2541:
2552:
1292:
2131:
votes would have otherwise been wasted (and in some sense this makes every vote count, as opposed to FPP), and this effect is only possible when no candidate receives an outright majority of first preference votes. it is related to kingmakers in that the lesser-known candidates may encourage their supporters to rank the other candidates a certain way. Supporters of electoral reform generally see this as a positive development, and claim that alternatives certain to FPP will encourage less negative and more positive campaigning, as candidates will have to appeal to a wider group of people. Opinions are split on whether the alternative vote (better known as
1069:
3540:
2927:
3014:
3216:
1027:
3515:
3148:
2990:
3339:
3062:
2641:
3761:
3400:
3303:
3038:
2737:
2173:, since should a radical faction gain control of one of the major political parties, FPP works to preserve that party's position. ...This is because the psychological effect of the plurality system disincentivises a major party's supporters from voting for a minor party in protest at its policies, since to do so would likely only help the major party's main rival. Rather than curtailing extreme voices, FPP today empowers the (relatively) extreme voices of the Labour and Conservative party memberships." For example, the
3240:
3552:
7630:
2147:, where more moderate candidates are squeezed out by more extreme ones. However, the different types (or the absence of) of party primaries maybe strengthen or weaken this effect. In general, FPP has no mechanism that would benefit more moderate candidates and many supporters of FPP defend it electing the largest and most unified (even if more polarizing) minority over a more consensual majority supported candidate. Allowing people into parliament who did not finish first in their district was described by
7624:
3203:
3086:
3713:
3181:
1878:
162:
3446:
3002:
2665:
3749:
3458:
3677:
2677:
2653:
3564:
2802:
4112:
1002:
3653:
3790:
3737:
3384:
2397:
disproportionately small share. This is because in doing this they win many seats and do not 'waste' many votes in other areas. As voting patterns are similar in about two-thirds of the districts, it is more likely that a single party will hold a majority of legislative seats under FPP than happens in a proportional system, and under FPP it is rare to elect a majority government that actually has the support of a majority of voters. Because FPP permits many
2689:
3701:
3593:
3476:
2891:
2790:
2754:
2725:
3778:
3617:
3528:
3371:
2915:
2778:
1972:. Even with only two parties and equally-sized constituencies, winning a majority of seats just requires receiving more than half the vote in more than half the districts—even if the other party receives all the votes cast in the other districts—so just over a quarter of the vote is theoretically enough to win a majority in the legislature. With enough candidates splitting the vote in a district, the total number of votes needed to win can be made
3665:
3605:
3422:
3290:
3228:
2952:
2939:
2879:
2855:
2826:
2766:
2701:
3434:
2629:
2081:
majority to a government which lacks popular support can be problematic where said government's policies favor only that fraction of the electorate that supported it, particularly if the electorate divides on tribal, religious, or urban–rural lines. There is also the perceived issue of unfair coalitions where a smaller party can form a coalition with other smaller parties and form a government, without a clear mandate as was the case in the
1240:
3576:
2713:
3725:
3689:
3641:
3629:
3498:
3136:
3115:
3074:
2903:
3811:
3026:
3103:
3050:
2978:
2965:
2867:
2814:
3355:
3319:
3269:
3160:
1014:
94:
2838:
1821:
1795:
1761:
1742:
1719:
36:
1697:
1670:
1642:
1600:
1578:
1542:
1508:
2202:
how long it stayed in a war after becoming a party to it. When the people are fairly represented in parliament, more of those groups who may object to any potential war have access to the political power necessary to prevent it. In a proportional democracy, war and other major decisions generally requires the consent of the majority. The
British human rights campaigner
2405:, electoral areas are designed deliberately to unfairly increase the number of seats won by one party by redrawing the map such that one party has a small number of districts in which it has an overwhelming majority of votes (whether due to policy, demographics which tend to favor one party, or other reasons), and many districts where it is at a smaller disadvantage.
2162:. This also implies that strategic voting is necessary to keep extremists from gaining seats, which often fails to materialize in practice for multiple reasons. In comparison, many other systems encourage voters to rank other candidates and thereby not (or at least less often to) have to strategically compromise on their first choice at the same time.
2388:, 52% of votes were cast for losing candidates and 18% were excess votes—a total of 70% "wasted" votes. On this basis a large majority of votes may play no part in determining the outcome. This winner-takes-all system may be one of the reasons why "voter participation tends to be lower in countries with FPP than elsewhere."
