436:, an athlete and Olympic victor, leased some grazing land from Euaiphnos the Spartan, who promptly sold the cattle to some merchants, claiming pirates had stolen them. As he was making excuses to Polychares, a herdsman of the latter, having escaped from the merchants, intervened to acquaint his master with the real facts. Apologising, Euaiphnos asked Polychares to let his son (Polychares') go with him to obtain the money from the sale, but once over the Spartan border Euaiphnos murdered Polychares' son. Polychares petitioned the Spartan magistrates for justice. Despairing of it, he began to murder such Spartans as he could catch at random. The Spartans demanded extradition of Polychares. The Messenian magistrates insisted on an exchange for Euaiphnos.
260:) in Italy. During the war while the men were away a certain number of Spartan ladies bore illegitimate children to non-Spartiate fathers, some with husbands stationed in Messenia. These Partheniai were denied citizenship and, being unwelcome in Sparta, they became a civic problem, ultimately staging a rebellion. They were sent off under Phalanthus at the suggestion of the Delphic oracle to found Taras at Satyrion later a suburb of Tarentum. Pottery from there is exclusively Greek and geometric from about 700 BC. Eusebius says Taras was founded in 706 BC. Granting a precision to the 710 date he does not grant to the 700 date and presuming the juveniles were sent away immediately after the war, Coldstream formulates new dates for the war of 730–710 BC.
449:
historian, William
Dunstan, asserts that the Spartan invasion was an alternative to the colonization undertaken by most of the other states of Greece to relieve overpopulation at home. No evidence is offered for this view. He also implies that the Spartan aristocracy were moved by the desire for wealth, based on a cultural floruit and some foreign goods dating to the Orientalizing Period found during the excavation of the temple of Artemis Orthia in Sparta. No such motives appear in the classical sources. As Dunstan points out, after about 600 BC Spartan luxuries were in deficit. The Spartan economy improved significantly with the inflow of dues from the new
233:. The end of the war was the abandonment of Mt. Ithome in the first year of the 14th Olympiad. The time of the war is so clearly fixed at 743/742 BC through 724/722 BC that other events in Greek history are often dated by it. Pausanias evidently had access to a chronology of events by Olympiad. The details of the war are not so certain but Pausanias gives an evaluation of his two main sources, the epic poem by Rianos of Bene for the first half and the prose history of Myron of Priene for the second half. Nothing survives now of the sources except fragments.
440:
of
Teleclus 25 years earlier and the discussion became so heated that weapons were drawn. The parties of the two kings assaulted each other and Androcles was killed. Antiochus told the Spartans he would submit the case to the courts at Argos (Dorian) and Athens (Achaean). Antiochus died a few months later and his son, Euphaes, succeeded him. The law case seems to have vanished. Shortly after a Spartan army under both kings of Sparta launched an invasion of Messenia.
588:
575:, an ethnic group of Pelasgians whose ancestors had been driven from Dryopia by the Dorians, who then called it Doris, and from their Achaean place of refuge, Asine, when Dorian Argos subjected it. They were finally offered protection by Dorian Sparta. These were drafted by the Spartans. Also present was a contingent of Cretan archers. Light troops played little part in the battle; they were mainly spectators.
536:
indicated by the transport of "timber and all the materials for stockades" in his baggage train. No mention is made of any intelligence on the current position of the
Spartan army. His actions were not those of a general expecting a battle that day. His intent must have been to move the start line of future attacks closer to the enemy, a standard tactic later used by the Roman army with repeated success.
491:, which according to Nigel Kennel is 8,500 km (3,300 sq mi). Using this figure as a rough estimate of the amount of land occupied by 39,000 klaroi obtains a figure of 54 acres (22 ha) per klaros, a significant agricultural estate. As citizenship and other social status depended on the possession of one the availability of land must have been a strong motive.
