First Battle of Ypres

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Wytschaete 21 mi (34 km) to the north. Joffre arranged for a series of attacks on the Western Front, after receiving information that German divisions were moving to the Russian Front. The Eighth Army was ordered to attack in Flanders and French was asked to participate with the BEF on 14 December. Joffre wanted the British to attack along all of the BEF front and especially from Warneton to Messines, as the French attacked from Wytschaete to Hollebeke. French gave orders to attack from the Lys to Warneton and Hollebeke with II and III Corps, as IV and Indian corps conducted local operations, to fix the Germans to their front.

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the 6th Army. German attacks began on 18 October, coincident with the battles around Ypres and gained a foothold over the Yser at Tervaete. The French 42nd Division at Nieuwpoort detached a brigade to reinforce the Belgians and German heavy artillery was countered on the coast, by Allied ships under British command, which bombarded German artillery positions and forced the Germans to attack further inland. On 24 October, the Germans attacked fifteen times and managed to cross the Yser on a 3.1 mi (5 km) front. The French sent the rest of the 42nd Division to the centre but on 26 October, the Belgian Commander

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Bixschoote. Joffre ended attacks in the north, except for operations at Arras and requested support from French who ordered attacks on 18 December along the British front, then restricted the attacks to support of XVI Corps by II Corps and demonstrations by II Corps and the Indian Corps. Fog impeded the Arras attack and a German counter-attack against XVI Corps led II Corps to cancel its supporting attack. Six small attacks were made by the 8th, 7th, 4th and Indian divisions, which captured little ground, all of which was found to be untenable due to mud and water-logging; Franco-British attacks in Flanders ended.

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Flanders fast enough to obtain a decisive victory and both were exhausted, short of ammunition and suffering from collapses in morale, with some infantry units refusing orders. The autumn battles in Flanders had quickly become static, attrition operations, unlike the battles of manoeuvre in the summer. French, British and Belgian troops in improvised field defences repulsed German attacks for four weeks in mutually costly attacks and counter-attacks. From 21 to 23 October, German reservists had made mass attacks at Langemarck, with losses of up to seventy per cent.

2347: 245: 419: 346: 233: 154: 409: 361: 464: 2383:, Hollebeke and Hollebeke Château as German attacks on a line from Messines to Wytschaete and St Yves were repulsed. The British rallied opposite Zandvoorde with French reinforcements and "Bulfin's Force" a command improvised for the motley of troops. The BEF had many casualties and used all its reserves but the French IX Corps sent its last three battalions and retrieved the situation in the I Corps sector. On 31 October, German attacks near Gheluvelt broke through until a counter-attack by the 1878:), was intended to come from the offensive of the 6th Army but on 18 September, French attacks endangered the German northern flank instead and the 6th Army used the first units from Lorraine to repulse the French as a preliminary. The French used undamaged rail and communications networks, to move troops faster than the Germans but neither side could begin a decisive attack, having to send units forward piecemeal, against reciprocal attacks of the opponent, in the Race to the Sea (The name is a 167: 2136:

streams and ditches, divided into small fields with high hedges and ditches, roads were unpaved and the area was dotted with houses and farmsteads. Observation was limited by trees and open spaces could be commanded from covered positions and made untenable by small-arms and artillery fire. As winter approached, the views became more open as woods and copses were cut down by artillery bombardments and the ground became much softer, particularly in the lower-lying areas.

3115:, wrote that the II Corps battle at La Bassée was separate but the battles from Armentières to Messines and Ypres, were better understood as one battle in two parts, an offensive by III Corps and the Cavalry Corps from 12 to 18 October and the offensive by the German 6th and 4th armies from 19 October to 2 November, which after 30 October, took place north of Armentières, when the battles of Armentières and Messines merged with the First Battle of Ypres. 5082: 2306:, as the fighting further north on the Yser impeded German attacks around Ypres. German attacks were made on the right flank of the 7th Division at Gheluvelt. The British sent the remains of I Corps to reinforce IV Corps. German attacks from 25 to 26 October were made further south, against the 7th Division on the Menin Road and on 26 October part of the line crumbled until reserves were scraped up to block the gap and avoid a rout. 2193:

issued a directive that the 4th Army was to cross the Yser, advance regardless of losses and isolate Dunkirk and Calais, then turn south towards Saint-Omer. With the 6th Army to the south, which was to deny the Allies an opportunity to establish a secure front and transfer troops to the north, the 4th Army was to inflict an annihilating blow on the French, Belgian and BEF forces in French and Belgian Flanders.

2537: 2177:, just south of Ostend. Foch intended to isolate the German III Reserve Corps, which was advancing from Antwerp, from the main German force in Flanders. French and Belgian forces were to push the Germans back against the sea, as French and British forces turned south-east and closed up to the Lys river from Menin to Ghent, to cross the river and attack the northern flank of the German armies. 471: 2086:

decentralising artillery to infantry brigades and by locating the guns in the front line but this made them more vulnerable and several batteries were overrun in the fighting between Arras and Ypres. Devolving control of the guns made concentrated artillery-fire difficult to arrange, because of a lack of field telephones and the obscuring of signal flags by mists and fog.

2249:) was due to arrive with orders to attack on 21 October. On 21 October, it had been cloudy and attempts to reconnoitre the German positions during the afternoon had not observed any German troops movements; the arrival of four new German reserve corps was discovered by prisoner statements, wireless interception and the increasing power of German attacks; 1769:. Despite the inconvenience of British troops crossing French lines of communication, when French forces were moving north after the Battle of the Aisne, Joffre agreed subject to a proviso, that French would make individual British units available for operations as soon as they arrived. On the night of 2920:

Winter operations from November 1914 to February 1915 in the Ypres area, took place in the Attack on Wytschaete (14 December). A reorganisation of the defence of Flanders had been carried out by the Franco-British from 15 to 22 November, which left the BEF holding a homogeneous front from Givenchy to

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The weather became much colder, with rain from 12 to 14 November and a little snow on 15 November. Night frosts followed and on 20 November, the ground was covered by snow. Frostbite cases appeared and the physical strain increased, among troops occupying trenches half-full of freezing water, falling

1987:

are canalised and between them, the water level underground is close to the surface, rises further in the autumn and fills any dip, the sides of which then collapse. The ground surface quickly turns to a consistency of cream cheese and on the coast movement is confined to roads, except during frosts.

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Further north, French cavalry was pushed back to the Yser by the XXIII Reserve Corps and by nightfall was dug in from the junction with the British at Steenstraat to the vicinity of Diksmuide, the boundary with the Belgian army. The British closed the gap with a small number of reinforcements and on

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The XXII, XXIII, XXVI and XXVII Reserve corps, of the six new reserve corps formed from volunteers after the outbreak of the war, were ordered from Germany to join the III Reserve Corps on 8 October. The German reserve corps infantry were poorly trained and ill-equipped but on 10 October, Falkenhayn

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guns to France during October. As the contending armies moved north into Flanders, the flat terrain and obstructed view, caused by the number of buildings, industrial concerns, tree foliage and field boundaries, forced changes in British artillery methods. Lack of observation was remedied in part by

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began in Galicia. Czernowitz in Bukovina was re-occupied by the Austro-Hungarian army on 22 August and then lost again to the Russian army on 28 October. On 29 October, the Ottoman Empire commenced hostilities against Russia, when Turkish warships bombarded Odessa, Sevastopol and Theodosia. Next day

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dominated the battlefield and the ability of the armies to supply themselves and replace casualties prolonged battles for weeks. Thirty-four German divisions fought in the Flanders battles, against twelve French, nine British and six Belgian divisions, along with marines and dismounted cavalry. Over

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I Corps was relieved by the French IX and XVI corps and the British line was reorganised. On 16 November, Foch agreed with French to take over the line from Zonnebeke to the Ypres–Comines canal. The new British line ran 21 mi (34 km) from Wytschaete to the La Bassée Canal at Givenchy. The

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gates on the coast at Nieuwpoort were opened, which flooded the area between the Yser and the railway embankment, running north from Diksmuide. On 30 October, German troops crossed the embankment at Ramscapelle (Ramskapelle) but as the waters rose, were forced back the following evening. The floods

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French, British and Belgian troops covered the Belgian and British withdrawal from Antwerp towards Ypres and the Yser from Diksmuide to Nieuwpoort, on a 22 mi (35 km) front. The new German 4th Army was ordered to capture Dunkirk and Calais, by attacking from the coast to the junction with

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Industrial warfare between mass armies had been indecisive; troops could only move forward over heaps of dead. Field fortifications had neutralised many classes of offensive weapon and the defensive firepower of artillery and machine-guns had dominated the battlefield; the ability of the armies to

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strong, despite receiving replacements up to 28 October. Foch planned an offensive towards Messines and Langemarck for 6 November, to expand the salient around Ypres. The attack was forestalled by German attacks on the flanks from 5 to 9 November. On 9 November, the Germans attacked the French and

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British divisions and five allied cavalry divisions. The British attack made early progress but the 4th army began a series of attacks, albeit badly organised and poorly supported. The German 6th and 4th armies attacked from Armentières to Messines and Langemarck. The British IV Corps was attacked

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and British counter-attacks were repulsed. Next day, an unprecedented bombardment fell on British positions in the south of the salient between Polygon Wood and Messines. German troops broke through along the Menin road but could not be supported and the advance was contained by 13 November. Both

1975:(Passendale), curving north then north-west to Diksmuide where it merges with the plain. A coastal strip is about 10 mi (16 km) wide, near sea level and fringed by sand dunes. Inland the ground is mainly meadow, cut by canals, dykes, drainage ditches and roads built up on causeways. The 1464:

fast enough to obtain a decisive victory and by November both sides were exhausted. The armies were short of ammunition, suffering from low morale and some infantry units refused orders. The autumn battles in Flanders had become static, attrition operations, unlike the battles of manoeuvre in the

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was only to pretend to attack and III Corps was to make demonstrations, as the corps was holding a 10 mi (16 km) front and could do no more. On the left, the French XVI Corps failed to reach its objectives and the 3rd Division got to within 50 yd (46 m) of the German line and

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from Antwerp and retire to the Yser and although not formally in command of British and Belgian forces, Foch obtained co-operation from both contingents. On 10 October, Foch and French agreed to combine French, British and Belgian forces north and east of Lille, from the Lys to the Scheldt. Foch

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guns, firing shrapnel at ranges lower than 1,000 yd (910 m). Artillery in German reserve units was far less efficient, due to lack of training and shells often fell short. In the lower ground between Ypres and the higher ground to the south-east and east, the ground was drained by many

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issued divisional artillery orders, which stressed the concentration of the fire of the artillery, although during the battle the gunners fired on targets of opportunity, since German positions were so well camouflaged. As the fighting moved north into Belgian Flanders, the artillery found that

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After the retreat of the French Fifth Army and the BEF, local operations took place from August–October. General Fournier was ordered on 25 August to defend the fortress at Maubeuge, which was surrounded two days later by the German VII Reserve Corps. Maubeuge was defended by fourteen forts, a

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and further south at the Battles of Ypres. Falkenhayn then tried a limited goal of capturing Ypres and Mont Kemmel, from 19 October to 22 November. By 8 November, Falkenhayn had accepted that the coastal advance had failed and that taking Ypres was impossible. Neither side had moved forces to

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guns supporting an attack to the north-west, between Gheluvelt and Messines. The XV Corps was to attack on the right flank, south of the Menin–Ypres road to the Comines–Ypres canal and the main effort was to come from there to Garde Dieu by the II Bavarian Corps, flanked by the 26th Division.

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German tactics developed during the battles around Ypres, with cavalry still effective during the early manoeuvring, although just as hampered by hedges and fenced fields, railway lines and urban growth as the Allied cavalry, which made the ground far better suited to defensive battle. German

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against German communications. A Franco-British offensive was substituted towards Lille and Antwerp. The allied troops managed to advance towards Lille and the Lys river but were stopped by German attacks in the opposite direction on 20 October. The "race" ended on the Belgian coast around 17

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Desultory attacks were made from 15 to 16 December which, against intact German defences and deep mud, made no impression. On 17 December, XVI and II corps did not attack, the French IX Corps sapped forward a short distance down the Menin road and small gains were made at Klein Zillebeke and

1991:

In the rest of the Flanders Plain were woods and small fields, divided by hedgerows planted with trees and fields cultivated from small villages and farms. The terrain was difficult for infantry operations because of the lack of observation, impossible for mounted action because of the many

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the transfer of the BEF from the Aisne front began in great secrecy. Marches were made at night and billeted troops were forbidden to venture outside in daylight. On 3 October, a German wireless message was intercepted, which showed that the BEF was still believed to be on the Aisne.