1889:
requirement of an election system is to accurately represent the views of voters. FPP often creates "false majorities" by over-representing larger parties (giving a majority of the parliamentary/legislative seats to a party that did not receive a majority of the votes) while under-representing smaller ones. In Canada,
2463:
represents most of the
English cities and most of the north of England. This pattern hides the large number of votes for the non-dominant party. Parties can find themselves without elected politicians in significant parts of the country, heightening feelings of regionalism. Party supporters (who may
2130:
system as "determined by the most worthless votes given for the most worthless candidates.", meaning that votes for the least supported candidates may change the outcome of the election between the most supported candidates. In this case however, this is a feature of the alternative vote, since those
2080:
commitments during their term in office. This may be beneficial for the country in question in circumstances where the government's legislative agenda has broad public support, albeit potentially divided across party lines, or at least benefits society as a whole. However handing a legislative voting
2071:
where there is a prospect of a change in representation, leaving safer areas excluded from participation in an active campaign. Political parties operate by targeting districts, directing their activists and policy proposals toward those areas considered to be marginal, where each additional vote has
2236:
The position is sometimes summarized, in an extreme form, as "all votes for anyone other than the runner-up are votes for the winner." This is because votes for these other candidates deny potential support from the second-placed candidate, who might otherwise have won. Following the extremely close
2201:
in that country. Leblang and Chan found that a country's electoral system is the most important predictor of a country's involvement in war, according to three different measures: (1) when a country was the first to enter a war; (2) when it joined a multinational coalition in an ongoing war; and (3)
2057:
However, most countries with first-past-the-post elections have multiparty legislatures (albeit with two parties larger than the others), the United States being the major exception. There is a counter-argument to
Duverger's Law, that while on the national level a plurality system may encourage two
2471:
won 98% of the seats in
Alberta and Saskatchewan with only 68% of the vote. The lack of non-Conservative representation gives the appearance of greater Conservative support than actually exists. Similarly, in Canada's 2021 elections, the Conservative Party won 88% of the seats in Alberta with only
1888:
Perhaps the most striking effect of FPP is the fact that the number of a party's seats in a legislature has nothing to do with its vote count in an election, only in how those votes were geographically distributed. This has been a target of criticism for the method, many arguing that a fundamental
2220:
To a greater extent than many others, the first-past-the-post method encourages "tactical voting". Voters have an incentive to vote for a candidate who they predict is more likely to win, as opposed to their preferred candidate who may be unlikely to win and for whom a vote could be considered as
2075:
This feature of FPTP has often been used by its supporters in contrast to proportional systems. In the latter, smaller parties act as 'kingmakers' in coalitions as they have greater bargaining power and therefore, arguably, their influence on policy is disproportional to their parliamentary size-
6408:
use a variation where the electoral vote of each congressional district is awarded by FPTP (or by IRV in Maine beginning in 2020), and the statewide winner (using the same method used in each congressional district in the state) is awarded an additional two electoral votes. In states that employ
2066:
It has been suggested that the distortions in geographical representation provide incentives for parties to ignore the interests of areas in which they are too weak to stand much chance of gaining representation, leading to governments that do not govern in the national interest. Further, during
2038:
The main reason for
America's majoritarian character is the electoral system for Congress. Members of Congress are elected in single-member districts according to the "first-past-the-post" (FPTP) principle, meaning that the candidate with the plurality of votes is the winner of the congressional
6215:
The
European Parliament elections in Belgium will be held on 26 May, the same day as the regional and federal elections. In the European elections there are three Belgian constituencies: the Dutch-speaking electoral college, the Francophone electoral college and the German-speaking electoral
1685:
The best-is-worst paradox occurs when an electoral system declares the same candidate to be in first and last place, depending on whether voters rank candidates from best-to-worst or worst-to-best. FPP demonstrates this pathology, because a candidate can be both the FPP winner and also the
2225:. FPP wastes fewer votes when it is used in two-party contests. But waste of votes and minority governments are more likely when large groups of voters vote for three, four or more parties as in Canadian elections. Canada uses FPP and only two of the last seven federal Canadian elections (
2396:
The effect of a system based on plurality voting spread over many separate districts is that the larger parties, and parties with more geographically concentrated support, gain a disproportionately large share of seats, while smaller parties with more evenly distributed support gain a
1450:
In FPTP, only the first preferences matter. As such, the votes would be counted as 42% for
Memphis, 26% for Nashville, 17% for Knoxville, and 15% for Chattanooga. Since Memphis has the most votes, it would win a FPTP election, even though it is far from the center of the state and a
6409:
FPTP-GT, the presidential candidate gaining the greatest number of votes wins all the state's available electors (seats), regardless of the number or share of votes won (majority vs non-majority plurality), or the difference separating the leading candidate and the first runner-up.
4307:
the 'squeeze effect' that tends to reduce
Condorcet efficiency if the relative dispersion (RD) of candidates is low. This effect is particularly strong for the plurality, runoff, and Hare systems, for which the garnering of first-place votes in a large field is essential to
2012:, FPTP creates a powerful electoral incentive for large parties to target similar segments of voters with similar policies. The effect of this reduces political diversity in a country because the larger parties are incentivized to coalesce around similar policies. The
2479:, where a representative is sheltered from any but the most dramatic change in voting behavior. In the UK, the Electoral Reform Society estimates that more than half the seats can be considered as safe. It has been claimed that members involved in the 2009
2287:
have the most voters on the island, and is so widely recognised that Puerto Ricans sometimes call the
Independentistas who vote for the Populares "melons", because that fruit is green on the outside but red on the inside (in reference to the party colors).
2076:
this is largely avoided in FPP systems where majorities are generally achieved. FPP often produces governments which have legislative voting majorities, thus providing such governments the legislative power necessary to implement their electoral
2514:
broke away from
British rule in the late 18th century, and its constitution provides for an electoral college to elect its president. Despite original intentions to the contrary, by the mid-19th century this college had transformed into a
2448:
came in third in terms of number of votes (3.9 million/12.6%), but gained only one seat in Parliament, resulting in one seat per 3.9 million votes. The Conservatives on the other hand received one seat per 34,000 votes.
2189:. Since 2010, Fidesz has implemented other anti-democratic reforms that now mean the European Parliament no longer qualifies Hungary as a full democracy. Electoral reform campaigners have argued that the use of FPP in
1734:
Since plurality does not consider later preferences on the ballot at all, it is impossible to either harm or help a favorite candidate by marking later preferences. Thus it passes both Later-No-Harm and Later-No-Help.
5184:
2415:
On the other hand, minor parties that do not concentrate their vote usually end up getting a much lower proportion of seats than votes, as they lose most of the seats they contest and 'waste' most of their votes.
