381:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4359:
4357:
4350:
4346:
4295:
4288:
4229:
4225:
4174:
4170:
4141:(10): 815–823.
4130:
4126:
4075:
4071:
4020:
4016:
3979:(11): 761–771.
3965:
3961:
3921:
3917:
3874:
3870:
3807:
3803:
3755:
3751:
3690:
3686:
3633:
3629:
3566:
3562:
3515:
3511:
3456:
3452:
3436:
3435:
3423:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3353:
3349:
3296:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3265:
3261:
3237:10.1.1.495.4530
3220:
3216:
3207:
3205:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3183:
3181:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3144:
3143:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3033:
3027:
3020:
2957:
2950:
2895:
2888:
2827:
2823:
2762:
2758:
2735:
2731:
2670:
2663:
2654:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2618:
2614:
2602:
2598:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2518:Wayback Machine
2508:
2504:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2324:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2244:
2242:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2215:
2213:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2186:
2176:
2172:
2163:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2133:
2129:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2048:
2024:
1988:, now known as
1934:
1927:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1808:British sailors
1805:
1796:
1793:
1784:
1778:
1769:
1755:
1743:
1737:
1693:
1687:
1617:
1467:
1457:
1433:
1423:
1365:
1341:
1297:gamma radiation
1289:alpha radiation
1224:epidemiological
1222:In addition to
1201:prostate cancer
1165:
1134:atherosclerosis
1110:carbon monoxide
1093:
1088:
1086:Long-term risks
1080:N95 respirators
1067:fall protection
1063:steel-toe boots
955:
949:
925:
916:
903:
875:
775:
770:
765:
709:
707:Fire prevention
693:Decontamination
686:
639:
599:
587:
581:
562:
556:
506:
478:two in, two out
474:Structure fires
468:row house fires
448:
437:
436:
435:
430:
419:
413:
410:
396:Please help by
395:
386:
382:
371:
360:
354:
351:
336:
320:
279:
275:
268:
219:
214:
159:fire department
132:first responder
103:fire protection
95:
81:
61:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8366:
8356:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8328:
8327:
8325:
8324:
8313:
8302:
8290:
8287:
8286:
8284:
8283:
8278:
8276:Slash-and-burn
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8242:
8241:
8230:
8228:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8220:
8215:
8209:
8207:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8183:
8181:
8177:
8176:
8174:
8173:
8168:
8167:
8166:
8155:
8153:
8149:
8148:
8146:
8145:
8140:
8134:
8132:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8108:
8106:
8102:
8101:
8099:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8072:
8070:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8030:Dust explosion
8027:
8022:
8020:Chain reaction
8016:
8014:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8006:
8001:
7999:Historic fires
7996:
7990:
7988:
7982:
7981:
7974:
7973:
7966:
7959:
7951:
7942:
7941:
7936:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7917:United Kingdom
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7737:
7734:
7733:
7726:
7725:
7718:
7711:
7703:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7690:
7678:
7666:
7654:
7642:
7629:
7626:
7625:
7623:
7622:
7617:
7611:
7609:
7605:
7604:
7601:
7600:
7598:
7597:
7592:
7586:
7584:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7554:
7549:
7543:
7541:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7502:
7500:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7425:Fire retardant
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7386:
7384:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7374:
7369:
7363:
7361:
7354:
7348:
7347:
7345:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7273:
7271:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7251:Structure fire
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7176:Door breaching
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7147:
7145:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7130:
7128:Smoke detector
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7027:Fireman's pole
7024:
7019:
7017:Fire retardant
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6968:
6966:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6956:
6951:
6949:Rescue vehicle
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6900:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6861:
6855:
6853:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6774:
6772:
6766:
6765:
6758:
6757:
6750:
6743:
6735:
6729:
6728:
6711:
6710:External links
6708:
6706:
6705:
6686:
6672:
6658:
6623:
6614:
6600:
6583:
6580:on 2010-07-27.
6565:
6544:
6520:
6495:
6464:
6439:
6421:
6390:
6359:
6324:
6295:(1): 080–084.
6275:
6235:
6208:
6185:
6174:(4): 843–885.
6129:
6100:(8): 313–319.
