First Balkan War - Knowledge

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thus failed to realize the vital services of Serbia in the battle. Accordingly, the Serbs claimed that their troops of the 20th Regiment captured the Ottoman commander of the city and that Colonel Gavrilović was the allied commander who had accepted Shukri's official surrender of the garrison, a statement that the Bulgarians disputed. The Serbs officially protested and pointed out that although they had sent their troops to Adrianople to win for Bulgaria's territory, whose acquisition had never been foreseen by their mutual treaty, the Bulgarians had never fulfilled the clause of the treaty for Bulgaria to send 100,000 men to help the Serbians on their Vardar Front. The Bulgarians answered that their staff had informed the Serbs on 23 August. The friction escalated some weeks later when the Bulgarian delegates in London bluntly warned the Serbs that they must not expect Bulgarian support for their Adriatic claims. The Serbs angrily replied that it was a blatant withdrawal from the prewar agreement of mutual understanding, according to the Kriva Palanka-Adriatic line of expansion. The Bulgarians insisted that the Vardar Macedonian part of the agreement remained active, and the Serbs were still obliged to surrender the area, as had been agreed. The Serbs answered by accusing the Bulgarians of maximalism and pointed out that if they lost both northern Albania and Vardar Macedonia, their participation in the common war would have been virtually for nothing. The tension soon was expressed in a series of hostile incidents between both armies on their mutual line of occupation across the Vardar valley. The developments essentially ended the Serbian-Bulgarian alliance, making a future war between the two countries inevitable.

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divisions between the Yanya Corps and VIII Corps in Epirus and southern Macedonia, respectively. Though the Greek army also fielded seven divisions, it had the initiative, so it concentrated all seven against VIII Corps, leaving only several independent battalions of scarcely divisional strength on the Epirus front. That had fatal consequences for the Western Group by leading to the early loss of the city at the strategic centre of all three Macedonian fronts (Thessaloniki), sealing their fate. In an unexpectedly brilliant and rapid campaign, the Army of Thessaly seized the city. In the absence of secure sea lines of communications, retaining the Thessaloniki-Constantinople corridor was essential to the overall strategic posture of the Ottomans in the Balkans. Once that was gone, the defeat of the Ottoman army became inevitable, in which the Bulgarians and the Serbs also played a vital role. Their great victories at Kirkkilise, Lüleburgaz, Kumanovo, and Monastir (Bitola) shattered the Eastern and Vardar Armies. However, they were not decisive in ending the war. The Ottoman field armies survived, and in Thrace, they grew stronger every day. Strategically, those victories were enabled partially by the weakened condition of the Ottoman armies, which had occurred by the active presence of the Greek army and navy.

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forces enjoying a crushing superiority over the Ottoman garrison. The Bulgarian Second Army, with 106,425 men and two Serbian divisions, with 47,275 men, conquered the city, with the Bulgarians suffering 8,093 and the Serbs 1,462 casualties. The Ottoman casualties for the entire Adrianople campaign reached 23,000 dead. The number of prisoners is less clear. The Ottoman Empire began the war with 61,250 men in the fortress. Richard Hall noted that 60,000 men were captured. Adding to the 33,000 killed, the modern "Turkish General Staff History" notes that 28,500-man survived captivity leaving 10,000 men unaccounted for as possibly captured (including the unspecified number of wounded). Bulgarian losses for the entire Adrianople campaign amounted to 7,682. That was the last and decisive battle that was necessary for a quick end to the war even though it is speculated that the fortress would have fallen eventually because of starvation. The most important result was that the Ottoman command had lost all hope of regaining the initiative, which made any more fighting pointless.

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of the Greek army's abilities: "If there is a war, we shall probably see that the only thing Greek officers can do besides talking is to run away." However, Greece was the only Balkan country to possess a meaningful navy, which was vital to the League to prevent Ottoman reinforcements from being rapidly transferred by ship from Asia to Europe. The Serbs and the Bulgarians readily appreciated it as the chief factor in initiating the process of Greece's inclusion in the League. As the Greek ambassador to Sofia put it during the negotiations that led to Greece's entry into the League, "Greece can provide 600,000 men for the war effort. With 200,000 men on the battlefield, the fleet will be able to prevent 400,000 men from being landed by Turkey between

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declaration of war, 580,000 Ottoman soldiers in the Balkans faced 912,000 soldiers of the Balkan League. The bad condition of the roads, together with the sparse railroad network, had led to the Ottoman mobilization being grossly behind schedule, and many of the commanders were new to their units, having been appointed only on 1 October 1912. Many Turkish divisions were still involved in a losing war with Italy far away in the Libyan provinces. The stress of fighting on multiple fronts took a massive toll on the Ottoman Empire's finances, morale, casualties and supplies. The Turkish historian

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26 million. However just over 6.1 million lived in what still remained of Ottoman Europe, of which only 2.3 million were Muslim. A majority of the remainder were Orthodox Christians, considered unfit for conscription. The poor transport network of the Empire's Asian regions dictated that the only reliable way to mass transfer troops to the front was by sea where they'd be vulnerable to attacks from the Greek fleet based in the Aegean. In addition, in 1912 Ottomans were still at war with the Italians who in the year proceeding had overrun Ottoman Libya and by now were invading the

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Third Army from the northwest (along the line of Priština-Skopje-Ovče Pole). The prime role was given to the First Army. The Second Army was expected to cut off the Vardar Army's retreat and, if necessary, to attack its rear and right flank. The Third Army was to take Kosovo and, if necessary, to assist the First Army by attacking the Vardar Army's left and rear. The Ibar Army and the Javor brigade had minor roles in the plan and were expected to secure the Sanjak of Novi Pazar and replace the Third Army in Kosovo after it had advanced south.

3541: 2010: 3037: 2808: 3464: 2471:, expected to meet only three Bulgarian infantry divisions, accompanied by cavalry, east of Adrianople. According to historian E. J. Erickson, though that assumption possibly resulted from the analysis of the objectives of the Balkan Pact, it had deadly consequences for the Ottoman Army in Thrace, which was now required to defend the area from the bulk of the Bulgarian army against impossible odds. The misappraisal was also the reason for the catastrophic aggressive Ottoman strategy at the start of the campaign in Thrace. 2844:(Thessaloniki was the central arms depot for the Western Armies). The Ottoman forces estimated that 15,000 officers and men had been killed during the campaign in southern Macedonia, bringing their total losses to 41,000 soldiers. Another consequence was that the destruction of the Macedonian army sealed the fate of the Ottoman Vardar Army, which was fighting the Serbs to the north. The fall of Thessaloniki left it strategically isolated, without logistical supply and depth to maneuver, and ensured its destruction. 2601: 3161: 3117: 3746: 2129:

Asia because of Greek control of the sea and the inadequacy of the Ottoman railway system, were dispersed too thinly across the region. They failed to stand up to the rapidly-mobilized Balkan armies. The Ottomans had three in Europe (the Macedonian, Vardar and Thracian Armies), with 1,203 pieces of mobile and 1,115 fixed artillery in fortified areas. The Ottoman High Command repeated its error of previous wars by ignoring the established command structure to create new superior commands, the

41: 2938: 2443: 2101: 897: 372: 360: 348: 336: 324: 312: 300: 288: 276: 264: 252: 240: 3479: 3453: 3715: 1948: 1432:, were either killed or forced to flee their homes. The highly politicized and disorganized units of the Ottoman army were quite incapable of evacuating the civilians in the war zone. This situation left many civilians in the occupied areas defenseless against the invading armies of the Balkan League. Although there are discussions about the exact amount of civilian casualties, when the war ended great changes occurred in the demographic makeup of the Balkan region. 1541:

Albanians. By the grace of God, I have therefore ordered my brave army to join in the Holy War to free our brethren and to wish for a better future. In Old Serbia, my army will meet not only upon Christian Serbs but also upon Muslim Serbs, who are equally dear to us, and in addition to them, upon Christian and Muslim Albanians with whom our people have shared joy and sorrow for thirteen centuries now. To all of them, we bring freedom, brotherhood and equality.

3258: 2783: 862: 801: 752: 684: 3622:, the Ottoman army had been forbidden to engage in war games or maneuvers out of the fear that it might be the cover for a coup d'état. The four years since the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 had not been enough time for the army to learn how to conduct large-scale maneuvers. War games in 1909 and 1910 had shown that many Ottoman officers could not efficiently move large bodies of troops such as divisions and corps, a deficiency that General Baron 2649: 4014: 982: 149: 2494: 2502:

eastern part and 49,180 (33,180 regulars and 16,000 irregulars) under the 2nd Bulgarian Division (General Stilian Kovachev) in the western part. The first large-scale battle occurred against the Edirne-Kırklareli defensive line, where the Bulgarian First and Third Armies (a combined 174,254 men) defeated the Ottoman East Army (of 96,273 combatants), near Gechkenli, Seliolu and Petra. The Ottoman XV Corps urgently left the area to defend the

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which damaged morale. In particular, the badly-organized transport corps was so inefficient that it was unable to supply the troops in the field with food, which forced troops to resort to requisitioning food from local villages. Even so, Ottoman soldiers lived below the subsistence level with a daily diet of 90 g of cheese and 150 g of meat but had to march all day long, leaving much of the army sickly and exhausted.

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the years 1912–1914 c. 890,000 civilians of various nationalities crossed the borders of the Balkan countries, including also those of the Ottoman Empire. The intense influx of refugees from the region and the news of the massacres caused a deep shock in the Ottoman mainland. This further increased the hatred of minorities already present in Ottoman society. The situation became a factor that exacerbated the

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geography dictated Thrace would be the primary battlefield in a war with the Ottoman Empire, the position of the Ottoman Army there was jeopardized by erroneous intelligence estimates of the opponents' order of battle. Unaware of the secret prewar political and military settlement over Macedonia between Bulgaria and Serbia, the Ottoman leadership assigned the bulk of its forces there. The German ambassador,

2078:. Also, it was the only Balkan country never to be fully conquered by the Ottoman Empire. As the smallest member of the League, Montenegro did not have much influence. However, it was advantageous for Montenegro, since when the Ottoman Empire was trying to counter the actions of Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece, there was enough time for Montenegro to prepare, which helped its successful military campaign. 3175: 3506:, in which the remains of the Ottoman Vardar Army were forced to retreat to central Albania. After the battle, Serbian Prime Minister Pasic asked General Putnik to take part in the race for Thessaloniki. Putnik declined and turned his army to the west, towards Albania, since he saw that a war between Greece and Bulgaria over Thessaloniki could greatly help Serbia's plans for Vardar Macedonia. 2531: 1606:, Bulgaria refused to commit to any agreement on distributing territorial gains, unlike its deal with Serbia over Macedonia. Bulgaria's diplomatic policy was to push Serbia into one that limited its access to Macedonia while simultaneously refusing any such agreement with Greece. Bulgaria believed that its army could occupy the big part of Aegean Macedonia and the port city of Salonica ( 3925:, although officially a staunch supporter of the Ottoman Empire's integrity, took secret diplomatic steps encouraging the Greek entry into the League to counteract Russian influence. At the same time, it encouraged Bulgarian aspirations over Thrace since the British preferred Thrace to be Bulgarian to Russian, despite British assurances to Russia on its expansion there. 3918:, not feeling ready for a war against Germany in 1912, took a position strongly against the war and firmly informed its ally Russia that it would not take part in a potential conflict between Russia and Austria-Hungary if it resulted from actions of the Balkan League. France, however, failed to achieve British participation in a common intervention to stop the conflict. 2358:, would find its task almost impossible. The political upheaval in the aftermath of the Young Turk Revolution prevented it to a large extent. Between 1908 and 1911, the office of the Navy Minister changed hands nine times. Interdepartmental infighting and the entrenched interests of the bloated and averaged officer corps, many of whom occupied their positions as quasi- 2420:, both ships were to form the relatively modern core of the Ottoman battlefleet. By the summer of 1912, however, they were already in poor condition because of chronic neglect: the rangefinders and ammunition hoists had been removed, the telephones were not working, the pumps were corroded, and most of the watertight doors could no longer be closed. 1633:. The Italians' decisive military victories over the Ottoman Empire and the successful 1912 Albanian revolt encouraged the Balkan states to imagine that they might win a war against the Ottomans. By the spring and summer of 1912, the various Christian Balkan nations had created a network of military alliances, becoming known as the Balkan League. 2764:

February, the front had again stabilized, but fighting along the static lines continued. The battle, which resulted in heavy Bulgarian casualties, could be characterized as an Ottoman tactical victory but a strategic defeat since it did nothing to prevent the failure of the Gallipoli-Şarköy operation or to relieve the pressure on Edirne.

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military, and its administration to shield them from partition. However, all three proved inadequate against the onslaught of four invading Balkan armies. Even following the signing of the armistice in December 1912, Ottoman regular troops, along with Albanian irregular forces, persisted in central and southern Albania.

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multinational state. Serbia, whose aspirations towards Bosnia were no secret, was considered an enemy and the primary tool of Russian machinations, which were behind the agitation of the Slav subjects. However, Austria-Hungary failed to achieve a German backup for a strong reaction. Initially, German Emperor

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When the First Balkan War broke out, a majority of Albanians, even habitual rebels such as Isa Boletin, rallied in defence of the din ve devlet ve vatan to preserve intact their Albanian lands. Lacking a national organization, Albanians had no choice but to rely on Ottoman institutions, its army, and

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There were various instances where Albanian communities were targeted especially by Serbian and Montenegrin forces. According to contemporary accounts, c. 20,000–25,000 Albanians in the Kosovo Vilayet were killed in the first two to four months of the conflict. The number of Albanian deaths exceeded

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regiment earmarked for the operation failed to arrive on time. The naval staff still ordered the fleet to carry out a sortie, and an engagement developed with the Greek fleet without any significant results for either side. Though similar sorties followed on 10 and 11 January, the results of the "cat

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remained open) and left some 250,000 Ottoman troops immobilized in Asia. Given the incomplete state of the Ottoman rail network, the Greek blockade meant that Ottomans' Asian reinforcements often had to march on foot in exhausting marches towards Constantinople before they could cross into Europe and

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27 October] 1912. Two Corps headquarters (Ustruma and VIII), two Nizamiye divisions (14th and 22nd) and four Redif divisions (Salonika, Drama, Naslic and Serez) were thus lost to the Ottoman order of battle. Also, the Ottoman forces lost 70 artillery pieces, 30 machine guns and 70,000 rifles

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The battle had significant results in Serbian-Bulgarian relations, planting the seeds of the two countries' confrontation some months later. The Bulgarian censor rigorously cut any references to Serbian participation in the operation in the telegrams of foreign correspondents. Public opinion in Sofia

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The failure of the Şarköy-Bulair operation and the deployment of the Second Serbian Army, with its much-needed heavy siege artillery, sealed Adrianople's fate. On 11 March, after a two weeks bombardment, which destroyed many fortified structures around the city, the final assault started, with League

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Known colloquially as "the sick man of Europe", by 1912, the Ottoman Empire was at the end stages of a centuries long decline. Upon the outbreak of war Turkish forces were extremely vulnerable. The Ottoman Empire itself possessed a far larger population than all of its adversaries combined, of around

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Nevertheless, at the outbreak of the war, the Greek fleet was far from ready. The Ottoman battlefleet retained a clear advantage in the number of ships, speed of the primary surface units and, most importantly, the number and calibre of the ships' guns. In addition, as the war caught the fleet in the

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The principal reason for the Ottoman defeat in the autumn of 1912 was the decision on the part of the Ottoman government to respond to the demands from the Balkan League on 15 October 1912 by declaring war at a time when its mobilization, ordered on 1 October, was only partially complete. During the

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The heavy and rapid defeat of the Ottoman army prevented the safe evacuation of the Muslim civilians, making them a clear target for the Balkan League forces invading the region. As a result, it is estimated that, in total, up to 632,000-1.5 million Ottoman Muslims perished outside of Albania and c.

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Although it is known that both sides committed various war crimes during the war, what is known about the number of casualties is controversial. The insufficient number of impartial observers in the region throughout the war makes it difficult to conclude civilian casualties. It is estimated that in

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22 February] 1913. During the siege, on 8 February 1913, the Russian pilot N. de Sackoff, flying for the Greeks, became the first pilot ever shot down in combat when his biplane was hit by ground fire after a bomb ran on the walls of Fort Bizani. He came down near the small town of Preveza,

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On the Thracian Front, the Bulgarian army had placed 346,182 men against the Ottoman First Army, with 105,000 men in eastern Thrace and the Kircaali detachment, of 24,000 men, in western Thrace. The Bulgarian forces were divided into the First, Second and Third Bulgarian Armies of 297,002 men in the

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Greece, whose population was then 2,666,000, was considered the weakest of the three main allies since it fielded the smallest army and had suffered a defeat against the Ottomans 16 years earlier, in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897. A British consular dispatch from 1910 expressed the common perception

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The bulk of the Bulgarian forces (346,182 men) was to attack Thrace, fighting against the Thracian Ottoman Army of 96,273 men and about 26,000 garrison troops, or about 115,000 personnel in total, according to Hall's, Erickson's and the Turkish General Staff's 1993 studies. It was to be supported by

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to emigrate to the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman authorities resettled those who took up the offer in districts of northern Macedonia with few Muslims. The experiment proved to be a catastrophe since the immigrants readily united with the existing population of Albanian Muslims and participated in the

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and Palestine. Thus, the Greek navy played an indirect but crucial role in the Thracian campaign by neutralizing three corps, a significant portion of the Ottoman army, in the all-important opening round of the war. Another more direct role was the emergency transportation of the Bulgarian 7th Rila

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several months later. That resulted in different groups competing for influence within the military. A German mission had tried reorganizing the army, but its recommendations had not been fully implemented. The Ottoman army was caught in the middle of reform and reorganization. Also, several of the

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The war was a comprehensive and unmitigated disaster for the Ottomans, who lost 83% of their European territories and 69% of their European population. As a result of the war, the League captured and partitioned almost all of the Ottoman Empire's remaining territories in Europe. Ensuing events also

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During the Balkan wars, in total '120,000 Albanians were exterminated', hundreds of villages' were shelled by artillery and 'a large number of them were burned down' across Kosova and Macedonia. The figures do not include people killed in present-day Albania and the devastated houses, villages and

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and seeking ways for expansion in the south at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, was opposed to any other nation expanding in the area. At the same time, Austria-Hungary had internal problems with the significant Slavic populations that campaigned against the German–Hungarian joint control of the

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Support services in the Ottoman army, such as logistics and medical services, were poor. There was a massive shortage of doctors, no ambulances and few stretchers, and the few medical faculties were entirely inadequate for treating the large numbers of wounded. This resulted in most of them dying,

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of their Greek subjects in large numbers in towns and villages both in Eastern Thrace and Anatolia. This campaign of extermination by the Ottoman authorities included boycott, expulsions, forcible migrations, focusing on Greeks of the Aegean region and eastern Thrace, whose presence in these areas

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them, but that was not taken up out of fear of international opinion. On 7 December, the head of the Ottoman fleet, Tahir Bey, was replaced by Ramiz Naman Bey, the leader of the hawkish faction among the officer corps. A new strategy was agreed with the Ottomans to take advantage of any absence of

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weight made Greek plans expect it to sortie from the straits early in the war. The Greek fleet's unpreparedness because of the early outbreak of the war might as well have let such an early Ottoman attack achieve a crucial victory. Instead, the Ottoman navy spent the first two months of the war in

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by the Bulgarian Second Army, but for the time being, no assault was possible because of the lack of siege equipment in the Bulgarian inventory. Another consequence of Greek naval supremacy in the Aegean was that the Ottoman forces did not receive the reinforcements that had been in the war plans,

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an independent state. Most of the territory designated to form the new Albanian state was occupied by Serbia and Greece, who only reluctantly withdrew their troops. Having unresolved disputes with Serbia over the division of northern Macedonia and with Greece over southern Macedonia, Bulgaria was

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The plan of the Serbian Supreme Command had three Serbian armies encircle and destroy the Vardar Army in that area, with the First Army advancing from the north (along the line of Vranje-Kumanovo-Ovče Pole), the Second Army from the east (along the line of Kriva Palanka-Kratovo-Ovče Pole) and the

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was placed in effective command of the Ottoman fleet. Two days later, he led his forces out in the hope of again trapping the patrolling Greek destroyers between two divisions of the Ottoman fleet, one heading for Imbros and the other waiting at the entrance of the straits. The plan failed as the

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crossed its way with the VI Ottoman Corps (part of the Vardar Army with the 16th, 17th and 18th Nizamiye Divisions), retreating to Albania after the Battle of Prilep against the Serbs. The Greek division, surprised by the presence of the Ottoman Corps, isolated from the rest of the Greek army and

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line. However, the Bulgarian attack by the First and Third Armies, which together accounted for 107,386 riflemen, 3,115 cavalries, 116 machine guns and 360 artillery pieces, defeated the reinforced Ottoman Army, with 126,000 riflemen, 3,500 cavalries, 96 machine guns, and 342 artillery pieces and

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The Ottomans' strategic situation was difficult, as their borders were almost impossible to defend against a coordinated attack by the Balkan states. The Ottoman leadership decided to secure all of their territory. As a result, the available forces, which could not be effortlessly reinforced from

1925:. Though the inclusion of a Bulgarian division was according to a prewar arrangement between Serbian and Bulgarian armies, it ceased to obey the orders of Stepanović as soon as the war began, only following those of the Bulgarian High Command. The Third Army (76,000 men) was commanded by General 7032:

The Albanian declaration of independence further instigated violence, as Albanian villagers in northeast Ioannina formed çeta bands to fight against Ottoman troops. These paramilitary groups also swept the countryside desecrating churches and targeted Greek-speaking Christian villages,

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had presented overly-optimistic pictures of the Ottoman readiness for war to the Cabinet in October 1912 advising that the Ottoman forces should take the offensive at once at the outbreak of hostilities. By contrast, many senior army commanders advocated taking the defensive when the war began,

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During the onset of the First Balkan War, most Albanians, including frequent rebels like Isa Boletin, united to defend the Ottoman Empire in order to safeguard their Albanian territories. Without a centralized national structure, Albanians were compelled to depend on Ottoman establishments, its

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According to the organizational plan, though the men of the Western Group were to total 598,000, slow mobilization and the inefficiency of the rail system drastically reduced the number of men available. According to the Western Army Staff, when the war began, it had only 200,000 men available.