2632:
Map showing countries where the lower house or unicameral national legislature is elected by FPTP (red) or mixed systems using FPTP (pink - mixed majoritarian, purple/lavender - mixed proportional/compensatory).
4433:
2039:
seat. The losing party or parties win no representation at all. The first-past-the-post election tends to produce a small number of major parties, perhaps just two, a principle known in political science as
4418:
Rather, the U.S. has an unusual two-round system in which the first round winnows the field. This usually is at the intraparty level, although sometimes it is without regard to party (e.g. in Alaska and
5276:
2206:, and others, have argued that Britain entered the Iraq War primarily because of the political effects of FPP and that proportional representation would have prevented Britain's involvement in the war.
7136:
2298:
Substantial power is given to the media, because some voters will believe its assertions as to who the leading contenders are likely to be. Even voters who distrust the media will know that others
1916:
In some cases, this can lead to a party receiving the plurality or even majority of total votes yet still failing to gain a plurality of legislative seats. This results in a situation called a
2305:
A new candidate with no track record, who might otherwise be supported by the majority of voters, may be considered unlikely to be one of the top two, and thus lose votes to tactical voting;
5216:
3854:
985:
2612:
Many countries which use FPP have active campaigns to switch to proportional representation (e.g. UK and Canada). Most modern democracies use some form of proportional representation.
2495:
originated in the Middle Ages as an assembly representing the gentry of the counties and cities of the Kingdom, each of which elected either one or two members of parliament (MPs) by
1712:
Lesser-evil voting occurs when voters are forced to support a "lesser of two evils" by rating them higher than their actual favorite candidate. FPP is vulnerable to this pathology.
7928:
4517:
3769:
5416:
7154:
669:
6457:
The Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform says the new proportional electoral system it proposes for British Columbia will improve the practice of democracy in the province.
4824:
7802:
7695:
7129:
5508:
4847:
5667:
4915:
6314:
5181:
4238:
1952:. Even when a party wins more than half the votes in an almost purely two-party-competition, it is possible for the runner-up to win a majority of seats. This happened in
6890:
717:
688:
5831:
5570:
1142:. Throughout the 20th century, many countries that previously used FPP have abandoned it in favor of other electoral systems, including the former British colonies of
5892:
6245:
5023:
7661:
7122:
7653:
7178:
5477:
5446:
5338:
5854:
5077:
7772:
5601:
5268:
6345:
5539:
4734:
6202:
5763:
4379:
2452:
The winner-takes-all nature of FPP leads to distorted patterns of representation, since it exaggerates the correlation between party support and geography.
5246:
2265:
2268:, where Bush prevailed over Gore by a margin of only 537 votes (0.009%), which was far exceeded by the 97488 (1.635%) votes cast for Nader in that state.
1663:
is a particular kind of spoiler effect that involves several perfect copies, or "clones", of a candidate. Candidate-cloning causes vote-splitting in FPP.
7703:
7690:
4404:(where multiparty competition is in fact nationwide). Whether the U.S. should be called 'FPTP' itself is dubious, and not only because some states (e.g.
2143:
Supporters and opponents of FPP often argue whether FPP advantages or disadvantages extremist parties. Among single-winner systems, FPP suffers from the
1055:
892:
6514:
5307:
4596:
7166:"At present, the UK uses the “first past the post” system to elect MPs to the House of Commons. Should the “alternative vote” system be used instead?"
2540:
1593:
The center-squeeze pathology occurs when a candidate who supports . Systems that demonstrate center-squeeze have a bias towards extreme candidates.
5109:
4396:(FPTP) elections (given no primaries), none with an assembly larger than Jamaica's (63) has a strict two-party system. These countries include the
2605:
The Proportional Representation Society was founded in England in 1884 and began campaigning. STV was used to elect the British House of Commons's
7852:
7597:
7145:
3859:
6157:
5922:
4208:
2412:(ERS) says that regional parties benefit from this system. "With a geographical base, parties that are small UK-wide can still do very well".
1476:
5206:
2480:
2419:
The ERS also says that in FPP elections using many separate districts "small parties without a geographical base find it hard to win seats".
1905:. In the United Kingdom, 19 of the 24 general elections since 1922 have produced a single-party majority government. In all but two of them (
1280:
6004:
6964:
6276:
6095:
2582:. More serious investigation into electoral systems came in the late 18th century, when several thinkers independently proposed systems of
2384:
are seen as those cast for losing candidates, and for winning candidates in excess of the number required for victory. For example, in the
2264:, and exit polls indicated that more of them would have preferred Gore (45%) to Bush (27%). The election was ultimately determined by the
1814:
support from some voters, i.e. it is possible for a candidate to lose by receiving too many votes. FPP is not affected by this pathology.
6732:
746:
6451:
4514:
7564:
5408:
4882:
6422:
5974:
3260:
Alongside block voting (fully majoritarian systems) or as part of mixed-member majoritarian systems (semi-proportional representation)
3256:
The following countries use single-member plurality to elect part of their national legislature, in different types of mixed systems.
2115:"affords great power to relatively small parties, forcing the government to give in to political blackmail and to reach compromises";
5700:
4630:
2119:, defending FPP, argued that other systems give small parties the balance of power, and influence disproportionate to their votes.