6069:
6044:
6020:
5996:
5972:
5953:
5918:
5877:
5820:
5792:
5762:
5737:
5712:
5677:(9): 883–888.
5657:
5622:(4): 285–299.
5602:
5565:(7): 715–729.
5545:
5516:(7): 536–542.
5496:
5444:
5419:
5378:
5343:(8): 985–986.
5326:
5301:
5264:(2): 338–349.
5243:
5168:
5131:(2): 129–140.
5111:
5041:
4998:(6): 437–458.
4982:
4955:(5): 636–641.
4938:
4919:(6): 581–602.
4903:
4854:
4827:(6): 763–764.
4810:
4804:
4777:
4740:(5): 469–474.
4719:
4670:
4615:
4586:(1): 105–115.
4565:
4508:
4438:
4389:
4367:
4344:
4309:(6): 398–404.
4286:
4243:(6): 759–766.
4223:
4188:(4): 263–269.
4168:
4124:
4089:(4): 215–221.
4069:
4034:(9): 628–638.
4014:
3959:
3932:(4): 437–443.
3915:
3888:(9): 768–778.
3868:
3801:
3766:(4): 285–299.
3749:
3704:(7): 839–852.
3684:
3627:
3560:
3509:
3450:
3421:
3402:
3347:
3310:(6): 388–397.
3287:
3275:
3259:
3214:
3190:
3166:
3130:
3121:
3105:
3077:
3046:
3018:
2948:
2886:
2821:
2776:(4): 487–503.
2756:
2729:
2684:(4): 487–503.
2661:
2637:
2628:
2612:
2610:. August 1999.
2596:
2583:. 2018-05-01.
2569:
2542:
2521:
2502:
2481:
2456:
2430:
2407:
2382:
2356:
2331:
2307:
2281:
2251:
2221:
2195:
2170:
2155:"Fire Academy"
2146:
2127:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2047:
2044:
2023:
2020:
2016:trash services
1958:Roman Republic
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:, gloves, and
1891:
1885:
1880:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1855:Spanner wrench
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1821:
1820:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1739:Main article:
1736:
1733:
1689:Main article:
1686:
1683:
1652:communications
1616:
1613:
1551:Czech Republic
1524:United Kingdom
1456:
1453:
1422:
1419:
1364:
1361:
1340:
1337:
1331:to create the
1293:beta radiation
1205:bladder cancer
1197:bladder cancer
1164:
1161:
1097:cardiovascular
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1074:an area is an
951:Main article:
948:
945:
924:
921:
915:
912:
902:
899:
874:
871:
867:rhabdomyolysis
816:full face mask
805:Abilene, Texas
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
732:fire sprinkler
708:
705:
685:
682:
638:
635:
598:
595:
583:Main article:
580:
577:
558:Main article:
555:
552:
504:
463:
462:
450:
449:
432:
431:
389:
387:
380:
373:
372:
323:
321:
314:
309:
283:
282:
280:
273:
267:
264:
218:
215:
213:
210:
118:
117:
111:public service
96:
93:
90:
89:
72:
68:
67:
63:
62:
59:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8365:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8340:
8338:
8323:
8319:
8314:
8312:
8303:
8301:
8292:
8291:
8288:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8240:
8237:
8236:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8225:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8206:Organizations
8204:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8184:
8182:
8178:
8172:
8169:
8165:
8162:
8161:
8160:
8157:
8156:
8154:
8150:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8135:
8133:
8129:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8109:
8107:
8103:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
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8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8073:
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8067:
8061:
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8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8011:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7991:
7989:
7987:
7983:
7979:
7972:
7967:
7965:
7960:
7958:
7953:
7952:
7949:
7939:
7934:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7922:United States
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7857:
7853:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7816:Hong Kong SAR
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7738:
7735:
7731:
7724:
7719:
7717:
7712:
7710:
7705:
7704:
7701:
7689:
7688:
7679:
7677:
7676:
7667:
7665:
7664:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7643:
7641:
7640:
7631:
7630:
7627:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7615:Template:Fire
7613:
7612:
7610:
7606:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7587:
7585:
7581:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7558:
7557:United States
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7538:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7497:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7379:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7349:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7332:Saint Florian
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7270:Miscellaneous
7268:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7206:Fire triangle
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7166:Dead man zone
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7144:
7140:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7062:Heat detector
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6961:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6897:
6893:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6850:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6756:
6751:
6749:
6744:
6742:
6737:
6736:
6733:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6713:
6701:
6697:
6690:
6682:
6676:
6668:
6662:
6654:
6648:
6634:
6627:
6618:
6610:
6604:
6593:
6587:
6579:
6575:
6569:
6554:
6548:
6533:
6527:
6525:
6510:on 2016-12-28
6509:
6505:
6499:
6485:on 2018-01-28
6481:
6474:
6468:
6453:
6449:
6443:
6435:
6431:
6425:
6409:
6405:
6404:"Firefighter"
6399:
6397:
6395:
6378:
6374:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6347:
6343:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6329:
6320:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6279:
6271:
6265:
6257:
6253:
6246:
6239:
6231:
6227:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6204:
6200:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6074:
6058:
6054:
6048:
6034:
6030:
6024:
6010:
6006:
6000:
5986:
5982:
5976:
5968:
5964:
5957:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5922:
5914:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5881:
5873:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5824:
5808:
5807:
5802:
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3428:
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3422:9789283215981
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3014:
3010:
3005:
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2996:
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2987:
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2586:
2579:
2573:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2546:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2511:BioHarness BT
2506:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2485:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2418:
2411:
2396:
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2345:
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2317:
2311:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2212:on 2009-05-30
2211:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2123:
2122:Express.co.uk
2119:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2096:
2093:
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2087:
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2076:
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2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1995:In 1853, the
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:New Amsterdam
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1954:ancient Egypt
1946:
1938:
1932:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
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1771:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1717:fire marshals
1714:
1710:
1709:United States
1706:
1705:police powers
1702:
1698:
1692:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1648:
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1636:
1634:
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1599:
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1579:
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1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:United States
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1402:impulse noise
1397:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1353:fire stations
1349:
1346:
1339:Mental stress
1336:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1083:
1082:can be used.
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1032:electrocution
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
968:
964:
959:
954:
944:
940:
938:
933:
930:
920:
911:
908:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
870:
868:
863:
861:
856:
851:
846:
842:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
806:
802:
798:
793:
787:
783:
779:
760:
756:
754:
750:
746:
740:
737:
733:
729:
725:
723:
713:
704:
702:
694:
690:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
634:
632:
628:
624:
619:
615:
608:
603:
594:
591:
586:
576:
574:
570:
566:
561:
551:
547:
544:
540:
536:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
515:
511:
508:
507:
501:
497:
493:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
469:
461:
459:
454:
453:
446:
443:
428:
425:
417:
414:November 2023
407:
403:
399:
393:
390:This article
388:
379:
378:
369:
366:
358:
348:
344:
340:
334:
333:
329:
324:This section
322:
318:
313:
312:
307:
305:
298:
297:
292:
291:
286:
281:
272:
271:
263:
261:
256:
255:
250:
249:
248:fire triangle
244:
240:
231:
223:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:fire marshals
191:
187:
183:
178:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
116:
115:public safety
112:
108:
107:civil service
104:
100:
97:
91:
73:
69:
64:
57:
52:
44:
40:
33:
19:
8343:Firefighters
8251:Firefighting
8192:Fire worship
8170:
8035:Fire ecology
7686:
7674:
7662:
7650:
7638:
7547:Ancient Rome
7521:Hotshot crew
7506:Fire lookout
7405:Fire flapper
7196:Fire control
7161:Chimney fire
7047:Halligan bar
7022:Fire shelter
7007:Fire hydrant
6982:Fire blanket
6977:Escape chair
6954:Water tender
6881:Fire station
6808:Fire marshal
6788:Fire captain
6769:
6762:Firefighting
6699:
6689:
6675:
6661:
6636:. Retrieved
6626:
6617:
6603:
6586:
6578:the original
6568:
6557:. Retrieved
6547:
6536:. Retrieved
6512:. Retrieved
6508:the original
6498:
6487:. Retrieved
6480:the original
6467:
6456:. Retrieved
6454:. 2014-04-29
6451:
6442:
6434:the original
6424:
6412:. Retrieved
6381:. Retrieved
6350:. Retrieved
6292:
6288:
6278:
6264:cite journal
6255:
6251:
6238:
6229:
6203:www.osha.gov
6202:
6171:
6167:
6097:
6093:
6061:. Retrieved
6056:
6047:
6036:. Retrieved
6033:www.nfpa.org
6032:
6023:
6012:. Retrieved
6008:
5999:
5988:. Retrieved
5984:
5975:
5966:
5956:
5931:
5927:
5921:
5894:
5890:
5880:
5837:
5833:
5823:
5813:22 September
5811:. Retrieved
5806:The Guardian
5804:
5795:
5783:. Retrieved
5774:
5765:
5754:. Retrieved
5752:. 2022-09-19
5749:
5740:
5728:. Retrieved
5724:
5715:
5674:
5670:
5660:
5619:
5615:
5605:
5562:
5558:
5548:
5513:
5509:
5499:
5458:
5454:
5447:
5435:. Retrieved
5431:
5422:
5395:
5391:
5381:
5340:
5336:
5329:
5319:September 1,
5317:. Retrieved
5313:
5304:
5261:
5257:
5246:
5213:10356/148860
5185:
5181:
5171:
5128:
5124:
5114:
5061:
5057:
4995:
4991:
4985:
4952:
4948:
4941:
4916:
4912:
4906:
4871:
4867:
4857:
4824:
4820:
4813:
4787:
4780:
4737:
4733:
4722:
4687:
4683:
4673:
4632:
4628:
4618:
4583:
4579:
4568:
4528:(1): 78–83.
4525:
4521:
4511:
4478:10216/111908
4452:
4448:
4441:
4406:
4402:
4392:
4380:. Retrieved
4370:
4358:. Retrieved
4347:
4306:
4302:
4240:
4236:
4226:
4185:
4181:
4171:
4138:
4134:
4127:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4031:
4027:
4017:
3976:
3972:
3962:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3885:
3881:
3871:
3821:(2): 84–93.
3818:
3814:
3804:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3701:
3697:
3687:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3577:
3573:
3563:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3467:
3463:
3453:
3411:
3405:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3307:
3303:
3278:
3262:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3206:. Retrieved
3202:
3193:
3182:. Retrieved
3178:
3169:
3157:. Retrieved
3149:
3124:
3108:
3089:
3080:
3068:. Retrieved
3066:. April 2019
3061:
3037:
2968:
2964:
2906:
2902:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2742:
2732:
2681:
2677:
2653:. Retrieved
2649:
2640:
2631:
2615:
2599:
2572:
2545:
2534:. Retrieved
2524:
2505:
2494:
2484:
2472:. Retrieved
2468:
2459:
2447:. Retrieved
2443:
2433:
2421:. Retrieved
2410:
2398:. Retrieved
2394:
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2371:. 2015-03-20
2368:
2359:
2347:. Retrieved
2343:
2334:
2323:. Retrieved
2319:
2310:
2298:. Retrieved
2296:. 9 May 2016
2284:
2272:. Retrieved
2263:
2254:
2243:. Retrieved
2241:. 2013-09-07
2236:
2214:, retrieved
2210:the original
2204:
2198:
2187:. Retrieved
2184:www.nfpa.org
2183:
2173:
2162:. Retrieved
2158:
2149:
2140:
2130:
2121:
2111:
2025:
2009:
1994:
1983:
1951:
1919:Gas detector
1894:Safety boots
1845:Halligan bar
1825:
1729:
1694:
1676:
1665:
1649:
1645:
1640:000 Operator
1637:
1629:
1602:
1568:Atypically,
1567:
1548:
1517:
1442:
1434:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1366:
1350:
1342:
1325:
1308:forest fires
1301:
1282:
1259:
1255:turnout gear
1244:
1221:
1189:mesothelioma
1178:
1174:
1150:
1138:hypertension
1094:
1036:
1029:
993:mesothelioma
974:
971:
941:
934:
926:
917:
904:
883:truss system
876:
864:
843:
836:
809:
768:Direct risks
757:
749:smoke alarms
741:
735:
726:
718:
698:
678:response car
655:
640:
622:
611:
588:
563:
548:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
513:
512:
509:
503:
502:
498:
494:
490:
472:
464:
455:
438:
420:
411:
398:spinning off
391:
361:
352:
337:Please help
325:
301:
294:
288:
287:Please help
284:
252:
246:
236:
179:
175:
155:fire service
152:
147:
143:
136:firefighting
128:fire fighter
127:
123:
121:
18:Fire fighter
8281:Fire making
8197:Terra preta
8171:Firefighter
8045:Flash point
8040:Fire piston
7902:South Korea
7877:Philippines
7867:New Zealand
7862:Netherlands
7540:By location
7526:Smokejumper
7383:and tactics
7261:Ventilation
7201:Fire safety
7186:False alarm
7143:Terminology
7093:PASS device
7067:Hose bridge
7057:Hazmat suit
6992:Fire bucket
6972:Bunker gear
6914:Fire engine
6859:Drill tower
6813:Fire police
6057:FireRescue1
5934:: 163–171.