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only had 12,024 officers, 324,718 other ranks, 47,960 animals, 2,318 artillery pieces and 388 machine guns ready by early October instead of the planned full complement of 750,000 officers and soldiers. A total of 920 officers and 42,607 men of them had been assigned to non-divisional units and

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The Turkish governments showed no interest in their duties towards their citizens and turned a deaf ear to all complaints and suggestions. Things got so far out of hand that no one was satisfied with the situation in Turkey in Europe. It also became unbearable for the Serbs, the Greeks, and the

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region; sent secret agents to some of the prominent leaders, taking the revolt as a pretext for war. Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, and Bulgaria had all been in talks about possible offensives against the Ottoman Empire before the 1912 Albanian revolt had broken out, and a formal agreement between

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After the 1908 revolution, the Ottoman officer corps had become politicized, with many officers devoting themselves to politics at the expense of studying war. Furthermore, the politicization of the army had led it to be divided into factions, most notably between those who were members of the

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After pressure from the Great Powers, the Serbs started withdrawing from northern Albania and the Sandžak, yet left behind their heavy artillery park to help the Montenegrins in the continuing Siege of Shkodër. On 23 April 1913, Shkodër's garrison was forced to surrender because of starvation.

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to attack the other Greek ships. The Ottoman staff formulated a plan to lure a number of the Greek destroyers on patrol into a trap. The first attempt, on 12 December, failed because of boiler trouble, but a second attempt, two days later, resulted in an indecisive engagement between the Greek

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to their secondary defensive positions, on higher ground to the west. With the end of the attack in Gallipoli, though the Ottomans cancelled the operation since they were reluctant to leave the Çatalca Line, several days passed before the Bulgarians realized that the offensive had ended. By 15

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The Ottoman General Staff, assisted by the German military mission, developed twelve war plans designed to counter various combinations of opponents. Work on Plan No. 5, which was against Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro, was very advanced and had been sent to the army staff for them to

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islands, a campaign which had dominated Ottoman military efforts. Though the Ottoman Empire and Italy made peace on 15 October 1912, only days after the outbreak of hostilities in the Balkans, the protracted war had prevented the Ottomans from reinforcing their position in the Balkans as their

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Ottoman intelligence had also disastrously misread Greek military intentions. In retrospect, the Ottoman staff seemingly believed that the Greek attack would be shared equally between Macedonia and Epirus. That made the Second Army staff evenly balance the combat strength of the seven Ottoman

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Meanwhile, the Bulgarian 2nd Thracian division's forces, 49,180 men divided into the Haskovo and Rhodope detachments, advanced towards the Aegean Sea. The Ottoman Kircaali detachment (Kircaali Redif and Kircaali Mustahfiz Divisions and 36th Regiment, with 24,000 men), tasked with defending a

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25 September] 1912. The western part of the Balkans, including Albania, Kosovo, and Macedonia, was less vital to the resolution of the war and the survival of the Ottoman Empire than the Thracian theatre, where the Bulgarians fought significant battles against the Ottomans. Although

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was the chief factor in the general success of the allies." The Ottomans were also aware of the impact of the Greek naval actions on the conflict; according to navy commander Hasan Sami Bey, without the Greek navy establishing control of the sea lanes, "the allied land operations would have

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light mountain infantry battalions, roughly 100,000 men. It was expected to overcome the fortified Ottoman border positions and advance towards southern and central Macedonia, aiming to take Thessaloniki and Bitola. The remaining 10,000 to 13,000 men in eight battalions were assigned to the

3491:; the Third Army in Kosovo; the First Army in northern Macedonia; and the Second Army from Bulgaria in eastern Macedonia. The decisive battle was expected to be fought in north Macedonia, in the plains of Ovče Pole, where the Ottoman Vardar Army's main forces were expected to concentrate. 3486:

The Serbian forces operated against the primary part of the Ottoman Western Army in Novi Pazar, Kosovo and northern and eastern Macedonia. Strategically, they were divided into four independent armies and groups operating against the Ottomans: the Javor brigade and the Ibar Army in

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into independent action: using her superior speed, she cut across the Ottoman fleet's bow. Under fire from two sides, the Ottomans were quickly forced to withdraw to the Dardanelles. The whole engagement lasted less than an hour in which the Ottomans suffered heavy damage to the

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in the event of a successful war against the Ottoman Empire. During the war, it became apparent that the Albanians did not consider Serbia as a liberator, as had been suggested by King Peter I, and the Serbian forces failed to observe his declaration of amity toward Albanians.

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was again heavily damaged, and the Ottoman fleet was forced to return to the shelter of the Dardanelles and their forts, with 41 killed and 101 wounded. It was the last attempt for the Ottoman navy to leave the Dardanelles, which left the Greeks dominant in the Aegean. On 5

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20 November] 1912, the latter representing Serbia and Montenegro, and peace negotiations began in London. Greece also participated in the conference but refused to agree to a truce and continued its operations in the Epirus sector. They were interrupted on 23

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The Ottoman fleet had performed abysmally in the 1897 Greco-Turkish War, forcing the Ottoman government to begin a drastic overhaul. Older ships were retired, and newer ones were acquired, chiefly from France and Germany. In addition, in 1908, the Ottomans called in a

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Division from the north towards the city. The division arrived there a day later, after surrendering to the Greeks the day before, who were further away from the city than the Bulgarians. Until 10 November, the Greek-occupied zone had been expanded to the line from

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was a prime mover in the establishment of the Balkan League and saw it as an essential tool in case of a future war against its rival, Austria-Hungary. Russia was unaware of the Bulgarian plans for Thrace and Constantinople, territories for which it had long held

2006:. As it had no hope of capturing Ioannina, the heavily fortified capital of Epirus, the initial mission was to pin down the Ottoman forces there until sufficient reinforcements could be sent from the Army of Thessaly after the successful conclusion of operations. 6770:

According to Serbian Social Democrat politician Kosta Novakovic, from October 1912 to the end of 1913, the Serbo-Montenegrin regime exterminated more than 120,000 Albanians of all ages, and forcibly expelled more than 50,000 Albanians to the Ottoman Empire and

3948:, the consensus was that Germany would not be ready for war until at least mid-1914 and notes about that passed to Austria-Hungary. Thus, no actions could be taken when the Serbs acceded to the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum of 18 October and withdrew from Albania. 3597:

wrote that the best response when they were faced with the Balkan League's ultimatum on 15 October on the part of the Ottomans would have been to try to stall for time via diplomacy while they completed their mobilization, instead of declaring war immediately.

3215:

3 December] 1912. The Ottoman fleet, with four battleships, nine destroyers and six torpedo boats, sailed to the entrance of the straits. The lighter Ottoman vessels remained behind, but the battleship squadron continued north, covered by forts at

2676:

along the defensive line, with 176,351 men and 462 artillery pieces against the Ottomans' 140,571 men and 316 artillery pieces, but despite Bulgarian superiority, the Ottomans succeeded in repulsing them. The Ottomans and Bulgaria agreed to negotiate on 3

6880:(in French) (as for example that of the Serbian deputy Triša Kaclerovićh, who, in an article published in 1917 by the International Bulletin, affirms that in 1912–1913 120,000 Albanians were massacred by the Serbian army ed.). P. Haupt. p. 64 3097:, was not attacked until 13 March 1913, out of a desire not to upset the Italians in the nearby Dodecanese. The clashes were short-lived, as the Ottoman forces withdrew to the Anatolian mainland, and the island was securely in Greek hands by 16 March. 2467:, one of the most influential people in the Ottoman capital, had reported to Berlin on 21 October that the Ottoman forces believed that the bulk of the Bulgarian army would be deployed in Macedonia with the Serbs. Then, the Ottoman headquarters, under 3574:

led to further violence, as Albanian villagers created paramilitaries to fight against Ottoman forces. These paramilitaries were also responsible for destroying churches and targeting Greek-speaking Christian villages, killing women and children.

1766:

Bulgaria was militarily the most powerful of the four Balkan states, with a large, well-trained, well-equipped army. Bulgaria mobilized a total of 599,878 men out of a population of 4.3 million. The Bulgarian field army counted for nine infantry

5589:

The Albanian forces fought on the side of Turkey not because they desired a continuance of Turkish rule but because they believed that together with the Turks, they would be able to defend their territory and prevent the partition of "Greater

1601:

by the Ottomans. An emergency military reorganization, led by a French military mission, had been started for that purpose, but its work was interrupted by the outbreak of war in the Balkans. In the discussions that led to Greece joining the

2362:, further obstructed drastic reform. In addition, the Ottoman ministers met the British attempts to control the navy's construction programme with suspicion. Consequently, funds for Gamble's ambitious plans for new ships were unavailable. 1889:

Serbia called upon about 255,000 men, out of a population of 2,912,000, with about 228 heavy guns, grouped in ten infantry divisions, two independent brigades and a cavalry division, under the effective command of the former war minister,

1688:

Opposing them and continuing their secret prewar settlements for expansion, the three Slavic allies (Bulgarian, Serbs and Montenegrins) had extensive plans to co-ordinate their war efforts: the Serbs and the Montenegrins in the theatre of

3245:, which launched a torpedo against it but missed; it was the first such attack in history. The Ottoman army continued to press upon a reluctant Navy a plan for the reoccupation of Tenedos, which the Greek destroyers used as a base, by an 2996:

and escaping unharmed. On the same day, Greek troops of the Epirus Army seized the Ottoman naval base of Preveza. Though the Ottomans scuttled the four ships present there, the Greeks were able to salvage the Italian-built torpedo-boats

5559:

its government for protection from partition. Both failed them miserably in the face of four invading Balkan armies. As a result, foreign invasion and occupation severed that link between the Albanian Eagle and the Ottoman Crescent.

2058:) reached Greece only after hostilities had started, forcing the navy to reshuffle crews, who consequently suffered from lacking familiarity and training. Coal stockpiles and other war stores were also in short supply, and the 8278: 1842:

Three hundred Armenians from throughout the Ottoman Empire, Europe, and Russia, a small yet significant number, volunteered to fight on the side of the Balkan League's soldiers of more than 850,000. Under the leadership of

1751:

to protect Northern Albania. Thus, the Ottoman military personnel stationed in Macedonia, Kosovo, Albania and Epirus numbered almost 200,000 men, who were pitted against 234,000 Serbs, 48,000 Bulgarians and 115,000 Greeks.

3584:

was deemed a threat to national security. From July 1913 as soon as Eastern Thrace returned to Ottoman control pillaging and act of intimidation and violence against the local Greek communities have been perpetrated.

2965:. That move had significant strategic importance by providing the Greeks with a forward base near the Dardanelles Straits, the Ottoman fleet's main anchorage and refuge. The Ottoman fleet's superiority in speed and 3660:

The heavy rainfall in the fall of 1912 had turned the mud roads of the Balkans into quagmires, making it extremely difficult to supply the army in the field with ammunition, which led to constant shortages at the

2028: 3364:

General Ivanov, the commander of the Second Bulgarian Army, acknowledged the role of the Greek fleet in the overall Balkan League victory by stating that "the activity of the entire Greek fleet and above all the

3080:

only on 21 and 27 November, respectively. Substantial Ottoman garrisons were present on the latter two islands, and their resistance was fierce. They withdrew into the mountainous interior and were not subdued

2035:, it thoroughly reorganized the Navy Ministry and dramatically improved the number and the quality of exercises in gunnery and fleet maneuvers. In 1912, the core unit of the fleet was the fast armoured cruiser 3189:

The main Ottoman fleet remained inside the Dardanelles for the early part of the war, and the Greek destroyers continuously patrolled the straits' exit to report on a possible sortie. Kountouriotis suggested

2750:

The Ottoman attack at Çatalca, directed against the powerful Bulgarian First and Third Armies, was initially launched only as a diversion from the Gallipoli-Şarköy operation to pin down the Bulgarian forces

1822:, to be deployed east of and behind the First Army and to be covered by the cavalry division that hid it from the Ottomans' sight. The Third Army had three infantry divisions and was assigned to cross Mount 3254:

and mouse" operations were always the same: "The Greek destroyers always managed to remain outside the Ottoman warships' range and each time the cruisers fired a few rounds before breaking off the chase."

1545:

In a search for allies, Serbia was ready to negotiate a treaty with Bulgaria. The agreement provided that in the event of victory against the Ottomans, Bulgaria would receive all of Macedonia south of the

7707: 2755:. Nevertheless, it resulted in unexpected success. The Bulgarians, who were weakened by cholera and concerned that an Ottoman amphibious invasion might endanger their armies, deliberately withdrew about 2305:

Although more men would reach their units, war casualties prevented the Western Group from coming near its nominal strength. In wartime, the Ottomans had planned to bring more troops in from Syria, both

3578:

Successive Ottoman defeats already from 1911 and territorial losses resulted in the creation of strong nationalist tendencies in Turkish politics. In the spring of 1913, the Ottoman authorities began a

3695:, the traditional motivating force for the Ottoman Army, was not used in 1912, something that the officers of the German military mission advising the Ottomans believed was bad for the Muslims' morale. 3778:

to the disputed regions. Unwilling to yield to any pressure, Greece and Serbia settled their mutual differences and signed a military alliance directed against Bulgaria on 1 May 1913, even before the

2672:

4 November] 1912, the offensive against the Çatalca Line began, despite clear warnings that Russia would attack the Bulgarians if they occupied Constantinople. The Bulgarians launched their

1902:

Plateau, ahead of Skopje. Thus, the main forces were formed as three armies for the advance towards Skopje, and a division and an independent brigade were to cooperate with the Montenegrins in the

6580: 1644:, reacted to the formation of the alliances by trying unsuccessfully to dissuade the Balkan League from going to war. In late September, the League and the Ottoman Empire mobilized their armies. 1405:

states' combined armies overcame the initially numerically inferior (significantly superior by the end of the conflict) and strategically disadvantaged Ottoman armies, achieving rapid success.

2513:

As a consequence of the insufficient intelligence of the invading forces, the Ottoman offensive plan failed in the face of Bulgarian superiority. That forced Kölemen Abdullah Pasha to abandon

1656:

on 13 October, Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece declared war on the Ottomans on 17 October (1912). The declarations of war attracted a large number of war correspondents. An estimated 200 to 300

2291: 2711: 2194:

The Western Army (Macedonian and Vardar Army) constituted ten corps with 32 infantry and two cavalry divisions. Against Serbia, the Ottomans deployed the Vardar Army (HQ in Skopje) under

1761: 9498: 2178: 6581:

International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars; Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Division of Intercourse and Education (1 January 1914).

2970:

operations against the Bulgarians in the Black Sea, which gave the Greeks valuable time to complete their preparations and allowed them to consolidate their control of the Aegean Sea.

3313:. Although it provided a significant morale boost for the Ottomans, the operation failed to achieve its primary objective since Kountouriotis refused to leave his post and pursue the 2510:, and the 11th Infantry Division from the Eastern Army's IV Corps was moved there to replace it. Thus, one complete army corps was removed from the Eastern Army's order of battle. 9249: 8906: 2041:, which had been completed in 1910 and then was the fastest and the most modern warship in the combatant navies. It was complemented by three rather-antiquated battleships of the 1527:), forcing the Young Turks to grant effective autonomy over large regions in June 1912. Serbia, which had been helping to arm the Hamidian and Catholic Albanians rebelling in the 9488: 6502: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 3127: 3121: 3010: 2998: 9423: 9523: 7033:

killing women and children. The violence was so severe that many villagers sought refuge in mountain caves where they died from cold and starvation while huddled together.

3004: 1942: 9858: 3140:, the Greek fleet operated without opposition, ferrying supplies for the army units on the Epirus front. Furthermore, the Greeks bombarded and then blockaded the port of 9775: 8866: 3519: 1884: 1146: 9734: 9493: 8588: 3016: 2645:

on 26 November. After the occupation of Thessaloniki by the Greek army, his surrender completed the isolation of the Ottoman forces in Macedonia from those in Thrace.

2542:

After the Battle of Kirk Kilisse, the Bulgarian High Command decided to wait a few days, but that allowed the Ottoman forces to occupy a new defensive position on the

2313:. Greek naval supremacy prevented those reinforcements from arriving. Instead, those soldiers had to deploy via the land route, and most never made it to the Balkans. 2137:, reflecting the division of the operational theatre between the Thracian (against the Bulgarians) and Macedonian (against the Greeks, Serbs and Montenegrins) fronts. 2117:

to face the ongoing rebellion. In the summer of 1912, the Ottoman High Command decided disastrously to dismiss some 70,000 mobilized troops. Though the regular army (

1574:

with Eastern Rumelia, Bulgaria began to dream that its national unification would be realized. For that purpose, it developed a large army and was identified as the "

8263: 3292: 9785: 8780: 2031:. Invited by Greek Prime Minister Venizelos in 1910, the mission began its work upon its arrival in May 1911. Granted extraordinary powers and led by Vice Admiral 10103: 9438: 3594: 2743:

Casualties on both sides were light. After the frontal attack in Bulair's failure, the Ottoman forces at Şarköy re-entered their ships on 24 February [

10827: 9567: 9074: 2925:, secured local Greek assistance, repaired his plane and resumed flying back to base. The fall of Ioannina allowed the Greek army to continue its advance into 2265: 1181: 3944:

that Germany was ready to support Austria-Hungary in all circumstances, even at the risk of a world war, but the Austro-Hungarians hesitated. Finally, in the

2048:. There were also eight destroyers, built in 1906–1907, and six new destroyers, hastily bought in the summer of 1912 as the imminence of war became apparent. 10782: 9448: 8932: 2277: 9403: 9413: 8786: 1810:, with two infantry divisions and one infantry brigade, was deployed west of the First Army and was assigned to capture the strong fortress of Adrianople ( 9572: 9538: 1495:, which led to the Austrian annexation of the province in October 1908. The Serbs then directed their war efforts to the south. After the annexation, the 10837: 10792: 10038: 9513: 9453: 2877:

outnumbered by the now-counterattacking Ottomans centred on Monastir (Bitola), was forced to retreat. As a result, the Serbs beat the Greeks to Bitola.