639:
43:
630:, not the First. However, this is proof from a deficit. The vases may only demonstrate that depictions of phalanx warfare began at that time, not that phalanxes did. Pausanias on the other hand is positive evidence. Moreover, attempts to discount or select out what he says often create other problems. He is a vital part of all the evidence for the period.
512:
was the
Spartans rousing people out of bed to kill them. Some few took refuge in the temples; others fled for their lives. The Spartans sacked the city then turned it into a garrison for the conduct of further operations against Messenia. The Messenian women and children were captured. The men who had survived the massacre were sold into slavery.
419:
since the shrine was an
Achaean center, not a Dorian one. The soldiers selected for their beardlessness turned out to be too inexperienced, though, and the Messenian leaders easily threw them off and assassinated their commander. Pausanias says: "Those are the stories: believe one or the other according to which side you want to be on."
415:. Ordinarily festivals and temples were sacred and were conducted on sacred ground in Greece; even hunted men could take refuge in a temple because of the taboo against violence. The Spartan version does not explain why the Messenians came to worship and suddenly began committing rape and murder on sacred ground.
596:
did glorious deeds of courage." The
Spartans on the other hand were "careful not to break rank." Says Pausanias, "... knowledge of war was something they had been brought up to, they kept a deeper formation, expecting the Messenians not to hold a line against them for as long as their own would hold ...."
519:), from all of Messenia. They were addressed by the king, Euphaes. He encouraged them to be true men in the hour of need, assuring them that justice and the gods were on their side because they had not attacked first. Subsequently he placed the entire citizenry under arms and arranged for their training.
539:
The
Spartans on the other hand were tracking his every movement. They sent immediately for reinforcements from Sparta, who marched directly for the enemy, encountering the Messenians in the middle between Ithome and Taygetus. Their approach was no surprise to Euphaes. Choosing his ground carefully he
448:
Pausanias states the details of the immediate provocation for war and expresses his view that the underlying cause was ethnic and regional tension between
Laconia and Messenia. Various scholars have given speculative analyses of the underlying causes throughout the centuries since Pausanias. A recent
570:
They met on the plains beneath
Taygetus at a still unknown location in Messenia, perhaps near Ampheia. The battle was mainly a heavy infantry engagement. The terms "light infantry" and "infantry" are being used by Pausanias. The Spartan army was mainly infantry. Some "light infantry" were present as
561:
Both sides knew that in the next campaigning season a major battle would be fought. Meanwhile, at Sparta
Alcmenes died and was replaced by his son, Polydorus. Cleonnis commanded the Messenian fortified camp. At the start of the season he took his command to the east to engage a Spartan army that was
548:
Subsequent events demonstrate that Euphaes intended to build a fortified camp, which is what he did. The main goal of siting such a camp is to deny the enemy access to it. The Spartan commanders understood Euphaes very well. They sent a force upstream to cross the ravine and outflank the Messenians,
522:
From the beginning Euphaes relied on fixed defenses. He fortified and garrisoned the towns but avoided forays against the Spartan army. For two seasons more the Spartans raided the moveable wealth, especially confiscating grain and money, but were ordered to spare capital equipment such as buildings
439:
At this point the incident exploded into violence at the national level. The Spartans sent a delegation to petition the kings of Messenia, nominally Heraclids. Androcles was for extradition, Antiochus against. The whole history of Spartan-Messenian relations was reviewed, including the assassination
373:
This Achaeanizing provoked the Dorians living in Messenia. They viewed themselves as dominant over the Achaeans by right of conquest. They were supported in this view by Sparta, which had maintained a successful Dorian enclave, eventually achieving ascendance over the Achaeans in the Eurotas valley,
595:
Pausanias' description of the battle creates an apparent historical paradox. He refers to "the special characters of the two forces in their behaviors and in their frame of mind." The Messenians "ran charging at the Lakonians reckless of their lives ...." "Some of them leapt forward out of rank and