1505:) would make the cost of the war too great for the Allies, until one dropped out and made a separate peace. The remaining belligerents would have to negotiate or face the Germans concentrated on the remaining front, which would be sufficient for Germany to inflict a decisive defeat. 2613:), would make the cost of the war was too great for the Allies to bear, until one enemy negotiated an end to the war. The remaining belligerents would have to come to terms or face the German army concentrated on the remaining front and capable of obtaining a decisive victory. 2657:

The British, most of whom had experience gained through long years of campaigning against cunning opponents in close country, let the attackers get to close range then, from hedges, houses and trees, opened up with withering rifle and machine-gun fire from point blank

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Belgians between Langemarck and Diksmuide, forcing them back to the Yser, where the Belgians blew the crossings. After a lull, the German attacks resumed in great force from 10 to 11 November, mainly on the 4th Army front from Langemarck to Diksmuide. On 10 November,

1542:(2–16 November) by the Russian army. On 10 October, Przemysl was surrounded again by the Russian army, beginning the Second Siege; Memel in East Prussia was occupied by the Russians a day later. Keupri-Keni was recaptured by the Ottoman army on 14 November, the 2116:

ammunition. During a general attack on 18 October, the German defenders achieved a defensive success, due to the disorganised nature of the British attacks, which only succeeded where close artillery support was available. The unexpected strength of the German

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A German attack on 24 September, forced the French onto the defensive and Joffre reinforced the northern flank of the Second Army. As BEF units arrived, operations began piecemeal on the northern flank; the Belgian army refused a request by Joffre to leave the

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open to the Germans, which was needed to carry supplies southward to the armies on the Aisne and transport troops of the 6th Army northwards from Lorraine to Flanders. On 7 September, the garrison surrendered, after super-heavy artillery from the

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to the south-west against I Corps and the dismounted Cavalry Corps further south, came to within 1.9 mi (3 km) of Ypres along the Menin road and brought the town into range of German artillery. On 30 October, German attacks by the

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and a dictated peace against France and Russia had been shown to be beyond German resources. Falkenhayn intended to detach Russia or France from the Allied coalition, by diplomatic as well as military action. A strategy of attrition

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On 9 October, the First German offensive against Warsaw began with the battles of Warsaw (9–19 October) and Ivangorod (9–20 October). Four days later, Przemyśl was relieved by the advancing Austro-Hungarians and the Battle of Chyrow

1038: 2662:

typical of German regimental histories. The British fired short bursts at close range, to conserve ammunition. Sheldon also wrote that German troops knew the firing characteristics of machine-guns and kept still until French

2240:

The Battle of Langemarck took place from 21 to 24 October, after an advance by the German 4th and 6th armies which began on 19 October, as the left flank of the BEF began advancing towards Menin and Roeselare. On 20 October,

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summer. French, British and Belgian troops, in improvised field defences, repulsed German attacks for four weeks. From 21 to 23 October, German reservists had made mass attacks at Langemarck (Langemark), with losses of up to

4043:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Longman. 2044:

signs, which were ignored by British lorry drivers. The difficulty of movement after the end of summer absorbed much of the labour available on road maintenance, leaving field defences to be built by front-line soldiers.

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began a myth. After the war, most regiments which had fought in Flanders, referred to the singing of songs on the battlefield, a practice only plausible when used to identify units at night. In 1986, Unruh, wrote that

4131:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 1550:, next day the Battle of Cracow (15 November – 2 December) began and the Second Russian Invasion of North Hungary (15 November – 12 December) commenced. The Second German Offensive against Warsaw opened with the 1031: 2475:

On 11 November, the Germans attacked from Messines to Herenthage, Veldhoek woods, Nonne Bosschen and Polygon Wood. Massed small-arms fire repulsed German attacks between Polygon Wood and Veldhoek. The German

1535:

Stanislau in Galicia was taken by Russian forces and the Serbian army began a retreat from the line of the Drina. On 4 November, the Russian army crossed the frontier of Turkey-in-Asia and seized Azap.

1294: 2488:, some 3,000 yd (2,700 m) east of Ypres, where they were checked by the British 7th Cavalry Brigade. The remains of II Corps from La Bassée, held a 3,500 yd (3,200 m) front, with 1872:

planned to continue the withdrawal of the right flank of the German armies in France from the Aisne, to gain time for a strategic regrouping, by moving the 6th Army from Lorraine. A decisive result (

1024: 1943:

in the north-west are chalk downlands, covered with soil sufficient for arable farming. East of the line, the land declines in a series of spurs into the Flanders plain, bounded by canals linking

1437:

in Belgium made little progress beyond Ypres. The German 4th and 6th Armies took small amounts of ground, at great cost to both sides, during the Battle of the Yser and further south at Ypres.

2314:

On 28 October, as the 4th Army attacks bogged down, Falkenhayn responded to the costly failures of the 4th and 6th armies by ordering the armies to conduct holding attacks while a new force,

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Co-operation with French forces to share the British heavy artillery was implemented and discussions with French gunners led to a synthesis of the French practice of firing a field artillery

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The British and French artillery fired as rapidly as they knew how and over every bush, hedge and fragment of wall floated a thin film of smoke, betraying a machine-gun rattling out bullets.

1765:

discussed the transfer of the BEF from the Aisne to Flanders, to unify British forces on the Continent, shorten the British lines of communication from England and to defend Antwerp and the

2095:(squall) before infantry moved to the attack and then ceasing fire, with the British preference for direct fire at observed targets, which was the beginning of the development of creeping 1721:

on 30 September and scouted the country in motor cars; an RNAS Armoured Car Section was created, by fitting vehicles with bullet-proof steel. On 2 October, the Marine Brigade was sent to

2302:

temporarily. The left flank of the 7th Division was taken over by the 2nd Division, which joined in the counter-attack of the French IX Corps on the northern flank towards Roeselare and

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Both sides had tried to advance after the "open" northern flank had disappeared, the Franco-British towards Lille in October, followed by attacks by the BEF, Belgians and a new French

2547:

asleep standing up and being sniped at and bombed from opposing trenches 100 yd (91 m) away. On 12 November, a German attack surprised the French IX Corps and the British

535: 6664: 4114:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. 2180:

Falkenhayn sent the 4th Army headquarters to Flanders, to take over the III Reserve Corps and its heavy artillery, twenty batteries of heavy field howitzers, twelve batteries of

6679: 2356:

On 29 October, attacks by the XXVII Reserve Corps began against I Corps north of the Menin Road, at dawn, in thick fog. By nightfall, the Gheluvelt crossroads had been lost and

6863: 1402:

battle at La Bassée could be taken as separate but that the battles from Armentières to Messines and Ypres, were better understood as one battle in two parts, an offensive by

2941:

The failure of the attack on Wytschaete resulted in the attack further south being cancelled but German artillery retaliation was much heavier than the British bombardment.

2069:

but the rate of shell manufacture had an immediate effect on operations. While the BEF was still on the Aisne front, ammunition production for field guns and howitzers was

1387:

a fourth phase with the last big German offensive, which culminated at the Battle of Nonne Bosschen on 11 November, then local operations which faded out in late November.

7301: 2560:

ordered the 4th Army to cease its attacks; the III Reserve Corps and XIII Corps were ordered to move the Eastern Front, which was discovered by the Allies on 20 November.

2472:

and XXVII Reserve Corps attacked from Nonne Bosschen (Nun's Copse) and the edge of Polygon Wood, to Gheluvelt and across the Menin Road to Shrewsbury Forest in the south.

5103: 2600:

in the Flanders battles, the French twelve, the British nine and the Belgians six, along with marines and dismounted cavalry. Falkenhayn reconsidered German strategy;

6761: 4094:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. London: Macmillan. 2291: 4913: 6398: 5569: 1357:, reciprocal attempts by the German and Franco-British armies to advance past the northern flank of their opponents. North of Ypres, the fighting continued in the 7311: 6840: 2290:

23 October, the French IX Corps took over the north end of the Ypres salient, relieving I Corps with the 17th Division. Kortekeer Cabaret was recaptured by the

6868: 5382: 4169: 2038:

roads ran along the frontier and inside Belgium. In France, the roads were closed by the local authorities during thaws to preserve the surface and marked by

1959:, the Lys river from Courtrai to Ghent and to the north-west lies the sea. The plain is almost flat, apart from a line of low hills from Cassel, eastwards to 7056: 6783: 6475: 5440: 1180: 528: 3053:

In, 2003 Clayton gave dates from 17 September to 7 October. In 2005, Doughty used the period from 17 September to 17 October and Foley from 17 September to

2413:

The French XVI Corps reached the area from St Eloi to Wytschaete on 1 November, to reinforce the cavalry Corps and the IX Corps attacked further north near

7163: 4270:

Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Militärischen Operationen zu Lande, Der Herbst-Feldzug im Osten bis zum Rückzug, Im Westem bis zum Stellungskrieg Fünfter Band

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and its later developments, proved to be indecisive, because field fortifications neutralised many classes of offensive weapon. The defensive firepower of

1090: 1371:

The fighting has been divided into five stages, an encounter battle from 19 to 21 October, the Battle of Langemarck from 21 to 24 October, the battles at

7316: 7071: 6826: 2924:

French emphasised that the attack would begin on the left flank, next to the French and that units must not move ahead of each other. The French and the

2324:) was assembled from XV Corps and the II Bavarian Corps, the 26th Division and the 6th Bavarian Reserve Division, under the XIII Corps headquarters. The 7066: 6756: 6707: 6622: 1147: 7306: 7296: 6910: 7291: 2061:, forecast a long war and placed orders for the manufacture of a large number of field, medium and heavy guns and howitzers, sufficient to equip a 765: 521: 3049:

the German Official Historian, Hermann Mertz von Quirnheim, described German outflanking attempts, without labelling them. In 2001, Strachan used

2932:

was to be taken by II Corps attacking from the west and III Corps from the south, only the 3rd Division making a maximum effort. On the right the

1963:, Mont Noir, Mont Rouge, Scherpenberg and Mont Kemmel. From Kemmel, a low ridge lies to the north-east, declining in elevation past Ypres through 6751: 6116: 2121:

opposite, compounded British failings, although the partly trained, poorly led and badly equipped German reserve corps suffered high casualties.

1142: 827: 4915:

An Analysis of 1,000 Wounds and Injuries Received in Action, with Special Reference to the Theory of the Prevalence of Self-Infliction (Secret)

2401: 5547: 1491:

and the imposition of a dictated peace on France and Russia had exceeded German resources. Falkenhayn devised a new strategy to detach either

5609: 2032:. Intervening areas were agricultural, with wide roads, which in France were built on shallow foundations or were unpaved mud tracks. Narrow 4401:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. London: 1678:

Small detachments of the Belgian, French and British armies conducted operations in Belgium and northern France, against German cavalry and

6811: 6741: 6380: 5599: 5510: 2245:(Langemark), north-east of Ypres, was held by a French territorial unit and the British IV corps to the south. I Corps (Lieutenant-General 3129:

was a German term for a formation larger than a corps and smaller than an army, usually improvised and not a group of armies, which was a

6835: 5733: 5187: 4275:

The World War 1914–1918 Military land operations, The Autumn Campaign in the East and the West until the Withdrawal to the Positional War

244: 172: 5410: 2556:

Belgians held 15 mi (24 km) and the French defended some 430 mi (690 km) of the new Western front. On 17 November,

2395: 5740: 2962: 1342: 1173: 748: 2877:

casualties, that the French had many losses and that the Belgian army had been reduced to a shadow. Sheldon also noted that Colonel

2635:(1918), which the official historians used, in lieu of authoritative sources, during the writing of the 1914 volumes of the British 2281: 5392: 7061: 2787:

of German casualties at Ypres were young and inexperienced student reservists, others being active soldiers, older members of the

2131:

helmets and for officers to carry rifles to be less conspicuous. Artillery remained the main infantry-killer, particularly French

6993: 6831: 6818: 6775: 6684: 6410: 6219: 6126: 6028: 5786: 5433: 4425: 7185: 7175: 7043: 2933: 2653:

Sheldon wrote that the translation was inaccurate and ignored many references to the combined fire of rifles and machine-guns,

2548: 2295: 2104: 1734: 5100: 2587:

in Belgium. The German 4th and 6th armies took small amounts of ground at great cost to both sides, at the Battle of the Yser

1847: 6957: 6891: 6728: 6607: 6280: 5306: 5162: 4966: 4947: 4902: 4883: 4864: 4845: 4800: 4774: 4727: 4705: 4686: 4667: 4645: 4626: 4586: 4564: 4545: 4487: 4464: 4385: 4306: 4257: 4238: 4219: 4155: 4136: 4077: 4048: 4027: 4008: 2145: 1814: 1806: 1738: 2625:" of accurate rapid rifle-fire, was held to have persuaded German troops that they were opposed by machine-guns. This was a 7132: 6552: 5344: 2278:

around Langemarck, where the 7th Division was able to repulse German attacks and I Corps was able to make a short advance.