8048:
7900:
7735:
6860:
6712:
6034:
4816:
4032:
3979:
2238:
1993:
1940:. Famous examples of the second placed party (in votes nationally) winning a plurality of seats include the elections in Canada in
1489:
778:
640:
635:
5500:
4260:
8014:
7713:
6959:
6737:
5659:
4907:
2280:
2198:
1048:
741:
6306:
4358:
However, squeezed by surrounding opponents, a centrist candidate may receive few first-place votes and be eliminated under Hare.
4230:
2625:
The following is a list of countries currently following the first-past-the-post voting system for their national legislatures.
1924:. Famous examples of the second-place party (in votes nationally) winning a majority of seats include the elections in Ghana in
8009:
7725:
6722:
6507:
4086:
4076:
4066:
4022:
3982:
3939:
3901:
3850:
1135:
423:
6239:
6133:
5823:
5640:
5161:
5134:
5017:
4686:
4485:
4470:
Duverger's Law of Plurality Voting: The Logic of Party Competition in Canada, India, the United Kingdom and the United States
4445:
2182:
2178:
2105:. They argue that FPP generally reduces this possibility, except where parties have a strong regional basis. A journalist at
6064:
5562:
7613:
7086:
2434:
2426:
2385:
2284:
1937:
1910:
1906:
1882:
947:
198:
5884:
3818:
2429:, "the Green Party, Liberal Democrats and UKIP (minor, non-regional parties) received 11% of votes between them, yet they
1881:
A graph showing the difference between the popular vote (inner circle) and the seats won by parties (outer circle) at the
1127:, where voters rank the candidates, but only the first preference matters. As a result, FPP is usually implemented with a
7933:
7353:
7302:
6769:
6280:
6266:
Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Kiesstelsel. §1.1 Geschiedenis". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
5386:
5360:
Leblang, D.; Chan, S. (2003). "Explaining Wars Fought By Established Democracies: Do Institutional Constraints Matter?".
3883:
2302:
believe the media, and therefore those candidates who receive the most media attention will probably be the most popular;
17:
2475:
First-past-the-post within geographical areas tends to deliver (particularly to larger parties) a significant number of
7890:
7261:
7201:
2602:
in Australia. STV saw its first national use in Denmark in 1855, and was reinvented several times in the 19th century.
2352:, depending on which is seen as best placed to win in each locality. Such behavior is difficult to measure objectively.
1041:
6100:
5469:
5438:
5330:
2503:
advocates pushed to replace these multi-member constituencies with single-member districts. Elections to the Canadian
7982:
7885:
7880:
7807:
7730:
7708:
7669:
6500:
6467:
Fact Sheets on Electoral Systems provided to members of the Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform, British Columbia.
5862:
5801:
5593:
5084:
4204:
3909:
3905:
2233:) produced single-party majority governments. In none of them did the leading party receive a majority of the votes.
2082:
1933:
1929:
1273:
942:
75:
7923:
7297:
7221:
6954:
6900:
6337:
5531:
4984:
4703:
3544:
3539:
3018:
3013:
2295:
Some voters will vote based on their view of how others will vote as well, changing their originally intended vote;
2250:
2242:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
932:
682:
653:
593:
6194:
5594:"THE 2004 CAMPAIGN: THE INDEPENDENT; Relax, Nader Advises Alarmed Democrats, but the 2000 Math Counsels Otherwise"
1780:, when it is possible to draw a map where a candidate who loses the election nevertheless manages to win in every
46:
8019:
7895:
7605:
7591:
7081:
6752:
6401:
5771:
4371:
3869:
3865:
2276:
2013:
1893:
have been formed due to one party winning a majority of the votes cast in Canada only three times since 1921: in
1091:
voting rule. Voters typically mark one candidate as their favorite, and the candidate with the largest number of
664:
189:
114:
5238:
4573:
7847:
7557:
7104:
6880:
5054:
4130:
4056:
3959:
3185:
2931:
2926:
2230:
2226:
2151:
as creating a "Parliament full of second-choices who no one really wanted but didn't really object to either."
1969:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1925:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1233:
727:
4515:
Review of paradoxes afflicting various voting procedures where one out of m candidates (m ≥ 2) must be elected
1236:, where the first round selects two major contenders who go on to receive the overwhelming majority of votes.
791:
7718:
3846:
369:
354:
339:
5299:
4600:
4524:. In: Assessing Alternative Voting Procedures, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK.
4170:
2101:
and gain leverage they would not otherwise enjoy, although this can be somewhat mitigated by a large enough
7966:
7343:
6923:
6908:
6727:
6466:
6373:
4145:
3215:
2551:
2468:
2291:
Because voters have to predict who the top two candidates will be, results can be significantly distorted:
2158:, which has prevented extreme left- and right-wing parties from gaining parliamentary seats, as opposed to
1452:
1266:
605:
528:
449:
6717:
7795:
7790:
7767:
6974:
6697:
6687:
6548:
3969:
3929:
3919:
2583:
2492:
2261:
2185:
by changing the electoral system to mostly use FPP instead of the previous mixed system using mostly the
2174:
2159:
2094:
1524:
1516:
1206:
1068:
970:
417:
399:
240:
2519:
use of FPP for each state's presidential election. This further morphed through the introduction of the
1153:
Despite its simplicity and long history, FPP has been widely criticized and is generally unpopular with
8053:
7358:
7323:
7211:
6939:
6482:
6090:
4452:
American elections become a two-round run-off system with a delay of several months between the rounds.
2504:
1705:
1535:
still loses the election. First-past-the-post is vulnerable to this paradox because of vote-splitting.
