994:, and his wish to establish rural military tribunals. The latter measure was in response to the lapse in law and order that was spreading throughout the country. Iturbide wished to establish in provincial capitals special courts made up of two military officers assisted by a lawyer. They were to keep track of seditious plots, but also in cases of murder, robbery or injury, and with the permission of the district captain general, the courts would be allowed to disregard statutes that would interfere with quickly carrying out judicial processes. Congress however, was opposed to the project. All the while, work on a constitution for the Empire was being neglected. Iturbide's greatest enemy in congress was deputy
1163:
136:
744:
that congress was not entirely free in the present circumstances to proceed on the matter. A pro-Iturbide crowd outside of the hall was making so much noise that it was interfering with the deliberations, and congress asked
Iturbide to show up in an unsuccessful attempt to calm the crowds. The opposition brought up concerns that a popular demonstration in the capital was not enough of a basis upon which to elect Iturbide and that the provinces ought to be consulted first. A proposal was made to gain the consent of two thirds of the provinces, and this succeeding then to appoint a commission to write a provisional constitution in order to avoid constitutional crises.
127:
450:
98:
1150:
On 19 March, Iturbide fearing his imminent overthrowal, summoned congress to an extraordinary session and presented his abdication. Congress proposed that the military junta meet with
Iturbide about the matter, but the junta refused, instead proposing that Iturbide remove himself from the capital, and await the decision of Congress. On 26 March, an agreement was reached by which the junta would recognize Iturbide on whatever terms Congress would grant him. Iturbide also agreed to remove himself from the capital, and the command of the capital was handed over to the revolutionary troops and power passed over to the
817:
433:
1057:
writing a constitution, of not passing a single law regarding finances or the military, and of rather focusing their time on attacking the emperor. Various deputies added to the discussion, and brought forth the point that if congress needed to be reformed, the proposal ought to come from congress itself. The ultimate result of this conference was a proposal to reduce congress to seventy deputies. On
October 17, 1822, the latter proposal was presented to congress. Congress rejected the measure, but a compromise was reached by which the legislature agreed to abide by the
517:
755:, Congress was now authorized by that very treaty to hold an election to decide who the emperor was to be. The vote then proceeded. In the final results, sixty-seven deputies voted in favor of making Iturbide Emperor, while fifteen voted against. The vote however was short of a legal quorum of one hundred and two deputies. Congress, nonetheless resigned itself to the situation, and a plan to establish a constitutional monarchy united both conservatives and liberals at a time when it was uncertain which form of government would be best for independent Mexico.
82:
478:
75:
1118:
as the
Spaniards landed however, Santa Anna's troops failed to arrive, and Echevarri barely defeated the landing party, and the Spanish ultimately kept control of the fort. Echevarri expressed his suspicion to Iturbide that it had all been a scheme by Santa Anna to get Echeverri killed as revenge for Santa Anna not having been appointed Captain-General himself. Iturbide himself went to Veracruz to dismiss Santa Anna from his command, not overtly however but rather under the pretext of simply moving him to a different post in
615:
402:
464:
5553:
1035:, the government had the authority to arrest deputies suspected of being involved in a treasonous conspiracy, and that congress would remain informed on the results of the ongoing investigation. Congress preferred to try the suspected deputies itself, but the matter was rejected. The prosecution against the accused did not get very far and a few were liberated around Christmas, 1822. One of the arrested,
804:. In the cathedral, the emperor and the empress were to be seated on thrones next to the newly ennobled Mexican princes and princesses. Upon reaching the cathedral, the emperor and empress were escorted to their thrones, and the imperial regalia was placed on the altar. The regalia was blessed and Iturbide was crowned by the president of the congress.
1048:
constitutional congress. It did not view itself bound in any way by the 1812 Spanish
Constitution which remained the de facto constitution of Mexico. At this point no consistent relationship had been established between population and the number of deputies, and the congress as it stood was starting to become a burdensome expense. Deputy
1132:, defected from the ranks of the imperialists, and proceeded to Chilapa on 5 January 1823 to join the revolution, but experienced a disastrous defeat at Almolonga. The insurrection was mostly being suppressed at this time, Victoria being held in check at Puente del Rey, and Santa Anna still confined at Veracruz.
1140:
met in
Veracruz to proclaim the Plan of Casa Mata. The army pledged itself to restore Congress while disavowing any intention of harming the person of the Emperor, or of overthrowing the Mexican monarchy. On 14 February, Puebla proclaimed for the plan, followed by San Luis Potosí, and Guadalajara. By
1052:
brought up these concerns and proposed to reduce the number of deputies and also to divide the body into two chambers, a proposal which the emperor found very agreeable. On
October 16, Iturbide gathered several deputies and generals at his home, and began to discuss the measure of dissolving congress
743:
An extraordinary session of congress was held the following morning to deal with the subject of
Iturbide's coronation. At the opening of the session, the military addressed a manifesto to congress, endorsing Iturbide to be emperor. The deliberations then started with a few deputies expressing concern
736:, Iturbide himself was able to address the demonstrators from his balcony. He consulted with members of the regency on what course to follow, and eventually acquiesced to the demonstrators' demands, agreeing that he should be made emperor. The crowd celebrated the rest of the night with fireworks and
586:
in
September 1821, the plan for a Mexican monarchy advanced. Iturbide's popularity reached its peak on May 18, 1822, when public demonstrations called for him to become emperor in the absence of a European royal willing to assume the throne. Congress approved the proposal, and Iturbide was crowned in
1117:
of
Veracruz to its new commander. When Echevarri, the captain-general of the local provinces, arrived in Veracruz, he approved of the plan, and agreed to join in on it, positioning his troops in Veracruz to ambush the landing Spaniards, having been promised support by Santa Anna. On 26 October 1822,
1082:
made up of forty five members, chosen from among friendly deputies. The junta was installed officially on 2 November 1822, and vested with the legislative power, until a new congress could be formed. Iturbide entrusted the body with writing up regulations for producing a new congress, but also began
1149:
On 4 March 1823, Iturbide issued a decree reconvening Congress, and the deputies met on 7 March. Iturbide addressed the session, hoping to reach a negotiation and avoid conflict, but the deputies listened coldly. The military junta refused to recognize the Congress until its liberty was guaranteed.
1086:
Iturbide also began to issue paper currency, and on 20 December, the government authorized the printing of four million pesos worth of banknotes, in denominations of one, two, and ten. These were issued to all financial offices of the Empire, where they were to be used in a ratio of 1:2 with silver
1047:
Afterwards followed controversies over reconstituting Congress. The convocation that had established congress had also directed it to divide itself into two chambers, which had not been done. The body remained united on the pretext of drafting a new constitution and it considered itself a sovereign
775:
Iturbide's court was being set up to be more luxurious than that of the former Spanish Viceroy, a situation which provoked opposition in a new nation that was essentially bankrupt. To remedy the financial difficulties, the Mexican government prohibited the exportation of money, and exacted a forced
1135:
Echevarri was sent to take care of the rebellion in Veracruz, with more than three thousand well supplied troops, but ended up defecting. At this point, the opposition to the government began to negotiate with the military. On 1 February 1823 a junta including many military chiefs, and the liberal
1064:
Iturbide however then sought for more concessions, arguing that his veto ought to extend to any article of any new constitution that congress would draft, and also continued to insist on reducing the number of deputies in congress. These grabs for power alienated even conservatives, and Iturbide's
1026:
were arrested. Congress was shocked by the arrests, which had included some of its most prominent deputies, and on the morning of 27 August, the legislature sent a letter to the military upholding the immunity of congress, and accusing the arresting authorities of acting in an extra-legal fashion.