1166: 158: 84: 1882:, because neither side raced to the sea but tried to outflank their opponent before they reached it and ran out of room.) 7331: 6903: 5862: 5367: 4715: 1591:(23 August), both armies made a rapid retreat to avoid envelopment. A counter-offensive by the French and the BEF at the 7117: 4919: 4112:

Military Operations France and Belgium 1914: Mons, the Retreat to the Seine, the Marne and the Aisne August–October 1914

1598:

failed to end the German advance and the Franco-British retreat continued beyond the Marne. From 5 to 12 September, the

7102: 6392: 5801: 5559: 4092:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1914: Antwerp, La Bassée, Armentières, Messines and Ypres October–November 1914

3057:

In 2010, Sheldon placed the "erroneously named" race, from the end of the Battle of the Marne, to the beginning of the

1538:

Britain and France declared war on Turkey on 5 November and next day, Keupri-Keni in Armenia was captured, during the

613: 6977: 6671: 6487: 5766: 5237: 4513:

Armée Belgique: The war of 1914 Military Operations of Belgium in Defence of the Country and to Uphold Her Neutrality

2906: 2850:

were incurred on the front from the Lys to Gheluvelt, from 30 October to 24 November. In 2003, Ian Beckett recorded

1438: 1048: 566: 6229: 6164: 5202: 4769:. Vol. II (facs. repr. Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Clarendon Press. 4191: 982: 2557: 279: 7228: 7033: 7013: 6800: 6736: 6559: 6428: 5339: 5259: 5197: 2929: 2915: 2361: 684: 5900: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7008: 6702: 5354: 5329: 5227: 4356:(in German). Translated by Wynne, G. C. (Eng. trans. Constable, London ed.). Oldenburg: Gerhard Stalling. 2551:

arrived at the front on 13 November and more attacks were made on the II Corps front from 14 November. Between

1762: 1430: 1426: 1407: 1353:(Nieuport) on the Belgian coast, from 10 October to mid-November. The battles at Ypres began at the end of the 249: 2338:. Strict economies were imposed on the 6th Army formations further south, to provide artillery ammunition for 1781:

and III Corps followed from 6 October, leaving a brigade behind with I Corps, which stayed until the night of

7351: 7003: 6998: 6962: 6896: 6788: 6634: 6224: 6076: 5614: 5542: 5473: 5242: 5212: 5207: 2925: 2481: 2376: 706: 484: 51: 1551: 630: 7346: 6952: 6579: 6519: 6416: 6321: 6091: 5877: 5581: 5420: 5319: 2505: 2477: 805: 635: 463: 4277:] (in German). Vol. V (online scan ed.). Berlin: Verlag Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. 2285:

German night assault on the English trenches near Langemarck, October 28 1914 (illustration by G. C. Koch)

7190: 6627: 6612: 6470: 6422: 6194: 5745: 5619: 5532: 5527: 5296: 5284: 5279: 1887: 1726: 1524: 1330: 1318: 1005: 977: 957: 790: 545: 39: 5806: 4212:

German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916

2830:, recorded that the Belgians had suffered a great number of casualties from 15 to 25 October, including 647: 7286: 7170: 7127: 6404: 6169: 6154: 6056: 5925: 5493: 5405: 5362: 4935: 2217:

reduced the fighting to local operations, which diminished until the end of the battle on 30 November.

2150:

The French, Belgian and British forces in Flanders had no organisation for unified command but General

2058: 1403: 1388: 1334: 952: 942: 920: 854: 770: 760: 733: 561: 4268: 2779:

had been enrolled in six reserve corps, four of which had been sent to Flanders, leaving a maximum of

2132: 1219: 7112: 6880: 6464: 6452: 6214: 6199: 5920: 5811: 5505: 5483: 5232: 5222: 5155: 5095: 4129:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1915: Winter 1915: Battle of Neuve Chapelle: Battles of Ypres

2980: 2573: 1607: 1599: 1419: 1399: 1239: 1000: 972: 927: 910: 866: 780: 701: 657: 652: 490: 6066: 2764:(massacre of the innocents), in a communiqué of 11 November 1914, was misleading. Claims that up to 2028:(Menen), along the Lys river, with isolated sugar beet and alcohol refineries and a steelworks near 7321: 7087: 6574: 6564: 6493: 6446: 6434: 6374: 6189: 6184: 6106: 5515: 5488: 5192: 3112: 3104: 3002: 2636: 2118: 1414:

and 4th Army from 19 October to 2 November, which from 30 October, took place mainly north of the

1411: 1395: 1365: 967: 905: 881: 785: 711: 3078: 2973: 2937:

found uncut wire. One battalion took 200 yd (180 m) of the German front trench and took

1376: 1234: 7326: 7158: 7150: 7092: 6852: 6547: 6310: 6144: 6139: 6071: 5930: 5915: 5910: 5890: 5771: 5648: 4171:

Mémoire pour servir à l'histoire de la guerre 1914–1918: avec 18 gravures hors-texte et 12 cartes

2596:

supply themselves and replace casualties kept battles going for weeks. The German armies engaged

2384: 2263:

infantry corps were now known to be north of the Lys, along with the four cavalry corps, against

1935:

The far north of France and the north-west Belgium are known as Flanders. West of a line between

1900: 1686: 1573: 1214: 1204: 1085: 932: 893: 871: 721: 662: 588: 315: 6111: 4538:

Seek Glory Now Keep Glory: The Story of the 1st Battalion Royal Warwickshire Regiment, 1914–1918

2230: 1495:

or France from the Allied coalition through diplomacy as well as military action. A strategy of

7341: 6925: 6649: 6584: 6440: 6174: 6101: 6051: 6036: 6018: 5991: 5905: 5872: 5537: 5498: 5478: 5289: 5182: 5132: 4655: 1338: 1224: 947: 915: 876: 844: 775: 743: 716: 689: 598: 4766:

The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

4319:

The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

4250:

A Record of the Battles and Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders 1914–1918

3071: 2966: 2379:, on the left flank of the BEF at Gheluvelt, were repulsed but the British were pushed out of 2125:

accounts stress the accuracy of Allied sniper fire, which led troops to remove the spike from

1372: 1229: 726: 6915: 6569: 6458: 6234: 6204: 6134: 6081: 6003: 5971: 5945: 5895: 5728: 5681: 5465: 5334: 5217: 2405: 2380: 2372: 1863: 1667: 1592: 1473: 1447: 1380: 1080: 962: 937: 795: 581: 398: 335: 220: 208: 145: 3014:

German armies are rendered in numbers: "7th Army" and Allied armies in words: "Second Army".

7265: 7180: 5867: 5841: 5791: 5148: 5057: 4107: 4087: 3108: 3070:

The British Battles Nomenclature Committee (1920), recorded four simultaneous battles, the

3028: 2827: 2584: 1869: 1858: 1833:

and Armentières. I Corps arrived at Hazebrouck on 19 October and moved eastwards to Ypres.

1453: 1441: 1434: 1391: 1095: 849: 497: 291: 267: 5816: 5112: 1818: 8: 7247: 6386: 6250: 6209: 6086: 6046: 6041: 5986: 5669: 5663: 5564: 3097: 2995: 2768:

of the manpower of the reserve corps were student volunteers, who attacked while singing

2578:

After the First Battle of Ypres, trenches stretched from Switzerland to the Belgian coast

2417:(Beselare), which relieved the German pressure on both flanks of I Corps. By 3 November, 2096: 1948: 1584: 1580: 1350: 859: 815: 810: 625: 603: 237: 7200: 4811: 2509:

sides were exhausted by these efforts; German casualties around Ypres had reached about

1679: 7207: 7122: 6481: 6345: 6327: 6292: 6256: 6096: 6061: 6013: 5998: 5885: 5836: 5675: 5634: 5314: 4427:

Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War, 1914–1920

3058: 3032: 2878: 2202: 2113: 1908: 1539: 1410:

from 12 to 18 October against which the Germans retired and an offensive by the German

1358: 1244: 1102: 832: 672: 593: 2346: 2212:, ordered the Belgian army to retreat, until over-ruled by the Belgian king. Next day 2209: 2181: 1996:

Canal around Lens and Béthune was a coal-mining district full of slagheaps, pitheads (

1070: 571: 7240: 7234: 7195: 7097: 6930: 6513: 6368: 6351: 6159: 5981: 5961: 5796: 5781: 5711: 5699: 5400: 5377: 5324: 5030: 4983: 4982:. Vol. I (Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Thomas Nelson and Sons. 4977: 4962: 4943: 4898: 4879: 4860: 4841: 4817: 4796: 4770: 4764: 4744: 4738: 4723: 4701: 4682: 4663: 4641: 4622: 4601: 4582: 4560: 4541: 4517: 4511: 4483: 4460: 4439: 4431: 4406: 4396: 4381: 4357: 4323: 4302: 4292:– via Oberösterreichische Landesbibliothek (Upper Austrian Provincial Library). 4278: 4253: 4234: 4215: 4183: 4151: 4132: 4115: 4095: 4073: 4065: 4044: 4023: 4004: 2054: 1904: 1745:. Naval forces collected at Dover were formed into a separate unit, which became the 1624: 1572:, from 24 August to 28 September 1914, after the success of the German armies in the 1496: 898: 839: 642: 5117: 4598:

General Sir John Cowans, G.C.B., G.C.M.G: The Quartermaster-General of the Great War

4317: 4038: 1899:

to the North Sea, was occupied by Belgian troops withdrawing from Antwerp after the

1016: 6298: 6268: 6262: 6179: 6008: 5976: 5966: 5705: 5629: 5624: 5552: 5372: 5272: 5022: 4895:

Command on the Western Front: The Military Career of Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1914–1918

4574: 2334:(Wervik), the boundary between the 6th and 4th armies, to attack towards Ypres and 1209: 1075: 800: 576: 2758:

Sheldon wrote that a German description of the fate of the new reserve corps as a

453:

134,315 German casualties in Belgium and northern France, 15 October – 24 November

7107: 6947: 6286: 5846: 5821: 5520: 5428: 5267: 5107: 4231:

The Marne, 1914: The Opening of World War I and the Battle that Changed the World

2769: 2668: 2664: 2029: 1842: 1830: 1354: 1314: 1298: 1285: 1190: 1137: 1065: 995: 667: 43: 20: 1568:

The Great Retreat was a long withdrawal by the French and British armies to the

7336: 6940: 6920: 6591: 6304: 6149: 5940: 5831: 5687: 5591: 5574: 5087: 4940:

Command and Control on the Western Front: The British Army's Experience 1914–18

4698:

Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army's Art of Attack 1916–1918

4350:

Ypres, 1914, an Official Account Published by Order of the German General Staff

4343: 4165: 2801:

of the reserve, which was composed of former soldiers from 23 to 28 years old,

2321: 2109: 1790: 1588: 1492: 1460:(Kemmelberg), from 19 October to 22 November. Neither side had moved forces to 738: 608: 494: 408: 360: 303: 225: 5026: 2013: 7280: 7051: 6339: 6333: 5776: 5693: 5604: 5034: 4987: 4821: 4748: 4605: 4435: 4327: 4282: 4099: 2812:(former soldiers from 28 to 39 years old, released from the reserve) and one 2017: 1992:

obstructions and awkward for artillery because of the limited view. South of

1960: 1766: 1758: 1702: 1603: 1563: 1326: 620: 501: 434: 378: 310: 298: 286: 274: 262: 213: 190: 99: 86: 4410: 4187: 4119: 3433: 2298:

was relieved. Next day, I Corps had been relieved and the 7th Division lost

6501: 5935: 4557:

A Nation in Arms: A Social Study of the British Army in the First World War

4521: 4361: 2846:

casualties in Belgium and northern France, from 15 October to 24 November,

2364:

and 31st Division recaptured Bixschoote and Kortekeer Cabaret. Advances by

2299: 2246: 1829:

on 11 October, then moved behind the left flank of II Corps, to advance on

1746: 1718: 1658: 2520:

Ypres). The Belgian army had been reduced by half and the French had lost

1993: 1852:

German and Allied operations, Artois and Flanders, September–November 1914

6712: 6617: 6315: 5750: 5171: 2127: 1976: 1569: 1481: 1457: 1329:, Belgium. The battle was part of the First Battle of Flanders, in which 5127: 5122: 2012:

and Roubaix formed a manufacturing complex, with outlying industries at

1947:, Béthune, Saint-Omer and Calais. To the south-east, canals run between 4182:(in French). trans. T. Bentley Mott (Heinemann ed.). Paris: Plon. 2965:(BEF) occurred simultaneously during the First Battle of Flanders: the 2783:

of the reserve corps operating in Flanders made up of volunteers. Only

2622: 2485: 2242: 2185: 2066: 1972: 1964: 1826: 1822: 3679: 2165:

planned a joint advance from Ypres to Nieuwpoort, towards a line from

2100: 1802: 6507: 6274: 3005:(11 November) from the Ypres–Comines Canal north to Houthulst Forest. 2972:

from the Beuvry–Béthune road to a line from Estaires to Fournes, the

2414: 2360:

prisoners taken. French attacks further north, by the 17th Division,

2335: 2166: 2009: 1968: 1896: 1798: 1794: 1786: 1742: 1602:

ended the retreat and forced the German armies to retire towards the

1477: 5010: 2881:

had recorded that up to 3 November, casualties in the 4th Army were

6767: 4918:. London: War Office. IOR/L/MIL/17/5/2402 (no ISBN). Archived from 4579:

Fire-Power: The British Army Weapons and Theories of War, 1904–1945

2986:

from the Douve to the Ypres–Comines Canal and the Battles of Ypres

2789: 2170: 1956: 1879: 1654: 1461: 4679:

Trial by Fire: Command and the British Expeditionary Force in 1914

1650: 1158: 4148:

History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, Western Front 1914–18

3691: 3621: 3619: 3343: 2303: 2021: 1984: 1952: 1825:

on 13 October. III Corps began to assemble around Saint-Omer and

1722: 1706: 1662: 1642: 418: 345: 232: 153: 4252:(London Stamp Exchange ed.). Aldershot: Gale & Polden. 4070:

Pyrrhic victory, French Strategy and Operations in the Great War

3978: 3976: 3963: 3961: 1857:

After a tour of the front on 15 September, the new chief of the

513: 3754: 2639:, the first editions of which were published in 1922 and 1925, 2331: 2213: 2174: 1940: 1891: 1810: 1694: 1690: 1543: 5140: 3616: 3189: 3187: 2536: 1789:

from 8 to 9 October and concentrated to the north-east around

1749:, to operate in the Channel and off the French-Belgian coast. 1641:

British and Belgian stragglers. The fortress blocked the main

1472:

Warfare between mass armies, equipped with the weapons of the

6935: 4959:

The Myriad Faces of War: Britain and the Great War, 1914–1918

3973: 3958: 3708: 3706: 3160: 3148: 2025: 1944: 1936: 1714: 1698: 1646: 1547: 1485:

the winter, Falkenhayn reconsidered Germany strategy because

1346: 1322: 77: 4813:

A Short History of the 6th Division August 1914 – March 1919

4402: 3862: 3718: 3604: 3396: 3394: 3355: 3283: 3184: 2151: 1980: 1415: 3886: 3790: 3766: 3703: 3667: 3643: 3505: 3469: 3445: 3331: 3271: 3247: 3235: 2431:

battalions in the BEF which had come to France with about

56:

Positions of the Allied and German armies, 19 October 1914

3946: 3850: 3838: 3517: 3421: 3319: 3223: 2160:

on 4 October by Joffre. The Belgian army managed to save

3802: 3778: 3493: 3481: 3391: 2805:

who were inexperienced and probably 18 to 20 years old,

1911:

through Artois and Flanders, at the Battle of La Bassée

4857:

In Flanders Flooded Fields, before Ypres there was Yser

4322:. Vol. I (Hamish Hamilton ed.). Oxford: OUP. 3730: 3631: 3582: 3580: 3529: 3411: 3409: 3211: 2834:

British casualties from 14 October to 30 November were

2793:

and army reservists. Reserve Infantry Regiment 211 had

2099:. During the advance of the III Corps and an attack on 1729:

on 6 October, having landed at Dunkirk on the night of

1456:), then tried a limited offensive to capture Ypres and 3922: 3910: 3898: 3742: 3655: 3565: 3541: 3295: 3259: 2404:, Nonne Bosschen, defeating the Prussian Guard, 1914 ( 4897:(Pen & Sword ed.). Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 4345:

Die Schlacht an der Yser und bei Ypern im Herbst 1914

3826: 3814: 3592: 3379: 3367: 2632:

Die Schlacht an der Yser und bei Ypern im Herbst 1914

1046: 5077: 4595: 3577: 3457: 3406: 3307: 3199: 7302:

Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

5101:

Tommy's Gazetteer of French and Belgian Place Names

4266: 3874: 3553: 3349: 3172: 2910:

German soldiers in a trench at Ypres, December 1914

2531: 4482:] (in German). Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe. 4380:(1st ed.). Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military. 3934: 5058:"Siege of Maubeuge, 25 August – 7 September 1914" 4743:(online scan ed.). London: Nisbet & Co. 7278: 4662:(Wordsworth Editions ed.). London: Barker. 4638:Passchendaele and the Battles of Ypres 1914–1918 3023:Writers and historians have criticised the term 2928:were to capture Wytschaete and Petit Bois, then 2235:Battle of Langemarck, from 21 to 24 October 1914 163: 6117:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 5015:Journal of the Royal United Service Institution 4934: 1394:, the British official historian, wrote in the 7312:Battles of World War I involving British India 4654: 4621:]. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 4554: 2402:Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry 2112:had little effect on buildings and called for 5156: 4979:The History of the Second Division, 1914–1918 4873: 4793:First Ypres 1914: The Birth of Trench Warfare 4615:Kurt Riezler: Tagebücher, Aufsätze, Dokumente 4573: 4394: 3166: 3154: 1645:–Paris rail line, leaving only the line from 1383:attacks at Ypres and the Battle of Gheluvelt 1264: 1174: 1122: 1032: 529: 4516:. London: W. H. & L Collingridge. 1915. 4126: 3982: 3967: 3952: 3130: 3124: 3044: 2893: 2813: 2759: 2679: 2630: 2608: 2601: 2467: 2466:German divisions of the 4th and 6th Armies, 2418: 2365: 2325: 2315: 2155: 2090: 2039: 2033: 2003: 1997: 1873: 1500: 1486: 1445: 6600: 4892: 4816:(online scan ed.). London: Hugh Rees. 4736: 4395:Skinner, H. T.; Stacke, H. Fitz M. (1922). 2866:casualties. In 2010, Jack Sheldon recorded 2528:having been killed by the end of the year. 2513:and BEF losses, August – 30 November, were 2504:The British were forced back by the German 2390: 7317:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 5163: 5149: 4619:Kurt Riezler: Diaries, Articles, Documents 4424: 4267:Mertz von Quirnheim, Hermann, ed. (1929). 3856: 2065:army. The order was soon increased by the 2008:). North of the canal, the city of Lille, 1713:and on 28 September, a battalion occupied 1181: 1167: 1039: 1025: 536: 522: 2826:In 1925, the British official historian, 2484:broke through to St Eloi and advanced to 1513: 1254: 1112: 181: 7307:Battles of World War I involving Belgium 7297:Battles of World War I involving Germany 6399:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 5118:Battles: The First Battle of Ypres, 1914 4720:The Oxford Companion to Military History 4695: 4454: 4296: 4145: 3796: 3736: 3724: 3637: 3610: 3547: 3523: 3511: 3361: 3193: 2905: 2901: 2572: 2535: 2400:Fanciful painting of the 2nd Battalion, 2394: 2345: 2280: 2229: 1846: 1613: 1259: 1117: 136: 19:For a list of the Battles of Ypres, see 7292:Battles of World War I involving France 6776:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 5055: 4854: 4835: 4676: 4612: 4596:Chapman-Huston, D.; Rutter, O. (1924). 4375: 4341: 4315: 4299:Attrition: Fighting the First World War 4150:. London: Royal Artillery Institution. 4106: 4086: 4064: 4036: 4020:Paths of Glory: The French Army 1914–18 4017: 3998: 3928: 3916: 3904: 3892: 3868: 3844: 3832: 3820: 3772: 3760: 3748: 3712: 3697: 3685: 3673: 3661: 3649: 3625: 3598: 3571: 3535: 3499: 3487: 3475: 3451: 3439: 3427: 3415: 3385: 3373: 3337: 3325: 3301: 3289: 3277: 3265: 3253: 3241: 3229: 3217: 3027:and used several date ranges. In 1925, 2225: 2157:commandant le groupe des Armées du Nord 1801:and Raye, preparatory to an advance on 1670:demolished the forts. The Germans took 1368:, the Belgian army and French marines. 7279: 5008: 4975: 4956: 4809: 4714: 4228: 4127:Edmonds, J. E.; Wynne, G. C. (1995) . 3205: 2979:from Estaires to the Douve river, the 2671:machine-guns, which had ammunition in 2309: 2077:per month were being manufactured for 1895:October, when the last open area from 1418:, when the battles of Armentières and 6729:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 6072:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 5144: 5011:"Land Transportation in the Late War" 4911: 4790: 4762: 4635: 4535: 4473: 4247: 4209: 3940: 3880: 3808: 3784: 3586: 3463: 3442:, pp. 125–172, 205–223, 225–234. 3400: 3313: 3178: 2351:Battle of Gheluvelt (1 November 1914) 2196: 2146:First Battle of Ypres order of battle 1693:, for reconnaissance sorties between 1610:was fought from 13 to 28 September. 1162: 1020: 517: 7133:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 4737:Hussey, A. H.; Inman, D. S. (1921). 4476:Langemarck: Legende und Wirklichkeit 4164: 3559: 3092:comprising the Battle of Langemarck 2990:comprising the Battle of Langemarck 2621:In 2010, Jack Sheldon wrote that a " 1379:to 2 November, coincident with more 7062:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 5863:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 4740:The Fifth Division in the Great War 4600:. Vol. I. London: Hutchinson. 4003:(pbk. ed.). London: Longmans. 2885:and that the 6th Army had suffered 1717:. The rest of the brigade occupied 1188: 13: 5802:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 4498: 2081:guns; the War Office sent another 1836: 1422:merged with the Battles of Ypres. 16:1914 battle of the First World War 14: 7363: 5073: 4555:Beckett, I.; Simpson, K. (1985). 2629:, picked out of a translation of 1903:(28 September – 10 October). The 1777:II Corps moved from the night of 1050:German invasion of Belgium (1914) 543: 6165:Second Battle of the Piave River 5787:Russian invasion of East Prussia 5080: 5056:Rickard, J. (1 September 2007). 4874:Pawly, R.; Lierneux, P. (2009). 4072:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. 2532:Local operations, 12–22 November 1685:On 27 August, a squadron of the 1557: 1518: 469: 462: 433: 417: 407: 397: 377: 359: 344: 334: 309: 297: 285: 273: 261: 243: 231: 219: 207: 183: 165: 152: 138: 50: 7229:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 6429:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 5170: 4997:– via Archive Foundation. 4893:Prior, R.; Wilson, T. (2004) . 4876:The Belgian Army in World War I 4831:– via Archive Foundation. 4786:– via Archive Foundation. 4758:– via Archive Foundation. 4559:. Manchester University Press. 3688:, pp. xvii–xviii, 275–276. 3118: 3064: 3017: 2898:from 30 October to 3 November. 2330:was rushed up to Deûlémont and 1587:(21 August) and the BEF in the 1579:After the defeat of the French 1148:German occupation of Luxembourg 7052:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 6911:Deportations from East Prussia 6708:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 5128:Situation map 19 November 1914 5096:Spencer Jones Battles of Ypres 4480:Langemarck: Legend and Reality 3008: 2955: 2818:(enrolled but inexperienced). 1919:and the Battle of Armentières 1817:arrived a day later. GHQ left 1725:, followed by the rest of the 1433:) the Belgians and the French 1290:Première Bataille des Flandres 1: 6963:Ukrainian Canadian internment 5123:Situation map 19 October 1914 4838:Boesinghe: Battleground Ypres 4378:The German Army at Ypres 1914 4001:Ypres: The First Battle, 1914 3991: 2871: 2821: 2678: 2616: 2188:, after the Siege of Antwerp 1635: 1554:(16 November – 15 December). 1508: 470: 350: 68:19 October – 22 November 1914 7118:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 6417:Estonian War of Independence 6092:Southern Palestine offensive 5136:situation map, November 1914 4859:. Pen & Sword Military. 4613:Erdmann, K. D., ed. (1972). 4459:. Vol. I. Oxford: OUP. 4457:The First World War: To Arms 3142: 2563: 2190:(28 September – 10 October). 1143:German occupation of Belgium 7: 7072:USA against Austria-Hungary 6471:Turkish War of Independence 6423:Latvian War of Independence 6155:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 5746:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 5049: 5002: 4961:. Cambridge: Polity Press. 4722:. Oxford University Press. 4581:. London: Pen & Sword. 4176:The Memoirs of Marshal Foch 3090:(19 October – 22 November), 2988:(19 October – 22 November), 2963:British Expeditionary Force 2961:Four battles involving the 2916:Winter operations 1914–1915 2568: 1888:National redoubt of Belgium 1757:In late September, Marshal 1727:63rd (Royal Naval) Division 1618: 1343:British Expeditionary Force 1006:Western Front tactics, 1917 10: 7368: 7332:1914 in the United Kingdom 7155:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 6703:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 6170:Second Battle of the Marne 6057:Second battle of the Aisne 5926:Second Battle of Champagne 5767:German invasion of Belgium 4398:Principal Events 1914–1918 4233:. New York: Random House. 3700:, pp. xviii, 278–301. 3082:(13 October – 2 November), 3075:(10 October – 2 November), 3051:15 September – 17 October. 3041:17 September – 19 October, 2913: 2200: 2143: 2059:Secretary of State for War 2048: 1930: 1925: 1921:(13 October – 2 November). 1913:(10 October – 2 November), 1840: 1622: 1577:(7 August – 13 September). 1561: 1522: 18: 7261: 7220: 7141: 7080: 7042: 6986: 6975: 6936:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 6879: 6851: 6799: 6721: 6695: 6647: 6540: 6533: 6465:Irish War of Independence 6361: 6243: 6215:Armistice of Villa Giusti 6200:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 6125: 6027: 5954: 5855: 5812:First Battle of the Marne 5759: 5721: 5656: 5647: 5590: 5464: 5453: 5419: 5391: 5353: 5305: 5258: 5251: 5178: 5027:10.1080/03071842109434650 4301:. London: Little, Brown. 3167:Skinner & Stacke 1922 3155:Skinner & Stacke 1922 3088:and the Battles of Ypres 3086:(12 October – 2 November) 3037:15 September – 15 October 2984:(12 October – 2 November) 2977:(13 October – 2 November) 2970:(10 October – 2 November) 2892:of which had occurred in 2220: 1917:(12 October – 2 November) 1733:From 6 to 7 October, the 1608:First Battle of the Aisne 1600:First Battle of the Marne 1200: 1058: 553: 457: 452: 387: 324: 197: 127: 60: 49: 37: 32: 7088:Constantinople Agreement 6381:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 6244:Co-belligerent conflicts 6220:Second Romanian campaign 6190:Third Transjordan attack 5901:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 5807:Battle of Grand Couronné 4504: 4316:Raleigh, W. A. (1969) . 4037:Corbett, J. S. (2009) . 3983:Edmonds & Wynne 1995 3968:Edmonds & Wynne 1995 3953:Edmonds & Wynne 1995 3763:, pp. xxi, 447–460. 3350:Mertz von Quirnheim 1929 3107:(11 November). In 1925, 3105:Battle of Nonne Bosschen 3003:Battle of Nonne Bosschen 2948: 2675:strips, were reloading. 2637:History of the Great War 2391:Battle of Nonne Bosschen 2387:restored the situation. 2139: 1785:II Corps arrived around 1532:13 October – 2 November) 1396:History of the Great War 7151:Modus vivendi of Acroma 7103:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 6411:Greater Poland Uprising 6311:National Protection War 6195:Meuse–Argonne offensive 6145:German spring offensive 6140:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 5916:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 5891:Second Battle of Artois 5772:Battle of the Frontiers 5113:General Joffre's report 5106:20 October 2017 at the 3628:, pp. xv, 166–167. 3084:the Battle of Messines 2852:50,000 to 85,000 French 2541:Langemark, October 1914 1915:the Battle of Messines 1907:resulted in indecisive 1687:Royal Naval Air Service 1574:Battle of the Frontiers 894:German spring offensive 316:Alexander von Linsingen 280:Albrecht of Württemberg 7176:Paris Peace Conference 7164:Ukraine–Central Powers 6958:Massacres of Albanians 6926:Late Ottoman genocides 6733:Bulgarian occupations 6441:Third Anglo-Afghan War 6405:Hungarian–Romanian War 6230:Naval Victory Bulletin 6225:Armistice with Germany 6175:Hundred Days Offensive 6102:Battle of La Malmaison 6052:Second battle of Arras 6019:Battle of Transylvania 5873:Second Battle of Ypres 5741:Sarajevo assassination 5630:South African Republic 5009:Taylor, M. G. (1921). 4942:. London: Spellmount. 4810:Marden, T. O. (1920). 4763:Jones, H. A. (2002) . 4430:. London: HMSO. 1922. 4248:James, E. A. (1990) . 4210:Foley, R. T. (2007) . 3131: 3125: 3045: 2911: 2894: 2814: 2771:Deutschland über alles 2760: 2680: 2660: 2651: 2631: 2609: 2602: 2580: 2543: 2468: 2419: 2410: 2366: 2353: 2326: 2316: 2286: 2237: 2156: 2091: 2040: 2034: 2004: 2002:) and miners' houses ( 1998: 1874: 1854: 1809:arrived at St Pol and 1752: 1514:Strategic developments 1501: 1487: 1446: 1303:Erste Flandernschlacht 1302: 1289: 198:Commanders and leaders 7186:Treaty of St. Germain 7159:Russia–Central Powers 7113:Sykes–Picot Agreement 6941:Pontic Greek genocide 6916:Destruction of Kalisz 6892:Eastern Mediterranean 6453:Polish–Lithuanian War 6235:Armistice of Belgrade 6205:Armistice of Salonica 6135:Operation Faustschlag 6082:Third Battle of Oituz 6004:Baranovichi offensive 5972:Lake Naroch offensive 5946:Battle of Robat Karim 5921:Vistula–Bug offensive 5896:Battles of the Isonzo 5827:First Battle of Ypres 4938:; Todman, G. (2004). 4696:Griffith, P. (1996). 4636:Evans, M. M. (1997). 4577:; Graham, D. (1982). 4455:Strachan, H. (2001). 4342:Schwink, O. (1919) . 4297:Philpott, W. (2014). 4146:Farndale, M. (1986). 3999:Beckett, I. (2006) . 3079:Battle of Armentières 2974:Battle of Armentières 2909: 2902:Subsequent operations 2655: 2641: 2603:Vernichtungsstrategie 2576: 2539: 2398: 2373:54th Reserve Division 2349: 2284: 2233: 2184:and six batteries of 1864:Oberste Heeresleitung 1850: 1813:on 9 October and the 1639: 10,000 French, 1614:Tactical developments 1593:First Battle of Guise 1488:Vernichtungsstrategie 1474:Industrial Revolution 1448:Oberste Heeresleitung 1282:First Battle of Ypres 388:Casualties and losses 33:First Battle of Ypres 7352:November 1914 events 7181:Treaty of Versailles 6897:Mount Lebanon famine 6812:in the United States 6780:Russian occupations 6494:Turkish–Armenian War 6435:Polish–Ukrainian War 6375:Ukrainian–Soviet War 6322:Central Asian Revolt 6112:Armistice of Focșani 5842:Battle of Sarikamish 5792:Battle of Tannenberg 5188:Military engagements 4976:Wyrall, E. (2002) . 