5775:FireRescue1
5725:GovTrack.us
5461:: 462–468.
5437:February 1,
5432:www.bls.gov
5081:2142/101922
4580:Mutagenesis
3597:10037/17313
3529:(8): 4209.
3470:(5): 2519.
3114:29 CFR
2909:(5): 2645.
2650:FireRescue1
2626:. May 2005.
2300:3 September
2092:Smokejumper
2032:chili feeds
2022:Fundraisers
1975:night watch
1877:Bunker gear
1713:fire police
1574:Switzerland
1559:New Zealand
1479:French Army
1371:(NIHL) and
1316:particulate
1213:lung cancer
1153:tachycardia
1146:heat stress
1051:work gloves
965:during the
963:Ground Zero
850:PASS device
845:Heat injury
830:(FAST), or
786:John Wilson
668:to deliver
535:ventilation
355:August 2021
167:urban areas
134:trained in
124:firefighter
82:Firewoman (
49:Firefighter
8337:Categories
8322:Wiktionary
8261:Fire whirl
8159:Pyromanias
8117:By country
8069:Components
8025:Combustion
7850:Malaysia (
7841:Luxembourg
7572:Washington
7567:California
7435:Fire trail
7381:Equipment
7221:Flash fire
7191:Fire class
7171:Deluge gun
7108:Rotary saw
7078:Kelly tool
7042:Fog nozzle
6886:Hose tower
6852:Facilities
6793:Fire chief
6638:2023-12-13
6559:2019-07-17
6538:2019-07-17
6514:2018-08-28
6489:2016-08-23
6458:2019-07-17
6063:2019-11-26
6038:2018-09-11
6014:2018-09-11
5990:2018-09-11
5756:2022-11-08
5188:: 105207.
3431:1066415095
3273:July 2007.
3208:2020-03-28
3184:2020-03-28
2841:: 106151.
2751:1993/34347
2655:2020-12-05
2536:2012-12-10
2532:. Osha.gov
2444:Propublica
2325:2023-12-13
2245:2017-09-22
2216:2009-05-01
2189:2023-11-29
2164:2016-03-10
2104:References
2040:car washes
1962:Principate
1850:Flashlight
1505:Indonesian
1438:shift work
1425:See also:
1270:oil spills
1262:shift work
1240:epigenetic
1232:DNA damage
1228:biomarkers
989:asbestosis
722:fire codes
666:paramedics
402:relocating
290:improve it
202:negligence
169:to aboard
88:firewomen)
66:Occupation
8266:Blue lava
8256:Firestorm
8246:Backdraft
8234:Wildfires
8187:Cremation
8055:Pyrolysis
7897:Sri Lanka
7892:Singapore
7846:Macau SAR
7821:Indonesia
7756:Australia
7552:Australia
7499:Personnel
7460:Hose pack
7440:Firebreak
7420:Fire rake
7410:Fire hose
7400:Driptorch
7352:Wildfires
7282:Fire camp
7226:Flashover
7156:Barn fire
7151:Backdraft
7002:Fire hose
6964:Equipment
6896:Apparatus
6414:12 August
6383:12 August
6352:12 August
6009:USA TODAY
5985:Firehouse
5897:: 25–44.