698:
would retain its privileges and position as the official and exclusive religion of the land. These Three Guarantees formed the core of the Plan of Iguala, the blueprint which, by combining the goal of independence and a constitution with the preservation of Catholic monarchy and Roman Catholicism,
731:
having rejected the Treaty of Cordoba, Iturbide's supporters saw an opportunity to place their candidate on the throne. On the night of 18 May, the 1st infantry regiment, stationed at the ex Convent of San Hipólito, and led by sergeant Pio Marcha began a public demonstration in favor of Iturbide
1056:
The following day, members of the council of state, the generals based in Mexico City, and more than forty deputies gathered at Iturbide's home for a conference regarding the problems with congress. He addressed them and accused congress of not having taken a single step in eight months towards
989:
Congress and the Emperor immediately began to clash, in large part because their respective legal powers had not at this point been clearly delineated. By mid 1822 the three major issues were whether Iturbide had a right to appoint members to a Supreme Court, whether he had the right to veto
1069:
was placed in charge of dissolving the congress, and the deputies dispersed without protest or violence. Iturbide's pretext was that congress had accomplished nothing in the eight months it had been in session, work on a constitution had not begun despite that being the main purpose for its
595:
composed of his supporters. However, by December of the same year, he began to lose the support of the army, which rebelled in favor of restoring Congress. Unable to suppress the revolt, Iturbide reconvened Congress in March 1823 and offered his abdication. Power was then transferred to a
1083:
to focus on the grave financial issues that the Empire was facing. On 5 November 1822, the junta authorized a forced loan of over two million pesos, and the seizure of more than one million pesos waiting for exportation out of the country in the port of Veracruz.
718:
to accede to the Mexican throne. Commissioners from Mexico were sent to Spain to offer the Mexican throne to a Spanish royal, but the Spanish state refused to recognize Mexico's independence and would not allow any other Spanish prince to accept the throne.
654:
in 1810, a decade of warfare between insurgents for independence from Spain and royalists seeking to maintain the existing colonial order. The insurgency was initially led by Hidalgo, who was captured and executed in 1811, then succeeded by Father
763:
Congress published an oath binding the emperor to obey the constitution, which Iturbide subsequently took, and Congress also declared the Mexican monarchy to be hereditary, granting titles of nobility to Iturbide's family. His son and heir became
663:, waged guerrilla warfare in the countryside of southern Mexico. Agustín de Iturbide was a Mexican officer in the Spanish army, a member of the Mexican elite loyal to Spain. When Liberals in Spain seized power in 1820, re-established the Spanish
714:, whereby Ferdinand VII of Spain would also be king of Mexico, but both countries would be governed by separate laws and through separate legislative bodies. If the Spanish king refused the position, the plan provided for another member of the
783:
The coronation took place on 21 July. The capital was decked out in floral arrangements, banners, streamers, and flags. The government could not afford to forge a crown, and therefore jewels and gems had to be borrowed, but ultimately a
590:
The empire's brief existence was marked by challenges, including disputes over its legitimacy, conflicts between Congress and the emperor, and a bankrupt treasury. In October 1822, Iturbide dissolved Congress and replaced it with a
5169:
518:
1493:"Ensayo político de la provincias de Venezuela. Extensión del territorio. Población. Producciones naturales. Comercio exterior. Comunicaciones entre las diversas provincias que componen la república de Colombia"
5162:
699:
brought together all Mexican factions. Under the 24 February 1821 Plan of Iguala, to which most of the provinces subscribed, the Mexican Congress established a regency council which was headed by Iturbide.
671:
and curtailing privileges of established elites and institutions, Mexican elites saw their interests threatened. In view of this, Iturbide sought an alliance with Mexican insurgents, drawing up the
5155:
1006:
In August 1822, a conspiracy to overthrow the Emperor was discovered. The conspirators, claiming that Iturbide's election was illegal, plotted to rise up in the capital, move the congress to
261:
751:, future president of Mexico, stood up for the legality of congress to elect an emperor. He praised Iturbide's services to the nation, and argued that as Spain had rejected the
221:
1087:
coin in payment of all government of obligations. Anyone who owed money to the government was allowed to make one third of the payment in notes and two thirds in coin.
3503:
1122:. However, Santa Anna suspecting his ruin, instead took command of his troops and in December, 1822 started a rebellion in favour of a republican form of government.
904:
892:
978:
966:
5617:
5612:
2543:
954:
935:
1492:
3098:
5647:
597:
4026:
1010:
and declare the establishment of a Republic. On 26 and 27 August, fifteen deputies suspected of being involved with the plot, including Mier,
3293:
2193:
Archer, Christon I. (2008). "Royalist Scourge or Liberator of the Patria? Agustín de Iturbide and Mexico's War of Independence, 1810–1821".
574:, who ruled as Agustín I, its only monarch. The establishment of a monarchy was the initial goal for independent Mexico, as outlined in the
3359:
2707:
800:. Congress met on the morning of the coronation, and then divided itself into two deputations to escort the emperor and the empress to the
2092:
2965:
1141:
March, most of Mexico had proclaimed in favour of the plan. A military junta was formed in Jalapa, to represent the Plan of Casa Mata.
578:, a political document drafted by Iturbide that unified the forces fighting for independence from Spain. Following the signing of the
5607:
5556:
3627:
3061:
780:
was also formed, being made up of thirteen members selected by the Emperor from a list of thirty one nominees submitted by congress.
732:
being made emperor. The demonstration was joined by other barracks and many civilians as well. When the public demonstration reached
1450:
5652:
5637:
5498:
5493:
97:
20:
547:. The empire existed from 1821 to 1823, making it one of the few modern-era independent monarchies in the Americas, alongside the
5518:
2407:
1061:
as a provisional constitution, allowing Iturbide a veto over legislation, and the right to select members of the supreme court.
5147:
1225:), which had not initially approved becoming part of the Mexican Empire but joined the Empire shortly after their independence.
1015:
5602:
5183:
3220:
2975:
2844:
135:
5483:
4979:
4361:
3108:
1473:
3642:
126:
2508:
2473:
1195:
4885:
706:
acceded to the Mexican insurgents' demands, having no other option because he lacked independent resources. He signed the
5503:
5478:
2937:
2822:
1395:
1233:
440:
5513:
5488:
5473:
5458:
5031:
4031:
2839:
2748:
2456:
2187:
1390:
1203:
1191:
801:
5468:
5463:
5448:
3675:
3349:
3286:
2670:
2558:
2498:
2267:
2171:
1922:
1660:
1534:
5313:
1232:
called for a new Central American Congress to convene and on July 1, 1823 the Central American provinces formed the
5632:
5627:
5622:
5531:
5412:
5331:
3622:
3511:
3246:
2665:
2640:
2420:
1480:...Mexican Empire extended over 4,429,000 km2 (not including the 445,683 km2... of the Central American provinces.)