9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9543: 9508: 9468: 9463: 9408: 3148:

on 27 February. A naval blockade, extending from the pre-war Greek border to Vlorë, was also instituted on 3 December, isolating the newly established

2181:

with six-plus divisions (10th and 11th Infantry, Edirne, Babaeski and Gümülcine Redif and the Fortress division, 4th Rifle and 12th Cavalry regiments).

7712: 2074:

Montenegro was the smallest nation in the Balkan Peninsula, but in recent years before the war, it had improved its military skills with support from

10787: 9011: 1968: 5627:

Ottoman regulars supported by Albanian irregulars continued in central and southern Albania even after the signing of the armistice in December 1912

2506:

against an expected Greek amphibious assault, which never materialized. The absence of the corps created an immediate vacuum between Adrianople and

5541: 1724:

against the First and Second Serbian Armies of 90,000 Serbian and approx. 50,000 Serbian and Bulgarian men. Approx. 28,000 additional men from the

2140:

The Western Army fielded at least 200,000 men, and the Eastern Army fielded 115,000 men against the Bulgarians. The Eastern Army was commanded by

2027:

The Greek navy was relatively modern, strengthened by the recent purchase of numerous new units and undergoing reforms under the supervision of a

11123: 10979: 5181: 3271:

In preparation for the next attempt to break the Greek blockade, the Ottoman Admiralty sought to create a diversion by sending the light cruiser

5103: 3614:

arguing that the incomplete mobilization and serious logistic problems made taking the offensive impossible. Other reasons for the defeat were:

3361:

and launched four bombs on the anchored ships. Although it scored no hits, it is regarded as the first naval-air operation in military history.

8581: 8273: 7840: 3945: 3220:, and engaged the Greek fleet coming from Imbros at 9:40. Leaving the older battleships to follow their original course, Kountouriotis led the 2716:

On 20 February, Ottoman forces attacked Gallipoli in Çatalca and its south. There, the Ottoman X Corps, with 19,858 men and 48 guns, landed at

1743:, while the VIII Corps (29,000 men) was deployed to guard the Thessalian mountain passes leading to Thessaloniki. Additional 25,000 men of the 2575:, under the directions of a German engineer in Ottoman service, von Bluhm Pasha, but it had been considered obsolete by 1912. An epidemic of 2905:. However, Greek forces in the Epirote front lacked the numbers to initiate an offensive against the German-designed defensive positions of 1464:, which aimed to secure both more complete protection for the provinces' Christian majority as well as to maintain the status quo. By 1867, 11037: 10113: 8288: 4768: 2351: 2864:. In western Macedonia, however, the lack of coordination between the Greek and the Serbian headquarters cost the Greeks a setback in the 2108:

The Ottomans' military capabilities were hampered by several factors, such as domestic strife caused by the Young Turk Revolution and the

11032: 10736: 9660: 9655: 9640: 9001: 8958: 8942: 3324:

5 January] 1913, when the Ottoman fleet again sallied from the straits towards Lemnos, it was defeated for a second time in the

1894:. The Serbian High Command, in its prewar war games, had concluded that the most likely site for the decisive battle against the Ottoman 11622: 11617: 6943: 6784: 3955:, already heavily involved in internal Ottoman politics, officially opposed the war. However, Germany's effort to win Bulgaria for the 2912:

After the campaign in Macedonia was over, a large part of the Army was redeployed to Epirus, where Constantine assumed command. In the

2885:

In the Epirus front, the Greek army was initially heavily outnumbered, but the passive attitude of the Ottomans let the Greeks conquer

2571:. There, they managed to stabilize the front with the help of fresh reinforcements from Asia. The line had been constructed during the 2397: 2330: 2019:, flagship of the Greek fleet. She was the most modern warship involved in the conflict and played a crucial role in operations in the 1174: 3983:, an organization backed by Serbia, assassinated Franz Ferdinand, no one had strong reservations about the possible conflict, and the 3745: 2901:

and expelled the Ottoman garrison without any significant resistance, and on 20 November, Greek troops from western Macedonia entered

2720:

while an attack of around 15,000 men supported by 36 guns (part of the 30,000-strong Ottoman army isolated in Gallipoli Peninsula) at

11133: 10160: 8632: 8574: 8268: 8221: 7787: 3523: 2642: 2623: 2517:, which was taken without resistance by the Bulgarian Third Army. The fortress of Adrianople, with some 61,250 men, was isolated and 1142: 6696: 6624: 6606: 3689:

officers, who came from a different social milieu. Furthermore, the decision to conscript non-Muslims for the first time meant that

2226:

Sandžak Corps with four divisions (20th Infantry (minus regiment), 60th Infantry, Metroviça Redif Division, Taşlıca Redif Regiment,

8155: 6738: 6557: 2563:

and the beginning of the First World War. As a result, the Ottoman forces were pushed to their final defensive position across the

1987:

as his chief of staff. It fielded the bulk of the Greek forces: seven infantry divisions, a cavalry regiment, and four independent

7050:"Forced migration, repatriation, exodus: the case of Ganos-Chora and Myriophyto-Peristasis Orthodox communities in Eastern Thrace" 10988: 7728: 6321: 10871: 9021: 8211: 3868: 7481:

Trix, Frances. "Peace-mongering in 1913: the Carnegie International Commission of Inquiry and its Report on the Balkan Wars."

6815: 2641:

railroad, failed to offer serious resistance and the commander, Yaver Pasha, was captured with 10,131 officers and men by the

11328: 9174: 9016: 8682: 8642: 8614: 7864: 7764: 7639: 7615: 7591: 7528: 7498: 7472: 7422: 7375: 7337: 7264: 6678: 6651: 6449: 6383: 6358: 6000: 5977: 5613: 5582: 5551: 4773: 3840: 1167: 10776: 10098: 9759: 9740: 8975: 8963: 6875: 3677:("college-trained") officers who had graduated from the War College. After the 1909 counterrevolution attempt, many of the 3571: 1786:

Bulgaria was focused on actions in Thrace and Macedonia. It deployed its main force in Thrace by forming three armies. The

10286: 3567:

120,000 by the end of the Second Balkan War. Hundreds of thousands of Albanians were deported throughout the Balkan Wars.

2847:

Upon learning of the outcome of the Battle of Giannitsa (Yenidje), the Bulgarian High Command urgently dispatched the 7th

11582: 11577: 10972: 10118: 9124: 8186: 7961: 4740: 4106: 4019: 3941: 1250: 1204: 987: 896: 371: 359: 347: 335: 323: 311: 299: 287: 275: 263: 251: 239: 154: 10853: 9418: 8709: 7698: 3847: 3536:

Bulgarian soldiers with bodies of killed Turkish civilians at the Awaz Baba Fort outside Adrianople (Edirne), March 1913

11607: 11409: 11285: 9713: 9219: 9184: 8413: 8150: 8047: 7844: 6998:

Kinley, Christopher (3 September 2021). "The Balkan War in Epirus: Religious Identity and the Continuity of Conflict".

3783: 2929:, now the south of Albania, which it occupied. There they halted, but the Serbian control was very close to the north. 2163:

with four divisions (7th, 8th and 9th Infantry Divisions, all minus a regiment, and the Afyonkarahisar Redif Division).

623: 4980: 3681:

officers had been purged. The bulk of the army, peasant conscripts from Anatolia, were much more comfortable with the

1917:. The First Army formed the centre of the drive towards Skopje. The Second Army (74,000 men) was commanded by General 11464: 11392: 11358: 10437: 9770: 9360: 9194: 8622: 7453: 7394: 7356: 7318: 6982: 6953: 6794: 6540: 6476: 6041: 5890: 5873: 5832: 3887: 3821: 3431: 3405: 3149: 2580: 3413: 3267:. Its exploits during its eight-month cruise through the Mediterranean were a major morale booster for the Ottomans. 2991: 11602: 10917: 10487: 9044: 7946: 6834: 4778: 4715: 2819:

With the declaration of war, the Greek Army of Thessaly, under Crown Prince Constantine, advanced to the north and

1287: 10361: 9269: 6532:

McCarthy, Justin (1995). Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922. Darwin Press. p. 164

6468:

McCarthy, Justin (1995). Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922. Darwin Press. p. 164

6012: 3854: 9179: 8529: 8165: 7655: 7403:

Michail, Eugene. "The Balkan Wars in Western Historiography, 1912–2012." in Katrin Boeckh and Sabine Rutar, eds.

4700: 3666: 3354: 3287:

slipped through the Greek patrols on the night of 14–15 January and bombarded the harbour of the Greek island of

3229:

and 18 dead and 41 wounded (most during their disorderly retreat) and the Greeks had one dead and seven wounded.

3026: 2198:, with five corps of 18 infantry divisions, one cavalry division and two independent cavalry brigades under the: 1926: 574: 10610: 3900:

Although the Great Powers noticed the developments that led to the war, they had an official consensus over the

2052:

middle of its expansion and reorganization, a full third of the fleet (the six new destroyers and the submarine

11612: 11597: 11302: 11297: 10965: 10522: 9998: 9913: 9264: 8537: 8230: 4783: 3825: 3527: 3409: 3113:

affect the course of operations there. This contributed to the Balkan League's early victories in the Balkans.

2961:

three days later (although fighting continued on the island until 27 October) and establishing an anchorage at

2873: 1921:

and had one Serbian and one Bulgarian (7th Rila) division. It formed the army's left wing and advanced towards

1657: 8057: 6348: 4786: 11312: 10155: 8991: 8124: 8089: 4723: 3836: 3645:

troops in the Balkans in 1912 had received extremely rudimentary training at best. One German officer, Major

3623: 3342: 3321: 3212: 2917: 2869: 2840: 2832: 2744: 2737: 2699: 2683: 2678: 2669: 2459: 2134: 2130: 2053: 2036: 2014: 10477: 10244: 9274: 7674: 6643:

Justice, Intervention, and Force in International Relations: Reassessing Just War Theory in the 21st Century

2949:

On the outbreak of hostilities on 18 October, the Greek fleet, placed under the newly promoted Rear Admiral

2144:

and had seven corps of 11 regular infantry divisions, 13 Redif divisions and at least one cavalry division:

11373: 11218: 11092: 9903: 9729: 9723: 9675: 9355: 8667: 8216: 2773: 2464: 2387: 9765: 8887: 7685: 3532: 11662: 11642: 11489: 11248: 11179: 10381: 10331: 9908: 8916: 4949:, ΒΑΛΕΡΙ ΚΟΛΕΦ and ΧΡΙΣΤΙΝΑ ΚΟΥΛΟΥΡΗ, translation by ΙΟΥΛΙΑ ΠΕΝΤΑΖΟΥ, CDRSEE, Thessaloniki 2005, p. 120, 2572: 2518: 2252: 2172: 1779:. The Bulgarians also had a small navy of six torpedo boats restricted to operations along the country's 10817: 9548: 8031: 6970: 4211: 2740:

10 February] 1913, when the reinforcements sent by General Kovachev succeeded in halting them.

1255: 598: 11592: 11587: 11280: 11253: 10865: 10757: 10752: 10482: 10371: 10123: 9718: 9307: 9034: 8718: 8693: 8597: 8160: 8119: 3726: 2393: 2214: 2160: 636: 10219: 9254: 7981: 4125: 3774:

prepared, if the need arose, to solve the problems by force, and began transferring its military from

2787: 2732:. Thick fog, intense Bulgarian artillery, and machine gunfire hampered the Ottoman attack in the thin 2673: 2488: 1235: 843: 11667: 11647: 11627: 11572: 11118: 10675: 10224: 10149: 9790: 9039: 8627: 8509: 8499: 8391: 8361: 7986: 7757: 6802:

towns that Serbian and Montenegrin soldiers left behind when they were eventually forced to retreat.'

5275: 4824: 4472: 4384: 4148: 3749:

Danish cartoon shows Balkan states attacking the Ottoman Empire in the First Balkan War, October 1912

2458:

Montenegro started the First Balkan War by declaring war against the Ottomans on 8 October [

2220: 2208: 2166: 2154: 2003: 1910: 1536:

issued a declaration, 'To the Serbian People,' which appeared to support Albanians as well as Serbs:

1230: 526: 478: 8450: 6404:"The 1914 persecutions and the first attempt at an exchange of minorities between Greece and Turkey" 2811:

Greek operations during the First Balkan War (borders depicted are from after the Second Balkan War)

2687: 2468: 2403: 2336: 1421:

and attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece, on 16 June 1913, which provoked the start of the

764: 11479: 11145: 11080: 10907: 10710: 10700: 10396: 10356: 10181: 9947: 9483: 9189: 9164: 9149: 9079: 8996: 8861: 8408: 8354: 7830: 7049: 6900: 6403: 4449: 4361: 4196: 3457: 3394: 3262: 3249:

scheduled for 4 January. That day, weather conditions were ideal, and the fleet was ready, but the

2415: 2409: 2202: 2148: 1706: 1598: 610: 490: 466: 352: 10259: 9838: 7715:

Not Just a Prelude: The First Balkan War Crisis as the Catalyst of Final European War Preparations

5992: 11657: 11652: 11637: 11632: 11542: 11532: 11474: 11414: 11260: 11087: 11070: 10859: 10730: 10695: 10670: 10655: 10580: 10575: 10552: 10542: 10422: 10366: 10301: 10271: 10033: 9556: 9433: 9345: 9237: 9084: 8810: 8371: 8309: 8094: 8062: 8011: 7926: 7884: 7573: 6583:"Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan War" 4558: 4529: 4399: 4376: 4338: 4315: 3814: 3754: 3398: 3325: 3082: 2958: 2231: 2187:

with two-plus divisions (Kırcaali Redif, Kırcaali Mustahfız division and 36th Infantry Regiment).

2151:

with three divisions (2nd Infantry (minus regiment), 3rd Infantry and 1st Provisional divisions).

1980: 1830:). The 2nd (49,180) and 7th (48,523 men) Divisions were assigned independent roles, operating in 1509: 1505: 1473: 1429: 1354: 1329: 1314: 813: 418: 244: 58: 9853: 9159: 6923: 6713: 2839:, surrendered Thessaloniki and its garrison of 26,000 men to the Greeks on 9 November [ 2559:. In terms of forces engaged, it was the largest battle fought in Europe between the end of the 2169:

with three divisions (12th Infantry Division (minus regiment), İzmit and Bursa Redif divisions).

1728:

were to protect the right flank of the Vardar Army and prevent Bulgarian encroachment along the

11333: 11270: 11053: 10650: 10615: 10537: 10527: 10472: 10198: 10142: 10043: 10023: 9863: 9780: 9685: 9397: 9209: 9204: 9089: 8969: 8898: 8487: 8314: 8134: 8114: 7941: 6739:"Kryengritjet shqiptare në Kosovë si alternativë çlirimi nga sundimi serbo-malazez (1913–1914)" 4733: 4420: 4064: 3779: 3626:

stated after watching the 1909 war games would take at least five years of training to address.

3556: 3086: 2725: 2514: 2480: 2042: 1803: 1334: 1215: 114: 10645: 10063: 9937: 9577: 9443: 9259: 9134: 8104: 3861: 3275:, captained by Rauf Bey, to raid Greek merchant shipping in the Aegean. It was hoped that the 2451: 2184: 1702: 11419: 11275: 11097: 11007: 10876: 10747: 10742: 10630: 10620: 10427: 9942: 9680: 9129: 8937: 8826: 8698: 8403: 8376: 8129: 8021: 7971: 7951: 7916: 7854: 7797: 5603: 4995: 4516: 4464: 4307: 4234: 4085: 3972: 3968: 3915: 3498:

The Serbian army, under General (later Marshal) Putnik, achieved three decisive victories in

3108:

was instituted, which disrupted the Ottomans' flow of supplies (only the Black Sea routes to

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Division from the Macedonian Front to the Thracian Front after the end of operations there.

746: 586: 11424: 11343: 11338: 11058: 10326: 10321: 10165: 10008: 9968: 9927: 9350: 9317: 9214: 8878: 8763: 8730: 8555: 8386: 8099: 7750: 7724:

The Apple of Discord: The Balkan League and the Military Topography of the First Balkan War

5827:

Zafirov – Зафиров, Д., Александров, Е., История на Българите: Военна история, София, 2007,

4537: 4495: 4407: 3246: 2950: 2032: 1903: 697: 660: 442: 10832: 10457: 9650: 9069: 8742: 5775:"Of Other Balkan Wars: Affective Worlds of Modern and Traditional (The Bulgarian Example)" 3963:, made Germany toy with the idea of replacing the Ottomans in the Balkans with a friendly 8: 11404: 11213: 11167: 11138: 10715: 10590: 10532: 10507: 10401: 10013: 9932: 9830: 9807: 9797: 9458: 9365: 9322: 9139: 9064: 9054: 8304: 8109: 8052: 7921: 7849: 7825: 7252: 6693: 6621: 6603: 6582: 4045: 3980: 3770: 3606: 2986:

No. 11, in the cover of night, into the harbour of Thessaloniki, sinking the old Ottoman

2560: 2503: 2227: 1768: 1410: 1382: 1210: 856: 10847: 10705: 10685: 10595: 10452: 9979: 9843: 9562: 8921: 8524: 7510:

Prvi balkanski rat: okrugli sto povodom 75. godišnjice 1912–1987, 28. i 29. oktobar 1987

4366: 3444: 2009: 1918: 1515:

In May 1912, Albanian rebels seeking national autonomy and the re-installment of Sultan

825: 562: 11537: 11504: 11469: 11348: 11265: 11243: 11223: 11189: 10822: 10812: 10797: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10351: 10316: 10239: 10170: 10108: 10053: 10028: 10003: 9974: 9898: 9888: 9848: 9645: 9528: 9478: 9388: 9294: 8852: 8837: 8831: 8796: 8774: 8768: 8703: 8672: 8492: 8482: 8477: 8460: 8381: 8366: 8006: 7991: 7976: 7936: 7931: 7814: 7721: 7669: 7601: 7023: 5885:Зафиров, Д., Александров, Е., История на Българите: Военна история, София, 2007, Труд, 5868:Зафиров, Д., Александров, Е., История на Българите: Военна история, София, 2007, Труд, 5303: 5175: 4852: 4669: 4623: 4508: 4353: 4343: 4320: 4169: 3960: 3610: 3546: 3503: 3350: 3182: 3109: 2890: 2836: 2591: 2287: 2195: 1984: 1626: 1457: 1418: 1349: 1319: 1282: 1267: 1225: 795: 430: 388: 54: 50: 46: 10957: 10296: 10229: 9503: 9473: 9199: 8283: 3540: 2297: 2157:

with three divisions (4th (minus regiment) and 5th Infantry and Uşak Redif divisions).

11524: 11509: 11385: 11353: 11307: 10585: 10512: 10467: 10447: 10432: 10391: 10346: 10311: 10192: 10018: 9921: 9708: 9670: 9533: 9518: 9312: 9144: 9110: 9006: 8953: 8791: 8757: 8724: 8504: 8470: 8349: 8074: 7996: 7956: 7879: 7869: 7635: 7611: 7587: 7524: 7494: 7468: 7449: 7418: 7390: 7371: 7352: 7333: 7314: 7260: 7061: 7027: 7015: 6978: 6949: 6790: 6761: 6674: 6647: 6536: 6472: 6445: 6442:

World War I and the end of the Ottomans from the Balkan Wars to the Armenian genocide

6415: 6379: 6354: 6325: 6037: 6029: 5996: 5973: 5886: 5869: 5828: 5609: 5578: 5547: 5307: 5295: 4856: 4844: 4597: 4441: 4330: 4281: 4242: 4224: 3787: 3705: 3166: 3101: 3036: 2966: 2828: 2729: 2109: 1677: 1618: 1533: 1422: 1390: 1386: 1339: 1309: 1299: 1046: 1019: 920: 908: 593: 581: 569: 557: 545: 533: 521: 514: 509: 497: 485: 473: 461: 449: 437: 425: 413: 401: 383: 340: 184: 169: 10807: 8455: 4692: 3669:

and its opponents. Additionally, the Ottoman officer corps had been divided between

3025:

was intercepted and sunk by the Greek torpedo boat No. 14, under Lieutenant-General

2807: 2245:) had 14 divisions in five corps, deployed against Greece, Bulgaria and Montenegro. 2242: 2211:

with four divisions (17th, 18th Infantry and the Manastır and Drama Redif divisions)

1933:, and the Javor Brigade (12,000 men), under Lieutenant-Colonel Milovoje Anđelković. 1272: 783: 11399: 11194: 11128: 11075: 11017: 10802: 10690: 10680: 10665: 10660: 10605: 10517: 10442: 10281: 10265: 10234: 10214: 10175: 10078: 10068: 10058: 10048: 9987: 9893: 9753: 9746: 9690: 9428: 9284: 9059: 9049: 8821: 8748: 8566: 8396: 8245: 8240: 8170: 8026: 8016: 7966: 7737: 7625: 7007: 6819: 6753: 5287: 4836: 4748: 4728: 4646: 4550: 4428: 4188: 3964: 3901: 3499: 3357:

as an observer, carried out aerial patrol of the Ottoman fleet in its anchorage at

3057: 2916:, the Ottoman positions were breached, and Ioannina was taken on 6 March [ 2913: 2609: 2125:) that reinforced it was ill-equipped, especially in artillery, and badly-trained. 1976: 1693:

and the Bulgarians and the Serbs in the Macedonian and the Bulgarians alone in the

1614: 1578:

of the Balkans." However, Bulgaria could not win a war alone against the Ottomans.