578:
The two armies faced each other in traditional start lines. Euphaes yielded the command of the Messenian center to Cleonnis, while he took the left flank with Antandros, and Pythartos on the right. Facing Cleonnis was Euryleon, a noble Spartan and a Cadmid, with Polydorus on his left and Theopompus
511:
The war's first battle was the Spartan attack on Ampheia, a city of unknown location now, but probably on the western flank of Taygetus. A swift night march brought them to the gates, which stood open. There was no garrison, nor were they in any way expected. The first sign the Ampheians had of war
618:
After Snodgrass published his analysis of pottery decoration there was a double effort to bring the Great Rhetra to a later time and find phalanxes in an earlier time, neither successful. The earliest evidence that John Salmon found was the vase paintings of the Macmillan Painter, who painted what
418:
The Messenian story says that the "virgins" were beardless soldiers dressed up as women under the leadership of Teleklos, and that the soldiers intended to get close to the Messenian aristocracy for an attempt at their lives. The usual religious considerations may not have been considered to apply
606:
The paradox is that there is no supporting evidence of the use of the phalanx in Greece at that time. Anthony Snodgrass defined "the hoplite revolution," which included both the use of the phalanx in Greece and standardization of a "hoplite panoply" of arms and equipment. The panoply consisted of
357:
Aepytus on reaching manhood shortly was restored by the kings of Sparta (Dorian), Argos (Dorian) and Arcadia (Achaean). The Messenian aristocracy was won by gifts and kindness, except for the regicides, who were executed. Aepytus founded a dynasty of kings of Messenia, the Aepytidae. The Heraclid
614:
or the First Messenian War. Snodgrass dates the small figures of hoplites found in Sparta, "a sign of a unified and self-conscious hoplite class," as he believes, to not before 650. He then questions the date of the Great Rhetra, implying it should be reinterpreted or moved to the 7th century.
535:
Euphaes judged that his army was sufficiently trained to oppose the Spartan professional soldiers. He readied an expedition and subsequently marched out of the capital in what must have been the direction of Ampheia. That his first concern was to construct a fortified base nearer to Ampheia is
665:
Upon hearing of this, the Spartans held off from attacking Ithome for several years, before finally making a long march under their kings and killing the Messenian leader. Aristodemus was made the new Messenian king and led an offensive, meeting the enemy and driving them back into their own
531:
In the fourth campaigning season; that is, in the summer of 739 according to Pausanias' dating scheme, Euphaes resolved to bring the war to the Spartans at Ampheia ("let loose the full blast of Messenian anger"). The Spartans were denying the Messenians use of the countryside for agriculture.
552:
The location of the ravine remains unknown nor does the battle have a name. Blocked, the Spartan army withdrew from Messenia. As it did not settle the war the battle is most often called inconclusive. As far as the tactical goals of the two armies are concerned, it was a Messenian victory.
523:
and trees, which might be of use after the war. In this matrix of fortified points the Spartans could never successfully siege any one point. Declining to attack the main Spartan army, the Messenians could only assault undefended Spartan border communities when the opportunity arose.
549:
preventing them from building a camp, but Euphaes had anticipated this move. Following the Spartans along the other side of the ravine with 500 cavalry and light infantry under Pytharatos and Antandros they prevented the Spartans from crossing. The camp was finished the next day.
197:. Both sides utilized an explosive incident to settle the rivalry by full-scale war. The war was prolonged into 20 years. The result was a Spartan victory. Messenia was depopulated by emigration of the Achaeans to other states. Those who did not emigrate were reduced socially to
481:, an inalienable plot of land. Burckhardt notes that Polydorus, questioned whether he wanted to go to war against brothers (presumably, Dorians integrated into Messenian society) replied: "All we want is land not yet distributed; that is, not yet divided by lot for our people."
348:
and an Achaean. They gave up some land to another Dorian enclave in Messenia. Subsequently the noble families of the Achaeans staged an insurrection, assassinating Cresphontes and all but one of his sons in a single coup. The youngest, Aepytus, was being educated in Arcadia.