1460:
1185:. These issues have led to various calls to replace FPP in single-winner elections with rules based on
861:
844:
811:
575:
563:
533:
334:
292:
5952:
1984:
Under first-past-the-post, a small party may draw votes and seats away from a larger party that it is
7550:
7333:
6989:
6944:
6802:
2745:
2606:
2177:, a mixed system dominated by FPP have seen Fidesz (right-wing, populist party) win 135 seats in the
1559:
1550:
710:
194:
6149:
5914:
4196:
3822:
7872:
7740:
7473:
7231:
6979:
6865:
6823:
6742:
6667:
6603:
6561:
4848:"In Britain's first past the post electoral system, some votes are worth 22 times more than others"
4392:
Finally, we should not discount the role of primaries. When we look at the range of countries with
4150:
3992:
3891:
3584:
3506:
2587:
2409:
2166:
1120:
1072:
Countries that primarily use a first-past-the-post voting system for national legislative elections
771:
699:
551:
538:
521:
498:
476:
439:
429:
53:
7114:
4777:
4279:"A statistical model for Condorcet efficiency based on simulation under spatial model assumptions"
980:
7918:
7812:
7587:
7328:
7256:
7004:
6994:
6969:
6785:
6662:
6598:
6012:
2456:
2345:
2325:
1750:
1728:
1306:
1170:
897:
751:
434:
6284:
4465:
1115:(where bettors would guess which horse they thought would be first past the finishing post). In
866:
7957:
7832:
7573:
7318:
7276:
7226:
7045:
6984:
6847:
6446:
4772:
4135:
3519:
3514:
3392:
3363:
3347:
3331:
3281:
2496:
2357:
2333:
1804:
1658:
1650:
1325:
1198:
1092:
926:
806:
736:
543:
109:
6790:
5632:
5625:
5151:
5124:
7974:
7842:
7363:
7271:
6949:
6870:
6635:
6385:
6229:
6123:
5007:
4042:
3879:
2994:
2989:
2599:
2579:
2445:
2365:
2132:
2127:
1770:
1687:
1456:
1178:
834:
674:
558:
364:
343:
275:
253:
4874:
4499:
In effect, the primary system means that the USA has a two-round runoff system of elections.
3251:
2464:
nevertheless be a significant minority) in those sections of the country are unrepresented.
2437:, "he same three parties received almost a quarter of all the votes cast, yet these parties
2093:, a smaller party, managed to form a government without being the largest party. The use of
2058:
parties, in the individual constituencies supermajorities will lead to the vote fracturing.
7941:
7390:
7206:
7019:
6588:
5982:
2575:
2560:
People campaigning against first-past-the-post and in favour of proportional representation
2459:
represents most of the rural seats in England, and most of the south of England, while the
1331:
1319:
1162:
1158:
1116:
965:
952:
920:
184:
8:
7837:
7501:
7338:
6999:
6593:
5693:"Make Votes Matter—Everything wrong with First Past the Post—Proportional Representation"
5692:
5272:
4622:
4393:
3480:
3327:
3066:
3061:
2645:
2640:
2102:
1921:
1890:
1571:
still wins. First-past-the-post is vulnerable to this paradox because of vote-splitting.
1302:
871:
705:
358:
103:
6042:
4560:
1243:
A first-past-the-post ballot for a single-member district. The voter must mark one (and
7040:
6650:
6608:
6068:
5745:
5724:"Divided by Values: Jeremy Corbyn, the Labour Party and England's 'North-South Divide'"
4976:
4968:
4798:
4790:
4726:
4405:
4349:
3681:
3676:
3311:
3152:
3147:
2591:
2283:
candidates. This phenomenon is responsible for some Popular victories, even though the
1781:
1313:
1096:
1031:
902:
513:
297:
6440:
2472:
55% of the vote, and won 100% of the seats in Saskatchewan with only 59% of the vote.
7857:
7292:
7216:
7009:
6918:
6875:
6795:
6640:
6625:
6583:
6235:
6129:
5749:
5636:
5157:
5130:
5103:
5013:
4980:
4682:
4565:
4481:
4441:
4341:
4298:
3887:
3556:
3551:
3220:
2460:
2422:
2329:
2123:
2040:
2023:
2019:
2009:
1973:
1917:
1872:
1785:
1679:
1182:
1026:
937:
907:
829:
766:
600:
327:
302:
285:
153:
5126:
The Labour Party and Constitutional Reform: A History of Constitutional Conservatism
4730:
4652:
7515:
7050:
6682:
6538:
6523:
6393:
5735:
4958:
4950:
4802:
4782:
4718:
4555:
4547:
4473:
4409:
4333:
4290:
4038:
3343:
3338:
3277:
3094:
2524:
2500:
2377:
2369:
2215:
2186:
2155:
2027:
1468:
1291:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1190:
1186:
1154:
1018:
975:
854:
568:
444:
270:
264:
246:
235:
230:
218:
179:
141:
6472:
The Problem With First-Past-The-Post Electing (data from UK general election 2005)
1165:. Social choice theorists have criticized the rule for being highly vulnerable to
7629:
7532:
7448:
7441:
7251:
7241:
7098:
7014:
6855:
6833:
6645:
6566:
6556:
6534:
6231:
Nepal: Transition to Democratic Republican State : 2008 Constituent Assembly
5188:
5075:
4521:
4140:
4117:
4096:
4052:
4012:
4002:
3955:
3042:
3037:
2373:
2026:
which says that constituencies that use first-past-the-post methods will lead to
1837:
1829:
1631:. First-past-the-post does not meet this criterion, which makes it vulnerable to
1112:
1006:
839:
694:
659:
580:
491:
394:
317:
259:
137:
4763:(2010). "Social Identity, Electoral Institutions and the Number of Candidates".