1562:). The intervening area was agreed to be "disputed" and would be arbitrated by the 1359: 1277: 1240: 454: 364: 95: 10291: 8519: 8418: 7689: 7011: 5291: 4840: 4677: 4654: 3559:, which took place approximately two years after the end of the First Balkan War. 3283:, would be drawn into pursuit, weakening the remaining Greek fleet. In the event, 3021:, respectively. A few days later, on 9 November, the wooden Ottoman armed steamer 2354:

to update their training and doctrine. The British mission, headed by Admiral Sir

1914: 1771:, one cavalry division and 1,116 artillery units. The commander-in-chief was Tsar 1744: 861: 800: 751: 683: 648: 550: 11499: 11494: 11162: 11022: 11002: 10842: 10635: 10558: 10547: 10462: 10341: 10187: 10090: 9802: 9327: 9279: 9169: 8927: 8736: 8344: 8334: 8235: 7820: 7792: 7732: 7702: 7629: 7605: 7577: 7539: 7518: 6700: 6668: 6641: 6628: 6610: 6530: 6466: 5967: 5572: 4219: 4133: 4093: 4072: 3984: 3928: 3646: 3463: 2979: 2926: 1819: 1791: 1681: 1641: 1449: 768: 328: 304: 3762: 2600: 2261:

with three divisions (23rd Infantry, Yanya Redif and Bizani Fortress divisions).

1713:

and thus cutting Ottoman transportation and communication links with Macedonia.

11443: 11290: 11172: 11157: 11065: 11027: 10720: 10640: 10625: 10600: 10336: 10306: 10209: 10073: 9337: 9243: 9229: 8514: 8425: 8001: 7859: 7807: 5276:"Armenians and the Cleansing of Muslims 1878–1915: Influences from the Balkans" 4825:"Armenians and the Cleansing of Muslims 1878–1915: Influences from the Balkans" 4631: 4612: 4487: 4296: 4034: 3956: 3922: 3908: 3775: 3619: 3580: 3208: 3160: 3116: 2857: 2638: 2616: 2568: 2556: 2355: 2075: 1993: 1891: 1848: 1831: 1740: 1729: 1685:

services, the remaining 293,206 officers and men were assigned to four armies.

1563: 1555: 1516: 1492: 1488: 1398: 1344: 1109: 954: 870: 851: 838: 820: 808: 790: 778: 759: 741: 729: 717: 705: 692: 673: 538: 376: 256: 219: 6857:"The Anti-Albanian Policy of the Serbian State, Programs and Methods (XIX–XX)" 3602: 2695: 2370: 722: 11566: 11436: 11431: 11102: 11012: 10725: 10386: 10204: 9993: 8911: 8541: 8339: 7889: 7695: 7065: 7019: 6765: 6419: 5299: 4848: 4201: 3952: 3757:

ended the First Balkan War on 30 May 1913. All Ottoman territory west of the

3232:

In the aftermath of Elli, on 20 December, the energetic Lieutenant Commander

2523: 2377: 2205:

with four divisions (13th, 15th, 16th Infantry and the İştip Redif divisions)

2114: 1807: 1653: 1603: 1589:

of August 1909 and secured the appointment of a progressive government under

1582: 1547: 1378: 316: 107: 40: 5543:

The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913

3673:("ranker") officers who had been promoted up from NCOs and privates and the 2937: 2551: 2543: 2442: 1827: 10899: 10417: 10376: 10133: 8324: 8319: 7835: 6694:

Archbishop Lazër Mjeda: Report on the Serb Invasion of Kosova and Macedonia

6491:

Hupchick, Dennis P., The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism. p. 321.

4705: 2983: 2982:

scored a significant success for Greek morale on 21 October by sailing his

2942: 2661: 2507: 2273: 2100: 2062:

had arrived with barely any ammunition and remained so until late November.

1909:

The First Army (132,000 men), the strongest, was commanded by Crown Prince

1776: 1725: 1607: 1594: 1532:

Serbia and Montenegro had been signed on 7 March. On 18 October 1912, King

1461: 1444:

states over their rival aspirations to the provinces of Ottoman-controlled

1417:. Bulgaria, meanwhile, was dissatisfied over the division of the spoils in 829: 392: 280: 268: 62: 9026: 6835:"THE CASE OF THE "DISPLACEMENT" OF SERBS FROM KOSOVO DURING WORLD WAR TWO" 6519:

Hupchick, Dennis P., The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism p. 321.

6088: 5188: 3478: 2255:

with three divisions (22nd Infantry and Nasliç and Aydın Redif divisions).

2217:

with three division (19th Infantry and Üsküp and Priştine Redif divisions)

1947: 1899: 1851:, the Armenian detachment was commissioned to fight the Ottomans first at 11551: 11514: 11484: 11448: 11379: 11364: 11208: 10922: 9959: 9873: 9118: 8605: 8465: 8435: 8329: 8225: 7802: 7773: 7437:

The Birth of Modern Turkey: The Ottoman Military and the March to World I

7415:

The Rocky Road to the Great War: the Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914.

6376:

Balkan genocides: holocaust and ethnic cleansing in the twentieth century

5202: 5200: 5104:"The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Inside Story of the Peace Conference" 4247: 4138: 3976: 3468: 3452: 3346: 3333: 2962: 2889:

on 21 October 1912 and push north towards Ioannina. On 5 November, Major

2853: 2824: 2717: 2691: 2657: 2653: 2423: 2386:. Not able to afford the ships' high cost, the Ottomans acquired two old 2258: 2141: 2121:) was well-equipped and had trained active divisions, the reserve units ( 1895: 1852: 1736: 1717: 1496: 710: 292: 32: 5027:

Ottomans into Illyrians: passages to nationhood in 20th century Albania,

3714: 3520:

Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction § Balkan Wars

1872: 1554:

line. Bulgaria accepted Serbia's expansion as being to the north of the

11184: 11150: 10254: 10249: 9302: 8440: 7874: 6236: 4682: 4659: 4636: 4159: 3937: 3828: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3488: 3358: 3257: 3191: 3137: 3104:, a loose naval blockade on the Ottoman coasts from the Dardanelles to 3100:

At the same time, with the aid of numerous merchant ships converted to

3061: 3044:

in a popular lithograph. Votsis is shown in the lower left-hand corner.

2902: 2782: 2380: 2088: 2020: 1710: 1630: 1586: 1469: 875: 734: 7088:

From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide

5197: 5168:

Harbin Sebepleri, Askeri Hazirliklar ve Osmani Devletinin Harbi Girisi

3030: 2648: 2564: 2535: 2369:, the Ottomans initially tried to buy the new German armoured cruiser 1748: 1690: 1528: 1476:. The question of the viability of Ottoman rule was revived after the 11199: 6302: 6248: 6209: 5491: 5479: 3563:

400,000–813,000 became refugees by the end of the Second Balkan War.

3306: 2493: 2237:

An independent Cavalry Division and the 7th and 8th Cavalry Brigades.

1961: 1780: 1676:

Due to poor organization, transportation problems and the protracted

1649: 6877:

La genèse de la guerre mondiale: la débâcle de l'alliance balkanique

6033: 5859:

Turkish General Staff, Edirne Kalesi Etrafindaki Muharebeler, p. 286

5467: 3803: 3383: 3301:

then left the Aegean for the Eastern Mediterranean, making stops at

3297:, which lay in anchor there (it was later raised and repaired). The 3145: 2898: 2712:

Order of battle of the Bulgarian Army in the First Balkan War (1913)

2530: 2325: 1860: 1775:, and the operating command was in the hands of his deputy, General 1762:

Order of battle of the Bulgarian Army in the First Balkan War (1912)

1597:

in Greece's favour. They also wanted to reverse their defeat in the

128:

Ottoman European territory divided between the Balkan League States.

8430: 7690:

1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

7548:]. Istorijski institut JNA. Belgrade: Vojnoistorijski Institut. 6910:'there were some 150 thousand Albanians killed by Serbs in 1912–13' 6440:

Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Öktem, Kerem; Reinkowski, Maurus, eds. (2015).

5774: 3932: 3233: 3048:

By mid-November, Greek naval detachments had seized the islands of

2987: 2359: 1972: 1957: 1856: 1844: 1721: 1460:) subsided somewhat after the mid-19th-century intervention by the 1159: 678: 7257:

The Diplomacy Of The War of 1914: The Beginnings Of The War (1915)

6757: 6260: 6136: 3141: 2767: 2190:

An independent cavalry division and the 5th Light Cavalry Brigade.

1864: 10942: 10932: 10927: 6714:"1912–1913 Balkan Wars Death and Forced Exile of Ottoman Muslims" 6555: 3328:. This time, the Ottoman warships concentrated their fire on the 3310: 2886: 2861: 2752: 2733: 2576: 1988: 1922: 1868: 1823: 1799: 1694: 1575: 1445: 1377:

lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and involved actions of the

6908:. Biblioteka Kombëtare dhe Universitare e Kosovës. p. 162. 2698:. Upon the expiration of the agreement, on 3 February [ 2272:

Against Bulgaria, in southeastern Macedonia, two divisions, the

2175:

with three divisions (Samsun, Ereğli and İzmir Redif divisions).

1794:, had three infantry divisions and was deployed to the south of 1658:

journalists from around the world covered the war in the Balkans

1472:

had both secured their independence, which was confirmed by the

10912: 8872: 7405:

The Balkan Wars from Contemporary Perception to Historic Memory

5416: 5404: 5392: 3472: 3302: 3073: 3069: 3053: 3049: 2973: 2954: 2922: 2906: 2721: 1811: 1795: 1672:

Political boundaries in the Balkans before the First Balkan War

1559: 1524: 1520: 1500: 1481: 1465: 1453: 1441: 1402: 7742: 4996:"1.1. The ethnography and national aspirations of the Balkans" 3975:

and his anti-Russian sentiments. Finally, when tensions again

3174: 2300:

with two divisions (21st Infantry and Prizren Redif divisions)

2223:

with three divisions (Uşak, Denizli and İzmir Redif divisions)

1668: 45:

Clockwise from top right: Serbian forces entering the town of

16:

1912–1913 war between the Balkan League and the Ottoman Empire

7552: 7429:

War in the Balkans: Conflict and Diplomacy Before World War I

6673:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 18. 6559:

Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States

3691: 3288: 3090: 3077: 3065: 2474: 1739:(22,000 men) was to defend Epirus and Albania from the Greek 1622: 1551: 1414: 7311:

Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913

6975:

Kosovo and Serbia: Contested Options and Shared Consequences

6160: 3971:. This was based on the German origin of the Bulgarian King 3649:, who served with the Ottomans, complained that some of the 2522:

which would have been further corps transferred by sea from

1943:

Order of battle of the Hellenic Army in the First Balkan War

10937: 6925:

Problem of colonization of Kosovo and Metohija in 1918–1945

6112: 6100: 5727: 5700: 5443: 5194:

The War between Bulgaria and Turkey, Volume II, pp. 659–663

3758: 3332:, which again made use of its superior speed and tried to " 3279:, the only substantial Greek unit fast enough to catch the 3170:

of the main surface vessels in the Greek and Ottoman fleets

3105: 1885:

Order of battle of the Serbian Army in the First Balkan War

7349:

The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War

7273: 7166: 7142: 7094: 6503:"Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans" 5577:. Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies. p. 84. 1652:)/8 October. After issuing an impossible ultimatum to the 7491:

A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk

7368:

Prelude to the First World War: The Balkan Wars 1912–1913

5605:

The Balkan Wars 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War

3637:(reservists who served for seven years). Training of the 3237:

Greek ships quickly broke contact. At the same time, the

2786:

Ottoman postcard celebrating the defender of Adrianople,

2497:

Bulgarian military operations during the First Balkan War

7546:

First Balkan War 1912–1913: Operations of Serbian Forces

6124: 6076: 6047: 5678:

The war between Bulgaria and Turkey 1912–1913, Volume II

5368: 5165: 3072:, and landings were undertaken on the larger islands of 2248:

Against Greece, at least seven divisions were deployed:

2241:

The Macedonian Army (headquarters in Thessaloniki under

1967:

The Greek army was still undergoing reorganization by a

10987: 6973:. In Mehmeti, Leandrit I.; Radeljić, Branislav (eds.). 5947: 5935: 5923: 5903:

The war between Bulgaria and Turkey 1912–1913, Volume V

5816:

The war between Bulgaria and Turkey 1912–1913, Volume V

4954: 3769:

at the time of the armistice. The treaty also declared

2290:

with two-plus divisions (24th Infantry, Elbasan Redif,

2283:

Against Montenegro, four-plus divisions were deployed:

7696:

Map of Europe during First Balkan War at omniatlas.com

7561:]. Vol. I, II, VI, VII. State Printing House. 7199: 6378:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 299. 6172: 5644: 5632: 5455: 5206:

The War between Bulgaria and Turkey, Volume I, pp. 511

3765:

line was ceded to the Balkan League, according to the

3641:

troops had been neglected for decades, and the 50,000

3211:, was fought two days later, on 16 December [ 2424:

Albanian volunteers and irregulars in the Ottoman army

1625:, which was quickly followed by the occupation of the 962:(significantly more than the Balkan League by the end) 7541:

Prvi balkanski rat 1912–1913: Operacije srpskih snaga

7493:. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger Security International. 6818:. The Institute of History, Prishtina. Archived from 6439: 6148: 5356: 5329: 5159: 5045: 4911: 4899: 3528:

Greek genocide § Balkan Wars and pre-World War I

3155: 1484:

to restore the suspended constitution of the empire.

8596: 7708:

Films about the Balkan War at europeanfilmgateway.eu

7384: 7154: 6308: 6281: 6266: 6254: 6242: 6230: 6215: 6142: 6094: 5993:

Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization

5527: 5497: 5485: 5473: 4982:

Balkan Savaşları ve Balkan Savaşları'nda Bulgaristan

3786:

on 19 May / 1 June 1913. This set the stage for the

2747:

11 February] and were transported to Gallipoli.

1133:

340,000 killed, wounded, captured or died of disease

10039:

Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)