269:
603:, the unbroken line of men creating a killing zone in front of them. The chief weapon of the ancient Greek phalanx was the spear. Pausanias says that those who tried to plunder the dead "were speared and stabbed while they were too busy to see what was coming,...."
674:
The Spartans then sent an envoy to Delphi and their following of her advice caused Messenian reverses so great that Aristodemus committed suicide and Ithome fell. The Messenians who had fortified themselves on the mountain either fled abroad or were captured and
623:, to 655. The earliest of the series is an aryballos from Perchora dated 675, showing matched pairs, which are not necessarily phalanxes, but they fight in the presence of a flautist. These musicians were specific to phalanxes. They coordinated its movements.
607:
artifacts adapted from previous models: corselet, greaves, ankle guards, closed "Corinthian" helmet, large round shield with a band for the arm and a side grip, spear, long steel sword. Each element except the greaves is dated to 750-700 BC, perhaps earlier.
619:
appear to be phalanxes around the shoulders of Proto-Corinthian aryballoi. The Chigi Vase, for example, shows the overlapping shields, the spears, the grips of the shields and the corselets and closed helmets. It is dated 650; another, the
579:
on the right. The latter in his harangue appealed to glory, wealth and the oath they had all taken. Euphaes chose to present death or slavery, pointing to the fate of Ampheia. The signal was given to advance simultaneously on both sides.
395:
around 768 BC. This was the year that king Phintas, considered Dorian by the Dorians, brought Messenia to an Ionian festival. The temple was on the border between Messenia and Laconia and only Messenians and Laconians worshipped there.
544:
finds it "rather odd" that Euphaes stationed his army where it could not be attacked by the Spartans. Whether he questions the account or the general is not stated, but seen from a different view, the problem disappears.
460:
was already in effect by the time the war broke out. The Spartans had already produced a professional army, which is evidenced not only by their tactics in the war but by the reluctance of the Messenians to engage them.
386:
The intense ethnic animosity and contention that prevailed between the Dorians and the Achaeans is illustrated by an incident of violence that occurred 25 years prior to the First Messenian War, during a festival at the
508:
assembled an army. When it was ready they swore an oath not to stop fighting until they had taken Messenia no matter whether the war was long or short and regardless of the casualties and cost.
504:
Despairing finally of remedies at law for the murders of their citizens the Spartans resolved to go to war without the usual heraldic notification or any other warning to the Messenians.
249:
in reprisal for its assistance to Sparta during the Spartan invasion of Argos. After the war Sparta placed the refugees in a new settlement called Asine on the Messenian Gulf, today's
358:
part of the family background was explicitly dropped. The Aepytidae integrated totally into Achaean culture. They took the ancient Achaean (and Pelasgian) shrine on the summit of Mt.
456:
The strongest case for an underlying, and in this case ulterior, Spartan motive for the war is an admission by one of the Spartan kings that the Spartans needed Messenian land. The
532:
Subsequent events show that this denial was untenable in the long term for the Messenians. They needed to strike a blow to remove the Spartan presence from their country.
465:
had redistributed all the land in Laconia, creating 39,000 equal plots, of which 9000 went to the Spartiates and 30,000 to the Perioeci. The source of this information,
241:
A second method of dating presented by John Coldstream takes archaeology into consideration as well as other literary evidence, arriving at somewhat later dates.
432:
A generation later "the mutual hatred of the Lakonians and Messenians came to a head." The immediate provocation was an incident of cattle theft.
610:
They are first depicted together on Proto-Corinthian vases of 675 BC for the panoply and the phalanx around 650 BC, much too late for either the
691:, suddenly gained wealth and culture with the "socio-economic basis" of classical Sparta emerging from this war and expansion. In 685 BC, a
1221:
1171:
362:
as their own, compelling the Dorians to worship there also. Ultimately under King Phintas they joined the yearly festival to Apollo at
1120:
469:, states two opinions as to the location of the 9000: either 6000 originally in Lacedaemon with 3000 in Messenia, added by the king
253:. The destruction level at the old Asine is dated 710 BC, more precise actually than can be obtained for most archaeological dates.