4855:Van Pul, P. (2006). 4836:McGreal, S. (2010). 4677:Gardner, N. (2006). 4376:Sheldon, J. (2010). 4018:Clayton, A. (2003). 3871:, pp. xii–xiii. 3292:, pp. 405, 407. 3196:, pp. 241, 266. 3043:in 1926. In 1929 in 2875: 80,000 German 2691:August–December 1914 2427:in five days and of 2226:Battle of Langemarck 1905:outflanking attempts 1875:Schlachtentscheidung 1870:Erich von Falkenhayn 1859:German General Staff 1815:1st Cavalry Division 1807:2nd Cavalry Division 1739:3rd Cavalry Division 1454:German General Staff 1442:Erich von Falkenhayn 1425:Attacks by the BEF ( 1313:was a battle of the 1001:French Army mutinies 996:1914 Christmas truce 766:Hohenzollern Redoubt 485:class=notpageimage| 292:Rupprecht of Bavaria 268:Erich von Falkenhayn 7347:October 1914 events 7248:They shall not pass 7171:Treaty of Bucharest 7128:Treaty of Bucharest 7067:USA against Germany 7044:Declarations of war 6748:German occupations 6661:British casualties 6520:Soviet–Georgian War 6447:Egyptian Revolution 6387:Armeno-Georgian War 6251:Somaliland campaign 6210:Armistice of Mudros 6087:Battle of Caporetto 6077:Battle of Mărășești 6047:Zimmermann telegram 6042:February Revolution 5987:Battle of the Somme 5911:Bug-Narew Offensive 5886:Battle of Gallipoli 5878:Sinking of the RMS 5670:Scramble for Africa 5664:Franco-Prussian War 5320:Sinai and Palestine 4957:Wilson, T. (1986). 4840:. Pen & Sword. 4795:. Greenwood Press. 4681:. London: Pearson. 4229:Herwig, H. (2009). 4022:. London: Cassell. 3895:, pp. 466–468. 3811:, pp. 105–107. 3787:, pp. 102–104. 3775:, pp. 219–224. 3727:, pp. 277–278. 3715:, pp. 213–214. 3676:, pp. 223–224. 3652:, pp. 166–167. 3613:, pp. 275–276. 3478:, pp. 125–126. 3454:, pp. 102–103. 3403:, pp. 101–102. 3364:, pp. 266–273. 3340:, pp. 400–408. 3280:, pp. 170–202. 3256:, pp. 168–170. 3244:, pp. 375–390. 3232:, pp. 371–374. 3098:Battle of Gheluvelt 3072:Battle of La Bassée 2996:Battle of Gheluvelt 2967:Battle of La Bassée 2797:in active service, 2693: 2610:Ermattungsstrategie 2310:Battle of Gheluvelt 2154:had been appointed 1585:Battle of Charleroi 1502:Ermattungsstrategie 1364:between the German 1132:Associated articles 990:Associated articles 707:Hartmannswillerkopf 567:Invasion of Belgium 96: / 7208:Treaty of Lausanne 7123:Paris Economy Pact 7057:UK against Germany 6987:Entry into the war 6953:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 6672:Ottoman casualties 6482:Franco-Turkish War 6362:Post-War conflicts 6346:Russian Revolution 6328:Invasion of Darfur 6293:Kelantan rebellion 6281:Kurdish rebellions 6257:Mexican Revolution 6097:October Revolution 6062:Kerensky offensive 6037:Capture of Baghdad 6014:Monastir offensive 5999:Brusilov offensive 5837:Battle of Kolubara 5676:Russo-Japanese War 4922:on 25 October 2023 4912:Seton, B. (1915). 4791:Lomas, D. (2004). 4656:Farrar-Hockley, A. 4536:Ashby, J. (2000). 4474:Unruh, K. (1986). 4214:. Cambridge: CUP. 3847:, pp. xi–xii. 3799:, pp. 62, 65. 3514:, pp. 67, 69. 3430:, pp. 98–102. 3328:, pp. 27–100. 3113:Official Historian 3059:Battle of the Yser 3033:official historian 2981:Battle of Messines 2912: 2895:Armeegruppe Fabeck 2887:27,000 casualties, 2879:Fritz von Lossberg 2687: 2581: 2544: 2469:Armeegruppe Fabeck 2420:Armeegruppe Fabeck 2411: 2385:2nd Worcestershire 2367:Armeegruppe Fabeck 2354: 2317:Armeegruppe Fabeck 2287: 2238: 2203:Battle of the Yser 2197:Battle of the Yser 1855: 1761:and Field Marshal 1540:Bergmann Offensive 1469:to little effect. 1359:Battle of the Yser 1345:(BEF) fought from 100:50.8641°N 2.8956°E 7287:Conflicts in 1914 7274: 7273: 7257: 7256: 7241:The Golden Virgin 7235:Mutilated victory 7216: 7215: 7196:Treaty of Trianon 7191:Treaty of Neuilly 7098:Damascus Protocol 6971: 6970: 6931:Armenian genocide 6888:Allied blockades 6860:Belgian refugees 6643: 6642: 6553:Strategic bombing 6529: 6528: 6514:Franco-Syrian War 6488:Greco-Turkish War 6476:Anglo-Turkish War 6459:Polish–Soviet War 6393:German Revolution 6369:Russian Civil War 6352:Finnish Civil War 6185:Battle of Megiddo 6160:Battle of Goychay 6107:Battle of Cambrai 6067:Battle of Mărăști 5982:Battle of Jutland 5962:Erzurum offensive 5817:Siege of Przemyśl 5797:Siege of Tsingtao 5782:Battle of Galicia 5712:Second Balkan War 5700:Italo-Turkish War 5657:Pre-War conflicts 5643: 5642: 5533:Portuguese Empire 5449: 5448: 5411:German New Guinea 5393:Asian and Pacific 4968:978-0-7456-0645-3 4949:978-1-86227-420-4 4904:978-1-84415-103-5 4885:978-1-84603-448-0 4866:978-1-84415-492-0 4847:978-1-84884-046-1 4802:978-0-275-98291-1 4776:978-1-84342-413-0 4729:978-0-19-860696-3 4707:978-0-300-06663-0 4688:978-0-582-50612-1 4669:978-1-85326-698-0 4647:978-1-85532-734-4 4628:978-3-525-35817-7 4588:978-1-84415-216-2 4566:978-0-7190-1737-7 4547:978-1-874622-45-1 4489:978-3-7637-5469-4 4466:978-0-19-926191-8 4387:978-1-84884-113-0 4308:978-1-4087-0355-7 4259:978-0-948130-18-2 4240:978-1-4000-6671-1 4221:978-0-521-04436-3 4157:978-1-870114-00-4 4138:978-0-89839-218-0 4079:978-0-674-01880-8 4050:978-1-84342-489-5 4029:978-0-304-35949-3 4010:978-1-4058-3620-3 3985:, pp. 18–20. 3970:, pp. 16–17. 3526:, pp. 69–71. 3502:, pp. 74–76. 3490:, pp. 73–74. 3220:, pp. 39–65. 3169:, pp. 14–16. 3157:, pp. 13–14. 2756: 2755: 2692: 2073:a month and only 2055:Herbert Kitchener 2041:Barrières fermėes 1909:encounter battles 1819:Fère-en-Tardenois 1634:territorials and 1625:Siege of Maubeuge 1606:river, where the 1389:Brigadier-General 1311:22 November 1914) 1275: 1274: 1156: 1155: 1014: 1013: 840:Nivelle offensive 614:Trouée de Charmes 512: 511: 489:Ypres, a Belgian 123: 122: 7359: 7201:Treaty of Sèvres 7093:Treaty of London 6984: 6983: 6762:Northeast France 6693: 6692: 6665:Parliamentarians 6598: 6597: 6560:Chemical weapons 6538: 6537: 6299:Senussi campaign 6269:Muscat rebellion 6263:Maritz rebellion 6180:Vardar offensive 6009:Battle of Romani 5977:Battle of Asiago 5967:Battle of Verdun 5931:Kosovo offensive 5706:First Balkan War 5654: 5653: 5553:Russian Republic 5462: 5461: 5256: 5255: 5198:Economic history 5165: 5158: 5151: 5142: 5141: 5090: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5021:(464): 699–722. 4998: 4996: 4994: 4972: 4953: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4908: 4889: 4870: 4851: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4806: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4733: 4711: 4700:. London: Yale. 4692: 4673: 4660:Death of an Army 4651: 4632: 4609: 4592: 4570: 4551: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4493: 4470: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4442:on 2 August 2016 4438:. Archived from 4421: 4419: 4417: 4391: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4355: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4312: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4263: 4244: 4225: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4196: 4190:. Archived from 4181: 4161: 4142: 4123: 4103: 4083: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4040:Naval Operations 4033: 4014: 3986: 3980: 3971: 3965: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3404: 3398: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3136: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3102: 3095: 3094:(21–24 October), 3091: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3038: 3035:, used dates of 3021: 3015: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2993: 2992:(21–24 October), 2989: 2985: 2978: 2971: 2959: 2940: 2897: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2838:casualties were 2837: 2833: 2817: 2811: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2767: 2763: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2674: 2673:24- and 30-round 2649: 2634: 2612: 2605: 2599: 2590: 2554: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2503: 2500:battalions with 2499: 2495: 2491: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2369: 2359: 2341: 2329: 2319: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2191: 2182:210 mm howitzers 2163: 2159: 2094: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2064: 2043: 2037: 2007: 2001: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1901:Siege of Antwerp 1877: 1784: 1780: 1772: 1732: 1712: 1709:on the night of 1677: 1673: 1672:32,692 prisoners 1640: 1637: 1633: 1597: 1578: 1533: 1504: 1490: 1468: 1451: 1386: 1385:(29–31 October), 1363: 1362:(16–31 October), 1317:, fought on the 1312: 1308: 1297: 1195: 1193: 1183: 1176: 1169: 1160: 1159: 1053: 1051: 1041: 1034: 1027: 1018: 1017: 953:St Quentin Canal 548: 538: 531: 524: 515: 514: 473: 472: 466: 438: 437: 422: 421: 412: 411: 402: 401: 382: 381: 369:Total: 4,400,000 364: 363: 355: 352: 349: 348: 339: 338: 314: 313: 302: 301: 290: 289: 278: 277: 266: 265: 248: 247: 236: 235: 224: 223: 212: 211: 193: 189: 187: 186: 175: 171: 169: 168: 157: 156: 148: 144: 142: 141: 111: 110: 108: 107: 106: 101: 97: 94: 93: 92: 89: 62: 61: 54: 30: 29: 7367: 7366: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7357: 7356: 7322:1914 in Belgium 7277: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7253: 7212: 7144: 7137: 7108:Treaty of Darin 7076: 7038: 6994:Austria-Hungary 6980: 6967: 6948:Rape of Belgium 6875: 6847: 6795: 6789:Western Armenia 6784:Eastern Galicia 6717: 6691: 6655: 6654:Civilian impact 6653: 6639: 6596: 6525: 6357: 6287:Ovambo Uprising 6239: 6121: 6023: 5950: 5868:Battle of Łomża 5851: 5847:Christmas truce 5822:Race to the Sea 5755: 5717: 5639: 5610:Austria-Hungary 5586: 5521:Empire of Japan 5458: 5456: 5445: 5429:U-boat campaign 5415: 5387: 5349: 5301: 5247: 5228:Popular culture 5174: 5169: 5108:Wayback Machine 5086: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5071: 5062: 5060: 5052: 5039: 5037: 5005: 4992: 4990: 4969: 4950: 4925: 4923: 4905: 4886: 4878:. Men at Arms. 4867: 4848: 4826: 4824: 4803: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4753: 4751: 4730: 4708: 4689: 4670: 4648: 4629: 4589: 4567: 4548: 4526: 4524: 4510: 4507: 4501: 4499:Further reading 4496: 4490: 4467: 4445: 4443: 4415: 4413: 4388: 4366: 4364: 4353: 4332: 4330: 4309: 4287: 4285: 4260: 4241: 4222: 4200: 4198: 4197:on 3 March 2016 4194: 4179: 4158: 4139: 4080: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4030: 4011: 3994: 3989: 3981: 3974: 3966: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3857:War Office 1922 3855: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3795: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3624: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3538:, p. viii. 3534: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3466:, pp. 4–5. 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3407: 3399: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3185: 3181:, pp. 1–3. 3177: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3139: 3123: 3119: 3101:(29–31 October) 3100: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3036: 3025:Race to the Sea 3022: 3018: 3013: 3009: 2999:(29–31 October) 2998: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2969: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2938: 2918: 2904: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2832:10,145 wounded. 2831: 2824: 2815:Ersatzreservist 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2784: 2780: 2777:40,761 students 2776: 2765: 2689: 2685: 2672: 2669:Hotchkiss M1914 2665:Hotchkiss M1909 2650: 2647: 2619: 2597: 2589:(16–31 October) 2588: 2579: 2571: 2566: 2553:15–22 November, 2552: 2542: 2534: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2409: 2393: 2357: 2352: 2339: 2312: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2236: 2228: 2223: 2210:Félix Wielemans 2205: 2199: 2189: 2161: 2148: 2142: 2110:Shrapnel shells 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2062: 2051: 2030:Aire-sur-la-Lys 1933: 1928: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1853: 1845: 1843:Race to the Sea 1839: 1837:Race to the Sea 1821:and arrived at 1782: 1778: 1770: 1755: 1730: 1711:19/20 September 1710: 1689:(RNAS) flew to 1675: 1671: 1638: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1616: 1596:(29–30 August), 1595: 1576: 1566: 1560: 1531: 1527: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1466: 1384: 1361: 1355:Race to the Sea 1341:armies and the 1315:First World War 1310: 1306: 1293: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1196: 1192:Race to the Sea 1191: 1189: 1187: 1157: 1152: 1138:Rape of Belgium 1129: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1045: 1015: 1010: 987: 791:Vimy Ridge 1916 668:Race to the Sea 636:1st St. Quentin 558: 549: 544: 542: 508: 507: 506: 505: 504: 493:located in the 487: 481: 480: 479: 478: 474: 448: 432: 426: 416: 406: 396: 376: 373: 358: 353: 343: 333: 320: 308: 296: 284: 272: 260: 254: 242: 230: 218: 206: 184: 182: 178: 166: 164: 151: 139: 137: 105:50.8641; 2.8956 104: 102: 98: 95: 90: 87: 85: 83: 82: 81: 55: 44:First World War 24: 21:Battle of Ypres 17: 12: 11: 5: 7365: 7355: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7327:1914 in France 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7268: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7244: 7237: 7232: 7224: 7222: 7218: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7173: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7153: 7147: 7145: 7143:Peace treaties 7142: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7048: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7029:United Kingdom 7026: 7021: 7019:Ottoman Empire 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6990: 6988: 