7407:(Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2016) pp. 319–340. 6971:"Settling the self-determination dispute in Kosovo" 2276:(14th Infantry and Serez Redif divisions, plus the 10828:December 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush 6725:not including an estimated 100,000 dead in Albania 5754: 5380: 5127:Hugh Seton-Watson & Christopher Seton-Watson, 5070: 3653:troops did not know how to handle or fire a rifle. 3482:Crown Prince Danilo visiting a Montenegrin battery 3373: 2835:20 October] 1912, the Ottoman commander, 2702:21 January] 1913, hostilities restarted. 1979:(Στρατιά Θεσσαλίας) was placed under Crown Prince 1709:river to prevent the Bulgarians from reaching the 1512:. Some Albanian government troops switched sides. 10783:Albanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998) 7555:Войната между България и Турция през 1912–1913 г. 7216: 7214: 3009:, which were commissioned into the Greek Navy as 2945:on 5/18 October 1912 before it sailed for Lemnos. 1705:of 24,000 military personnel, deployed along the 11564: 3782:had been concluded. This was soon followed by a 10838:July 18, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes 10793:April 23, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush 7043: 7041: 6350:Air Warfare: an International Encyclopedia: A–L 5913: 5911: 5346: 5344: 5221: 3629:The Ottoman army was divided into two classes; 3152:that was based there from any outside support. 2768:Fall of Adrianople and Serbo-Bulgarian friction 2113:army's best battalions had been transferred to 2092:relations with the Balkan states deteriorated. 1519:to power drove the Young Turkish forces out of 1428:During the war, many civilians, overwhelmingly 7559:The War between Bulgaria and Turkey, 1912–1913 7211: 6562:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 115 5843: 5841: 5744: 5742: 5717: 5715: 5508: 5506: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5063:The Ear Correspondence of Leon Trotsky: Hall, 3946:German Imperial War Council of 8 December 1912 3207:The war's first significant fleet action, the 2579:spread among the Bulgarian soldiers after the 1648:was the first to declare war on 25 September ( 1150: 10973: 10788:Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999) 8582: 7758: 7385:Langensiepen, Bernd; Güleryüz, Ahmet (1995). 7235: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7132: 7130: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7109: 5995:. M. V. Sakellariou. Ekdotike Athenon, 1997. 5690: 5688: 5686: 5147: 4964: 4962: 3979:between Serbia and Austria-Hungary, when the 3587: 1175: 10114:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 7634:. Vol. II. Cambridge University Press. 7586:] (in French). Lausanne: L'Age d'Homme. 7488: 7462: 7389:. London: Conway Maritime Press/Bloomsbury. 7038: 6902:MASAKRA NË BURGUN E DUBRAVËS 19 –24 MAJ 1999 6397: 6395: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 5972:. Institute for Balkan Studies. p. 93. 5917: 5908: 5733: 5706: 5661: 5659: 5449: 5422: 5410: 5398: 5341: 5319: 5317: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4769:List of places burned during the Balkan Wars 3996: 3784:treaty of "mutual friendship and protection" 3618:Under the tyrannical and paranoid regime of 3513: 2974:Establishment of Greek control of the Aegean 2622:led a company of Armenian volunteers in the 1663: 1095:156,139 killed, wounded, or died of disease 1064: 190: 83:(7 months, 3 weeks and 1 day) 10898: 10737:NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina 7293:Historical dictionary of the Ottoman Empire 7047: 6816:"Colonisation and Serbianisation of Kosova" 5838: 5739: 5712: 5503: 5233: 5209: 5180:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5101: 3902:territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire 3412:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2921:on the coast north of the Ionian island of 2705: 1997: 10980: 10966: 8589: 8575: 7765: 7751: 7330:Greek Naval Strategy and Policy, 1910–1919 7226: 7178: 7127: 7106: 7000:Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 6842:Analele UniversităŃii din Craiova. Istorie 6556:United States Department of State (1943). 5683: 4959: 4574: 4010: 2872:2 November] 1912, when the Greek 2475:Bulgarian offensive and advance to Çatalca 2446:"Bulgarians overrun the Ottoman positions 2341:were more heavily armed and armoured than 1826:and to take the fortress of Kirk Kilisse ( 1480:in July 1908, which compelled the Ottoman 1182: 1168: 978: 145: 10161:June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina 7631:History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century 7572: 7259:. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. p. 94. 7245: 7048:Kontogiorgi, Elisabeth (1 January 1994). 6962: 6597: 6392: 6292: 6290: 6184: 6066: 6064: 6062: 5772: 5656: 5433: 5431: 5314: 5257: 5255: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4882: 3888:Learn how and when to remove this message 3524:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 3432:Learn how and when to remove this message 3320:Four days later, on 18 January [ 3241:came under attack by the Greek submarine 2643:Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps 2624:Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps 1499:tried to induce the Muslim population of 8156:Provisional Government of Western Thrace 7624: 7600: 7537: 7443: 7308: 6921: 6528: 6464: 6401: 6277: 6275: 6226: 6224: 6166: 6118: 6106: 5953: 5941: 5929: 5847: 5803: 5773:Dimitrova, Snezhana (1 September 2013). 5748: 5721: 5694: 5650: 5638: 5523: 5521: 5512: 5461: 5246: 5227: 5215: 5153: 4968: 4947:Βιβλίο εργασίας 3, Οι Βαλκανικοί Πόλεμοι 4917: 4905: 4893: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4588: 4272: 4258: 3744: 3633:troops (conscripted for five years) and 3539: 3531: 3477: 3462: 3451: 3443: 3256: 3173: 3159: 3115: 3035: 2936: 2806: 2781: 2647: 2529: 2492: 2441: 2365:To counter the Greek acquisition of the 2324: 2099: 2008: 1946: 1667: 1523:and pressed south towards Manastir (now 1037: 1010: 175: 160: 7516: 7507: 7327: 7279: 7251: 6945:Mother Teresa: The Saint and Her Nation 6786:Mother Teresa: The Saint and Her Nation 6585:. Washington, D.C. : The Endowment 6574: 6500: 6203: 6154: 6130: 6082: 6053: 6028:, Facts On File, Inc., New York, 1994, 5779:Perceptions: Journal of Foreign Affairs 5539: 5374: 5362: 5350: 5335: 5323: 3961:inevitability of Ottoman disintegration 3456:Ottoman flag being surrendered to King 2063: 1951:Greek artillerymen with 75 mm field gun 769: 11565: 10872:Dubrava Prison bombings and executions 9022:Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia 8843:Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1454–1455) 8818:Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1439–1444) 7553:The Bulgarian Ministry of War (1928). 7489:Uyar, Mesut; Erickson, Edward (2009). 7465:The Rise of Nationality in the Balkans 7434: 7365: 7239: 7220: 7205: 7193: 7172: 7160: 7148: 7136: 7121: 7100: 6997: 6968: 6941: 6873: 6854: 6782: 6736: 6639: 6402:Mourelos, Yannis G. (1 January 1985). 6373: 6287: 6059: 5965: 5959: 5428: 5273: 5252: 4923: 4822: 3291:, sinking the Greek auxiliary cruiser 1837: 10961: 9017:Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde 8968:Serbian invasion of Macedonia led by 8570: 7746: 7085: 6935: 6832: 6813: 6666: 6646:. Taylor & Francis. p. 128. 6346: 6272: 6221: 6018: 5518: 4863: 4799: 3448:Montenegrins attacking Dečić Fortress 2652:Çatalca armistice delegates; General 2104:Ottoman troops during the Balkan Wars 1913:, and the Chief of Staff was Colonel 1834:and Eastern Macedonia, respectively. 1720:of some 58,000 men was deployed near 1593:, which they hoped would resolve the 1570:After the successful coup d'état for 1163: 7346: 6867: 6848: 6826: 6776: 6711: 6465:McCarthy, Justin (2 February 2001). 6324:. Hellenic Air Force. Archived from 6296: 6178: 6070: 6015:Pyrros Ruches, Argonaut 1965, p. 65. 5760: 5665: 5601: 5437: 5386: 5261: 5170:. Genelkurmay Basimevi. p. 100. 5076: 5051: 4974: 4934: 4876: 4810: 3826:adding citations to reliable sources 3797: 3709: 3572:Albanian declaration of independence 3410:adding citations to reliable sources 3377: 2823:in the fortified mountain passes of 2437: 2095: 1189: 10989:International relations (1814–1919) 10119:Albanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921) 9661:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878) 9656:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862) 9641:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–1853) 9002:Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129) 8959:Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129) 8943:Byzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155) 8284:Initial phase of the Greek genocide 8187:1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak 7738:Major 1914 primary sources from BYU 6898: 6892: 6807: 6730: 5090:Bismarck's Diplomacy at Its Zenith, 3467:Montenegrin artillery crossing the 3370:undoubtedly taken another course." 3345:24 January] 1913, a Greek 3132:, captured at Preveza by the Greeks 2932: 2802: 2567:Line, protecting the peninsula and 13: 8858:Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1456 8815:Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1438 8807:Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1437 8804:Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1427 8801:Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1425 7295:. Scarecrow Press Inc. 2003. lxvi. 6977:. University of Pittsburgh Press. 6622:Leo Freundlich: Albania's Golgotha 6604:Leo Freundlich: Albania's Golgotha 5280:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 4829:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 3991: 3931:, struggling for an exit from the 3581:systematic campaign of persecution 3156:Confrontations off the Dardanelles 3040:A depiction of the sinking of the 2686:10 January] 1913, when a 1798:and assigned operations along the 1487:Serbia's aspirations to take over 14: 11679: 11623:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire 11618:Modern history of Greek Macedonia 10438:1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia 9031:Hungarian–Serbian War (1321-1324) 8871:Ottoman invasion and conquest of 8633:Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924 7788:Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire 7649: 7387:The Ottoman Steam Navy, 1828–1923 5166:Balkan Harbi (1912–1913) (1993). 4774:List of Serbian–Turkish conflicts 3150:Provisional Government of Albania 2581:Battle of Luleburgas - Bunarhisar 2081: 1859:and its environs, and then later 1610:) before the Greeks could do so. 10854:Insurgency in the Preševo Valley 10488:Battle of the Dalmatian Channels 9760:Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862) 9741:Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876–1878) 9045:Serbian nobility conflict (1369) 8976:Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 8964:Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328 8598:Wars and battles involving Serbs 7467:. Charleston, SC: BiblioBazaar. 7417:Dulles, Virginia, Potomac Books 7285: 7079: 6991: 6915: 6874:Geshov, Ivan Evstratiev (1919). 6705: 6687: 6660: 6633: 6615: 6549: 6522: 6513: 6494: 6485: 6458: 6433: 6367: 6309:Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995 6282:Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995 6267:Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995 6255:Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995 6243:Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995 6231:Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995 6216:Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995 6143:Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995 6095:Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995 5528:Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995 5498:Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995 5486:Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995 5474:Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995 4779:List of wars between democracies 4605: 4590: 4289: 4274: 4027: 4012: 3802: 3713: 3557:Ottoman genocides in World War I 3382: 2797: 2599: 2590: 1102: 1066: 1039: 1012: 980: 953: 931: 919: 907: 895: 869: 860: 850: 837: 819: 807: 799: 789: 777: 758: 750: 740: 728: 716: 704: 691: 682: 672: 654: 642: 630: 617: 604: 592: 580: 568: 556: 544: 532: 520: 508: 496: 484: 472: 460: 448: 436: 424: 412: 400: 382: 370: 358: 346: 334: 322: 310: 298: 286: 274: 262: 250: 238: 212: 192: 177: 162: 147: 39: 9180:Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705) 9125:Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 8638:Bulgarian–Serbian border revolt 7772: 6861:Journal of History & Future 6789:. Bloomsbury. pp. 11, 19. 6340: 6314: 6026:Flight and Flying: A Chronology 6006: 5986: 5905:, Ministry of War 1930, p. 1053 5896: 5879: 5862: 5853: 5821: 5818:, Ministry of War 1930, p. 1057 5809: 5797: 5766: 5671: 5595: 5564: 5533: 5267: 5134: 5121: 5095: 5082: 5057: 5032: 5019: 5006: 4988: 3813:needs additional citations for 3793: 3667:Committee of Union and Progress 3374:Serbian and Montenegrin theatre 2880: 2728:, of 92,289 men, under General 2320: 1636:The Great Powers, most notably 10523:Battle of the Miljevci Plateau 9999:Battle of the Crna Bend (1916) 9714:Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814 9220:Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791) 9185:Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) 8274:Bulgarians deportation program 7845:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising 7444:Schurman, Jacob Gould (2004). 6353:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 66, 268. 4940: 4816: 4784:Journalists of the Balkan Wars 3609:and Austrian military attaché 2694:, overthrew the government of 2637:front across the Thessaloniki- 1: 11359:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits 11313:1917 Franco-Russian agreement 11303:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty 10362:Operation Rösselsprung (1944) 10287:Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive 10156:Uprising in Montenegro (1941) 9771:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 9361:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 9270:Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion 9195:Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) 9175:Rákóczi's War of Independence 8992:Hungarian invasions of Europe 8125:Romanian landings in Bulgaria 7584:History of the Serbian People 7463:Seton-Watson, R. W. (2009) . 7446:The Balkan Wars, 1912 to 1913 7435:Akmeşe, Handan Nezir (2015). 7090:. Zed Books. pp. 69, 84. 7012:10.1080/19448953.2021.1935077 6593:– via Internet Archive. 5969:Greece and Albania, 1908–1914 5574:Greece and Albania, 1908–1914 5292:10.1080/13602004.2019.1654186 4841:10.1080/13602004.2019.1654186 3144:in Albania on 3 December and 2941:The Greek fleet assembled at 2774:Siege of Adrianople (1912–13) 2432: 2069: 1806:(122,748 men), under General 1585:officers had rebelled in the 1435: 1262:Serbian and Montenegrin front 11219:Second Industrial Revolution 11093:League of the Three Emperors 9730:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 9676:Battles for Plav and Gusinje 9356:War of the Polish Succession 8668:Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330) 8663:Bulgarian-Serbian War (1291) 8658:Bulgarian-Serbian War (1290) 8653:Bulgarian-Serbian War (1203) 8648:Bulgarian-Serbian War (1202) 8217:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914 7675:Resources in other libraries 7517:Vŭchkov, Aleksandŭr (2005). 7448:. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger. 7309:Erickson, Edward J. (2003). 6640:Hudson, Kimberly A. (2009). 5680:Ministry of War 1928, p. 660 5274:Dennis, Brad (3 July 2019). 5140:"Correspondants de guerre", 4823:Dennis, Brad (3 July 2019). 4792: 4107:Siege of Edirne / Adrianople 3699: 1818:(94,884 men), under General 1790:(79,370 men), under General 80:8 October 1912 – 30 May 1913 53:; Meeting of the Greek king 7: 11249:Treaty of Versailles (1871) 10382:Stratsin-Kumanovo operation 10332:Operation Southeast Croatia 8917:Slav Uprising in Pomoravlje 8212:Autonomy of Northern Epirus 7538:Ratković, Borislav (1975). 7313:. Westport, CT: Greenwood. 5570: 5129:The Making of a New Europe, 4762: 3200:destroyers and the cruiser 2953:, sailed for the island of 2868:, on 15 November [ 2827:. After another victory at 2821:overcame Ottoman opposition 2573:Russo-Turkish War of 1877-8 2394:pre-dreadnought battleships 2264:Selanik Redif division and 2002:) under Lieutenant-General 1755: 65:; Bulgarian heavy artillery 10: 11684: 11583:1913 in the Ottoman Empire 11578:1912 in the Ottoman Empire 11298:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 10866:NATO bombing of Yugoslavia 10758:Operation Maritime Monitor 10753:Operation Deliberate Force 10483:Siege of Bjelovar Barracks 10478:Siege of Varaždin Barracks 10372:Operation Spring Awakening 10245:Capture of Banja Koviljača 9914:Siege of Odrin (1912–1913) 9275:Battle of Martinići (1796) 9265:Serb uprising of 1737–1739 9250:Serb Uprising of 1596–1597 8907:Serb Uprising of 1038–1042 8719:Fall of the Serbian Empire 8231:Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance 7366:Hooton, Edward R. (2014). 7302: 6948:. Bloomsbury. p. 11. 5546:. IB Tauris. p. 202. 5014:A Short History of Kosovo, 3703: 3588:Reasons for Ottoman defeat 3517: 2831:, on 2 November [ 2771: 2709: 2478: 2408:. Along with the cruisers 1983:, with Lieutenant-General 1940: 1882: 1759: 1409:led to the creation of an 11608:Wars involving Montenegro 11457: 11321: 11234: 11119:European balance of power 11111: 11046: 10995: 10891: 10768: 10568: 10410: 10397:Battle of Sarajevo (1945) 10225:1942 Montenegro offensive 10150:Uprising in Serbia (1941) 10132: 10089: 9958: 9872: 9829: 9822: 9791:Battle of Sarajevo (1878) 9766:Krivošije uprising (1869) 9724:Priest Jovica's Rebellion 9701: 9633: 9387: 9380: 9336: 9293: 9228: 9109: 9102: 9040:Serbian civil war of 1331 8984: 8897: 8681: 8623:Bulgar–Serb War (839–842) 8613: 8604: 8551: 8392:Konstantinos Sapountzakis 8297: 8256: 8204: 8195: 8179: 8143: 8082: 8071: 8040: 7909: 7898: 7831:Greco-Turkish War of 1897 7780: 7731:20 September 2018 at the 7670:Resources in your library 7413:Murray, Nicholas (2013). 7347:Hall, Richard C. (2000). 6922:Štěpánek, Václav (2010). 6746:Journal of Balkan Studies 6529:McCarthy, Justin (2001). 6347:Boyne, Walter J. (2002). 5608:. Routledge. p. 85. 5602:Hall, Richard C. (2002). 5144:(Paris), 3 Novembre 1912. 5142:Le Petit Journal Illustré 5065:The Balkan Wars, 1912–13, 5040:A Short History of Kosovo 4617: 4603: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4301: 4287: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4039: 4025: 4009: 4006: 4003: 3997:Bulgarian–Ottoman battles 3514:Atrocities and migrations 2690:in Constantinople, under 2668:On 17 November [ 2465:Hans Baron von Wangenheim 2110:counterrevolutionary coup 2004:Konstantinos Sapountzakis 1998: 1936: 1878: 1664:Order of battle and plans 1413:, which dissatisfied the 1201: 1140: 968: 884: 479:Konstantinos Sapountzakis 228: 136: 69: 38: 30: 25: 11410:Venezuela Naval Blockade 11081:Anglo-Russian Convention 10908:Central African Republic 10818:Battle of Belaćevac Mine 10701:Battle of Vrbanja Bridge 10611:Siege of Bihać (1992–95) 10357:Siege of Rogatica (1941) 10182:Battle of Loznica (1941) 9190:Siege of Belgrade (1717) 9165:Siege of Belgrade (1690) 9150:Siege of Belgrade (1688) 9080:Siege of Belgrade (1440) 8643:Bulgarian-Serb War (998) 8166:Treaty of Constantinople 8058:1913 Ottoman coup d'état 7579:Histoire du peuple serbe 7520:The Balkan War 1912–1913 6855:Zhitia, Skender (2021). 5540:Gawrych, George (2006). 5450:Uyar & Erickson 2009 5423:Uyar & Erickson 2009 5411:Uyar & Erickson 2009 5399:Uyar & Erickson 2009 4787:1913 Ottoman coup d'état 4212:Second Battle of Çatalca 4149:Naval Battle of Kaliakra 3967:with the borders of the 3959:, since Germany saw the 3942:Archduke Franz Ferdinand 3458:Nicholas I of Montenegro 3349:, piloted by Lieutenant 3336:" of the Ottoman fleet. 3179:The Naval Battle of Elli 2706:Ottoman counteroffensive 2534:The Bulgarian attack at 2450:", by the Czech painter 2345:, but five knots slower. 1619:invasion of Tripolitania 1599:Greco-Turkish War (1897) 491:Dimitrios Matthaiopoulos 467:Nikolaos Delagrammatikas 49:; Ottoman troops at the 11603:Wars involving Bulgaria 11415:Alaska boundary dispute 11088:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 11071:Franco-Russian Alliance 10860:Prizren incident (1999) 10731:Operation Southern Move 10576:Battle of Bosanski Brod 10423:Plitvice Lakes incident 10367:Kosovo Operation (1944) 10302:Capture of Olovo (1941) 10272:Battle of Kupres (1942) 10220:Battle of Lijevče Field 10034:Kosovo offensive (1915) 9859:Fight on Čelopek (1906) 9557:Second Serbian Uprising 9346:Serbian Hussar Regiment 9255:Battle of Mohács (1687) 9238:Long War (Ottoman wars) 9085:Battle of Kosovo (1448) 8811:Battle of Trnava (1430) 8236:Balkans campaign of WWI 7885:Albanian revolt of 1912 7508:Stojančević, Vladimir. 