407:
Pausanias relates two versions of the story. The Spartan version tells of the raping of virgins and the killing of the king of the
201:, or serfs. Their descendants were held in hereditary servitude for centuries, until the collapse of the Spartan state in 370 BC.
1431:
1411:
1375:
1089:
515:
When the news of Ampheia spread a crowd gathered at the capital, Stenykleros ("rough acres," location unknown, perhaps under
336:
valley. Theras, their mother's brother, acted as regent for his nephews until they reached majority and then led a colony to
871:. The Cabinet Cyclopedia. Vol. 1. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman, J. Taylor. pp. 302–303.
477:
later stated that the Spartans could support 3000 infantry and 1500 cavalry. Each Spartiatate by law had to have his own
716:(1940) is a verse drama, based on Pausanias, about Messenian history, including episodes from the First Messenian War.
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class of Messenia. There is no evidence that this economic arrangement was intended beforehand as a cause of the war.
1586:
1576:
1115:
Smith, William. (2000 March 01). Early History of Peloponnesus and Sparta to the end of the Messenian Wars, B.C. 668.
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A second piece of apparently archaeologically supported evidence is the settlement of the Partheniai at Taras (
226:
1486:
1456:
1380:
1357:
1207:
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in 1104 BC. The victorious Dorian commanders, who were Heraclids, divided the Peloponnese between them.
1441:
658:. They were told that a sacrifice of a royal virgin was the key to their success and the daughter of
540:
selected a site with one side bordering an impassable ravine between the Messenians and the Spartans.
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http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/ancient-greece/history-of-ancient-greece-4-668.asp?pg=10
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1153:. Taylor & Francis e-Library (2nd, ebook ed.). London: Routledge (Taylor & Francis).
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Not wanting to experience another such battle, the Messenians fell back to the heavily fortified
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128:
856:. Ancient History Series. Vol. V. 2. Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. p. 95.
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had entered the war on the Messenian side toward the end of it. They decided to eliminate
8:
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124:
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600:
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The only supporting evidence for the phalanx therefore is dated to the time of the
286:
186:
108:
1464:
1345:
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1446:
1334:
1329:
1238:
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34:
20:
340:. Meanwhile, the Messenians had accepted Cresphontes as king after he married
1570:
1544:
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326:
298:
242:
332:
The Dorians colonized Sparta, then a small state on the east of the central
1506:
1496:
1339:
647:
611:
541:
89:
Loss of sovereignty by Messenia; transfer of land ownership to the Spartans
178:. It began in 743 BC and ended in 724 BC, according to the dates given by
134:
Euphaes, king of Messenia, son of Antiochus, grandson of Phintas; Cleonnis
1521:
1451:
1426:
1421:
1370:
707:
488:
302:
282:
1398:
1319:
484:
366:, the very central festival and most important place of worship of the
587:
1199:
474:
1165:. Translated by W.H.S. Jones; H.A. Ormerod. London: Robert Hale Ltd.
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886:(Abridged ed.). Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications. p. 25.
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404:, had long been a popular goddess among the Mycenaean Greeks.
236:
988:
The ancient Messenians: constructions of ethnicity and memory
692:
676:
473:, victor of the First Messenian War, or 4500 in each region.
450:
408:
381:
363:
337:
246:
198:
650:. This is when the Messenians first sent for help from the
992:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p.
268:
638:
42:
217:
says that the opening campaign was a surprise attack on
913:. Chichester, West Suffix: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 42.
276:
329:, to Athens. Most of the Achaeans remained in place.
662:, a Messenian hero, was chosen for the sacrifice.