5854:0933-7954
5691:1076-2752
5652:210191181
5636:1097-0274
5579:0271-3586
5532:1471-8405
5491:108987257
5398:: 9–764.
5373:250227232
5357:1470-2045
5278:1559-0631
5238:208870627
5222:0160-4120
5145:1545-9624
5090:1545-9624
5020:1528-7394
4969:1529-8663
4880:1017-1606
4874:: 9–764.
4849:128350881
4754:1076-2752
4706:1351-0711
4657:0013-936X
4602:0267-8357
4542:1559-0631
4503:205867973
4487:1528-7394
4382:6 January
4360:6 January
4323:1351-0711
4265:0340-0131
4202:1351-0711
4103:1470-7926
4048:1351-0711
3993:1351-0711
3946:1097-0274
3863:209677270
3837:1351-0711
3796:210191181
3780:0271-3586
3726:0340-0131
3661:2476-762X
3606:0020-7136
3486:1660-4601
3439:cite book
3381:1076-2752
3324:1351-0711
3232:CiteSeerX
3128:IARC 2002
3117:1910.1001
2995:1476-069X
2971:(1): 97.
2925:1660-4601
2863:0160-4120
2798:1048-2911
2706:1048-2911
1977:and city
1840:Pike pole
1816:Liverpool
1678:Ten codes
1633:megaphone
1570:Singapore
1285:radiation
1104:or other
1057:or other
1043:hard hats
1037:Standard
1017:manganese
997:beryllium
981:silicosis
647:first aid
569:bushfires
565:Wildfires
543:backdraft
539:flashover
482:fire hose
456:See also
326:does not
296:talk page
148:firewomen
74:Fireman (
8300:Category
7882:Romanian
7663:Glossary
7639:Category
7608:See also
7516:Helitack
7511:Handcrew
7241:Rollover
7216:Firewall
6924:Fireboat
6823:Handcrew
6721:COVID-19
6647:cite web
6452:BBC News
6408:Archived
6377:Archived
6346:Archived
6319:25991998
6124:36850759
6116:17847625
5948:26339926
5913:26719976
5872:21681455
5779:Archived
5707:45179842
5699:16966954
5644:31930542
5597:25943908
5540:27371948
5483:30981117
5414:21381544
5365:35780778
5296:31175324
5230:31812113
5163:30427284
5106:44916370
5098:28636458
5036:36263955
5028:11482799
4977:11071414
4898:21381544
4841:31005580
4772:29465512
4714:80490930
4665:29043785
4610:29045708
4560:26555473
4495:28524757
4433:25673342
4339:24392558
4331:24510539
4281:44168738
4273:29808435
4210:29055884
4163:51905238
4155:30073696
4119:59226066
4111:30674605
4064:32602571
4056:28391245
4009:43114491
4001:27456156
3954:25708859
3910:41791288
3902:22628010
3855:31896615
3846:10165610
3788:31930542
3744:32306177
3679:31759344
3622:73451966
3614:30737784
3555:33921138
3504:33802629
3389:17099456
3342:24142974
3254:17377158
3159:25 March
3070:27 March
3013:34454526
2943:33807996
2881:33092866
2816:31841060
2724:31841060
2514:Archived
2320:festi.ca
2268:Archived
2046:See also
1990:New York
1966:Augustus
1964:period,
1697:military
1598:sidearms
1588:and the
1394:ototoxic
1373:tinnitus
1217:leukemia
1193:asbestos
1122:nitrogen
1055:earplugs
1005:chromium
985:asbestos
914:Violence
743:writing
590:Airports
80:firemen)
71:Synonyms
8311:Commons
8180:Culture
8122:By year
8112:By type
8013:Science
7986:History
7836:Jamaica
7801:Germany
7791:Finland
7786:Estonia
7761:Belgium
7751:Andorra
7746:Algeria
7741:Albania
7687:Outline
7651:Commons
7562:History
7475:Pulaski
7360:General
7098:The pig
6310:4423242
6180:8903753
5863:3974968
5588:4527530
5463:Bibcode
5405:4781497
5287:7323473
5190:Bibcode
5154:8647047
5000:Bibcode
4933:1768008
4889:4781497
4763:5959213
4637:Bibcode
4551:5140750
4457:Bibcode
4424:4558385
4245:Bibcode
4218:4395029
3735:7452930
3706:Bibcode
3670:7063017
3546:8071552
3495:7967542
3397:1659335
3333:4499779
3269:Alert:
3004:8403436
2973:Bibcode
2934:7967649
2872:7940547
2843:Bibcode
2807:8594050
2778:Bibcode
2715:8594050
2686:Bibcode
2622:Alert:
2606:Alert:
1971:Vigiles
1925:History
1582:Denmark
1532:Austria
1528:Germany
1513:Jakarta
1126:Hypoxia
1047:goggles
1001:cadmium
736:greatly
347:removed
332:sources
165:. From
144:firemen
130:) is a
8315:
8304:
8293:
8152:People
8081:Oxygen
7912:Turkey
7907:Taiwan
7887:Russia
7872:Poland
7826:Israel
7811:Greece
7796:France
7776:Cyprus
7766:Brunei
7465:McLeod
7327:Muster
6317:
6307:
6258:: 177.