7483:First World War Studies 7328:Fotakis, Zisis (2005). 6670:Kosovo: War and Revenge 6535:. Bloomsbury Academic. 6507:European History Online 6501:Pekesen, Berna (2012). 6471:. Bloomsbury Academic. 6444:. London: I.B. Tauris. 4575:Serbian–Ottoman battles 4377:Battle of Pente Pigadia 4126:First Battle of Çatalca 3685:officers than with the 3164:Diagram in the journal 3095:autonomous principality 2897:in the coastal area of 2489:First Battle of Çatalca 2335:(photo) and her sister 1969:French military mission 1510:Albanian revolt of 1912 1506:1911 Albanian uprisings 1474:Treaty of Berlin (1878) 57:and the Bulgarian tsar 11334:Unification of Germany 11281:Taft–Katsura agreement 10538:Operation Medak Pocket 10473:Battle of the Barracks 10199:Battle of the Sutjeska 10143:Invasion of Yugoslavia 10124:Drenica-Junik Uprising 10044:Battle of Malka Nidzhe 10024:Battle of Kaymakchalan 9864:Battle of Pirot (1913) 9786:Battle of Vitez (1878) 9781:Battle of Jajce (1878) 9735:Battle of Vršac (1849) 9489:Liberation of Belgrade 9398:First Serbian Uprising 9308:Cretan War (1645–1669) 9210:Battle of Petrovaradin 9090:Fall of Constantinople 9035:War of Hum (1326–1329) 8970:Syrgiannes Palaiologos 8781:Battle of Vitosha Pass 8710:Battle of Sırp Sındığı 8510:Crown Prince Alexander 8488:Crown Prince Ferdinand 8451:Kölemen Abdullah Pasha 8279:Massacres of Civilians 8269:Massacres of Albanians 8222:Sarajevo Assassination 8151:Greek–Serbian Alliance 8144:Diplomacy and politics 8041:Diplomacy and politics 7865:Bulgarian Independence 7086:Akçam, Tanner (2004). 6969:Qirezi, Arben (2017). 6942:Alpion, Gëzim (2021). 6783:Alpion, Gëzim (2021). 6737:Rifati, Fitim (2021). 6322:"History: Balkan Wars" 6097:, pp. 19–20, 156. 5966:Kondis, Basil (1978). 5571:Kondis, Basil (1976). 5088:Joseph Vincent Fulle, 5000:macedonia.kroraina.com 4734:Status quo ante bellum 4065:Battle of Kirk Kilisse 3940:told Austro-Hungarian 3750: 3551: 3537: 3483: 3475: 3460: 3449: 3309:before it entered the 3268: 3186: 3171: 3133: 3083:until 22 December 1912 3045: 2946: 2812: 2790: 2759:and to the south over 2688:Young Turk coup d'état 2665: 2539: 2498: 2481:Battle of Kirk Kilisse 2455: 2346: 2292:İşkodra Fortified Area 2253:VIII Provisional Corps 2105: 2024: 1952: 1673: 1543: 1489:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1126:75,000 dead of disease 1004:19,000 dead of disease 960:436,742 men initially 624:Prince Danilo Petrović 229:Commanders and leaders 11613:Wars involving Greece 11598:Wars involving Serbia 11420:First Moroccan Crisis 11134:Spread of nationalism 11098:Eight-Nation Alliance 10877:1999 F-117A shootdown 10748:Operation Deny Flight 10743:1995 Pale air strikes 10621:Operation Corridor 92 10428:Battle of Borovo Selo 10260:Operation Draufgänger 9943:Siege of Vidin (1913) 9839:Fight on Šuplji Kamen 9549:Hadži Prodan's Revolt 9419:Batočina and Jagodina 8938:Battle of Tara (1150) 8827:Battle of Nish (1443) 8699:Battle of Stephaniana 8628:Bulgar–Serb War (853) 8536:Other Balkan states: 8377:Eleftherios Venizelos 8053:Albanian Independence 7855:Young Turk Revolution 7701:14 April 2012 at the 7686:Balkan Wars 1912–1913 7610:. Malden: Blackwell. 7351:. London: Routledge. 7332:. London: Routledge. 7291:Somel, Selçuk Akşin. 6833:Ademi, Haxhi (2019). 6374:Mojzes, Paul (2011). 5893:> Zafirov – p. 383 4308:Battle of Sarantaporo 4259:Greek–Ottoman battles 4086:Battle of Lule Burgas 3977:grew hot in July 1914 3969:Treaty of San Stefano 3748: 3620:Sultan Abdul Hamid II 3543: 3535: 3481: 3471:during the attack on 3466: 3455: 3447: 3355:Aristeidis Moraitinis 3260: 3177: 3163: 3119: 3039: 3027:Periklis Argyropoulos 2940: 2874:5th Infantry Division 2810: 2785: 2710:Further information: 2664:are in the first row. 2651: 2533: 2496: 2485:Battle of Lule Burgas 2479:Further information: 2445: 2352:British naval mission 2328: 2317:develop local plans. 2268:as independent units. 2179:Edirne Fortified Area 2103: 2012: 1950: 1941:Further information: 1883:Further information: 1760:Further information: 1671: 1591:Eleftherios Venizelos 1538: 1491:were thwarted by the 1478:Young Turk Revolution 1060:6,698 dead of disease 1033:1,550 dead of disease 969:Casualties and losses 503:Konstantinos Damianos 407:Eleftherios Venizelos 11425:Algeciras Conference 11405:Annexation of Hawaii 11344:Great Eastern Crisis 11339:Unification of Italy 11329:Formation of Romania 11146:French–German enmity 10777:Insurgency in Kosovo 10696:Operation Summer '95 10671:Operation Winter '94 10553:Operation Summer '95 10543:Operation Winter '94 10327:Operation Mihailovic 10322:Operation Kugelblitz 10166:Battle of Novi Pazar 10009:Battle of Dobro Pole 9969:Montenegrin campaign 9948:Ohrid–Debar uprising 9928:Battle of Bregalnica 9854:Fight in Velika Hoča 9499:Malajnica and Štubik 9351:Pruth River Campaign 9318:Battle on Vrtijeljka 9215:Battle of Banja Luka 9160:Battle of Niš (1689) 9075:Battle of Despotovac 8997:Magyar–Serb conflict 8886:Ottoman conquest of 8879:Battle of Breadfield 8764:Battle of Karanovasa 8731:Battle of Dubravnica 8387:Pavlos Kountouriotis 7485:5.2 (2014): 147–162. 7253:Stowell, Ellery Cory 6822:on 25 December 2013. 6699:3 March 2016 at the 6169:, pp. 170, 334. 4955:http://www.cdsee.org 3822:improve this article 3624:Colmar von der Goltz 3406:improve this section 3247:amphibious operation 3087:until 3 January 1913 2951:Pavlos Kountouriotis 2266:Karaburun Detachment 2033:Lionel Grant Tufnell 2013:The armored cruiser 1904:Sanjak of Novi Pazar 698:Mahmud Shevket Pasha 443:Pavlos Kountouriotis 11490:Philippine–American 11475:First Sino-Japanese 11308:Racconigi agreement 11254:Treaty of Frankfurt 11214:Great Rapprochement 11168:Scramble for Africa 10716:Operation Mistral 2 10646:Operation Bøllebank 10616:Operation Vrbas '92 10591:Siege of Srebrenica 10533:Operation Maslenica 10508:Operation Whirlwind 10402:Battle of Zelengora 10104:Uprising in Drenica 10064:Ovče Pole Offensive 10014:Battle of the Drina 9938:Battle of Knjaževac 9933:Battle of Kalimanci 9909:Siege of Adrianople 9831:Macedonian Struggle 9808:Battle of Slivnitsa 9798:Serbo-Bulgarian War 9728:Several battles of 9323:Battle of Slankamen 9260:Uprising in Vučitrn 9140:Battle of Keresztes 9135:Battle of Sződfalva 9065:Battle of Kosmidion 9055:Battle of Nicopolis 8933:Siege of Ras (1127) 8694:Battle of Gallipoli 8414:Crown Prince Danilo 8264:Carnegie Commission 8161:Treaty of Bucharest 7850:Macedonian Struggle 7826:Serbo-Bulgarian War 7574:Bataković, Dušan T. 7175:, pp. 128–129. 7151:, pp. 120–121. 7103:, pp. 124–127. 6667:Judah, Tim (2002). 6627:31 May 2012 at the 6609:31 May 2012 at the 6245:, pp. 22, 196. 6121:, pp. 158–159. 6109:, pp. 157–158. 6013:Albania's captives. 5425:, pp. 227–228. 5413:, pp. 226–227. 5401:, pp. 225–226. 4741:Siege of Adrianople 4046:Battle of Kardzhali 3607:Mahmud Muhtar Pasha 3595:Handan Nezir Akmeşe 3341:February [ 2829:Giannitsa (Yenidje) 2677:December [ 2561:Franco-Prussian War 2504:Gallipoli Peninsula 2278:Nevrekop Detachment 2185:Kırcaali Detachment 1838:Armenian volunteers 1703:Kırcaali Detachment 1440:Tensions among the 1411:independent Albania 1087:406 dead of disease 857:Essad Pasha Toptani 599:Pavle Jurišić Šturm 11663:1913 in Montenegro 11643:1912 in Montenegro 11349:Congress of Berlin 11266:Reinsurance Treaty 11244:Congress of Vienna 11224:Industrial warfare 11190:Scramble for China 10823:Battle of Podujevo 10813:Battle of Oraovica 10798:Attack on Orahovac 10503:Operation Orkan 91 10498:Operation Otkos 10 10493:Siege of Dubrovnik 10352:Operation Prijedor 10317:Operation Kopaonik 10277:Battle of Višegrad 10240:Belgrade Offensive 10171:Battle of Pljevlja 10109:Christmas Uprising 10054:Monastir offensive 10029:Battle of Kolubara 10004:Battle of Bazargic 9975:Battle of Mojkovac 9899:Battle of Monastir 9889:Battle of Kumanovo 9849:Fight in Tabanovce 9719:Jančić's rebellion 9666:Battle of Vučji Do 9646:Battle of Grahovac 9389:Serbian Revolution 9155:Battle of Batočina 8948:Siege of Braničevo 8867:Siege of Smederevo 8853:Battle of Leskovac 8847:Battle of Kruševac 8838:Battle of Kunovica 8832:Battle of Zlatitsa 8797:Second Scutari War 8787:Battle of Carmorlu 8775:Siege of Novo Brdo 8769:Battle of Tripolje 8704:Battle of Demotika 8673:Battle of Velbazhd 8493:Alexandru Averescu 8461:Hasan Tahsin Pasha 8382:Panagiotis Danglis 8289:Places burned down 7815:Congress of Berlin 7684:Hall, Richard C.: 7431:(IB Tauris, 2015). 7370:. Fonthill Media. 7282:, pp. 99–103. 7223:, pp. 130–131 6899:Pirraku, Muhamet. 6814:Novakovic, Kosta. 6712:McCarthy, Justin. 6181:, pp. 65, 74. 5920:, pp. 210–238 5230:, pp. 214–216 4670:Battle of Monastir 4624:Battle of Kumanovo 4509:Capture of Korytsa 4354:Battle of Sorovich 4170:Battle of Merhamli 3837:"First Balkan War" 3751: 3725:. You can help by 3611:Josef Pomiankowski 3552: 3538: 3504:Battle of Monastir 3484: 3476: 3461: 3450: 3338:Barbaros Hayreddin 3269: 3227:Barbaros Hayreddin 3187: 3183:Vassileios Chatzis 3181:, oil painting by 3172: 3134: 3102:auxiliary cruisers 3046: 2947: 2891:Spyros Spyromilios 2837:Hasan Tahsin Pasha 2813: 2791: 2788:Mehmed Şükrü Pasha 2726:4th Bulgarian Army 2682:January [ 2666: 2540: 2499: 2456: 2399:Barbaros Hayreddin 2347: 2332:Barbaros Hayreddin 2280:), were deployed. 2196:Halepli Zeki Pasha 2106: 2025: 1985:Panagiotis Danglis 1953: 1747:were stationed in 1674: 1660:in November 1912. 1627:Dodecanese Islands 844:Mehmed Şükrü Pasha 814:İsmail Hakkı Pasha 796:Hasan Tahsin Pasha 431:Panagiotis Danglis 51:Battle of Kumanovo 11593:Conflicts in 1913 11588:Conflicts in 1912 11560: 11559: 11529:Albanian Revolts 11386:German Naval Laws 11370:Naval arms races 11354:Berlin Conference 11286:Hague Conventions 10955: 10954: 10951: 10950: 10887: 10886: 10833:Battle of Glođane 10711:Operation Miracle 10586:Siege of Sarajevo 10513:Operation Baranja 10468:Battle of Kusonje 10458:Battle of Šibenik 10448:Battle of Vukovar 10433:Operation Stinger 10392:Battle of Zvornik 10347:Battle of Poljana 10312:Operation Delphin 10193:Battle of Neretva 10019:Battle of Florina 9922:Second Balkan War 9818: 9817: 9709:Kumanovo uprising 9686:Battle of Novšiće 9671:Battle of Fundina 9651:Battle of Kolašin 9376: 9375: 9313:Great Turkish War 9205:Battle of Trenčín 9145:Great Turkish War 9098: 9097: 9070:Battle of Çamurlu 9007:Battle of Sirmium 8954:Battle of Pantina 8899:Serbian–Byzantine 8862:Siege of Belgrade 8792:First Scutari War 8758:Serbian Despotate 8743:Battle of Pločnik 8725:Battle of Maritsa 8690:Early skirmishes 8615:Serbian–Bulgarian 8564: 8563: 8471:Ahmed Izzet Pasha 8350:Stiliyan Kovachev 8075:Second Balkan War 8048:London Conference 7880:Italo-Turkish War 7870:31 March Incident 7713:Clemmesen, M. H. 7656:Library resources 7641:978-0-521-27459-3 7626:Jelavich, Barbara 7617:978-1-4051-4291-5 7593:978-2-8251-1958-7 7530:978-954-90587-2-7 7500:978-0-275-98876-0 7474:978-1-113-88264-6 7427:Pettifer, James. 7423:978-1-59797-553-7 7377:978-1-78155-180-6 7339:978-0-415-35014-3 7266:978-1-104-48758-4 6680:978-0-30009-725-2 6653:978-0-203-87935-1 6451:978-0-75560-909-3 6385:978-1-4422-0664-9 6360:978-1-57607-345-2 6311:, pp. 23–24. 6257:, pp. 22–23. 6218:, pp. 21–22. 6133:, pp. 48–49. 6085:, pp. 46–48. 6056:, pp. 47–48. 6001:978-960-213-371-2 5979:979-8-8409-4908-5 5918:Seton-Watson 2009 5734:Seton-Watson 2009 5707:Seton-Watson 2009 5615:978-1-134-58363-8 5584:979-8-8409-4908-5 5553:978-1-84511-287-5 5500:, pp. 16–17. 5488:, pp. 14–15. 5377:, pp. 45–46. 5108:Mirrorservice.org 5102:Dr. E.J. Dillon. 5054:, pp. 10–13. 4953:. Retrieved from 4760: 4759: 4572: 4571: 4442:Battle of Driskos 4331:Battle of Yenidje 4256: 4255: 4252:Bulgarian Victory 4243:Stiliyan Kovachev 4206:Bulgarian Victory 4183:Bulgarian Victory 4164:Bulgarian Victory 4120:Bulgarian Victory 4101:Bulgarian Victory 4080:Bulgarian Victory 4059:Bulgarian Victory 3898: 3897: 3890: 3872: 3788:Second Balkan War 3743: 3742: 3706:Second Balkan War 3544:31 December 1912 3442: 3441: 3434: 3351:Michael Moutousis 3126:, former Ottoman 3120:The torpedo boat 2730:Stiliyan Kovachev 2438:Bulgarian theatre 2329:Ottoman flagship 2096:Forces in Balkans 1814:). Plans had the 1534:Peter I of Serbia 1423:Second Balkan War 1381:(the Kingdoms of 1368: 1367: 1158: 1157: 341:Stiliyan Kovachev 132: 131: 11675: 11668:History of Samos 11648:1913 in Bulgaria 11628:1912 in Bulgaria 11573:First Balkan War 11480:Spanish–American 11400:Fashoda Incident 11276:Treaty of Björkö 11261:Treaty of Berlin 11195:Open Door Policy 11129:Eastern question 11076:Entente Cordiale 10982: 10975: 10968: 10959: 10958: 10896: 10895: 10848:Battle of Košare 10803:Attack on Prekaz 10706:Battle of Vozuća 10691:Operation Leap 2 10686:Battle of Orašje 10681:Operation Leap 1 10676:Battle of Vlašić 10666:Operation Spider 10661:Operation Amanda 10656:Battle of Kupres 10606:Operation Jackal 10596:Siege of Goražde 10581:Battle of Kupres 10518:Operation Jackal 10453:Battle of Gospić 10443:Battle of Osijek 10282:Mostar operation 10266:Kozara Offensive 10235:Battle of Batina 10215:Battle of Mostar 10176:Battle of Kozara 10079:Toplica Uprising 10069:Vardar offensive 10059:Morava Offensive 10049:Macedonian front 9988:Serbian campaign 9980:Battle of Lovćen 9904:Siege of Scutari 9894:Battle of Prilep 9883:First Balkan War 9844:Fight on Čelopek 9827: 9826: 9754:Siege of Cattaro 9747:Battle of Vranje 9691:Battle of Murino 9385: 9384: 9366:Seven Years' War 9285:Battle of Lopate 9130:Battle of Szőlős 9107: 9106: 9060:Battle of Ankara 9050:Battle of Rovine 8922:Battle of Zvečan 8822:Crusade of Varna 8749:Battle of Kosovo 8611: 8610: 8591: 8584: 8577: 8568: 8567: 8530:Božidar Janković 8525:Stepa Stepanović 8397:Viktor Dousmanis 8246:Macedonian front 8241:Serbian campaign 8171:Treaty of Athens 8120:Southern Dobruja 8063:Treaty of London 7902:First Balkan War 7767: 7760: 7753: 7744: 7743: 7722:Anderson, D. S. 7661:First Balkan War 7645: 7621: 7597: 7562: 7549: 7534: 7513: 7504: 7478: 7459: 7440: 7400: 7381: 7362: 7343: 7324: 7296: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7249: 7243: 7237: 7224: 7218: 7209: 7203: 7197: 7191: 7176: 7170: 7164: 7158: 7152: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7125: 7119: 7104: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7045: 7036: 7035: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6839: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6780: 6774: 6773: 6743: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6718: 6709: 6703: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6637: 6631: 6619: 6613: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6526: 6520: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6498: 6492: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6399: 6390: 6389: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6285: 6279: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6110: 6104: 6098: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6068: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5963: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5883: 5877: 5866: 5860: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5836: 5835:, Zafirov p. 444 5825: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5668:, pp. 22–24 5663: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5622: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5516: 5510: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5476:, pp. 9–14. 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5426: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5353:, pp. 25–35 5348: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5312: 5311: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5250: 5244: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5204: 5195: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5179: 5171: 5163: 5157: 5156:, pp. 78–84 5151: 5145: 5138: 5132: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5099: 5093: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5036: 5030: 5023: 5017: 5010: 5004: 5003: 4992: 4986: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4957: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4880: 4874: 4861: 4860: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4749:Stepa Stepanovic 4716:Siege of Scutari 4701:Božidar Jankovic 4647:Battle of Prilep 4611: 4609: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4579: 4578: 4551:Battle of Bizani 4530:Battle of Lemnos 4465:Revolt of Himara 4400:Battle of Lesbos 4295: 4293: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4278: 4277: 4263: 4262: 4235:Battle of Şarköy 4189:Battle of Bulair 4033: 4031: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4016: 4015: 4001: 4000: 3965:Greater Bulgaria 3893: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3873: 3871: 3830: 3806: 3798: 3780:Treaty of London 3755:Treaty of London 3738: 3735: 3717: 3710: 3605:, Navy Minister 3500:Vardar Macedonia 3437: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3417: 3386: 3378: 3353:and with Ensign 3326:Battle of Lemnos 3261:Ottoman cruiser 3093:, officially an 3089:, respectively. 3058:Agios Efstratios 2933:Naval operations 2914:Battle of Bizani 2803:Macedonian front 2762: 2758: 2636: 2610:Andranik Ozanian 2603: 2594: 2001: 2000: 1977:Army of Thessaly 1975:and Epirus. The 1931:Mihailo Živković 1927:Božidar Janković 1919:Stepa Stepanović 1898:would be on the 1845:Andranik Ozanian 1617:had launched an 1375:First Balkan War 1196: 1194: 1193:First Balkan War 1184: 1177: 1170: 1161: 1160: 1147:Ottoman civilian 1123:115,000 captured 1108: 1106: 1105: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1069: 1049: 1045: 1043: 1042: 1022: 1018: 1016: 1015: 990: 986: 984: 983: 963: 958: 957: 936: 935: 924: 923: 912: 911: 900: 899: 874: 873: 865: 864: 855: 854: 842: 841: 826:Hasan Rıza Pasha 824: 823: 812: 811: 803: 794: 793: 782: 781: 771: 763: 762: 754: 745: 744: 733: 732: 721: 720: 709: 708: 700: 696: 695: 686: 677: 676: 659: 658: 647: 646: 635: 634: 626: 622: 621: 609: 608: 597: 596: 585: 584: 575:Božidar Janković 573: 572: 563:Stepa Stepanović 561: 560: 549: 548: 537: 536: 527:Prince Alexander 525: 524: 513: 512: 501: 500: 489: 488: 477: 476: 465: 464: 455:Ioannis Damianos 453: 452: 441: 440: 429: 428: 417: 416: 405: 404: 387: 386: 375: 374: 365:Andranik Ozanian 363: 362: 351: 350: 339: 338: 327: 326: 315: 314: 303: 302: 291: 290: 279: 278: 267: 266: 255: 254: 243: 242: 218: 216: 215: 202: 198: 196: 195: 187: 183: 181: 180: 172: 168: 166: 165: 157: 153: 151: 150: 115:Treaty of London 96:Balkan Peninsula 71: 70: 43: 26:First Balkan War 23: 22: 11683: 11682: 11678: 11677: 11676: 11674: 11673: 11672: 11563: 11562: 11561: 11556: 11495:Boxer Rebellion 11453: 11317: 11271:Treaty of Paris 11236: 11230: 11163:New Imperialism 11124:Ottoman decline 11107: 11054:Triple Alliance 11042: 11003:Austria-Hungary 10991: 10986: 10956: 10947: 10883: 10843:Battle of Junik 10764: 10651:Operation Tiger 10636:Siege of Mostar 10564: 10559:Operation Storm 10548:Operation Flash 10528:Operation Tiger 10463:Battle of Zadar 10406: 10342:Operation Uzice 10297:Battle of Odžak 10230:Bihać Operation 10188:Battle of Livno 10128: 10085: 9954: 9868: 9814: 9803:Battle of Pirot 9697: 9629: 9484:Belgrade (1806) 9372: 9332: 9328:Battle of Senta 9289: 9280:Battle of Krusi 9224: 9200:Battle of Zsibó 9170:Battle of Lugos 9094: 9012:Battle of Gacko 8980: 8928:Battle of Haram 8893: 8737:Battle of Savra 8683:Serbian–Ottoman 8677: 8600: 8595: 8565: 8560: 8547: 8345:Radko Dimitriev 8335:Vasil Kutinchev 8293: 8252: 8200: 8191: 8175: 8139: 8090:Kilkis–Lachanas 8078: 8067: 8036: 7905: 7894: 7821:Eastern Rumelia 7776: 7771: 7733:Wayback Machine 7703:Wayback Machine 7681: 7680: 7679: 7664: 7663: 7659: 7652: 7642: 7618: 7594: 7567:Further reading 7531: 7501: 7475: 7456: 7397: 7378: 7359: 7340: 7321: 7305: 7300: 7299: 7290: 7286: 7278: 7274: 7267: 7250: 7246: 7238: 7227: 7219: 7212: 7204: 7200: 7192: 7179: 7171: 7167: 7159: 7155: 7147: 7143: 7135: 7128: 7120: 7107: 7099: 7095: 7084: 7080: 7070: 7068: 7046: 7039: 6996: 6992: 6985: 6967: 6963: 6956: 6940: 6936: 6928: 6920: 6916: 6905: 6897: 6893: 6883: 6881: 6872: 6868: 6853: 6849: 6837: 6831: 6827: 6812: 6808: 6797: 6781: 6777: 6741: 6735: 6731: 6716: 6710: 6706: 6701:Wayback Machine 6692: 6688: 6681: 6665: 6661: 6654: 6638: 6634: 6629:Wayback 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5492: 5484: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5429: 5421: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5349: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5322: 5315: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5253: 5245: 5234: 5226: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5205: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5173: 5172: 5164: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5139: 5135: 5126: 5122: 5112: 5110: 5100: 5096: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5062: 5058: 5050: 5046: 5037: 5033: 5024: 5020: 5011: 5007: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4985:, Süleyman Uslu 4979: 4975: 4967: 4960: 4945: 4941: 4933: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4892: 4883: 4875: 4864: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4800: 4795: 4765: 4756:Serbian victory 4710:Ottoman Victory 4687:Serbian