4477:
52:
The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
6913:
6618:
6578:
6471:
6397:
6336:
MrdaljPolitikolog, Mladen; Univerzitetu, Predavač na Webster (8 October 2020).
4760:
4397:
3244:
3239:
3090:
3085:
2402:
2361:
2253:
2203:
2144:
2005:
1632:
1616:
1608:
1586:
1464:
1174:
1166:
876:
816:
801:
612:
481:
456:
307:
57:
7623:
6476:
5378:
4954:
4786:
2620:
8042:
7508:
7494:
7348:
7236:
6657:
5723:
5177:
4722:
4345:
4302:
4261:"The Boundaries Review is a chance to bring back multi-member constituencies"
3413:
As part of mixed-member proportional (MMP) or additional member systems (AMS)
3180:
2520:
2511:
2317:
2148:
2068:
2031:
1810:
Perverse response occurs when a candidate loses as a result of receiving too
1124:
1088:
885:
585:
373:
211:
174:
149:
7542:
8027:
7862:
7455:
7434:
6672:
6613:
5211:
4569:
4082:
3207:
3202:
2595:
2190:
1877:
1472:
1194:
625:
389:
382:
312:
7266:
5793:
2360:
argue that these would reduce the need for tactical voting and reduce the
1776:
The multiple-districts paradox refers to a particularly egregious kind of
1563:
paradox happens when a majority of voters prefer every other candidate to
161:
7990:
7246:
7055:
6818:
6757:
6677:
6573:
6431:
4048:
4028:
4018:
3753:
3748:
3717:
3712:
3462:
3457:
3450:
3445:
3307:
3302:
3252:
Use of single-member plurality in mixed systems for electing legislatures
3006:
3001:
2664:
2571:
2567:
2566:
Non-plurality voting systems have been devised since at least 1299, when
2398:
2381:
2272:
2257:
2222:
2098:
2067:
election campaigns the campaigning activity of parties tends to focus on
1997:
1913:), the leading party did not take a majority of the votes across the UK.
1777:
1244:
1202:
1147:
1139:
503:
461:
404:
349:
4972:
4938:
4794:
4370:
Santucci, Jack; Shugart, Matthew; Latner, Michael S. (16 October 2023).
4278:
4111:
1101:) is elected, regardless of whether they have over half of all votes (a
1001:
7480:
6828:
6764:
6456:
6389:
4963:
4353:
4294:
3568:
3563:
3297:– as part is a mixed system (parallel voting with partial compensation)
2806:
2801:
2681:
2676:
2657:
2652:
2574:
methods, which were respectively reinvented in the 18th century by the
2116:
1213:
1131:, where voters place a single bubble next to their favorite candidate.
6487:
5740:
7487:
7065:
7060:
5182:
David Cameron: why keeping first past the post is vital for democracy
5047:"Major Reforms Are Unlikely, but Electoral Threshold Could Be Raised"
4535:
4534:
Geruso, Michael; Spears, Dean; Talesara, Ishaana (5 September 2019).
4321:
4125:
3935:
3875:
3853:. Only twice used FPTP, first between 1902 and 1905 used only in the
3842:
3794:
3789:
3741:
3736:
3657:
3652:
3388:
3383:
2846:
2476:
2320:
region), entire campaigns have been organised with the aim of voting
2194:
2170:
2077:
1298:
1143:
471:
466:
6492:
5046:
4337:
2097:(PR) may enable smaller parties to become decisive in the country's
2016:
describes India's use of FPTP as a "legacy of British colonialism".
7144:
6885:
6405:
5501:"Will Labour's next leader finally break with first-past-the-post?"
4551:
4092:
4062:
3782:
3777:
3705:
3700:
3621:
3616:
3597:
3592:
3532:
3527:
3475:
3375:
3370:
2919:
2914:
2895:
2890:
2794:
2789:
2782:
2777:
2758:
2753:
2729:
2724:
2693:
2688:
2628:
2349:
1239:
1102:
722:
2169:
published a report in April 2019 stating that, " FPP can ... abet
6747:
3975:
3965:
3925:
3897:
3669:
3664:
3609:
3604:
3438:
3433:
3426:
3421:
3294:
3289:
3232:
3227:
2956:
2951:
2943:
2938:
2883:
2878:
2859:
2854:
2830:
2825:
2770:
2765:
2705:
2700:
2669:
2337:
2246:
2112:
2107:
2061:
2001:
1217:
508:
6035:"Countries using FPTP electoral system for national legislature"
5331:"How a Broken Voting System Gave South Africa Apartheid in 1948"
4322:"A Comparison of Efficiency of Multicandidate Electoral Systems"
2444:
According to Make Votes Matter, in the 2015 UK general election
2043:. Smaller parties are trampled in first-past-the-post elections.
7406:
7035:
6377:
5627:
Introducing comparative politics: concepts and cases in context
4597:"Election Inversions By Variants of the U.S. Electoral College"
4401:
4072:
3998:
3915:
3765:
3760:
3729:
3724:
3693:
3688:
3645:
3640:
3633:
3628:
3580:
3575:
3502:
3497:
3404:
3399:
3378:– alongside seats distributed proportional to seats already won
3273:
3268:
3164:
3159:
3140:
3135:
3119:
3114:
3078:
3073:
2907:
2902:
2741:
2736:
2717:
2712:
2086:
1307:
All voters want the capital to be as close to them as possible.