1151:
422:
5642:
5508:
4657:
3319:
3163:
2758:
2697:
1241:
3819:
3364:
2907:
2635:
1199:
1065:
proposals were rejected, which Iturbide then responded to by dissolving congress on 31 October 1822. Brigadier
682:
The newly constituted movement involved three principles, or "guarantees": that Mexico would be an independent
1110:
650:, who had long been part of a circle of intellectuals who sought to reform the colonial system, triggered the
5442:
5436:
5095:
2970:
2875:
2630:
2478:
748:
5090:
4974:
3602:
3279:
3178:
3076:
2980:
2960:
2780:
2763:
2660:
1162:
1079:
1058:
1032:
1023:
991:
676:
592:
266:
255:
2375:
1496:
1066:
923:
5430:
5368:
5100:
4137:
3521:
3376:
2885:
2785:
2712:
2446:
2400:
1430:
651:
609:
544:
303:
5350:
5209:
1271:
5597:
5406:
3302:
3188:
3009:
2900:
2890:
2563:
2518:
1415:
74:
5592:
5577:
5525:
5388:
5058:
4206:
3770:
3093:
2812:
2795:
2717:
2650:
1451:
Porvenir De México y Juicio Sobre Su Estado Político En 1821 Y 1851, Volumen1 Por Luis Gonzaga Cuevas
1187:
1096:
765:
647:
1036:
1019:
873:
849:
240:
5587:
5319:
5307:
5301:
5016:
4991:
4841:
4500:
4495:
3526:
2995:
2990:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2624:
2615:
2493:
1410:
1281:
1183:
797:
793:
1137:
5657:
5582:
5177:
5083:
4964:
4505:
4458:
4401:
4100:
4044:
3792:
3516:
3354:
3324:
3066:
2927:
2655:
2463:
2380:
1420:
1209:
Under the First Empire, Mexico reached its greatest territorial extent, stretching from northern
1011:
995:
683:
656:
524:
184:
2523:
1727:
816:
5105:
5006:
5001:
4689:
4637:
4557:
4490:
4394:
4379:
4272:
4039:
3993:
3834:
3721:
3637:
3580:
3446:
3426:
3131:
3036:
2942:
2932:
2790:
2770:
2468:
2393:
668:
563:
345:
103:
1912:
1565:
1524:
1291:
1028:
861:
571:
210:
5382:
5283:
5239:
5036:
4996:
4809:
4684:
3748:
3738:
3697:
3668:
3595:
3570:
3203:
3056:
3046:
2922:
2870:
2800:
2753:
2692:
2513:
2104:
1463:
1425:
776:
loan of 600,000 pesos in Mexico City, Puebla, Guadalajara, and Veracruz. During this time, a
695:
559:
552:
4924:
1311:
5265:
5233:
5129:
4959:
4929:
4735:
4706:
4625:
3959:
3797:
3787:
3552:
3490:
3215:
3051:
3026:
3021:
2912:
2817:
2436:
1405:
664:
540:
4909:
2573:
2212:
752:
707:
675:
and gaining the support of insurgent leader Vicente Guerrero and others. They created the
579:
8:
5453:
5418:
5376:
5356:
5253:
5221:
4821:
4701:
4667:
4569:
4389:
4384:
4196:
3915:
3851:
3726:
3711:
3371:
3344:
3339:
3168:
3158:
3041:
2947:
2827:
2775:
2598:
2578:
1844:
1776:
1616:
1599:
1301:
737:
330:
4537:
4527:
2041:
1956:
1229:
1102:
1070:
convocation, and that the matters of justice and finance had been completely neglected.
1053:
under the pretext that it did not as it stood, proportionally represent the provinces.
703:
583:
5537:
4934:
4914:
4897:
4848:
4713:
4522:
4473:
4406:
4324:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4211:
4181:
4073:
3971:
3839:
3814:
3632:
3536:
3334:
3329:
3198:
3173:
2736:
2722:
2538:
2278:
2231:
2208:
2116:
2075:
2058:
2024:
2007:
1973:
1895:
1827:
1793:
1711:
1694:
1677:
1633:
1582:
1465:
Myths, Misdeeds, and Misunderstandings: The Roots of Conflict in U.S.-Mexican Relations
1210:
1039:
would actually go on to be appointed foreign minister by Iturbide a few months later.
733:
178:
1341:
81:
5400:
5295:
5277:
5043:
4939:
4875:
4870:
4799:
4696:
4411:
4339:
4334:
4176:
4105:
4088:
4083:
4078:
3878:
3829:
3531:
3485:
3475:
3436:
3239:
3123:
3103:
3088:
2985:
2917:
2858:
2832:
2645:
2620:
2610:
2428:
2263:
2183:
1918:
1656:
1530:
1469:
1400:
1049:
191:
170:
166:
5424:
5394:
5362:
5289:
5271:
4892:
4679:
4674:
4630:
4617:
4547:
4515:
4510:
4374:
4369:
4351:
4312:
4245:
4228:
4169:
4159:
4154:
4095:
4051:
4021:
3981:
3964:
3947:
3910:
3661:
3575:
3557:
3458:
3141:
2895:
2588:
2583:
2483:
2223:
2200:
2108:
1125:
777:
715:
660:
639:
631:
614:
548:
511:
499:
457:
156:
41:
2299:
El siglo ilustrado en América. Reformas económicas del siglo XVIII en Nueva España
1129:
659:, who was likewise captured and executed in 1815. Remaining insurgents, including
5344:
5325:
5259:
5245:
5179:
5110:
5078:
4951:
4919:
4902:
4858:
4853:
4831:
4826:
4784:
4777:
4752:
4612:
4607:
4448:
4329:
4223:
4218:
4186:
4011:
4001:
3895:
3888:
3883:
3868:
3824:
3706:
3692:
3562:
3431:
3399:
3255:
3210:
3193:
3183:
3146:
3081:
3031:
2568:
2195:
2142:
1990:
1939:
1878:
1861:
1810:
1759:
1650:
1296:
1266:
1261:
1214:
1106:
1007:
769:
4532:
998:, a staunch republican, who would often ridicule the Emperor and his pageantry.
5053:
5048:
5011:
4986:
4969:
4880:
4865:
4836:
4794:
4642:
4602:
4597:
4552:
4478:
4438:
4428:
4418:
4233:
4112:
4006:
3873:
3755:
3480:
3468:
2880:
2702:
2255:
2204:
1549:
1109:. There had been a change in command at the fort during this time, and general
711:
672:
627:
575:
536:
471:
290:
87:
55:
2112:
5571:
5338:
5215:
5187:
5134:
5021:
4816:
4789:
4762:
4740:
4718:
4485:
4468:
4453:
4297:
4250:
4238:
4164:
4056:
3930:
3925:
3900:
3782:
3421:
3404:
3271:
3260:
3113:
2807:
1276:
1245:
728:
19:"Mexican America" redirects here. For the professional wrestling stable, see
4562:
4542:
772:
was organized. 21 July 1822 was set as the date of the official coronation.
5227:
5026:
4767:
4757:
4723:
4652:
4647:
4574:
4364:
4346:
4307:
4302:
4282:
4277:
4149:
4142:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4016:
3954:
3935:
3920:
3856:
3453:
3416:
3151:
2952:
2548:
2169:
Anna, Timothy E. (1985). "The rule of Agustín de Iturbide: a reappraisal."
373:
1346:
1321:
679:, which brought about Mexican independence from Spain in September 1821.
5203:
4745:
4730:
4579:
4292:
4201:
4191:
4117:
3765:
3760:
3463:
3136:
2273:
Weber, David J. (2005). "The Spanish Borderlands, Historiography Redux".
2182:, Michael C. Meyer and William H. Beezley, eds. Oxford University Press.
1366:
1119:
785:
691:
635:
532:
146:
2282:
4772:
4589:
4463:
4423:
4356:
2533:
2528:
2503:
2488:
2235:
2120:
1376:
1316:
1248:) would eventually reduce Mexico to less than half its maximum extent.
1228:
After the emperor abdicated, on March 29 the departing Mexican general
1113:, stationed in Veracruz planned a scheme of taking possession of it by
3441:
5198:
4662:
4433:
4317:
4287:
4068:
3942:
3733:
2441:
1371:
1356:
1306:
1256:
The first Mexican empire was divided into the following intendances:
643:
600:, which abolished the monarchy and established the Mexican Republic.
407:
2227:
4063:
3846:
3804:
3743:
3071:
2553:
1361:
1351:
1286:
1222:
1182:
The territory of the Mexican Empire corresponded to the borders of
623:
2385:
2362:
Introducción al estudio de los virreyes de Nueva España, 1535–1746
1732:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexican Government. 1870. p. 1026.
3976:
3905:
3861:
3716:
1331:
1237:
1114:
789:
694:
would henceforth enjoy equal rights and privileges; and that the
3777:
1849:(in Spanish). Mexico City: J.F. Barres and Co. pp. 372–373.
1604:(in Spanish). Mexico City: J.F. Barres and Co. pp. 290–296.
710:
on 24 August 1821. The Mexican Congress intended to establish a
3809:
3684:
3409:
2416:
1883:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Manuel de la Vega. pp. 145–146.
1336:
1326:
1218:
638:
there was a widespread refusal to recognize Napoleon's brother
528:
4443:
2306:
Los Virreyes de Nueva España durante el reinado de Carlos III
2218:
Benson, Nettie Lee (February 1945). "The Plan of Casa Mata".