Victory 4664:Serbian Victory 4641:Serbian Victory 4606: 4604: 4591: 4589: 4577: 4459:Ottoman Victory 4421:Battle of Chios 4371:Ottoman Victory 4290: 4288: 4275: 4273: 4261: 4220:Vasil Kutinchev 4143:Ottoman Victory 4134:Radko Dimitriev 4094:Radko Dimitriev 4073:Radko Dimitriev 4028: 4026: 4013: 4011: 3999: 3994: 3992:List of battles 3985:First World War 3929:Austria-Hungary 3894: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3831: 3829: 3819: 3807: 3796: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3723:needs expansion 3708: 3702: 3647:Otto von Lossow 3590: 3530: 3516: 3438: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3403: 3387: 3376: 3277:Georgios Averof 3197:Georgios Averof 3158: 2980:Nikolaos Votsis 2976: 2935: 2927:northern Epirus 2883: 2805: 2800: 2776: 2770: 2760: 2756: 2714: 2708: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2596: 2595: 2491: 2477: 2440: 2435: 2426: 2396:, which became 2367:Georgios Averof 2343:Georgios Averof 2323: 2298:İpek Detachment 2098: 2084: 2072: 2060:Georgios Averof 2038:Georgios Averof 2029:British mission 2016:Georgios Averof 1999:Στρατιά Ηπείρου 1945: 1939: 1887: 1881: 1840: 1820:Radko Dimitriev 1792:Vasil Kutinchev 1764: 1758: 1682:order of battle 1666: 1642:Austria-Hungary 1450:Eastern Rumelia 1438: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1205:Bulgarian Front 1197: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1136: 1127: 1120:100,000 wounded 1103: 1101: 1097: 1088: 1067: 1065: 1040: 1038: 1013: 1011: 981: 979: 964: 961: 952: 947: 930: 918: 906: 894: 880: 868: 849: 848: 836: 818: 806: 788: 776: 757: 739: 727: 715: 703: 690: 689: 671: 665: 661:Radomir Vešović 653: 641: 629: 616: 615: 603: 591: 579: 567: 555: 543: 531: 519: 507: 495: 483: 471: 459: 447: 435: 423: 411: 399: 381: 369: 357: 345: 333: 329:Radko Dimitriev 321: 309: 305:Vasil Kutinchev 297: 285: 273: 261: 249: 237: 224: 213: 211: 205: 193: 191: 178: 176: 163: 161: 148: 146: 124: 98: 86: 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11681: 11671: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11658:1913 in Greece 11655: 11653:1913 in Serbia 11650: 11645: 11640: 11638:1912 in Greece 11635: 11633:1912 in Serbia 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11558: 11557: 11555: 11554: 11549: 11548: 11547: 11546: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11527: 11522: 11512: 11507: 11505:Russo-Japanese 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11470:Anglo-Egyptian 11467: 11461: 11459: 11455: 11454: 11452: 11451: 11446: 11444:Bosnian Crisis 11441: 11440: 11439: 11429: 11428: 11427: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11396: 11395: 11393:Austro-Italian 11390: 11389: 11388: 11383: 11368: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11325: 11323: 11319: 11318: 11316: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11294: 11293: 11291:Martens Clause 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11257: 11256: 11246: 11240: 11238: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11228: 11227: 11226: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11205: 11204: 11203: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11177: 11176: 11175: 11173:Egyptian Lever 11160: 11158:Pax Britannica 11155: 11154: 11153: 11143: 11142: 11141: 11139:Sovereign debt 11136: 11131: 11121: 11115: 11113: 11109: 11108: 11106: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11084: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11066:Triple Entente 11063: 11062: 11061: 11050: 11048: 11044: 11043: 11041: 11040: 11035: 11033:United Kingdom 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 10999: 10997: 10993: 10992: 10985: 10984: 10977: 10970: 10962: 10953: 10952: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10904: 10902: 10893: 10889: 10888: 10885: 10884: 10882: 10881: 10880: 10879: 10874: 10862: 10857: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10808:Battle of Lođa 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10772: 10770: 10766: 10765: 10763: 10762: 10761: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10721:Operation Sana 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10641:Operation Irma 10638: 10633: 10631:Kravica attack 10628: 10626:Operation Bura 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10601:Siege of Doboj 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10572: 10570: 10566: 10565: 10563: 10562: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10414: 10412: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10337:Operation Trio 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10307:Operation Alfa 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10210:Battle of Knin 10207: 10202: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10146: 10138: 10136: 10130: 10129: 10127: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10095: 10093: 10087: 10086: 10084: 10083: 10082: 10081: 10076: 10074:Srem Offensive 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9984: 9983: 9982: 9977: 9964: 9962: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9952: 9951: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9918: 9917: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9878: 9876: 9870: 9869: 9867: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9835: 9833: 9824: 9820: 9819: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9812: 9811: 9810: 9805: 9795: 9794: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9756: 9751: 9750: 9749: 9737: 9732: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9705: 9703: 9699: 9698: 9696: 9695: 9694: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9681:Velika attacks 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9637: 9635: 9631: 9630: 9628: 9627: 9626: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9553: 9552: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9393: 9391: 9382: 9378: 9377: 9374: 9373: 9371: 9370: 9369: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9342: 9340: 9334: 9333: 9331: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9299: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9288: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9244:Banat Uprising 9241: 9234: 9232: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9115: 9113: 9104: 9100: 9099: 9096: 9095: 9093: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8988: 8986: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8978: 8973: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8903: 8901: 8895: 8894: 8892: 8891: 8884: 8883: 8882: 8876: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8856: 8850: 8844: 8841: 8835: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8816: 8813: 8808: 8805: 8802: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8778: 8772: 8766: 8754: 8753: 8752: 8746: 8740: 8734: 8728: 8715: 8714: 8713: 8707: 8701: 8696: 8687: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8619: 8617: 8608: 8602: 8601: 8594: 8593: 8586: 8579: 8571: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8558: 8552: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8545: 8534: 8533: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8515:Radomir Putnik 8512: 8507: 8497: 8496: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8475: 8474: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8456:Ali Rıza Pasha 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8426:Ottoman Empire 8423: 8422: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8359: 8358: 8357: 8355:Georgi Todorov 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8301: 8299: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8260: 8258: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8250: 8249: 8248: 8243: 8233: 8228: 8219: 8214: 8208: 8206: 8202: 8201: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8189: 8183: 8181: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8079: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8044: 8042: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8034: 8032:Second Çatalca 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7913: 7911: 7907: 7906: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7860:Bosnian Crisis 7857: 7852: 7847: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7819:Annexation of 7817: 7812: 7811: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7784: 7782: 7778: 7777: 7770: 7769: 7762: 7755: 7747: 7741: 7740: 7735: 7719: 7710: 7705: 7693: 7678: 7677: 7672: 7666: 7665: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7650:External links 7648: 7647: 7646: 7640: 7622: 7616: 7602:Ćirković, Sima 7598: 7592: 7576:, ed. (2005). 7564: 7563: 7550: 7535: 7529: 7514: 7505: 7499: 7486: 7479: 7473: 7460: 7454: 7441: 7439:. I.B. Tauris. 7432: 7425: 7411: 7401: 7395: 7382: 7376: 7363: 7357: 7344: 7338: 7325: 7319: 7304: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7284: 7272: 7265: 7244: 7225: 7210: 7208:, p. 130. 7198: 7177: 7165: 7153: 7141: 7126: 7105: 7093: 7078: 7054:Balkan Studies 7037: 6990: 6983: 6961: 6954: 6934: 6914: 6891: 6866: 6847: 6825: 6806: 6795: 6775: 6729: 6721:tc-america.org 6704: 6686: 6679: 6659: 6652: 6632: 6614: 6596: 6573: 6548: 6541: 6521: 6512: 6493: 6484: 6477: 6457: 6450: 6432: 6408:Balkan Studies 6391: 6384: 6366: 6359: 6339: 6313: 6301: 6286: 6271: 6259: 6247: 6235: 6220: 6208: 6183: 6171: 6159: 6147: 6135: 6123: 6111: 6099: 6087: 6075: 6058: 6046: 6024:Baker, David, 6017: 6005: 5985: 5978: 5958: 5956:, p. 226. 5946: 5944:, p. 334. 5934: 5932:, p. 215. 5922: 5907: 5895: 5878: 5861: 5852: 5837: 5820: 5808: 5796: 5765: 5753: 5738: 5736:, p. 202. 5726: 5711: 5709:, p. 238. 5699: 5682: 5670: 5655: 5643: 5631: 5614: 5594: 5583: 5563: 5552: 5532: 5517: 5502: 5490: 5478: 5466: 5454: 5452:, p. 227. 5442: 5427: 5415: 5403: 5391: 5379: 5367: 5355: 5340: 5328: 5313: 5286:(3): 411–431. 5266: 5251: 5232: 5220: 5208: 5196: 5187: 5158: 5146: 5133: 5120: 5094: 5081: 5069: 5056: 5044: 5038:Noel Malcolm, 5031: 5025:Olsi Jazexhi, 5018: 5012:Noel Malcolm, 5005: 4987: 4973: 4958: 4939: 4922: 4910: 4898: 4881: 4862: 4835:(3): 411–431. 4815: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4746: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4695: 4693:Battle of Lumë 4689: 4688: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4639: 4634: 4632:Radomir Putnik 4629: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4613:Ottoman Empire 4602: 4586: 4583: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4535: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4514: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4493: 4490: 4488:Battle of Elli 4484: 4483: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4452: 4450:Matthaiopoulos 4447: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4405: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4369: 4364: 4362:Matthaiopoulos 4359: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4300: 4297:Ottoman Empire 4286: 4270: 4267: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4204: 4199: 4197:Georgi Todorov 4194: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4162: 4157: 4156:Dimitar Dobrev 4154: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4098:Abdullah Pasha 4096: 4091: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4070: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4038: 4035:Ottoman Empire 4024: 4008: 4005: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3957:Central Powers 3949: 3926: 3923:British Empire 3919: 3913: 3896: 3895: 3810: 3808: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3776:Eastern Thrace 3741: 3740: 3720: 3718: 3704:Main article: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3627: 3589: 3586: 3547:New York Times 3515: 3512: 3440: 3439: 3390: 3388: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3209:Battle of Elli 3167:L'Illustration 3157: 3154: 2975: 2972: 2934: 2931: 2882: 2879: 2866:Battle of Vevi 2858:Pangaion hills 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2772:Main article: 2769: 2766: 2707: 2704: 2639:Alexandroupoli 2617:Garegin Nzhdeh 2608: 2607: 2598: 2597: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2569:Constantinople 2557:Sea of Marmara 2476: 2473: 2469:Abdullah Pasha 2452:Jaroslav Věšín 2448:à la bayonette 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2356:Douglas Gamble 2322: 2319: 2302: 2301: 2295: 2270: 2269: 2262: 2256: 2243:Ali Rıza Pasha 2239: 2238: 2235: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2097: 2094: 2083: 2082:Ottoman Empire 2080: 2071: 2068: 1994:Army of Epirus 1938: 1935: 1892:Radomir Putnik 1880: 1877: 1849:Garegin Nzhdeh 1839: 1836: 1832:Western Thrace 1757: 1754: 1741:Army of Epirus 1680:, the Ottoman 1678:war with Italy 1665: 1662: 1595:Crete question 1564:Tsar of Russia 1556:Shar Mountains 1517:Abdul Hamid II 1493:Bosnian crisis 1437: 1434: 1399:Ottoman Empire 1397:) against the 1366: 1365: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1187: 1186: 1179: 1172: 1164: 1156: 1155: 1152:(see below...) 1138: 1137: 1135: 1134: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1114: 1110:Ottoman Empire 1098: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1061: 1058: 1057:18,000 wounded 1055: 1052: 1034: 1031: 1030:23,502 wounded 1028: 1025: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1001:50,000 wounded 999: 996: 974: 971: 970: 966: 965: 950: 948: 946: 945: 939: 927: 915: 903: 890: 887: 886: 882: 881: 879: 878: 866: 846: 834: 816: 804: 786: 784:Ali Rıza Pasha 774: 765:Abdullah Pasha 755: 737: 725: 713: 701: 687: 668: 666: 664: 663: 651: 639: 627: 613: 601: 589: 577: 565: 553: 541: 539:Radomir Putnik 529: 517: 505: 493: 481: 469: 457: 445: 433: 421: 409: 397: 379: 377:Garegin Nzhdeh 367: 355: 353:Georgi Todorov 343: 331: 319: 307: 295: 283: 271: 259: 257:Vladimir Vazov 247: 234: 231: 230: 226: 225: 223: 222: 220:Ottoman Empire 208: 206: 204: 203: 188: 173: 158: 142: 139: 138: 134: 133: 130: 129: 126: 120: 119: 118: 117: 104: 100: 99: 94: 92: 88: 87: 85: 84: 81: 77: 75: 67: 66: 36: 35: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11680: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11570: 11568: 11553: 11550: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11530: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11517: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11510:Italo-Turkish 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11465:Russo-Turkish 11463: 11462: 11460: 11456: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11438: 11437:Treaty of Fes 11435: 11434: 11433: 11432:Agadir Crisis 11430: 11426: 11423: 11422: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11394: 11391: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11381: 11377: 11376: 11375: 11372: 11371: 11369: 11367: 11366: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11326: 11324: 11320: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11292: 11289: 11288: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11255: 11252: 11251: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11233: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11182: 11181: 11178: 11174: 11171: 11170: 11169: 11166: 11165: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11152: 11149: 11148: 11147: 11144: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11126: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11116: 11114: 11110: 11104: 11103:Balkan League 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11068: 11067: 11064: 11060: 11059:Dual Alliance 11057: 11056: 11055: 11052: 11051: 11049: 11045: 11039: 11038:United States 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 11000: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10983: 10978: 10976: 10971: 10969: 10964: 10963: 10960: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10905: 10903: 10901: 10897: 10894: 10890: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10869: 10868: 10867: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10855: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10778: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10767: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10740: 10739: 10738: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10726:Operation Una 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10567: 10561: 10560: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10415: 10413: 10409: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10387:Syrmian Front 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10292:Niš operation 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10267: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10205:Raid on Drvar 10203: 10201: 10200: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10183: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10151: 10147: 10145: 10144: 10140: 10139: 10137: 10135: 10131: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10099:Carinthia War 10097: 10096: 10094: 10092: 10088: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9994:Battle of Cer 9992: 9991: 9990: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9972: 9971: 9970: 9966: 9965: 9963: 9961: 9957: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9925: 9924: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9886: 9885: 9884: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9875: 9871: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9832: 9828: 9825: 9821: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9799: 9796: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9778: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9761: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9748: 9745: 9744: 9743: 9742: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9706: 9704: 9700: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9678: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9632: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9560: 9559: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9401: 9400: 9399: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9390: 9386: 9383: 9379: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9347: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9335: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9296: 9292: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9245: 9242: 9239: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9231: 9227: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9120: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9108: 9105: 9101: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8983: 8977: 8974: 8971: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8912:Battle of Bar 8910: 8908: 8905: 8904: 8902: 8900: 8896: 8889: 8885: 8880: 8877: 8874: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8857: 8854: 8851: 8848: 8845: 8842: 8839: 8836: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8806: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8782: 8779: 8776: 8773: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8760: 8759: 8755: 8750: 8747: 8744: 8741: 8738: 8735: 8732: 8729: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8721: 8720: 8716: 8711: 8708: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8680: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8616: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8592: 8587: 8585: 8580: 8578: 8573: 8572: 8569: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8550: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8520:Petar Bojović 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8498: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8480: 8479: 8476: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8427: 8424: 8420: 8419:Janko Vukotić 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8406: 8405: 8402: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8372:Constantine I 8370: 8368: 8365: 8364: 8363: 8360: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8340:Nikola Ivanov 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8306: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8296: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8255: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8194: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8178: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8039: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7982:First Çatalca 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7927:Pente Pigadia 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7890:Balkan League 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7789: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7768: 7763: 7761: 7756: 7754: 7749: 7748: 7745: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7682: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7643: 7637: 7633: 7632: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7613: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7580: 7575: 7571: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7560: 7556: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7542: 7536: 7532: 7526: 7522: 7521: 7515: 7511: 7506: 7502: 7496: 7492: 7487: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7470: 7466: 7461: 7457: 7455:1-4191-5345-5 7451: 7447: 7442: 7438: 7433: 7430: 7426: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7396:0-85177-610-8 7392: 7388: 7383: 7379: 7373: 7369: 7364: 7360: 7358:0-415-22946-4 7354: 7350: 7345: 7341: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7322: 7320:0-275-97888-5 7316: 7312: 7307: 7306: 7294: 7288: 7281: 7276: 7268: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7248: 7242:, p. 132 7241: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7222: 7217: 7215: 7207: 7202: 7196:, p. 129 7195: 7190: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7174: 7169: 7162: 7157: 7150: 7145: 7139:, p. 128 7138: 7133: 7131: 7124:, p. 127 7123: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7102: 7097: 7089: 7082: 7067: 7063: 7060:(1): 21, 22. 