6981: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6923: 6921:Sack of Dinant 6918: 6913: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6901: 6900: 6899: 6885: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6869:United Kingdom 6866: 6857: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6843: 6838: 6829: 6823:POW locations 6821: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6805: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6778: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6739: 6731: 6725: 6723: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6699: 6697: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6674: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6658: 6656: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6623:United Kingdom 6620: 6618:Ottoman Empire 6615: 6610: 6604: 6602: 6595: 6594: 6592:Trench warfare 6589: 6588: 6587: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6544: 6542: 6535: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6319: 6313: 6308: 6305:Volta-Bani War 6302: 6296: 6290: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6150:Zeebrugge Raid 6147: 6142: 6137: 6131: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6033: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5941:Battle of Loos 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5832:Black Sea raid 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5734:Historiography 5725: 5723: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5688:Bosnian Crisis 5685: 5682:Tangier Crisis 5679: 5673: 5667: 5660: 5658: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5615:Ottoman Empire 5612: 5607: 5602: 5596: 5594: 5592:Central Powers 5588: 5587: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5575:British Empire 5570:United Kingdom 5567: 5562: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5548:Russian Empire 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5470: 5468: 5466:Entente Powers 5459: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5434:North Atlantic 5425: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5397: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5359: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5345:Central Arabia 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5311: 5309: 5307:Middle Eastern 5303: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5282: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5264: 5262: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5208:Historiography 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5168: 5167: 5160: 5153: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5088:Belgium portal 5075: 5074:External links 5072: 5070: 5069: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5046: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4999: 4973: 4967: 4954: 4948: 4932: 4909: 4903: 4890: 4884: 4871: 4865: 4852: 4846: 4833: 4807: 4801: 4788: 4775: 4760: 4734: 4728: 4712: 4706: 4693: 4687: 4674: 4668: 4652: 4646: 4633: 4627: 4610: 4593: 4587: 4571: 4565: 4552: 4546: 4533: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4488: 4471: 4465: 4452: 4422: 4392: 4386: 4373: 4339: 4313: 4307: 4294: 4264: 4258: 4245: 4239: 4226: 4220: 4207: 4162: 4156: 4143: 4137: 4124: 4108:Edmonds, J. E. 4104: 4088:Edmonds, J. E. 4084: 4078: 4066:Doughty, R. A. 4062: 4049: 4034: 4028: 4015: 4009: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3972: 3957: 3945: 3933: 3931:, p. 264. 3921: 3919:, p. xiv. 3909: 3907:, p. 176. 3897: 3885: 3873: 3861: 3859:, p. 253. 3849: 3837: 3825: 3813: 3801: 3789: 3777: 3765: 3753: 3751:, p. 448. 3741: 3739:, p. 278. 3729: 3717: 3702: 3690: 3678: 3666: 3664:, p. 202. 3654: 3642: 3640:, p. 276. 3630: 3615: 3603: 3591: 3589:, p. 102. 3576: 3574:, p. 127. 3564: 3562:, p. 143. 3552: 3540: 3528: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3480: 3468: 3456: 3444: 3432: 3420: 3405: 3390: 3378: 3366: 3354: 3342: 3330: 3318: 3316:, p. 101. 3306: 3304:, p. 408. 3294: 3282: 3270: 3268:, p. 405. 3258: 3246: 3234: 3222: 3210: 3208:, p. 255. 3198: 3183: 3171: 3159: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3117: 3111:, the British 3063: 3055:10–21 October. 3016: 3007: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2930:Spanbroekmolen 2914:Main article: 2903: 2900: 2868:54,000 British 2864:134,315 German 2860:55,395 British 2856:21,562 Belgian 2844:134,315 German 2836:58,155, French 2823: 2820: 2803:970 volunteers 2754: 2753: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2698: 2688:BEF casualties 2684: 2677: 2645: 2618: 2615: 2577: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2540: 2533: 2530: 2524:by September, 2494:2,000 reserves 2435:and men each, 2433:1,000 officers 2406:William Wollen 2399: 2392: 2389: 2350: 2322:Max von Fabeck 2311: 2308: 2234: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2201:Main article: 2198: 2195: 2144:Main article: 2141: 2138: 2114:high explosive 2057:, the British 2050: 2047: 1967:(Wijtschate), 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1851: 1841:Main article: 1838: 1835: 1791:Gennes-Ivergny 1783:13/14 October. 1754: 1751: 1668:Siege of Namur 1623:Main article: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1589:Battle of Mons 1562:Main article: 1559: 1556: 1552:Battle of Łódź 1523:Main article: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1444:, head of the 1273: 1272: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1265:Nonne Bosschen 1262: 1257: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1230:La Bassée 1227: 1222: 1220:Bois-le-Prêtre 1217: 1212: 1207: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1171: 1163: 1154: 1153: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1123:Nonne Bosschen 1120: 1115: 1105: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1044: 1043: 1036: 1029: 1021: 1012: 1011: 1009: 1008: 1003: 998: 986: 985: 983:Lys and Escaut 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 924: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 885: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 863: 862: 857: 852: 847: 837: 830: 819: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 752: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 730: 729: 719: 714: 712:Neuve Chapelle 709: 704: 693: 692: 687: 685:Winter actions 682: 681: 680: 675: 665: 660: 655: 650: 648:Grand Couronné 645: 640: 639: 638: 633: 628: 618: 617: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 586: 585: 584: 579: 574: 564: 554: 551: 550: 541: 540: 533: 526: 518: 510: 509: 488: 483: 482: 476: 475: 468: 467: 461: 460: 459: 458: 455: 454: 450: 449: 447: 446: 444: 442: 440: 429: 427: 425: 424: 414: 404: 393: 390: 389: 385: 384: 374: 372: 371: 366: 356: 354: 247,000 341: 330: 327: 326: 322: 321: 319: 318: 306: 304:Max von Fabeck 294: 282: 270: 257: 255: 253: 252: 240: 228: 226:Ferdinand Foch 216: 203: 200: 199: 195: 194: 179: 177: 176: 173:United Kingdom 161: 149: 133: 130: 129: 125: 124: 121: 120: 117: 113: 112: 76: 74: 70: 69: 66: 58: 57: 47: 46: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7364: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7342:Ypres Salient 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7260: 7250: 7249: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7230: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7209: 7206: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7035: 7034:United States 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6974: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6928: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6850: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6798: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6770: 6769: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6720: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6651: 6646: 6636: 6635:United States 6633: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6585:Convoy system 6583: 6582: 6581: 6580:Naval warfare 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6536: 6532: 6521: 6518: 6515: 6512: 6509: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6495: 6492: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6463: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6418: 6415: 6412: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6353: 6350: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6340:Kaocen revolt 6338: 6335: 6334:Easter Rising 6332: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5906:Great Retreat 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5777:Battle of Cer 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5694:Agadir Crisis 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5582:United States 5580: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5499:French Empire 5497: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5452: 5442: 5441:Mediterranean 5439: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5421:Naval warfare 5418: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5297:Italian Front 5295: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5285:Eastern Front 5283: 5281: 5280:Western Front 5278: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5238:Puppet states 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5161: 5159: 5154: 5152: 5147: 5146: 5143: 5137: 5135: 5134:Der Weltkrieg 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5078: 5059: 5054: 5053: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5006: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4936:Sheffield, G. 4933: 4921: 4917: 4916: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4814: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4778: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4761: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4491: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4423: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4399: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4363: 4359: 4354:(online scan) 4351: 4347: 4346: 4340: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4271: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4052: 4046: 4042: 4041: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3996: 3984: 3979: 3977: 3969: 3964: 3962: 3954: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3930: 3925: 3918: 3913: 3906: 3901: 3894: 3889: 3883:, p. 65. 3882: 3877: 3870: 3865: 3858: 3853: 3846: 3841: 3835:, p. xi. 3834: 3829: 3823:, p. 94. 3822: 3817: 3810: 3805: 3798: 3797:Philpott 2014 3793: 3786: 3781: 3774: 3769: 3762: 3757: 3750: 3745: 3738: 3737:Strachan 2001 3733: 3726: 3725:Strachan 2001 3721: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3699: 3694: 3687: 3682: 3675: 3670: 3663: 3658: 3651: 3646: 3639: 3638:Strachan 2001 3634: 3627: 3622: 3620: 3612: 3611:Strachan 2001 3607: 3601:, p. 79. 3600: 3595: 3588: 3583: 3581: 3573: 3568: 3561: 3556: 3550:, p. 71. 3549: 3548:Farndale 1986 3544: 3537: 3532: 3525: 3524:Farndale 1986 3520: 3513: 3512:Farndale 1986 3508: 3501: 3496: 3489: 3484: 3477: 3472: 3465: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3441: 3436: 3429: 3424: 3417: 3412: 3410: 3402: 3397: 3395: 3388:, p. 98. 3387: 3382: 3376:, p. 59. 3375: 3370: 3363: 3362:Strachan 2001 3358: 3352:, p. 14. 3351: 3346: 3339: 3334: 3327: 3322: 3315: 3310: 3303: 3298: 3291: 3286: 3279: 3274: 3267: 3262: 3255: 3250: 3243: 3238: 3231: 3226: 3219: 3214: 3207: 3202: 3195: 3194:Strachan 2001 3190: 3188: 3180: 3175: 3168: 3163: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3114: 3110: 3109:James Edmonds 3106: 3099: 3080: 3073: 3067: 3060: 3047: 3046:Der Weltkrieg 3034: 3030: 3029:James Edmonds 3026: 3020: 3011: 3004: 2997: 2982: 2975: 2968: 2964: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2939:42 prisoners. 