1880:
Ensayo histórico de las revoluciones de México: Tomo Primero
1812:
Ensayo histórico de las revoluciones de México: Tomo Primero
1495:. Banco de la República – Actividad Cultural. Archived from
1781:(in Spanish). Mexico City: J.F. Barres and Co. p. 358.
1621:(in Spanish). Mexico City: J.F. Barres and Co. p. 297.
1244:
over the next several decades (principally cessions to the
1240:
choosing to remain a part of Mexico as a state. Subsequent
3653:
1815:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Manuel de la Vega. p. 139.
2260:
Stormy Passage: Mexico from Colony to Republic, 1750–1850
1554:
Stormy Passage: Mexico from Colony to Republic, 1750-1850
690:, that is all Mexicans regardless of ethnic category and
2178:
Archer, Christon I. (2000). "Fashioning a New Nation".
796:
were produced. Costumes were made based on drawings of
768:. The 19th of May was made a national holiday, and a
2241:
Richmond, Douglas W. (1997). "Agustín de Iturbide".
2080:. New York: The Bancroft Company. pp. 801–802.
2063:. New York: The Bancroft Company. pp. 793–794.
2029:. New York: The Bancroft Company. pp. 792–793.
2012:. New York: The Bancroft Company. pp. 786–789.
1832:. New York: The Bancroft Company. pp. 782–783.
1798:. New York: The Bancroft Company. pp. 780–781.
1716:. New York: The Bancroft Company. pp. 777–778.
1682:. New York: The Bancroft Company. pp. 774–775.
1652:
France, Mexico and Informal Empire in Latin America
1638:. New York: The Bancroft Company. pp. 770–771.
1587:. New York: The Bancroft Company. pp. 770–771.
1910:
2093:"Mexican Influence in Central America, 1821–1823"
1937:
1859:
1757:
1522:
5569:
1461:
622:The Spanish Empire disintegrated in the wake of
570:. The empire was led by former military officer
3301:
2245:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 711–713.
2147:(11th ed.). Mexico: Librería Porrúa Hnos.
1978:. New York: The Bancroft Company. p. 785.
1900:. New York: The Bancroft Company. p. 784.
1699:. New York: The Bancroft Company. p. 776.
1462:Rodriguez, Jaime E.; Vincent, Kathryn (1997).
990:legislation as the Spanish King had under the
5618:States and territories disestablished in 1823
5163:
3669:
3287:
2401:
2039:
1954:
1556:. Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield 2022, 184
1090:
566:, this period is commonly referred to as the
340:4,429,000 km (1,710,000 sq mi)
33:
5126:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
1078:To replace congress, Iturbide established a
2938:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
1747:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 95.
1198:. The Central American lands of the former
1101:The last Spanish stronghold in Mexico, was
642:as the new French-backed king of Spain. In
47:
5613:States and territories established in 1821
5170:
5156:
3676:
3662:
3294:
3280:
2408:
2394:
2144:Visión Panorámica de la Historia de México
2134:
1042:
722:
134:
125:
3628:List of the last monarchs in the Americas
1917:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 220.
1876:
1808:
1648:
1251:
1001:
618:Coat of arms of the First Mexican Empire.
2336:. Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla, 1975.
2166:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
2140:
2073:
2056:
2046:(in Spanish). Aguilar Ortiz. p. 92.
2022:
2005:
1971:
1961:(in Spanish). Aguilar Ortiz. p. 89.
1893:
1842:
1825:
1791:
1774:
1709:
1692:
1675:
1631:
1614:
1597:
1580:
1529:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 308–9.
1468:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 47.
1161:
1144:
613:
527:and the first independent government of
21:Mexican America (professional wrestling)
5648:1823 disestablishments in North America
4950:
1995:. Mexico: Ignacio Cumplido. p. 31.
1186:, excluding the Captaincies General of
5570:
2090:
1655:. Springer International. p. 85.
5431:The Great Republic of Rough and Ready
5151:
3657:
3275:
2389:
2262:. Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
1988:
1914:The Birth of Modern Mexico, 1780–1824
1729:Memoria de hacienda y credito publico
1568:The Birth of Modern Mexico, 1780–1824
1073:
510:
2339:Pérez-Mallaína, Pablo Emilio et al.
2329:. Madrid: Siglo XXI de España, 1976.
1742:
16:Mexican government from 1821 to 1823
5199:Kingdoms and Provinces of New Spain
3316:Commonwealth of Nations monarchies
2415:
2220:Hispanic American Historical Review
2097:Hispanic American Historical Review
1570:. Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield
1396:Federal Republic of Central America
1234:Federal Republic of Central America
1105:on a small island off the coast of
686:governed by a Spanish prince; that
13:
2311:Céspedes del Castillo, Guillermo.
2248:Robertson, William Spence (1952).
2196:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos
2155:
2043:Los gobernantes de México: Tomo II
1992:Mexico and Her Financial Questions
1958:Los gobernantes de México: Tomo II
1941:Agustín de Iturbide vida y memoria
1938:Navarro y Rodrigo, Carlos (1906).
1863:Agustín de Iturbide vida y memoria
1860:Navarro y Rodrigo, Carlos (1906).
1761:Agustín de Iturbide vida y memoria
1758:Navarro y Rodrigo, Carlos (1906).
1391:Central America under Mexican rule
888:Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs
634:in 1808. Throughout Spain and its
14:
5669:
2559:Institutional Revolutionary Party
2369:
2327:América Latina. La época colonial
2172:Journal of Latin American Studies
1206:shortly after its establishment.
1027:Secretary of Interior Relations,
866:11 August 1822 – 22 February 1823
667:, forcing limits on the power of
630:and the overthrow of the Spanish
587:a lavish ceremony in July 1822.
558:To distinguish it from the later
88:Top: Flag of the Three Guarantees
5608:1823 disestablishments in Mexico
5552:
5551:
5532:Provisional Government of Hawaii
5413:Provisional Government of Oregon
5332:Provisional Government of Mexico
3623:List of monarchs in the Americas
3360:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2334:Hispanoamérica en el siglo XVIII
2318:Hernández Sánchez-Barba, Mario.
2304:Calderón Quijano, José Antonio.
2252:. Durham: Duke University Press.
1152:Provisional Government of Mexico
909:11 February 1823 – 29 March 1823
878:23 February 1823 – 31 March 1823
824:Ministries of the Mexican Empire
815:
476:
462:
448:
431:
400:
96:
80:
73:
5653:Former monarchies of Costa Rica
5638:Former empires in North America
2084:
2067:
2050:
2033:
2016:
1999:
1982:
1965:
1948:
1931:
1904:
1887:
1870:
1853:
1836:
1819:
1802:
1785:
1768:
1751:
1736:
1720:
1703:
1686:
1669:
1642:
1625:
1608:
1523:Michael S. Werner, ed. (2001).
1242:territorial evolution of Mexico
317:• Abdication of Agustín I
120:"Independence, Union, Religion"
2164:The Mexican Empire of Iturbide
2040:Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873).
1955:Rivera Cambas, Manuel (1873).
1591:
1574:
1559:
1543:
1526:Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico
1516:
1503:
1485:
1455:
1444:
1200:Captaincy General of Guatemala
1177: Acquisitions (1821–1822)
1031:replied that by virtue of the
897:19 May 1822 – 10 February 1823
845:Foreign and Interior Relations
531:. It was also the only former
117:Independencia, Unión, Religión
1:
5603:1821 establishments in Mexico
5443:Confederate States of America
3603:Trinidad and Tobago (1962–76)
2479:Centralist Republic of Mexico
2364:. Mexico City, 2nd ed., 1983.
2353:Ramos Pérez, Demetrio et al.
2346:Ramos Pérez, Demetrio et al.
2313:América Hispánica (1492-1898)
2290:
2091:Kenyon, Gordon (1 May 1961).
1437:
983:24 March 1823 – 31 March 1823
758:
603:
5437:The Kingdom of Beaver Island
2908:Institutional stock exchange
2544:Second American intervention
2180:The Oxford History of Mexico
1944:. A. Pola. pp. 225–226.