7059: 7055: 7051: 7044: 7042: 7034: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6994: 6986: 6984:9780822981572 6980: 6976: 6972: 6965: 6957: 6955:9789389812466 6951: 6947: 6946: 6938: 6931:. p. 88. 6927: 6926: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6903: 6895: 6879: 6878: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6851: 6843: 6836: 6829: 6821: 6817: 6810: 6803: 6798: 6796:9789389812466 6792: 6788: 6787: 6779: 6772: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6758:10.51331/A004 6755: 6751: 6747: 6740: 6733: 6726: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6690: 6682: 6676: 6672: 6671: 6663: 6655: 6649: 6645: 6644: 6636: 6630: 6626: 6623: 6618: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6600: 6584: 6577: 6561: 6560: 6552: 6544: 6542:9780340706572 6538: 6534: 6533: 6525: 6516: 6508: 6504: 6497: 6488: 6480: 6478:9780340706572 6474: 6470: 6469: 6461: 6453: 6447: 6443: 6436: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6398: 6396: 6387: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6362: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6343: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6310: 6305: 6298: 6293: 6291: 6283: 6278: 6276: 6269:, p. 23. 6268: 6263: 6256: 6251: 6244: 6239: 6232: 6227: 6225: 6217: 6212: 6205: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6180: 6175: 6168: 6167:Erickson 2003 6163: 6157:, p. 49. 6156: 6151: 6145:, p. 19. 6144: 6139: 6132: 6127: 6120: 6119:Erickson 2003 6115: 6108: 6107:Erickson 2003 6103: 6096: 6091: 6084: 6079: 6072: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6055: 6050: 6043: 6042:0-8160-1854-5 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6021: 6014: 6009: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5989: 5981: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5962: 5955: 5954:Erickson 2003 5950: 5943: 5942:Erickson 2003 5938: 5931: 5930:Erickson 2003 5926: 5919: 5914: 5912: 5904: 5899: 5892: 5891:954-528-752-7 5888: 5882: 5875: 5874:954-528-752-7 5871: 5865: 5856: 5850:, p. 281 5849: 5848:Erickson 2003 5844: 5842: 5834: 5833:954-528-752-7 5830: 5824: 5817: 5812: 5806:, p. 262 5805: 5804:Erickson 2003 5800: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5769: 5763:, p. 32. 5762: 5757: 5751:, p. 102 5750: 5749:Erickson 2003 5745: 5743: 5735: 5730: 5724:, p. 333 5723: 5722:Erickson 2003 5718: 5716: 5708: 5703: 5696: 5695:Erickson 2003 5691: 5689: 5687: 5679: 5674: 5667: 5662: 5660: 5653:, p. 86. 5652: 5651:Erickson 2003 5647: 5641:, p. 85. 5640: 5639:Erickson 2003 5635: 5628: 5617: 5611: 5607: 5606: 5598: 5591: 5586: 5580: 5576: 5575: 5567: 5560: 5555: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5536: 5529: 5524: 5522: 5515:, p. 131 5514: 5513:Erickson 2003 5509: 5507: 5499: 5494: 5487: 5482: 5475: 5470: 5464:, p. 62. 5463: 5462:Erickson 2003 5458: 5451: 5446: 5439: 5434: 5432: 5424: 5419: 5412: 5407: 5400: 5395: 5389:, p. 19. 5388: 5383: 5376: 5371: 5365:, p. 45. 5364: 5359: 5352: 5347: 5345: 5338:, p. 44. 5337: 5332: 5325: 5320: 5318: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5263: 5258: 5256: 5249:, p. 170 5248: 5247:Erickson 2003 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5229: 5228:Erickson 2003 5224: 5218:, p. 173 5217: 5216:Erickson 2003 5212: 5203: 5201: 5191: 5183: 5177: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5154:Erickson 2003 5150: 5143: 5137: 5130: 5124: 5109: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5085: 5079:, p. 11. 5078: 5073: 5066: 5060: 5053: 5048: 5041: 5035: 5028: 5022: 5015: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4984: 4983: 4977: 4971:, p. 329 4970: 4969:Erickson 2003 4965: 4963: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4937:, p. 135 4936: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4920:, p. 52. 4919: 4918:Erickson 2003 4914: 4908:, p. 69. 4907: 4906:Erickson 2003 4902: 4895: 4894:Erickson 2003 4890: 4888: 4886: 4878: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4819: 4812: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4798: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4678:Petar Bojović 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4655:Petar Bojović 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4614: 4599: 4580: 4568:Greek Victory 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4559:Constantine I 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4545:Greek Victory 4544: 4541: 4539: 4538:Kountouriotis 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4524:Greek Victory 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4503:Greek Victory 4502: 4499: 4497: 4496:Kountouriotis 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4482:Greek Victory 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4436:Greek Victory 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4415:Greek Victory 4414: 4411: 4409: 4408:Kountouriotis 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4394:Greek Victory 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4348:Greek Victory 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4339:Constantine I 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4325:Greek Victory 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4316:Constantine I 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4298: 4283: 4264: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4203: 4202:Mustafa Kemal 4200: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4036: 4021: 4002: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3953:German Empire 3950: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3892: 3889: 3881: 3878:December 2022 3870: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3839: – 3838: 3834: 3833:Find sources: 3827: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3811:This section 3809: 3805: 3800: 3799: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3747: 3737: 3728: 3724: 3721:This section 3719: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3601:War Minister 3599: 3596: 3585: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3558: 3549: 3548: 3542: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3511: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3490: 3480: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3459: 3454: 3446: 3436: 3433: 3425: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3391:This section 3389: 3385: 3380: 3379: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3266: 3265: 3259: 3255: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3168: 3162: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3130: 3125: 3124: 3118: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3042:Feth-i Bülend 3038: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3007: 3002: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2993:Feth-i Bülend 2989: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2939: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2809: 2798:Greek theatre 2795: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2765: 2754: 2748: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2602: 2593: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2430: 2421: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2378:battlecruiser 2375: 2374: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2333: 2327: 2318: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2288:İşkodra Corps 2286: 2285: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2102: 2093: 2090: 2079: 2077: 2067: 2066:, p. 46 2065: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2011: 2007: 2005: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1949: 1944: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1915:Petar Bojović 1912: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1886: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1808:Nikola Ivanov 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1763: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1745:Işkodra Corps 1742: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1670: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1654:Ottoman Porte 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1604:Balkan League 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1583:Hellenic Army 1579: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1548:Kriva Palanka 1542: 1537: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1433: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1379:Balkan League 1376: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1315:Pente Pigadia 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1300:Lemnos Island 1298: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1200: 1195: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1117:50,000 killed 1116: 1115: 1113: 1111: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1086: 1084:6,602 wounded 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1008: 1003: 1000: 998:4,926 missing 997: 995:14,000 killed 994: 993: 992: 989: 976: 975: 973: 972: 967: 959: 956: 949: 943: 940: 937: 934: 928: 925: 922: 916: 913: 910: 904: 901: 898: 892: 891: 889: 888: 883: 877: 872: 867: 863: 858: 853: 847: 845: 840: 835: 833: 832: 827: 822: 817: 815: 810: 805: 802: 797: 792: 787: 785: 780: 775: 772: 766: 761: 756: 753: 748: 743: 738: 736: 731: 726: 724: 719: 714: 712: 707: 702: 699: 694: 688: 685: 680: 675: 670: 669: 667: 662: 657: 652: 650: 649:Janko Vukotić 645: 640: 638: 633: 628: 625: 620: 614: 612: 607: 602: 600: 595: 590: 588: 587:Živojin Mišić 583: 578: 576: 571: 566: 564: 559: 554: 552: 551:Petar Bojović 547: 542: 540: 535: 530: 528: 523: 518: 516: 511: 506: 504: 499: 494: 492: 487: 482: 480: 475: 470: 468: 463: 458: 456: 451: 446: 444: 439: 434: 432: 427: 422: 420: 419:Constantine I 415: 410: 408: 403: 398: 396: 395: 390: 385: 380: 378: 373: 368: 366: 361: 356: 354: 349: 344: 342: 337: 332: 330: 325: 320: 318: 317:Nikola Ivanov 313: 308: 306: 301: 296: 294: 289: 284: 282: 277: 272: 270: 265: 260: 258: 253: 248: 246: 241: 236: 235: 233: 232: 227: 221: 210: 209: 207: 201: 189: 186: 174: 171: 159: 156: 144: 143: 141: 140: 135: 127: 122: 121: 116: 113: 112: 111: 109: 108:Balkan League 105: 102: 101: 97: 93: 90: 89: 82: 79: 78: 76: 73: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 42: 37: 34: 29: 24: 19: 11519: 11378: 11374:Anglo-German 11363: 11235:Treaties and 10996:Great powers 10900:Peacekeeping 10892:21st century 10864: 10852: 10775: 10735: 10557: 10418:Pakrac clash 10411:Croatian War 10377:Srb uprising 10264: 10197: 10180: 10148: 10141: 10134:World War II 9986: 9967: 9920: 9882: 9881: 9823:20th century 9758: 9739: 9555: 9396: 9381:19th century 9103:Foreign rule 8756: 8717: 8542:Ismail Kemal 8325:Mihail Savov 8320:Stoyan Danev 8298:Participants 8197: 8115:Kresna Gorge 8073: 7942:Kirk Kilisse 7901: 7900: 7836:Cretan State 7723: 7714: 7660: 7630: 7606: 7583: 7578: 7566: 7565: 7558: 7554: 7545: 7540: 7519: 7509: 7490: 7482: 7464: 7445: 7436: 7428: 7414: 7404: 7386: 7367: 7348: 7329: 7310: 7292: 7287: 7280:Vŭchkov 2005 7275: 7256: 7247: 7201: 7168: 7163:, p. 5. 7156: 7144: 7096: 7087: 7081: 7069:. 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Retrieved 5107: 5097: 5089: 5084: 5072: 5067:1980, p. 221 5064: 5059: 5047: 5042:pp. 250–251. 5039: 5034: 5026: 5021: 5013: 5008: 4999: 4990: 4981: 4976: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4913: 4901: 4896:, p. 70 4879:, p. 18 4832: 4828: 4818: 4813:, p. 16 4706:Bajram Curri 4473:Sapountzakis 4385:Sapountzakis 4180:Mehmed Pasha 4177:Nikola Genev 4114:Georgi Vazov 4077:Mahmut Pasha 4056:Mehmed Pasha 3899: 3884: 3875: 3865: 3858: 3851: 3844: 3832: 3820:Please help 3815:verification 3812: 3794:Great Powers 3766: 3752: 3731: 3727:adding to it 3722: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3600: 3591: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3545: 3508: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3428: 3419: 3404:Please help 3392: 3366: 3363: 3337: 3329: 3319: 3314: 3298: 3293: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3270: 3263: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3188: 3178: 3165: 3135: 3128: 3122: 3099: 3047: 3041: 3022: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2992: 2984:torpedo boat 2977: 2959:occupying it 2948: 2943:Phaleron Bay 2911: 2884: 2881:Epirus front 2848: 2846: 2818: 2814: 2792: 2777: 2749: 2742: 2715: 2667: 2662:Mihail Savov 2660:and General 2631: 2619: 2612: 2555:reached the 2541: 2515:Kirk Kilisse 2512: 2500: 2457: 2447: 2427: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2388: 2382: 2372: 2366: 2364: 2348: 2342: 2337: 2331: 2321:Ottoman Navy 2315: 2310: 2306: 2303: 2282: 2274:Struma Corps 2271: 2247: 2240: 2234:detachments) 2193: 2139: 2135:Western Army 2131:Eastern Army 2127: 2122: 2118: 2107: 2085: 2073: 2064:Fotakis 2005 2059: 2054: 2050: 2043: 2037: 2026: 2015: 1966: 1954: 1908: 1888: 1841: 1785: 1777:Mihail Savov 1765: 1734: 1726:Struma Corps 1715: 1699: 1687: 1675: 1635: 1612: 1608:Thessaloniki 1580: 1569: 1544: 1539: 1514: 1486: 1462:Great Powers 1439: 1430:Muslim Turks 1427: 1407: 1374: 1372: 1293: 1292: 1261: 1260: 1216:Kirk Kilisse 1203: 1191: 1151: 1130: 1100: 1092: 1091: 1081:2,836 killed 1063: 1054:5,000 killed 1036: 1027:5,169 killed 1009: 977: 951: 941: 929: 917: 905: 902:450,300+ men 893: 830: 637:Prince Peter 393: 281:Mihail Savov 269:Georgi Vazov 137:Belligerents 106: 63:Thessaloniki 31:Part of the 18: 11552:World War I 11515:Balkan Wars 11500:Second Boer 11485:Banana Wars 11449:July Crisis 11380:Dreadnought 11365:Weltpolitik 11209:Pan-Slavism 10923:Ivory Coast 10569:Bosnian War 9960:World War I 9874:Balkan Wars 9240:(1593–1606) 9121:'s uprising 9119:Jovan Nenad 8436:Nazim Pasha 8330:Ivan Fichev 8315:Ivan Geshov 8310:Ferdinand I 8226:World War I 7952:Lule Burgas 7917:Sarantaporo 7774:Balkan Wars 7240:Akmeşe 2015 7221:Akmeşe 2015 7206:Akmeşe 2015 7194:Akmeşe 2015 7173:Akmeşe 2015 7161:Akmeşe 2015 7149:Akmeşe 2015 7137:Akmeşe 2015 7122:Akmeşe 2015 7101:Akmeşe 2015 6589:6 September 5092:2005, p. 22 5016:pp. 246–247 4729:Hasan Pasha 4521:Davit Pasha 4412:Abdul Ghani 4367:Hasan Pasha 4344:Hasan Pasha 4321:Hasan Pasha 4248:Enver Pasha 4225:Ahmet Pasha 4160:Hüseyin Bey 4139:Nazim Pasha 4053:Vasil Delov 3603:Nazım Pasha 3347:Farman MF.7 3334:cross the T 2990:battleship 2978:Lieutenant 2963:Moudros Bay 2854:Lake Dojran 2825:Sarantaporo 2696:Kâmil Pasha 2692:Enver Pasha 2658:Nazim Pasha 2654:Ivan Fichev 2405:Turgut Reis 2389:Brandenburg 2338:Turgut Reis 2259:Yanya Corps 2142:Nazim Pasha 1981:Constantine 1896:Vardar Army 1853:Momchilgrad 1804:Second Army 1802:River. The 1737:Yanya Corps 1718:Vardar Army 1581:In Greece, 1572:unification 1497:Young Turks 1305:Sarantaporo 1294:Greek front 1256:2nd Çatalca 1236:1st Çatalca 1221:Lule Burgas 1149:casualties 926:125,000 men 914:230,000 men 723:Nazım Pasha 711:Enver Pasha 293:Ivan Fichev 245:Ferdinand I 123:Territorial 59:Ferdinand I 33:Balkan Wars 11567:Categories 11237:agreements 11185:Great Game 11151:Revanchism 10769:Kosovo War 10255:Case White 10250:Case Black 9776:AU-BiH War 9593:Kragujevac 9424:Kragujevac 9303:Morean War 8446:Esad Pasha 8441:Zeki Pasha 8409:Nicholas I 8404:Montenegro 8257:Atrocities 8100:Bregalnica 7962:Adrianople 7875:Goudi coup 7781:Background 7523:. Angela. 7071:7 November 6425:7 November 5785:(2): 29–55 4753:Gazi Pasha 4683:Zeki Pasha 4660:Zeki Pasha 4637:Zeki Pasha 4564:Esat Pasha 4478:Esat Pasha 4455:Esad Pasha 4390:Esat Pasha 4229:Indecisive 4117:Gazi Pasha 3987:broke out. 3981:Black Hand 3938:Wilhelm II 3912:ambitions. 3848:newspapers 3767:status quo 3518:See also: 3489:Novi Pazar 3138:Ionian Sea 3062:Samothrace 2552:Pınarhisar 2544:Lüleburgaz 2433:Operations 2173:XVII Corps 2089:Dodecanese 2070:Montenegro 1828:Kırklareli 1816:Third Army 1788:First Army 1711:Aegean Sea 1646:Montenegro 1631:Aegean Sea 1587:Goudi coup 1504:series of 1470:Montenegro 1436:Background 1395:Montenegro 1251:Adrianople 1074:Montenegro 938:44,500 men 876:Rauf Pasha 747:Esat Pasha 735:Zeki Pasha 611:Nicholas I 200:Montenegro 11200:Meiji era 11047:Alliances 9603:Karanovac 9578:Požarevac 9459:Ivankovac 9449:Karanovac 9444:Požarevac 9111:Habsburgs 9027:Mačva War 8466:Enver Bey 8205:Aftermath 8110:Kalimanci 8105:Knjaževac 7922:Kardzhali 7798:Bulgarian 7607:The Serbs 7066:2241-1674 7028:236314658 7020:1944-8953 6766:2671-3675 6566:2 January 6420:2241-1674 6297:Hall 2000 6179:Hall 2000 6071:Hall 2000 6003:, p. 367. 5761:Hall 2000 5666:Hall 2000 5438:Hall 2000 5387:Hall 2000 5308:202282745 5300:1360-2004 5262:Hall 2000 5176:cite book 5077:Hall 2000 5052:Hall 2000 5029:pp. 86–89 4935:Hall 2000 4877:Hall 2000 4857:202282745 4849:1360-2004 4811:Hall 2000 4793:Citations 4615:Commander 4601:Commander 4542:Remzi Bey 4500:Remzi Bey 4433:Zihne Bey 4299:Commander 4285:Commander 4037:Commander 4023:Commander 3973:Ferdinand 3734:June 2008 3700:Aftermath 3469:Lim River 3422:July 2015 3393:does not 3307:Port Said 3294:Makedonia 3123:Nikopolis 3012:Nikopolis 2967:broadside 2381:SMS 2371:SMS 2215:VII Corps 2161:III Corps 1962:Gallipoli 1911:Alexander 1900:Ovče Pole 1781:Black Sea 1773:Ferdinand 1769:divisions 1697:theatre. 1621:, now in 1613:In 1911, 1458:Macedonia 1419:Macedonia 1211:Kardzhali 1141:Numerous 47:Mitrovica 10918:DR Congo 10091:Interwar 9623:Batočina 9608:Batočina 9598:Jagodina 9588:Družetić 9529:Varvarin 9479:Deligrad 9434:Čokešina 9414:Svileuva 9230:Ottomans 8606:Medieval 8556:Category 8431:Mehmed V 8367:George I 8305:Bulgaria 7992:Merhamli 7987:Kaliakra 7977:Monastir 7937:Kumanovo 7932:Sorovich 7793:Albanian 7729:Archived 7699:Archived 7628:(1983). 7604:(2004). 7255:(2009). 7006:(5): 7. 6884:9 August 6771:Albania. 6697:Archived 6625:Archived 6607:Archived 6044:, p. 61. 6034:92-31491 5876:, p. 482 5621:19 April 4763:See also 4724:Nikola I 4517:Damianos 4429:Damianos 4020:Bulgaria 3933:Adriatic 3687:Mektepli 3675:Mektepli 3631:Nizamiye 3550:headline 3315:Hamidiye 3299:Hamidiye 3285:Hamidiye 3281:Hamidiye 3273:Hamidiye 3264:Hamidiye 3239:Mecidiye 3234:Rauf Bey 3202:Mecidiye 2988:ironclad 2860:west to 2548:Karaağaç 2519:besieged 2508:Demotika 2417:Mecidiye 2411:Hamidiye 2360:sinecure 2307:Nizamiye 2228:Firzovik 2221:II Corps 2209:VI Corps 2167:IV Corps 2155:II Corps 1973:Thessaly 1958:Salonica 1873:Tekirdağ 1857:Komotini 1756:Bulgaria 1722:Kumanovo 1695:Thracian 1508:and the 1383:Bulgaria 1320:Sorovich 1283:Monastir 1268:Kumanovo 1231:Kaliakra 1226:Merhamli 1143:Albanian 988:Bulgaria 944:850,000+ 885:Strength 679:Mehmed V 389:George I 155:Bulgaria 110:victory 91:Location 55:George I 11180:In Asia 11013:Germany 10943:Somalia 10933:Liberia 10928:Lebanon 9634:Ottoman 9618:Valjevo 9534:Loznica 9519:Suvodol 9514:Prahovo 9494:Loznica 9454:Adakale 8890:in 1499 8881:in 1479 8875:in 1459 8855:in 1454 8849:in 1454 8840:in 1444 8834:in 1443 8783:in 1413 8777:in 1412 8771:in 1402 8751:in 1389 8745:in 1386 8739:in 1385 8733:in 1381 8727:in 1371 8712:in 1364 8706:in 1352 8538:Albania 8505:Peter I 8483:Carol I 8478:Romania 8198:General 8083:Battles 8007:Korytsa 7997:Driskos 7957:Yenidje 7947:Scutari 7910:Battles 7808:Serbian 7717:(2012) 7303:Sources 5789:1 March 5590:Albania 5113:1 March 4951:(Greek) 4111:1912–13 3862:scholar 3771:Albania 3763:Kıyıköy 3414:removed 3399:sources 3311:Red Sea 3251:Yenihan 3218:Kumkale 3185:, 1913. 3136:In the 3129:Antalya 3110:Romania 3031:Ayvalık 3023:Trabzon 3000:Antalya 2887:Preveza 2862:Kavalla 2856:to the 2753:in situ 2734:isthmus 2620:(right) 2577:cholera 2565:Çatalca 2536:Çatalca 2376:or the 2373:Blücher 2232:Taslica 2203:V Corps 2149:I Corps 1989:Evzones 1923:Stracin 1869:Malkara 1824:Stranja 1800:Tundzha 1783:coast. 1749:Shkodër 1691:Sandžak 1629:in the 1576:Prussia 1529:Mirditë 1446:Rumelia 1350:Korytsa 1340:Driskos 1310:Yenidje 1288:Scutari 767: ( 515:Peter I 125:changes 11538:Second 11525:Second 11322:Events 11112:Trends 11028:Russia 11008:France 10913:Cyprus 9583:Rudnik 9563:Ljubić 9544:Ravnje 9509:Jasika 9469:Vrbica 9464:Rudnik 9429:Drlupa 9409:Rudnik 9404:Vračar 9338:Russia 9295:Venice 9246:(1594) 8972:(1334) 8950:(1154) 8924:(1094) 8873:Serbia 8500:Serbia 8362:Greece 8095:Doiran 8027:Bizani 8022:Şarköy 8017:Bulair 8012:Lemnos 7972:Himara 7967:Prilep 7843:& 7726:(1993) 7688:, in: 7658:about 7638: 7614: 7590: 7527: 7497: 7471: 7452: 7421: 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