6178:
6122:
6114:
5946:
5911:
5870:
5860:
5852:
5730:May 9,
5705:
5697:
5689:
5650:
5642:
5634:
5595:
5585:
5577:
5538:
5530:
5489:
5481:
5412:
5402:
5371:
5363:
5355:
5294:
5284:
5276:
5236:
5228:
5220:
5161:
5151:
5143:
5104:
5096:
5088:
5034:
5026:
5018:
4975:
4967:
4931:
4896:
4886:
4878:
4847:
4839:
4802:
4770:
4760:
4752:
4712:
4704:
4663:
4655:
4608:
4600:
4558:
4548:
4540:
4501:
4493:
4485:
4431:
4421:
4337:
4329:
4321:
4279:
4271:
4263:
4216:
4208:
4200:
4161:
4153:
4117:
4109:
4101:
4062:
4054:
4046:
4007:
3999:
3991:
3952:
3944:
3908:
3900:
3861:
3853:
3843:
3835:
3794:
3786:
3778:
3742:
3732:
3724:
3677:
3667:
3659:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3553:
3543:
3502:
3492:
3484:
3429:
3419:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3340:
3330:
3322:
3252:
3234:
3011:
3001:
2993:
2941:
2931:
2923:
2879:
2869:
2861:
2814:
2804:
2796:
2722:
2712:
2704:
2474:8 July
2449:8 July
2423:8 July
2400:8 July
2375:8 July
2349:8 July
2260:"News"
2086:Rescue
2038:, and
1979:police
1888:Helmet
1767:Turkey
1701:police
1563:Canada
1555:Israel
1295:, and
1238:, and
1185:cancer
1163:Cancer
1142:stress
1118:carbon
1065:, and
1021:nickel
1009:cobalt
977:Silica
597:Rescue
243:oxygen
212:Duties
182:police
99:Rescue
8227:Other
8164:Child
8138:Arson
8131:Crime
8096:Smoke
8091:Flame
7831:Italy
7806:Ghana
7675:Index
7583:Lists
7181:Draft
7123:Siren
7083:Nomex
6944:Quint
6595:(PDF)
6483:(PDF)
6476:(PDF)
6248:(PDF)
6120:S2CID
5703:S2CID
5648:S2CID
5487:S2CID
5369:S2CID
5234:S2CID
5102:S2CID
5032:S2CID
4845:S2CID
4710:S2CID
4499:S2CID
4335:S2CID
4277:S2CID
4214:S2CID
4159:S2CID
4115:S2CID
4060:S2CID
4005:S2CID
3906:S2CID
3859:S2CID
3792:S2CID
3618:S2CID
3393:S2CID
3150:U.S.
3038:U.S.