1236:, with only the province of
1157:
1080:National Institutional Junta
1059:Spanish Constitution of 1812
1033:Spanish Constitution of 1812
992:Spanish Constitution of 1812
854:19 May 1822 – 10 August 1822
677:Army of the Three Guarantees
267:National Institutional Junta
256:Provisional Government Junta
7:
3683:
3109:Water supply and sanitation
2474:Spanish reconquest attempts
2357:. Madrid: Rialp, 1982–1989.
2350:. Madrid: Rialp, 1982–1989.
1911:Christon I. Archer (2007).
1877:de Zavala, Lorenzo (1845).
1846:Historia de Méjico: Tomo 11
1809:de Zavala, Lorenzo (1845).
1778:Historia de Méjico: Tomo 11
1618:Historia de Méjico: Tomo 11
1601:Historia de Méjico: Tomo 11
1431:Mexican War of Independence
1383:
1111:Antonio López de Santa Anna
971:1 July 1822 – 23 March 1823
940:1 July 1822 – 31 March 1823
652:Mexican War of Independence
610:Mexican War of Independence
512:[imˈpeɾjomexiˈkano]
10:
5674:
5407:Republic of the Rio Grande
3303:Monarchies in the Americas
2509:Second French intervention
2457:Control of Central America
2213:10.1525/msem.2008.24.2.325
2205:10.1525/msem.2008.24.2.325
1649:Shawcross, Edward (2018).
1416:List of Emperors of Mexico
1094:
1091:Revolt against the Emperor
959:19 May 1822 – 30 June 1822
928:19 May 1822 – 30 June 1822
607:
18:
5547:
5389:Republic of Indian Stream
5194:
5119:
5071:
4588:
3992:
3691:
3615:
3545:
3499:
3392:
3385:
3309:
3233:
3122:
3017:
3008:
2866:
2857:
2744:
2735:
2708:Tropical cyclone rainfall
2606:
2597:
2427:
2355:América en el siglo XVIII
2322:. Madrid: Alhambra, 1981.
2315:. Barcelona: Labor, 1985.
2277:, 39#1, pp. 43–56.
2141:Quirarte, Martín (1978).
2113:10.1215/00182168-41.2.175
2074:Bancroft, Hubert (1862).
2057:Bancroft, Hubert (1862).
2023:Bancroft, Hubert (1862).
2006:Bancroft, Hubert (1862).
1972:Bancroft, Hubert (1862).
1894:Bancroft, Hubert (1862).
1843:Zamacois, Niceto (1879).
1826:Bancroft, Hubert (1862).
1792:Bancroft, Hubert (1862).
1775:Zamacois, Niceto (1879).
1745:Forging Mexico: 1821-1835
1710:Bancroft, Hubert (1862).
1693:Bancroft, Hubert (1862).
1676:Bancroft, Hubert (1862).
1632:Bancroft, Hubert (1862).
1615:Zamacois, Niceto (1879).
1598:Zamacois, Niceto (1879).
1581:Bancroft, Hubert (1862).
1221:, which was then part of
1166:Provinces of the Empire.
1097:Casa Mata Plan Revolution
948:
944:
917:
913:
886:
882:
843:
839:
823:
814:
766:Prince Imperial of Mexico
648:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
379:
369:
365:
355:
351:
344:
336:
329:
325:
315:
300:
287:
283:
275:
250:
246:
234:
230:
220:
216:
204:
200:
190:
177:
162:
152:
142:
133:
124:
112:
69:
64:
28:
5351:Santa Fe de Nuevo México
5326:Second Republic of Texas
5320:Republic of the Floridas
5308:Republic of East Florida
5302:Republic of West Florida
5266:United States of America
5210:Santa Fe de Nuevo México
5186:within the contemporary
3504:colonies in the Americas
2749:Administrative divisions
2376:Imperial House of Mexico
2348:América en el siglo XVII
2343:. Madrid: Cátedra, 1992.
2297:Arcila Farias, Eduardo.
2077:History of Mexico Vol. 4
2060:History of Mexico Vol. 4
2026:History of Mexico Vol. 4
2009:History of Mexico Vol. 4
1975:History of Mexico Vol. 4
1897:History of Mexico Vol. 4
1829:History of Mexico Vol. 4
1795:History of Mexico Vol. 4
1713:History of Mexico Vol. 4
1696:History of Mexico Vol. 4
1679:History of Mexico Vol. 4
1635:History of Mexico Vol. 4
1584:History of Mexico Vol. 4
1566:Christon I. Archer, ed.
1411:Imperial Crown of Mexico
1184:Viceroyalty of New Spain
1103:Fort of San Juan de Ulúa
807:
5633:1823 in Alta California
5628:1822 in Alta California
5623:1821 in Alta California
5314:First Republic of Texas
3643:Araucania and Patagonia
3512:Courland and Semigallia
3164:Handcrafts and folk art
2933:National stock exchange
2671:Protected natural areas
2499:Second Mexican Republic
2464:Supreme Executive Power
1866:. A. Pola. p. 223.
1764:. A. Pola. p. 222.
1421:Mexican Imperial Orders
1171: Treaty of Córdoba
1043:Dissolution of Congress
1024:José Joaquín de Herrera
1012:Carlos Maria Bustamante
996:Servando Teresa de Mier
723:Election of the Emperor
684:constitutional monarchy
525:constitutional monarchy
185:constitutional monarchy
5643:19th century in Mexico
3638:Afro-Bolivian monarchy
2976:States by unemployment
2966:Science and technology
2469:First Mexican Republic
2332:Navarro García, Luis.
2301:. México, D. F., 1974.
2243:Encyclopedia of Mexico
2222:. 25. pp. 45–56.
2162:Anna, Timothy (1990).
1989:Payno, Manuel (1862).
1743:Anna, Timothy (2001).
1252:Political subdivisions
1179:
1115:feigning the surrender
1002:Arrest of the Deputies
979:Francisco de Arrillaga
967:Manuel de la Sota Riva
924:Rafael Pérez Maldonado
874:José Cecilio del Valle
850:José Manuel de Herrera
669:Ferdinand VII of Spain
619:
598:provisional government
503:
424:Provisional Government
305:Independence of Mexico
241:José Manuel de Herrera
48:
34:
5383:Republic of Madawaska
5284:Trans-Oconee Republic
5096:Medieval great powers
3393:Indigenous monarchies
3350:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3204:Our Lady of Guadalupe
2698:Territorial evolution
2514:Second Mexican Empire
2360:Rubio Mañé, Ignacio.
2308:. Sevilla, 1967–1968.
2105:Duke University Press
1426:Second Mexican Empire
1204:annexed to the Empire
1165:
1145:Iturbide's abdication
798:Napoleon's coronation
749:Valentín Gómez Farías
696:Roman Catholic Church
617:
560:Second Mexican Empire
553:First Empire of Haiti
153:Common languages
104:Imperial Coat of arms
5377:Republic of Fredonia
5106:European colonialism
5091:Ancient great powers
3553:Barbados (1966–2021)
3221:World Heritage Sites
2636:Environmental issues
2494:Mexican–American War
2452:First Mexican Empire
1406:Monarchism in Mexico
1213:to the provinces of
905:Juan Gómez Navarrete
893:José Dominguez Manzo
665:Constitution of 1812
584:last Spanish viceroy
568:First Mexican Empire
551:(1822–1889) and the
541:establish a monarchy
262:Constituent Congress
5526:Free State of Jones
5419:California Republic
5254:Republic of Watauga
5222:Provincias Internas
5184:unrecognized states
5101:Modern great powers
3500:European monarchies
3320:Antigua and Barbuda
2876:Automotive industry
2764:Chamber of Deputies
2447:War of Independence
2325:Konetzke, Richard.