599:The Spartan tactic being described is that of the
1119:(chapter IV, pg 10). Retrieved 7 Feb, 2008, from
527:The skirmish for the fortified camp on the ravine
1568:
500:The capture of Ampheia for use as a Spartan base
47:View over Messenia from the summit of Mt. Ithome
634:Establishment of a fixed defense at Mt. Ithome
352:
317:. The previous ruling family of Messenia, the
229:king of Sparta, in the second year of the 9th
1215:
582:
557:The pitched battle in the vicinity of Ampheia
443:
321:, had emigrated with the Atreids, rulers of
209:
237:Dates by the archaeology of Taras and Asine
1222:
1208:
1148:
881:
779:
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382:The raid on the temple of Artemis Limnatis
185:The war continued the rivalry between the
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487:states that Sparta controlled 2/5 of the
193:that had been initiated by the purported
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427:
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144:Maximum of 3,000 infantry, 1,500 cavalry
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908:
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1432:Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese
277:Early rejection of the Heraclid king
1117:A Smaller History of Ancient Greece
370:, the descendants of the Achaeans.
13:
1412:Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations
1149:Coldstream, John Nicolas (2005) .
14:
1603:
1172:"The Hoplite Reform and History"
702:
344:, daughter of Cypselus, king of
221:by a Spartan force commanded by
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1180:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
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1098:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
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147:Roughly the same as the Spartan
16:War between Messenia and Sparta
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749:
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1:
719:
263:
1151:Geometric Greece: 900-700 BC
852:Dunstan, William E. (2000).
687:Sparta, under the rule of a
7:
1381:Wars of Alexander the Great
882:Burckhardt, Jacob (2002) .
562:marching west from Sparta.
353:Acceptance of the Aepytidae
10:
1608:
867:Thirlwall, Connop (1835).
583:The problem of the phalanx
444:Possible underlying causes
18:
1553:
1389:
1300:Wars of the Delian League
1280:
1237:
909:Kennel, Nigel M. (2010).
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494:
291:return of the Heracleidae
210:Pausanias' standard dates
195:Return of the Heracleidae
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97:
51:
40:
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27:
1587:8th century BC in Greece
1577:8th-century BC conflicts
1325:Second Peloponnesian War
1170:Snodgrass, A.M. (1965).
884:History of Greek culture
422:
204:
1310:First Peloponnesian War
911:Spartans: a New History
1517:Seleucid Dynastic Wars
1442:Seleucid–Parthian Wars
1376:Expansion of Macedonia
984:Luraghi, Nino (2008).
670:The Fall of Mt. Ithome
643:
592:
434:Polychares of Messenia
273:
115:Commanders and leaders
1592:Wars involving Sparta
1090:"Political Hoplites?"
1088:Salmon, John (1977).
641:
590:
566:Disposition of troops
428:Immediate provocation
309:and the twin sons of
271:
152:Casualties and losses
1417:Seleucid–Mauryan war
1257:Second Messenian War
697:Second Messenian War
628:Second Messenian War
591:Hoplites, Chigi Vase
458:Spartan Constitution
1305:Third Messenian War
1262:Lydian–Milesian War
1247:First Messenian War
869:A history of Greece
621:Macmillan aryballos
168:First Messenian War
28:First Messenian War
1492:Roman–Seleucid War
1351:Theban–Spartan War
1290:Greco-Persian Wars
1231:Ancient Greek wars
1158:Pausanias (1918).
644:
593:
274:
170:was a war between
1564:
1563:
1502:War against Nabis
1315:Second Sacred War
897:Peloponnesian War
164:
163:
131:: Eurypontid king
93:
92:
1599:
1557:Military history
1527:Mithridatic Wars
1512:Maccabean Revolt
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1437:Chremonidean War
1366:Third Sacred War
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1267:First Sacred War
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887:
879:
873:
872:
864:
858:
857:
849:
843:
842:, IV.4.5-IV.5.7.