1013:
6478:
The Problems with First Past the Post Voting Explained (video)
5078:"Advantages and disadvantages of the uninominal voting system"
4704:"Analysing multiparty competition in plurality rule elections"
2401:, an election under FPP is more easily gerrymandered. Through
6381:
6335:
4413:
4008:
3988:
3951:
3945:
3864:, and the second time between 1951 and 1957 used only in the
3107:
3102:
3054:
3049:
3030:
3025:
2982:
2977:
2969:
2964:
2871:
2866:
2842:
2837:
2818:
2813:
2341:
2090:
2008:
for the Democrats. According to the political pressure group
1840:
is a situation where a candidate loses as a result of having
5269:"MEPs: Hungary can no longer be considered a full democracy"
5207:"First past the post abets extreme politics, says thinktank"
6307:"Which European countries use proportional representation?"
5944:
3359:
3354:
3323:
3318:
2621:
Legislatures elected exclusively by single-member plurality
1316:, the largest city, but far from the others (42% of voters)
1305:. The population is concentrated around four major cities.
1220:
retain FPP for most elections. However, the combination of
5770:. Conservative Action for Electoral Reform. Archived from
1627:
is affected by voters' opinions on an unrelated candidate
2594:, and first used in a public election in 1840 by his son
2135:
outside the UK) achieves this better than other systems.
1988:
similar to, and therefore give an advantage to one it is
1228:
mean the country has effectively used a variation on the
6488:
The fatal flaws of First-past-the-post electoral systems
6461:
5153:
Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State
4823:. Institute for Public Policy Research. 4 January 2011.
4432:
Gallagher, Michael; Mitchell, Paul (15 September 2005).
2364:. Examples include preferential voting systems, such as
1844:
supporters. In other words, adding a voter who supports
7179:
Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011
5076:
Dr.Mihaela Macavei, University of Alba Iulia, Romania.
4599:. Department of Political Science. UMBC. Archived from
4055:
in 1998 for House of Representatives elections, and by
3948:(used between 1860 and 1882, and between 1892 and 1919)
1527:
occurs when a majority of voters prefer some candidate
6426:
5654:
5652:
4466:"The United States: A Case of Duvergerian Equilibrium"
4464:
Bowler, Shaun; Grofman, Bernard; Blais, André (2009),
2193:
was a contributory factor in the country adopting the
6432:
ACE Project: What is the electoral system for Chamber
6338:"Sedam zabluda o uvođenju većinskog izbornog sistema"
6227:
5563:"The 2016 Election Proves The Need For Voting Reform"
4369:
3465:– as part is a mixed system (AMS and parallel voting)
2256:
is that a portion of the electorate (2.7%) voted for
4936:
4902:
4900:
4536:"Inversions in US Presidential Elections: 1836-2016"
4533:
4231:"First Past the Post and Alternative Vote explained"
4107:
2483:
were significantly more likely to hold a safe seat.
2181:
and has remained the largest party in Hungary since
6443:—detailed explanation of first-past-the-post voting
6005:"Labour Campaign for Electoral Reform – About LCER"
5649:
101:It has been suggested that this article should be
6128:. Buenos Aires: Editorial Dunken. pp. 40–41.
5624:
5373:
5371:
4463:
3391:– in single-member electoral districts, alongside
3362:– in single-member electoral districts, alongside
3346:– in single-member electoral districts, alongside
3310:– in single-member electoral districts, alongside
1463:, the easternmost city. This makes the election a
6067:. ACE Electoral Knowledge Network. Archived from
4930:
4897:
4817:"First Past the Post is a 'broken voting system'"
4431:
4272:
4270:
8040:
6404:(which in turn elects the president); Maine and
6183:. Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002.
5824:"General Election 2010: Safe and marginal seats"
3488:
7146:2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum
5368:
4939:"Kingmakers and leaders in coalition formation"
4701:
3587:for the presidential and legislative elections)
3509:for the presidential and legislative elections)
6091:"Electoral College Frequently Asked Questions"
5156:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 231–.
5149:
4653:"India – First Past the Post on a Grand Scale"
4267:
2062:Strongholds, key constituencies and kingmakers
1322:, near the center of the state (26% of voters)
1301:is holding an election on the location of its
7572:
7558:
7130:
6508:
5532:"Making government accountable to the people"
5005:
4758:
4372:"Toward a Different Kind of Party Government"
4313:
3407:– as part is a mixed system (parallel voting)
2122:The concept of kingmakers is adjacent to how
1338:The preferences of each region's voters are:
1274:
1049:
6965:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives
6447:ACE Project: Electing a President using FPTP
6172:
5721:
5143:
5108:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4999:
4540:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
4472:, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 135–146,
2530:
6452:ACE Project: FPTP on a grand scale in India
6179:"Kiesstelsel. §1.1 Federale verkiezingen".
5794:"Elections Canada – Results by Province(s)"
5728:Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique
5722:Beech, Matt; Hickson, Kevin (3 July 2020).
5359:
5239:"The Electoral System and British Politics"
4509:
4507:
3326:– in single-member electoral districts for
3193:
2372:of runoffs and less tested methods such as
1784:. This is not possible under FPP, or other
1619:is when the results of an election between
7565:
7551:
7137:
7123:
6515:
6501:
6221:
5855:""Safe seats" almost guarantee corruption"
4702:Dunleavy, Patrick; Diwakar, Rekha (2013).
4670:
4171:"First-past-the-post: a rogue's practice?"
2609:between 1918 and their abolition in 1950.