3034:(PDF)
2581:(PDF)
2554:(PDF)
2274:5 May
2036:fairs
1898:Nomex
1685:Ranks
1576:have
1540:Chile
1538:. In
1483:Paris
1477:is a
1377:NIOSH
839:ropes
773:Fires
486:fuels
198:arson
171:ships
140:fires
8086:Heat
8076:Fuel
7978:Fire
7856:MCDF
7852:JBPM
6869:list
6653:link
6416:2021
6385:2021
6354:2021
6315:PMID
6270:link
6176:PMID
6112:PMID
5944:PMID
5909:PMID
5868:PMID
5850:ISSN
5815:2017
5787:2022
5732:2022
5695:PMID
5687:ISSN
5640:PMID
5632:ISSN
5593:PMID
5575:ISSN
5536:PMID
5528:ISSN
5479:PMID
5439:2022
5410:PMID
5361:PMID
5353:ISSN
5321:2022
5292:PMID
5274:ISSN
5226:PMID
5218:ISSN
5159:PMID
5141:ISSN
5094:PMID
5086:ISSN
5024:PMID
5016:ISSN
4973:PMID
4965:ISSN
4929:PMID
4894:PMID
4876:ISSN
4837:PMID
4800:ISBN
4768:PMID
4750:ISSN
4702:ISSN
4661:PMID
4653:ISSN
4606:PMID
4598:ISSN
4556:PMID
4538:ISSN
4491:PMID
4483:ISSN
4429:PMID
4384:2015
4362:2015
4327:PMID
4319:ISSN
4269:PMID
4261:ISSN
4206:PMID
4198:ISSN
4151:PMID
4107:PMID
4099:ISSN
4052:PMID
4044:ISSN
3997:PMID
3989:ISSN
3950:PMID
3942:ISSN
3898:PMID
3851:PMID
3833:ISSN
3784:PMID
3776:ISSN
3740:PMID
3722:ISSN
3675:PMID
3657:ISSN
3610:PMID
3602:ISSN
3551:PMID
3500:PMID
3482:ISSN
3445:link
3427:OCLC
3417:ISBN
3385:PMID
3377:ISSN
3338:PMID
3320:ISSN
3250:PMID
3161:2020
3072:2020
3009:PMID
2991:ISSN
2939:PMID
2921:ISSN
2877:PMID
2859:ISSN
2812:PMID
2794:ISSN
2720:PMID
2702:ISSN
2476:2018
2451:2018
2425:2018
2402:2018
2377:2018
2351:2018
2302:2018
2276:2018
2030:and
2014:and
1759:MOPP
1666:All
1557:and
1544:Peru
1542:and
1530:and
1522:and
1473:The
1463:and
1429:and
1381:OSHA
1272:and
1215:and
1199:and
1120:and
1013:lead
937:PFAS
860:OSHA
629:and
616:and
330:any
328:cite
239:fuel
184:and
153:The
126:(or
41:and
8271:Ash
6305:PMC
6297:doi
6102:doi
5936:doi
5932:187
5899:doi
5858:PMC
5842:doi
5679:doi
5624:doi
5583:PMC
5567:doi
5518:doi
5471:doi
5459:173
5400:PMC
5345:doi
5282:PMC
5266:doi
5208:hdl
5198:doi
5186:135
5149:PMC
5133:doi
5076:hdl
5066:doi
5008:doi
4957:doi
4921:doi
4884:PMC
4829:doi
4792:doi
4758:PMC
4742:doi
4692:doi
4645:doi
4588:doi
4546:PMC
4530:doi
4473:hdl
4465:doi
4419:PMC
4411:doi
4311:doi
4253:doi
4190:doi
4143:doi
4091:doi
4036:doi
3981:doi
3934:doi
3890:doi
3841:PMC
3823:doi
3768:doi
3730:PMC
3714:doi
3665:PMC
3649:doi
3592:hdl
3582:doi
3578:145
3541:PMC
3531:doi
3490:PMC
3472:doi
3369:doi
3328:PMC
3312:doi
3242:doi
3228:356
3094:doi
2999:PMC
2981:doi
2929:PMC
2911:doi
2867:PMC
2851:doi
2839:150
2802:PMC
2786:doi
2747:hdl
2710:PMC
2694:doi
2585:doi
2558:doi
1835:axe
1719:or
1699:or
1511:in
1385:dBA
1299:).
803:in
797:PPE
784:by
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