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
713:Messene Redeemed
695:revolt caused a
411:line in Sparta,
393:Artemis Limnatis
272:Ancient Messenia
53:
52:
45:
25:
24:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1549:
1465:Macedonian Wars
1458:
1385:
1359:
1346:Theban hegemony
1276:
1233:
1228:
1174:
1160:Description of
1145:
1140:
1131:
1127:
1114:
1110:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1013:
1005:
1001:
982:
978:
970:
966:
958:
954:
946:
942:
934:
930:
922:
918:
907:
903:
895:
891:
880:
876:
865:
861:
850:
846:
838:
834:
826:
822:
814:
810:
802:
798:
790:
786:
780:Coldstream 2005
778:
774:
768:Coldstream 2005
766:
762:
754:
750:
742:
738:
730:
726:
722:
705:
685:
672:
636:
585:
568:
559:
529:
502:
497:
446:
430:
425:
384:
374:who became the
355:
279:
266:
239:
212:
207:
127:: Agiad kings;
85:
79:Spartan victory
71:
59:743 BC – 724 BC
46:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1605:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1582:Messenian Wars
1579:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1462:
1454:
1449:
1447:Cleomenean War
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1342:
1337:
1335:Corinthian War
1332:
1330:Phyle Campaign
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1193:10.2307/628813
1167:
1155:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1134:Ancient Greece
1125:
1108:
1080:
1078:, p. 116.
1076:Snodgrass 1965
1068:
1066:, p. 110.
1064:Snodgrass 1965
1056:
1052:Pausanias 1918
1041:
1037:Pausanias 1918
1026:
1022:Pausanias 1918
1011:
1007:Pausanias 1918
999:
976:
972:Pausanias 1918
964:
960:Pausanias 1918
952:
948:Pausanias 1918
940:
936:Pausanias 1918
928:
924:Pausanias 1918
916:
901:
889:
874:
859:
854:Ancient Greece
844:
840:Pausanias 1918
832:
828:Pausanias 1918
820:
816:Pausanias 1918
808:
804:Pausanias 1918
796:
792:Pausanias 1918
784:
782:, p. 221.
772:
770:, p. 154.
760:
756:Pausanias 1918
748:
744:Pausanias 1918
736:
732:Pausanias 1918
723:
721:
718:
704:
701:
684:
681:
671:
668:
635:
632:
584:
581:
567:
564:
558:
555:
528:
525:
501:
498:
496:
493:
445:
442:
429:
426:
424:
421:
383:
380:
354:
351:
278:
275:
265:
262:
238:
235:
211:
208:
206:
203:
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
136:
135:
132:
117:
116:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
95:
94:
91:
90:
87:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
67:
65:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
38:
37:
35:Messenian Wars
30:
29:
21:Messenian Wars
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1604:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1545:War of Actium
1543:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1295:Aeginetan War
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1272:Sicilian Wars
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1252:Lelantine War
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1008:
1003:
995:
990:
989:
980:
973:
968:
961:
956:
949:
944:
937:
932:
925:
920:
912:
905:
898:
893:
885:
878:
870:
863:
855:
848:
841:
836:
829:
824:
817:
812:
805:
800:
793:
788:
781:
776:
769:
764:
757:
752:
745:
740:
733:
728:
724:
717:
715:
714:
709:
703:In literature
700:
698:
694:
690:
680:
678:
667:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
640:
631:
629:
624:
622:
616:
613:
608:
604:
602:
597:
589:
580:
576:
574:
563:
554:
550:
546:
543:
537:
533:
524:
520:
518:
513:
509:
507:
492:
490:
486:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
454:
452:
441:
437:
435:
420:
416:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
394:
390:
379:
377:
371:
369:
365:
361:
350:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
270:
261:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
159:
156:
155:
150:
146:
143:
142:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
119:
118:
113:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
96:
88:
83:
82:
78:
75:
74:
70:
66:
63:
62:
58:
55:
54:
50:
44:
39:
36:
31:
26:
22:
1555:
1507:Galatian War
1497:Aetolian War
1459:(220–217 BC)
1405:
1404:Wars of the
1360:(357–355 BC)
1344:Wars of the
1340:Boeotian War
1246:
1184:
1178:
1159:
1150:
1143:Bibliography
1133:
1128:
1116:
1111:
1102:
1096:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1009:, IX.7.1-11.