2320:Historia de América
2275:The History Teacher
1302:Estado de Occidente
1292:Nuevo Reino de León
1029:Andrés Quintana Roo
862:Andrés Quintana Roo
738:celebratory gunfire
692:those born in Spain
572:Agustín de Iturbide
5538:Republic of Hawaii
5234:Florida Occidental
3633:Kingdom of Redonda
3563:Guyana (1966–1970)
3558:Brazil (1822–1889)
3077:Indigenous peoples
2981:Telecommunications
2840:State legislatures
2781:Federal government
2661:Metropolitan areas
2539:Mexican Revolution
2250:Iturbide of Mexico
1312:San Luis de Potosí
1180:
1138:Miguel Santa María
1074:Financial Problems
802:National Cathedral
657:José María Morelos
620:
564:Emperor Maximilian
562:(1864–1867) under
443:of Central America
90:Bottom: State Flag
49:Imperium Mexicanum
5598:Former monarchies
5565:
5564:
5401:Republic of Texas
5296:State of Muskogee
5278:State of Franklin
5145:
5144:
5067:
5066:
5032:Polish–Lithuanian
4207:Gurjara-Pratihara
3651:
3650:
3611:
3610:
3269:
3268:
3229:
3228:
3004:
3003:
2853:
2852:
2823:Political parties
2786:Foreign relations
2731:
2730:
2519:Restored Republic
2437:Pre-Columbian era
1499:on 25 March 2016.
1475:978-0-8420-2662-8
1401:History of Mexico
1342:Mérida de Yucatán
1050:Lorenzo de Zavala
987:
986:
955:Antonio de Medina
936:Antonio de Medina
753:Treaty of Córdoba
708:Treaty of Córdoba
628:invasion of Spain
580:Treaty of Córdoba
492:
491:
488:
487:
484:
483:
441:United Provinces
415:
414:
311:28 September 1821
236:• 1822–1823
206:• 1822–1823
167:Roman Catholicism
5665:
5593:Mexican monarchy
5578:Christian states
5555:
5554:
5425:State of Deseret
5395:Indian Territory
5363:Coahuila y Tejas
5357:Sonora y Sinaloa
5290:Hawaiian Kingdom
5272:Vermont Republic
5228:Florida Oriental
5172:
5165:
5158:
5149:
5148:
4948:
4947:
4613:Austro-Hungarian
4313:Chagatai Khanate
3678:
3671:
3664:
3655:
3654:
3546:Sovereign states
3390:
3389:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3273:
3272:
3249:
3242:
3189:National symbols
3015:
3014:
2956:
2901:Renewable energy
2891:Economic history
2864:
2863:
2742:
2741:
2604:
2603:
2584:Chiapas conflict
2484:Texas Revolution
2410:
2403:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2341:Historia Moderna
2149:
2148:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1572:
1563:
1557:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1520:
1514:
1509:Eric Van Young,
1507:
1501:
1500:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1459:
1453:
1448:
1230:Vicente Filísola
1176:
1170:
1126:Vicente Guerrero
819:
812:
811:
778:council of state
716:House of Bourbon
661:Vicente Guerrero
549:Empire of Brazil
522:
521:
520:
514:
509:
504:Imperio Mexicano
480:
479:
466:
465:
458:British Honduras
452:
451:
444:
435:
434:
425:
419:
418:
410:
404:
403:
397:
396:
381:
380:
306:
296:24 February 1821
271:
258:
138:
129:
100:
84:
77:
59:
51:
45:
37:
35:Imperio Mexicano
26:
25:
5673:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5588:1820s in Mexico
5568:
5567:
5566:
5561:
5543:
5369:Las Californias
5345:Alta California
5260:United Colonies
5246:Alta California
5190:
5176:
5146:
5141:
5130:American Empire
5115:
5111:African empires
5063:
4946:
4638:Central African
4584:
4402:Romano-Germanic
3988:
3722:Middle Assyrian
3695:
3687:
3682:
3652:
3647:
3607:
3541:
3501:
3495:
3381:
3305:
3300:
3270:
3265:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3225:
3118:
3094:Public holidays
3067:Nationality law
3062:Life expectancy
3000:
2954:
2849:
2813:Law enforcement
2727:
2718:Water resources
2593:
2569:Mexican miracle
2423:
2414:
2372:
2367:
2293:
2288:
2256:Van Young, Eric
2228:10.2307/2508385
2199:24.2: 325–361.
2158:
2156:Further reading
2153:
2152:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2089:
2085:
2072:
2068:
2055:
2051:
2038:
2034:
2021:
2017:
2004:
2000:
1987:
1983:
1970:
1966:
1953:
1949:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1909:
1905:
1892:
1888:
1875:
1871:
1858:
1854:
1841:
1837:
1824:
1820:
1807:
1803:
1790:
1786:
1773:
1769:
1756:
1752:
1741:
1737:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1708:
1704:
1691:
1687:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1647:
1643:
1630:
1626:
1613:
1609:
1596:
1592:
1579:
1575:
1564:
1560:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1386:
1381:
1297:Nuevo Santander
1262:Las Californias
1254:
1215:Central America
1178:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1147:
1099:
1093:
1076:
1045:
1016:Francisco Tagle
1004:
810:
770:royal household
761:
725:
612:
606:
516:
515:
507:
477:
463:
449:
442:
432:
426:
423:
408:
401:
358:
318:
308:
304:
293:
269:
265:
260:
254:
237:
207:
119:
108:
107:
106:
101:
93:
92:
89:
85:
78:
60:
53:
46:
39:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5671:
5661:
5660:
5658:Former empires
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5583:Mexican Empire
5580:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5535:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5499:South Carolina
5496:
5494:North Carolina
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5440:
5434:
5428:
5422:
5416:
5410:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5386:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5366:
5360:
5354:
5348:
5342:
5329:
5323:
5317:
5311:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5243:
5237:
5231:
5225:
5219:
5213:
5207:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5175:
5174:
5167:
5160:
5152:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4967:
4962:
4956:
4954:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4912:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4895:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4868:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4733:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4677:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4594:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4152:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4066:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3994:Post-classical
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3793:Middle Kingdom
3790:
3780:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3749:Neo-Babylonian
3746:
3741:
3739:Old Babylonian
3731:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3701:
3689:
3688:
3681:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3658:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3447:Western Huetar
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3427:Eastern Huetar
3419:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3396:
3394:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3365:United Kingdom
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3251:
3250:
3243:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2996:Water scarcity
2993:
2991:Transportation
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2950:
2948:Pension system
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2686:Municipalities
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2641:Extreme points
2638:
2633:
2628:
2625:Climate change
2618:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:Mexican Empire
2378:
2371:
2370:External links
2368:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2271:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2216:
2191:
2188:978-0195112283
2176:
2167:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2133:
2083:
2066:
2049:
2032:
2015:
1998:
1981:
1964:
1947:
1930:
1923:
1903:
1886:
1869:
1852:
1835:
1818:
1801:
1784:
1767:
1750:
1735:
1719:
1702:
1685:
1668:
1661:
1641:
1624:
1607:
1590:
1573:
1558:
1550:Eric Van Young
1542:
1535:
1515:
1511:Stormy Passage
1502:
1484:
1474:
1454:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1173:
1167:
1159:
1156:
1146:
1143:
1092:
1089:
1075:
1072:
1044:
1041:
1037:Jose del Valle
1020:Jose del Valle
1003:
1000:
985:
984:
981:
975:
973:
972:
969:
963:
961:
960:
957:
952:
950:War and Marine
946:
945:
942:
941:
938:
932:
930:
929:
926:
921:
915:
914:
911:
910:
907:
901:
899:
898:
895:
890:
884:
883:
880:
879:
876:
870:
868:
867:
864:
858:
856:
855:
852:
847:
841:
840:
837:
836:
833:
830:
826:
825:
821:
820:
809:
806:
760:
757:
724:
721:
712:personal union
673:Plan of Iguala
608:Main article:
605:
602:
576:Plan of Iguala
555:(1804–1806).