2935: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2908: 2899: 2896: 2890:17,250 losses 2880: 2829: 2828:James Edmonds 2819: 2816: 2810: 2792: 2791: 2773: 2772: 2762: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2654: 2644: 2640: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2614: 2611: 2604: 2593: 2586: 2575: 2561: 2559: 2550: 2538: 2529: 2507: 2487: 2483: 2482:26th Division 2479: 2473: 2470: 2445:18 battalions 2421: 2416: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2377:30th Division 2374: 2368: 2363: 2362:18th Division 2348: 2344: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2283: 2279: 2248: 2244: 2232: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2204: 2194: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2158: 2153: 2147: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2129: 2122: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2087: 2071:10,000 shells 2068: 2060: 2056: 2046: 2042: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2000: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1973:Passchendaele 1970: 1966: 1962: 1961:Mont des Cats 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1923: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1865: 1860: 1849: 1844: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1775: 1768: 1767:Channel Ports 1764: 1760: 1759:Joseph Joffre 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1708: 1704: 1703:Royal Marines 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1674:and captured 1669: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1632:30,000 French 1626: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1575: 1571: 1565: 1564:Great Retreat 1558:Great Retreat 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1526: 1525:Eastern Front 1519:Eastern Front 1506: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1449: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1427:Field Marshal 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1408:Cavalry Corps 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1392:James Edmonds 1390: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1349:in France to 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1327:West Flanders 1324: 1320: 1319:Western Front 1316: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1194: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 993: 992: 991: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 958:Meuse-Argonne 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 901: 897: 896: 895: 892: 891: 890: 889: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 872:Passchendaele 870: 868: 865: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 842: 841: 838: 836: 835: 831: 829: 826: 825: 824: 823: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 758: 757: 756: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 734:2nd Champagne 732: 728: 725: 724: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 702:1st Champagne 700: 699: 698: 697: 691: 688: 686: 683: 679: 676: 674: 671: 670: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 623: 622: 621:Great Retreat 619: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 591: 590: 587: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 569: 568: 565: 563: 560: 559: 557: 552: 547: 546:Western Front 539: 534: 532: 527: 525: 520: 519: 516: 503: 502:West Flanders 499: 496: 492: 486: 465: 456: 451: 445: 443: 441: 436: 431: 430: 428: 420: 415: 410: 405: 403:50,000–85,000 400: 395: 394: 392: 391: 386: 380: 375: 370: 367: 362: 357: 347: 342: 337: 332: 331: 329: 328: 323: 317: 312: 307: 305: 300: 295: 293: 288: 283: 281: 276: 271: 269: 264: 259: 258: 256: 251: 246: 241: 239: 234: 229: 227: 222: 217: 215: 214:Joseph Joffre 210: 205: 204: 202: 201: 196: 192: 180: 174: 162: 160: 155: 150: 147: 135: 134: 132: 131: 126: 118: 115: 114: 109: 79: 75: 72: 71: 67: 64: 63: 59: 53: 48: 45: 41: 40:Western Front 36: 31: 26: 22: 7246: 7239: 7227: 6834: / 6766: 6601:Conscription 6565:Cryptography 6502:Iraqi Revolt 5936:Siege of Kut 5879: 5826: 5457:participants 5406:German Samoa 5340:South Arabia 5133: 5061:. Retrieved 5040:11 September 5038:. Retrieved 5018: 5014: 4991:. Retrieved 4978: 4958: 4939: 4924:. Retrieved 4920:the original 4914: 4894: 4875: 4856: 4837: 4825:. Retrieved 4812: 4792: 4780:. Retrieved 4765: 4752:. Retrieved 4739: 4719: 4697: 4678: 4659: 4637: 4618: 4614: 4597: 4578: 4556: 4537: 4525:. Retrieved 4512: 4479: 4475: 4456: 4444:. Retrieved 4440:the original 4426: 4414:. Retrieved 4397: 4377: 4365:. Retrieved 4349: 4344: 4331:. Retrieved 4318: 4298: 4286:. Retrieved 4274: 4269: 4249: 4230: 4211: 4199:. Retrieved 4192:the original 4175: 4170: 4147: 4128: 4111: 4091: 4069: 4054:. Retrieved 4039: 4019: 4000: 3955:, p. 4. 3948: 3943:, p. 6. 3936: 3929:Sheldon 2010 3924: 3917:Sheldon 2010 3912: 3905:Beckett 2006 3900: 3893:Edmonds 1925 3888: 3876: 3869:Sheldon 2010 3864: 3852: 3845:Sheldon 2010 3840: 3833:Sheldon 2010 3828: 3821:Schwink 1919 3816: 3804: 3792: 3780: 3773:Beckett 2006 3768: 3761:Edmonds 1925 3756: 3749:Edmonds 1925 3744: 3732: 3720: 3713:Beckett 2006 3698:Edmonds 1925 3693: 3686:Edmonds 1925 3681: 3674:Sheldon 2010 3669: 3662:Edmonds 1925 3657: 3650:Edmonds 1925 3645: 3633: 3626:Edmonds 1925 3606: 3599:Sheldon 2010 3594: 3572:Edmonds 1925 3567: 3555: 3543: 3536:Sheldon 2010 3531: 3519: 3507: 3500:Edmonds 1925 3495: 3488:Edmonds 1925 3483: 3476:Edmonds 1925 3471: 3459: 3452:Doughty 2005 3447: 3440:Edmonds 1925 3435: 3428:Doughty 2005 3423: 3418:, p. x. 3416:Sheldon 2010 3386:Doughty 2005 3381: 3374:Clayton 2003 3369: 3357: 3345: 3338:Edmonds 1926 3333: 3326:Edmonds 1925 3321: 3309: 3302:Edmonds 1926 3297: 3290:Edmonds 1926 3285: 3278:Corbett 2009 3273: 3266:Edmonds 1925 3261: 3254:Corbett 2009 3249: 3242:Raleigh 1969 3237: 3230:Raleigh 1969 3225: 3218:Edmonds 1925 3213: 3201: 3174: 3162: 3150: 3132:Heeresgruppe 3120: 3066: 3031:the British 3024: 3019: 3010: 2957: 2943: 2934:5th Division 2926:3rd Division 2923: 2919: 2870:casualties, 2858:casualties, 2854:casualties, 2825: 2808: 2788: 2770: 2757: 2750: 2745: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2642: 2627:false notion 2626: 2620: 2598:34 divisions 2594: 2582: 2549:8th Division 2545: 2506:4th Division 2478:3rd Division 2474: 2412: 2355: 2313: 2300:Polygon Wood 2296:2nd Division 2292:1st Division 2288: 2247:Douglas Haig 2239: 2206: 2179: 2149: 2126: 2123: 2105:4th Division 2088: 2053:In October, 2052: 1990: 1934: 1884: 1862: 1856: 1776: 1771:1/2 October, 1756: 1747:Dover Patrol 1735:7th Division 1731:4/5 October. 1684: 1659:Valenciennes 1630:garrison of 1628: 1567: 1537: 1528: 1482:machine guns 1471: 1467:70 per cent, 1424: 1370: 1281: 1279: 1249: 1131: 1130: 1107: 1060: 989: 988: 948:Saint-Mihiel 916:Belleau Wood 899: 887: 886: 877:La Malmaison 833: 821: 820: 786:Kink Salient 754: 753: 749:Gas: Wieltje 695: 694: 677: 555: 491:municipality 368: 128:Belligerents 38:Part of the 25: 6864:Netherlands 6841:Switzerland 6722:Occupations 6713:Spanish flu 6490:(1919–1922) 6484:(1918–1921) 6478:(1918–1923) 6467:(1919–1921) 6461:(1919–1921) 6455:(1919–1920) 6431:(1918–1920) 6425:(1918–1920) 6419:(1918–1920) 6401:(1918–1920) 6383:(1918–1920) 6377:(1917–1921) 6371:(1917–1921) 6318:(1916-1918) 6316:Arab Revolt 6307:(1915–1917) 6301:(1915–1917) 6289:(1914-1917) 6283:(1914–1917) 6277:(1914–1921) 6271:(1913–1920) 6259:(1910–1920) 6253:(1900–1920) 5751:July Crisis 5672:(1880–1914) 5335:Mesopotamia 5213:Home fronts 5172:World War I 4575:Bidwell, S. 3206:Herwig 2009 3126:Armeegruppe 2862:losses and 2799:299 members 2785:30 per cent 2781:30 per cent 2766:75 per cent 2585:Eighth Army 2526:265,000 men 2522:385,000 men 2502:17,500 men. 2447:were under 2439:fewer than 2429:84 infantry 2358:600 British 2327:Armeegruppe 2186:100 mm guns 2169:(Roulers), 2133:75 mm field 2128:Pickelhaube 2063:24-division 2014:Armentières 1868:), General 1779:3/4 October 1763:John French 1701:and Ypres. 1546:proclaimed 1458:Mont Kemmel 1435:Eighth Army 1431:John French 1398:, that the 1377:Armentières 1235:Armentières 1205:1st Picardy 968:2nd Cambrai 806:Boar's Head 796:Mont Sorrel 250:John French 103: / 7281:Categories 7081:Agreements 6881:War crimes 6757:Luxembourg 6650:Casualties 5528:Montenegro 5363:South West 5243:Technology 5233:Propaganda 5223:Opposition 4716:Holmes, R. 4640:. Osprey. 4540:. Helion. 3992:References 3941:James 1990 3881:Unruh 1986 3809:Foley 2007 3785:Foley 2007 3587:Foley 2007 3464:James 1990 3401:Foley 2007 3314:Foley 2007 3179:James 1990 2883:62,000 men 2840:86,237 men 2822:Casualties 2761:Kindermord 2681:Kindermord 2623:mad minute 2617:Mad minute 2518:(54,105 at 2511:80,000 men 2486:Zwarteleen 2425:17,250 men 2381:Zandvoorde 2243:Langemarck 2162:80,000 men 2079:60-pounder 2075:100 shells 2067:War Office 1983:and upper 1965:Wytschaete 1827:Hazebrouck 1823:Saint-Omer 1741:landed at 1705:landed at 1581:Fifth Army 1509:Background 1452:(OHL, the 1351:Nieuwpoort 1307:19 October 1255:Langemarck 1113:Langemarck 1096:Buggenhout 781:Wulverghem 744:3rd Artois 722:2nd Artois 690:1st Artois 119:Indecisive 88:50°51′51″N 6978:Diplomacy 6685:Olympians 6608:Australia 6575:Logistics 6508:Vlora War 6437:(1918–19) 6413:(1918–19) 6407:(1918–19) 6395:(1918–19) 6342:(1916–17) 6324:(1916–17) 6275:Zaian War 6265:(1914–15) 5992:first day 5880:Lusitania 5708:(1912–13) 5702:(1911–12) 5690:(1908–09) 5684:(1905–06) 5666:(1870–71) 5455:Principal 5315:Gallipoli 5218:Memorials 5203:Geography 5193:Aftermath 5035:0035-9289 4988:800898772 4822:752897173 4749:865491406 4658:(1998) . 4606:792870994 4436:610661991 4328:785856329 4283:838299944 4100:220044986 3560:Foch 1931 3143:Footnotes 2713:September 2564:Aftermath 2498:25 German 2490:7,800 men 2443:of which 2423:had lost 2415:Becelaere 2340:250 heavy 2336:Poperinge 2320:(General 2167:Roeselare 2083:101 heavy 2010:Tourcoing 1994:La Bassée 1969:Gheluvelt 1951:, Lille, 1897:Diksmuide 1799:Le Boisle 1795:Gueschart 1787:Abbeville 1743:Zeebrugge 1676:450 guns. 1497:attrition 1478:artillery 1404:III Corps 1373:La Bassée 1295:‹See Tfd› 1260:Gheluvelt 1250:1st Ypres 1118:Gheluvelt 1108:1st Ypres 963:5th Ypres 943:2nd Somme 921:2nd Marne 911:3rd Aisne 860:The Hills 855:2nd Aisne 816:Fromelles 811:1st Somme 761:The Bluff 727:Hébuterne 717:2nd Ypres 678:1st Ypres 658:1st Aisne 653:1st Marne 626:Le Cateau 604:Charleroi 589:Frontiers 383:5,400,000 340:3,989,103 91:2°53′44″E 80:, Belgium 7266:Category 6853:Refugees 6819:Italians 6808:Germans 6768:Ober Ost 6548:Aviation 5649:Timeline 5620:Bulgaria 5401:Tsingtao 5378:Togoland 5325:Caucasus 5260:European 5252:Theatres 5104:Archived 5050:Websites 5003:Journals 4718:(2001). 4411:17673086 4188:86058356 4168:(1931). 4166:Foch, F. 4120:58962523 4110:(1926). 4090:(1925). 4068:(2005). 3103:and the 3001:and the 2809:Landwehr 2790:Landwehr 2737:December 2729:November 2646:— 2569:Analysis 2558:Albrecht 2496:against 2441:300 men, 2375:and the 2294:and the 2171:Thourout 2119:4th Army 2097:barrages 1957:Courtrai 1880:misnomer 1831:Bailleul 1737:and the 1655:Brussels 1619:Flanders 1462:Flanders 1420:Messines 1412:6th Army 1406:and the 1400:II Corps 1366:4th Army 1240:Messines 973:Courtrai 928:Soissons 867:Messines 834:Alberich 643:Maubeuge 599:Ardennes 594:Lorraine 562:Moresnet 498:province 325:Strength 238:Albert I 73:Location 7004:Germany 6904:Germany 6832:Germany 6752:Belgium 6737:Albania 6696:Disease 6676:Sports 6628:Ireland 6541:Warfare 6534:Aspects 5729:Origins 5722:Prelude 5625:Senussi 5605:Germany 5600:Leaders 5538:Romania 5479:Belgium 5474:Leaders 5373:Kamerun 5355:African 5290:Romania 5268:Balkans 5183:Outline 5063:5 March 4993:5 March 4926:5 March 4827:5 March 4782:5 March 4754:5 March 4527:5 March 4522:8651831 4446:5 March 4416:5 March 4367:29 June 4362:3288637 4333:5 March 4288:5 March 4201:5 March 4056:5 March 2842:and of 2795:166 men 2740:11,079 2732:24,785 2724:30,192 2721:October 2716:15,189 2708:14,409 2648:Sheldon 2515:89,964; 2461:⁄ 2449:100 men 2304:Torhout 2272:⁄ 2258:⁄ 2101:Méteren 2049:Tactics 2022:Halluin 2018:Comines 1985:Scheldt 1953:Roubaix 1931:Terrain 1926:Prelude 1803:Béthune 1723:Antwerp 1707:Dunkirk 1663:Cambrai 1643:Cologne 1583:at the 1439:General 1339:Belgian 1321:around 1086:Antwerp 1061:Battles 938:Ailette 906:The Lys 900:Michael 882:Cambrai 776:Hulluch 771:St Eloi 663:Antwerp 495:Flemish 365:163,897 191:Germany 159:Belgium 42:of the 7024:Russia 6999:France 6827:Canada 6742:Serbia 6613:Canada 6570:Horses 6522:(1921) 6516:(1920) 6510:(1920) 6504:(1920) 6496:(1920) 6449:(1919) 6443:(1919) 6389:(1918) 6354:(1918) 6348:(1917) 6336:(1916) 6330:(1916) 6295:(1915) 5714:(1913) 5696:(1911) 5678:(1905) 5635:Darfur 5560:Serbia 5543:Russia 5506:Greece 5494:France 5484:Brazil 5330:Persia 5273:Serbia 5033: 4986: 4965: 4946: 4901: 4882: 4863: 4844: 4820: 4799: 4773: 4747: 4726: 4704: 4685: 4666: 4644: 4625: 4604: 4585: 4563: 4544: 4520: 4486: 4463: 4434: 4409: 4384: 4360: 4352:] 4326: 4305: 4281: 4256: 4237: 4218: 4186: 4178:] 4154: 4135: 4118: 4098: 4076: 4047: 4026: 4007: 2848:46,765 2807:1,499 2751:95,654 2705:August 2697:Month 2658:range. 2437:75 had 2332:Werviq 2221:Battle 2214:sluice 2175:Gistel 2103:, the 2092:rafale 2005:corons 1999:fosses 1941:Calais 1892:sortie 1811:Hesdin 1805:. The 1719:Cassel 1695:Bruges 1691:Ostend 1544:Sultan 1493:Russia 1381:Allied 1335:French 1331:German 1299:German 1286:French 1215:Albert 1210:Flirey 1076:Dinant 1066:Haelen 978:Sambre 933:Amiens 801:Verdun 631:Étreux 577:Dinant 439:80,000 423:21,562 413:58,155 188: 170: 146:France 143: 116:Result 7337:Ypres 7221:Other 7014:Japan 7009:Italy 6836:camps 6680:Rugby 5516:Japan 5511:Italy 5489:China 5383:North 4617:[ 4505:Books 4478:[ 4348:[ 4273:[ 4195:(PDF) 4180:(PDF) 4174:[ 2949:Notes 2746:Total 2140:Plans 2026:Menin 1945:Douai 1937:Arras 1866:, OHL 1715:Lille 1699:Ghent 1680:Jäger 1651:Liège 1647:Trier 1604:Aisne 1570:Marne 1548:Jihad 1347:Arras 1325:, in 1323:Ypres 1225:Arras 1081:Namur 1071:Liège 845:Arras 828:Ancre 582:Namur 572:Liège 477:Ypres 78:Ypres 6801:POWs 6127:1918 6029:1917 5955:1916 5856:1915 5760:1914 5565:Siam 5368:East 5065:2015 5042:2019 5031:ISSN 4995:2015 4984:OCLC 4963:ISBN 4944:ISBN 4928:2015 4899:ISBN 4880:ISBN 4861:ISBN 4842:ISBN 4829:2015 4818:OCLC 4797:ISBN 4784:2015 4771:ISBN 4756:2015 4745:OCLC 4724:ISBN 4702:ISBN 4683:ISBN 4664:ISBN 4642:ISBN 4623:ISBN 4602:OCLC 4583:ISBN 4561:ISBN 4542:ISBN 4529:2015 4518:OCLC 4484:ISBN 4461:ISBN 4448:2015 4432:OCLC 4418:2015 4407:OCLC 4403:HMSO 4382:ISBN 4369:2015 4358:OCLC 4335:2015 4324:OCLC 4303:ISBN 4290:2015 4279:OCLC 4254:ISBN 4235:ISBN 4216:ISBN 4203:2015 4184:OCLC 4152:ISBN 4133:ISBN 4116:OCLC 4096:OCLC 4074:ISBN 4058:2015 4045:ISBN 4024:ISBN 4005:ISBN 3096:the 3077:the 3039:and 2994:the 2700:No. 2667:and 2492:and 2480:and 2173:and 2152:Foch 2035:pavé 2024:and 1981:Yser 1971:and 1955:and 1949:Lens 1939:and 1890:and 1661:and 1480:and 1429:Sir 1375:and 1280:The 1245:Yser 1103:Yser 1091:Nete 888:1918 850:Vimy 822:1917 755:1916 739:Loos 696:1915 673:Yser 609:Mons 556:1914 65:Date 5023:doi 1977:Lys 1753:BEF 1649:to 1416:Lys 500:of 7283:: 5029:. 5019:66 5017:. 5013:. 4405:. 3975:^ 3960:^ 3705:^ 3618:^ 3579:^ 3408:^ 3393:^ 3186:^ 2872:c. 2454:12 2020:, 2016:, 1979:, 1797:, 1793:, 1697:, 1682:. 1657:, 1653:, 1636:c. 1337:, 1333:, 1309:– 1305:, 1301:: 1292:, 1288:: 351:c. 6652:/ 5164:e 5157:t 5150:v 5067:. 5044:. 5025:: 4971:. 4952:. 4930:. 4907:. 4888:. 4869:. 4850:. 4805:. 4732:. 4710:. 4691:. 4672:. 4650:. 4631:. 4608:. 4591:. 4569:. 4550:. 4531:. 4492:. 4469:. 4450:. 4420:. 4390:. 4371:. 4337:. 4311:. 4262:. 4243:. 4224:. 4205:. 4160:. 4141:. 4122:. 4102:. 4082:. 4060:. 4032:. 4013:. 3135:. 3061:. 2607:( 2463:2 2459:1 2456:+ 2408:) 2274:3 2270:1 2267:+ 2265:7 2260:2 2256:1 2253:+ 2251:5 1861:( 1499:( 1284:( 1182:e 1175:t 1168:v 1040:e 1033:t 1026:v 537:e 530:t 523:v 23:.

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Knowledge

First Battle of Ypres

Index