1002:
987:
979:
967:
955:
943:
931:
919:
910:
904:
896:
892:
883:
877:
868:
862:
853:
847:
835:
823:
811:
799:
787:
775:
763:
751:
739:
734:, IV.5.9-10.
727:
711:
706:
686:
673:
664:
648:Mount Ithome
645:
625:
617:
612:Great Rhetra
609:
605:
598:
594:
577:
569:
560:
551:
547:
542:Nino Luraghi
538:
534:
530:
521:
514:
510:
503:
483:
478:
455:
447:
438:
431:
417:
406:
400:, sister of
385:
372:
356:
331:
280:
255:
240:
213:
184:
167:
165:
98:Belligerents
1522:Achaean War
1457:Social War
1452:Lyttian War
1427:Syrian Wars
1422:Pyrrhic War
1391:Hellenistic
1371:Foreign War
1358:Social War
1187:: 110–122.
794:, IV.3.3-6.
758:, IV.6.1-5.
708:F. L. Lucas
666:territory.
660:Aristodemus
489:Peloponnese
311:Aristodemus
303:Cresphontes
289:before the
283:Peloponnese
84:Territorial
1571:Categories
1487:Cretan War
1399:Lamian War
1320:Samian War
938:, IV.7.10.
818:, IV.4.1-3
746:, IV.13.7.
720:References
642:Mt. Ithome
485:Thucydides
264:Background
129:Theopompus
19:See also:
1282:Classical
1132:Dunstan,
1105:: 84–101.
1054:, IV.8.4.
1039:, IV.8.1.
1024:, IV.8.7.
974:, IV.7.3.
962:, IV.7.1.
950:, IV.6.6.
926:, IV.5.8.
899:, I.10.2.
830:, IV.4.4.
806:, IV.4.1.
573:Dryopians
475:Aristotle
471:Polydorus
285:had been
215:Pausanias
180:Pausanias
125:Polydorus
1406:Diadochi
677:enslaved
506:Alcmenes
467:Plutarch
463:Lycurgus
413:Teleklos
376:perioeci
319:Neleides
307:Messenia
258:Tarentum
231:Olympiad
223:Alcmenes
189:and the
187:Achaeans
172:Messenia
139:Strength
121:Alcmenes
109:Messenia
69:Messenia
64:Location
33:Part of
1529: (
1467: (
1239:Archaic
689:diarchy
601:phalanx
517:Messene
398:Artemis
368:Ionians
346:Arcadia
334:Eurotas
323:Mycenae
295:Temenus
287:Achaean
219:Ampheia
191:Dorians
86:changes
1535:Second
1481:Fourth
1473:Second
1162:Greece
1136:. p.95
683:Legacy
656:Delphi
652:Oracle
495:Course
479:kleros
402:Apollo
389:temple
360:Ithome
342:Merope
315:Sparta
251:Koroni
199:helots
176:Sparta
104:Sparta
76:Result
1539:Third
1531:First
1477:Third
1469:First
1175:(PDF)
1093:(PDF)
693:helot
451:helot
423:Cause
409:Agiad
364:Delos
338:Thera
327:Argos
313:took
305:took
299:Argos
297:took
247:Asine
243:Argos
227:Agiad
205:Dates
160:2,700
157:1,800
325:and
281:The
174:and
166:The
56:Date
1189:doi
710:'s
654:at
391:of
1573::
1537:,
1533:,
1479:,
1475:,
1471:,
1185:85
1183:.
1177:.
1103:97
1101:.
1095:.
1044:^
1029:^
1014:^
994:96
699:.
679:.
378:.
301:,
225:,
182:.
123:,
1541:)
1483:)
1223:e
1216:t
1209:v
1195:.
1191::
1123:.
996:.
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