543:after gaining
537:Spanish Empire
496:Mexican Empire
490:
489:
486:
485:
482:
481:
474:
472:Mosquito Coast
468:
467:
460:
454:
453:
446:
437:
436:
429:
416:
413:
412:
405:
393:
392:
387:
377:
376:
371:
367:
366:
363:
362:
359:
356:
353:
352:
349:
348:
342:
341:
338:
334:
333:
327:
326:
323:
322:
319:
316:
313:
312:
309:
301:
298:
297:
294:
291:Plan of Iguala
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
273:
272:
252:
248:
247:
244:
243:
238:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
224:
222:Prime Minister
218:
217:
214:
213:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
188:
187:
181:
175:
174:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
131:
130:
122:
121:
110:
109:
102:
95:
94:
86:
79:
72:
71:
70:
67:
66:
62:
61:
32:
30:Mexican Empire
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5670:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5558:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5520:
5519:West Virginia
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5426:
5423:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5370:
5367:
5364:
5361:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5339:Mexican Texas
5336:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5188:United States
5185:
5181:
5173:
5168:
5166:
5161:
5159:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5136:
5135:Soviet empire
5133:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:Miscellaneous
5118:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4719:German Empire
4717:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4459:Turco-Persian
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3667:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3099:States by HDI
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2971:States by GDP
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:Manufacturing
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2845:Supreme Court
2843:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2268:9781442209015
2265:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2175:17.1: 79–110.
2174:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1924:9780742556027
1920:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1771:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1664:
1662:9783319704647
1658:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1538:
1536:9781579583378
1532:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1512:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:Nueva Vizcaya
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1249:
1247:
1246:United States
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:Santo Domingo
1189:
1185:
1164:
1155:
1153:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1130:Nicolás Bravo
1127:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1071:
1068:
1067:Luis Cortazar
1062:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
999:
997:
993:
982:
980:
977:
976:
974:
970:
968:
965:
964:
962:
958:
956:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
937:
934:
933:
931:
927:
925:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
906:
903:
902:
900:
896:
894:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
875:
872:
871:
869:
865:
863:
860:
859:
857:
853:
851:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
831:
828:
827:
822:
818:
813:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
781:
779:
773:
771:
767:
756:
754:
750:
745:
741:
739:
735:
730:
729:Ferdinand VII
720:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:Juan O'Donojú
700:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
636:viceroyalties
633:
629:
625:
616:
611:
601:
599:
594:
588:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
519:
513:
505:
501:
497:
475:
473:
470:
469:
461:
459:
456:
455:
447:
445:
439:
438:
430:
428:
421:
420:
417:
411:
406:
399:
398:
395:
394:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
378:
375:
372:
368:
364:
360:
354:
350:
347:
343:
339:
335:
332:
328:
324:
321:19 March 1823
320:
314:
310:
307:
299:
295:
292:
286:
282:
278:
274:
268:
263:
257:
253:
249:
245:
242:
239:
233:
229:
225:
223:
219:
215:
212:
209:
203:
199:
195:
193:
189:
186:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
148:
145:
141:
137:
132:
128:
123:
118:
115:
111:
105:
99:
91:
83:
76:
68:
63:
57:
50:
43:
36:
27:
22:
5334:(1823–1824)
4886:Contemporary
4804:
4736:Indo-Persian
4724:Nazi Germany
4668:Contemporary
4570:Vijayanagara
4469:Great Seljuk
4380:Thessalonica
4308:Golden Horde
3948:Carthaginian
3727:Neo-Assyrian
3712:Neo-Sumerian
3590:
3132:Architecture
3037:Demographics
2881:Central bank
2791:Human rights
2771:Constitution
2589:War on drugs
2564:World War II
2549:Cristero War
2451:
2442:Colonial era
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2274:
2259:
2249:
2242:
2219:
2194:
2179:
2170:
2163:
2143:
2136:
2124:. Retrieved
2100:
2096:
2086:
2076:
2069:
2059:
2052:
2042:
2035:
2025:
2018:
2008:
2001:
1991:
1984:
1974:
1967:
1957:
1950:
1940:
1933:
1913:
1906:
1896:
1889:
1879:
1872:
1862:
1855:
1845:
1838:
1828:
1821:
1811:
1804:
1794:
1787:
1777:
1770:
1760:
1753:
1744:
1738:
1728:
1722:
1712:
1705:
1695:
1688:
1678:
1671:
1651:
1644:
1634:
1627:
1617:
1610:
1600:
1593:
1583:
1576:
1567:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1525:
1518:
1510:
1505:
1497:the original
1487:
1479:
1464:
1457:
1446:
1272:Nuevo México
1255:
1227:
1208:
1181:
1148:
1134:
1124:
1100:
1085:
1077:
1063:
1055:
1046:
1005:
988:
949:
918:
887:
844:
782:
774:
762:
746:
742:
726:
701:
687:
681:
621:
589:
567:
557:
545:independence
495:
493:
390:Succeeded by
389:
384:
374:Mexican real
357:• 1821
116:
114:Motto:
113:
5540:(1894–1898)
5534:(1893–1894)
5528:(1863–1865)
5484:Mississippi
5447:1861–1865;
5439:(1850–1856)
5427:(1849–1850)
5415:(1841–1848)
5403:(1836–1846)
5397:(1834–1907)
5391:(1832–1835)
5379:(1826–1827)
5371:, 1836–1846
5365:, 1824–1835
5359:, 1824–1830
5353:, 1821–1846
5347:, 1821–1836
5341:, 1821–1824
5337:1835–1846;
5316:(1812–1813)
5298:(1799–1803)
5292:(1795–1893)
5280:(1784–1788)
5274:(1777–1791)
5268:(1776–1783)
5262:(1775–1776)
5256:(1772–1777)
5248:, 1804–1821
5242:, 1769–1801
5240:La Luisiana
5236:, 1783–1821
5230:, 1783–1821
5224:, 1776–1821
5218:, 1690–1821
5212:, 1598–1821
5206:, 1565–1821
5204:New Navarre
4474:Khwarezmian
4407:Carolingian
4212:Rashtrakuta
3916:Shaishunaga
3815:Hellenistic
3798:New Kingdom
3788:Old Kingdom
3377:Netherlands
3355:Saint Lucia
3325:The Bahamas
3057:Immigration
2923:Land reform
2871:Agriculture
2693:Territories
2631:Earthquakes
2579:Peso crisis
2574:Lost Decade
2107:: 183–184.
1367:El Salvador
1332:Guadalajara
1217:(excluding
1196:Philippines
1120:Mexico City
786:signet ring
533:viceroyalty
385:Preceded by
270:(1822–1823)
259:(1821–1822)
251:Legislature
147:Mexico City
5572:Categories
5044:Portuguese
4925:Revival Le
4915:Vietnamese
4558:Later Tran
4528:Vietnamese
4424:Singhasari
4412:Holy Roman
4036:Bulgarian
3972:Satavahana
3943:Phoenician
3879:Achaemenid
3840:Indo-Greek
3820:Macedonian
3734:Babylonian
3216:Television
3174:Literature
3052:Healthcare
3027:Censorship
3022:Corruption
2955:(currency)
2913:Irrigation
2534:Porfiriato
2529:Yaqui Wars
2504:La Reforma
2489:Pastry War
2291:In Spanish
1438:References
1377:Costa Rica
1347:Valladolid
1317:Guanajuato
1211:California
1095:See also:
759:Coronation
688:Americanos
604:Background
508:pronounced
346:Population
179:Government
5504:Tennessee
5479:Louisiana
5180:sovereign
5037:Couronian
4675:Ethiopian
4663:Manchukuo
4618:Brazilian
4464:Ghaznavid
4434:Srivijaya
4385:Trebizond
4370:Byzantine
4352:North Sea
4347:Norwegian
4335:Almoravid
4318:Ilkhanate
4288:Majapahit
4261:Muromachi
4170:Solomonic
4155:Ethiopian
4069:Caliphate
4002:Aragonese
3830:Ptolemaic
3491:Talamanca
3179:Monuments
3169:Languages
3042:Education
2961:Petroleum
2918:Labor law
2886:Companies
2828:President
2776:Elections
2666:Mountains
2599:Geography
2524:Caste War
1372:Nicaragua
1357:Guatemala
1322:Querétaro
1307:Zacatecas
1158:Territory
1136:diplomat
644:New Spain
427:of Mexico
409:New Spain
361:6,500,000
211:Agustín I
163:Religion
65:1821–1823
5557:Category
5514:Virginia
5489:Missouri
5474:Kentucky
5459:Arkansas
5017:Japanese
4980:Scottish
4960:American
4952:Colonial
4881:Imperial
4849:Moroccan
4785:Japanese
4763:Afsharid
4622:Burmese
4608:Austrian
4563:Later Le
4538:Early Le
4523:Venetian
4449:Tiwanaku
4362:Hellenic
4325:Moroccan
4256:Kamakura
4246:Japanese
4229:Saffarid
4182:Georgian
4096:Chalukya
4074:Rashidun
4064:Calakmul
4032:Bruneian
3911:Haryanka
3889:Sasanian
3884:Parthian
3835:Bactrian
3825:Seleucid
3805:Goguryeo
3783:Egyptian
3717:Assyrian
3707:Akkadian
3698:Colonies
3522:Portugal
3469:Neo-Inca
3432:Garabito
3256:Category
3199:Religion
3159:Folklore
2818:Military
2796:Intersex
2754:Congress
2737:Politics
2723:Wildlife
2713:Volcanos
2554:Maximato
2421:articles
2283:30036743
2258:(2022).
1513:, p. 181
1384:See also
1362:Honduras
1352:Veracruz
1287:Coahuila
1223:Colombia
1194:and the
1107:Veracruz
919:Treasury
734:his home
702:Viceroy
640:Joseph I
632:Bourbons
624:Napoleon
523:) was a
370:Currency
183:Federal
171:official
5469:Georgia
5464:Florida
5454:Arizona
5449:Alabama
5178:Former
5084:largest
5079:Empires
5059:Swedish
5054:Spanish
5049:Russian
5012:Italian
4987:Chinese
4975:English
4970:British
4965:Belgian
4940:Vietnam
4930:Tay son
4876:Tsarist
4871:Russian
4866:Ottoman
4832:Dzungar
4827:Khoshut
4800:Mexican
4795:Maratha
4778:Pahlavi
4758:Safavid
4753:Iranian
4680:Haitian
4643:Chinese
4603:Ashanti
4575:Wagadou
4501:Eastern
4496:Western
4479:Timurid
4439:Tibetan
4429:Songhai
4419:Serbian
4340:Almohad
4330:Idrisid
4234:Samanid
4224:Tahirid
4219:Iranian
4197:Kannauj
4177:Genoese
4113:Chinese
4106:Eastern
4101:Western
4089:Fatimid
4084:Abbasid
4079:Umayyad
4052:Burmese
4012:Ayyubid
4007:Angevin
3977:Xianbei
3965:Eastern
3960:Western
3906:Magadha
3869:Iranian
3862:Xiongnu
3847:Hittite
3756:Chinese
3744:Kassite
3693:Ancient
3685:Empires
3616:Related
3596:1864–67
3591:1822–23
3587:Mexico
3581:1849–59
3576:1811–20
3571:1804–06
3481:Miskito
3442:Toyopán
3372:Denmark
3345:Jamaica
3340:Grenada
3310:Current
3240:Outline
3147:Cuisine
3124:Culture
3114:Welfare
3104:Smoking
3089:Poverty
3010:Society
2986:Tourism
2859:Economy
2833:Cabinet
2651:Islands
2646:Forests
2621:Climate
2611:Borders
2429:History
2236:2508385
2121:2510200
1238:Chiapas
1008:Texcoco
790:scepter
747:Deputy
646:cleric
582:by the
535:of the
500:Spanish
302:•
289:•
276:History
192:Emperor
157:Spanish
143:Capital
42:Spanish
5433:(1850)
5421:(1846)
5409:(1840)
5385:(1827)
5328:(1819)
5322:(1817)
5310:(1812)
5304:(1810)
5286:(1794)
5022:Mongol
5007:German
5002:French
4992:Danish
4935:Dainam
4910:Tongan
4898:Somali
4893:Sokoto
4859:'Alawi
4837:Kalmyk
4817:Mongol
4810:Second
4790:Korean
4741:Mughal
4731:Indian
4714:German
4707:Second
4697:French
4690:Second
4626:Second
4598:Afghan
4590:Modern
4516:Kyrgyz
4511:Uighur
4506:Second
4486:Turkic
4454:Toltec
4390:Epirus
4375:Nicaea
4298:Mongol
4251:Yamato
4187:Huetar
4045:Second
3982:Rouran
3931:Shunga
3926:Maurya
3901:Kushan
3874:Median
3852:Hunnic
3810:Harsha
3567:Haiti
3537:Sweden
3527:Russia
3517:France
3486:Nicoya
3437:Pacaca
3422:Huetar
3410:Lupaca
3400:Aymara
3386:Former
3335:Canada
3330:Belize
3261:Portal
3211:Sports
3142:Cinema
3072:People
2896:Energy
2759:Senate
2681:States
2676:Rivers
2616:Cities
2419:
2417:Mexico
2281:
2266:
2234:
2211:
2186:
2126:3 July
2119:
1921:
1659:
1533:
1472:
1337:Oaxaca
1327:Puebla
1267:México
1219:Panama
1175:
1169:
1022:, and
829:Office
794:crowns
529:Mexico
279:
264:(1822)
226:
196:
52:
38:
5509:Texas
5216:Tejas
5072:Lists
5027:Omani
4997:Dutch
4903:Isaaq
4854:Saadi
4822:Oirat
4805:First
4773:Qajar
4702:First
4685:First
4658:China
4631:Third
4491:First
4444:Tikal
4395:Morea
4365:Roman
4283:Latin
4278:Khmer
4273:Kanem
4239:Buyid
4165:Zagwe
4160:Aksum
4150:Chola
4057:First
4040:First
4027:Bornu
4022:Benin
4017:Aztec
3955:Roman
3936:Gupta
3921:Nanda
3857:White
3532:Spain
3502:with
3459:Cusco
3417:Aztec
3405:Colla
3247:Index
3194:Radio
3184:Music
3082:Women
3047:Flags
3032:Crime
2953:Peso
2656:Lakes
2279:JSTOR
2232:JSTOR
2209:JSTOR
2117:JSTOR
2103:(2).
1277:Texas
1202:were
808:Reign
727:With
593:junta
331:Area
56:Latin
4842:Bogd
4768:Zand
4746:Sikh
4653:Qing
4648:Ming
4580:Wari
4548:Tran
4533:Dinh
4303:Yuan
4293:Mali
4202:Pala
4192:Inca
4143:Yuan
4133:Song
4128:Liao
4123:Tang
3896:Kush
3778:Dʿmt
3476:Maya
3464:Inca
3454:Inca
3152:Wine
2801:LGBT
2703:Time
2264:ISBN
2184:ISBN
2128:2022
1919:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1531:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1188:Cuba
1128:and
835:Term
832:Name
792:and
788:, a
494:The
337:1821
5182:or
4920:Mac
4357:Oyo
4266:Edo
4138:Jīn
4118:Sui
3771:Jin
3766:Han
3761:Qin
3137:Art
2943:Oil
2808:Law
2230:.
2224:doi
2201:doi
2109:doi
626:'s
539:to
5574::
4553:Ho
4543:Ly
2207:.
2115:.
2101:41
2099:.
2095:.
1552:,
1478:.
1190:,
1154:.
1018:,
1014:,
740:.
506:,
502::
5171:e
5164:t
5157:v
3700:)
3696:(
3677:e
3670:t
3663:v
3295:e
3288:t
3281:v
2627:)
2623:(
2409:e
2402:t
2395:v
2285:.
2270:.
2238:.
2226::
2215:.
2203::
2190:.
2130:.
2111::
1927:.
1665:.
1539:.
498:(
173:)
169:(
58:)
54:(
44:)
40:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)
.jpg)