2316:. For example, in the UK (and only in the
1281:
1267:
1056:
1042:
6462:Vote No to Proportional Representation BC
6195:"Elections 2019: The European Parliament"
6154:Sistema Argentino de Información Jurídica
5739:
5591:
5116:
4962:
4776:
4559:
1860:. FPP is not affected by this pathology.
1482:
1453:majority of voters would prefer Nashville
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
5592:Rosenbaum, David E. (24 February 2004).
5467:
5129:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 400–.
5122:
4504:
2627:
2111:noted that Israel's highly proportional
1994:2000 United States presidential election
1876:
1238:
1067:
8015:Legislature broadcasters in New Zealand
7691:Speaker of the House of Representatives
6960:Independence of irrelevant alternatives
6738:Sequential proportional approval voting
6234:. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 69–.
6009:labourcampaignforelectoralreform.org.uk
5800:. Elections Canada. 21 September 2020.
5498:
4681:. New York: Random House. p. 107.
4319:
4276:
3894:being introduced to the Senate in 1948)
2523:, which made American elections into a
14:
8041:
8010:Commonwealth Parliamentary Association
6384:completely abandoned FPTP in favor of
6125:El Voto. Expresión del poder ciudadano
5622:
5604:from the original on 19 September 2008
5560:
5470:"Democracy: we've never had it so bad"
5439:"Democracy: we've never had it so bad"
5328:
5300:"The Graveyard of First Past the Post"
5279:from the original on 15 September 2022
5204:
2615:
2590:in particular was invented in 1819 by
2467:In the 2019 Canadian federal election
2356:Proponents of other voting methods in
2000:drew more votes from the left-leaning
1334:, far to the northeast (17% of voters)
7546:
7118:
6522:
6496:
6423:A handbook of Electoral System Design
6366:
6317:from the original on 27 December 2019
6277:"PNG voting system praised by new MP"
6121:
5687:
5685:
5670:from the original on 13 December 2019
5267:
4918:from the original on 13 December 2019
4885:from the original on 15 November 2017
4845:
4827:from the original on 15 November 2017
4676:
4326:American Journal of Political Science
2507:have always been conducted with FPP.
2179:2022 Hungarian parliamentary election
7768:Abolition of the Legislative Council
6348:from the original on 13 January 2024
6160:from the original on 20 October 2017
6103:from the original on 6 December 2023
5975:"Electoral Systems around the World"
5885:"FactCheck: expenses and safe seats"
5804:from the original on 9 December 2022
5703:from the original on 2 November 2019
5573:from the original on 22 October 2019
5529:
5499:Barnett, Anthony (10 January 2020).
5219:from the original on 6 December 2023
4765:British Journal of Political Science
4363:
4241:from the original on 18 January 2024
3805:
2570:came up with both the Condorcet and
2138:
2089:, was unable to form a coalition so
1979:
87:
29:
7303:Official Monster Raving Loony Party
6770:Indirect single transferable voting
6281:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
5852:
5150:Larry Johnston (13 December 2011).
5057:from the original on 21 August 2019
3126:
1479:(the actual capital of Tennessee).
24:
7773:Members of the Legislative Council
7654:Speaker of the Legislative Council
7202:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
6283:. 12 December 2003. Archived from
6181:Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins
5682:
5341:from the original on 18 March 2021
4987:from the original on 11 March 2023
4872:
4594:
4576:from the original on 19 March 2021
3171:
2209:
1197:, and also to proposals replacing
160:
25:
8065:
7670:Leader of the Legislative Council
6416:
6205:from the original on 6 April 2023
5925:from the original on 26 June 2020
5834:from the original on 3 March 2016
5798:2021 Elections Canada – Provinces
5542:from the original on 31 July 2020
5419:from the original on 29 June 2020
5389:from the original on 31 July 2020
5297:
5249:from the original on 25 June 2020
4633:from the original on 31 July 2020
4438:The Politics of Electoral Systems
4382:from the original on 16 July 2024
4205:Ministry for Culture and Heritage
3910:German-speaking electoral college
3906:Member of the European Parliament
2083:2009 Israeli legislative election
1866:
7628:
7622:
7298:Socialist Party of Great Britain
7222:Green Party of England and Wales
6441:ACE Project: First Past The Post
6388:or IRV. In the US, 48 of the 50
6248:from the original on 22 May 2024
5955:from the original on 1 July 2020
5511:from the original on 5 July 2020
5480:from the original on 22 May 2024
5449:from the original on 22 May 2024
5310:from the original on 4 July 2020
5044:
5026:from the original on 22 May 2024
4740:from the original on 9 June 2022
4211:from the original on 24 May 2022
4110:
3809:
3788:
3776:
3759:
3747:
3735:
3723:
3711:
3699:
3687:
3675:
3663:
3651:
3639:
3627:
3615:
3603:
3591:
3574:
3562:
3550:
3545:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3538:
3526:
3522:(one for each main ethnic group)
3513:
3496:
3474:
3456:
3444:
3432:
3420:
3398:
3382:
3369:
3353:
3337:
3317:
3301:
3288:
3267:
3238:
3226:
3214:
3201:
3179:
3158:
3146:
3134:
3113:
3101:
3084:
3072:
3060:
3048:
3036:
3024:
3019:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3012:
3000:
2988:
2976:
2963:
2950:
2937:
2925:
2913:
2901:
2889:
2877:
2865:
2853:
2836:
2824:
2812:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2764:
2752:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2687:
2675:
2663:
2651:
2639:
2550:
2539:
2499:. Starting in the 19th century,
2275:, there has been a tendency for
1992:similar to. For example, in the
1954:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1819:
1793:
1759:
1740:
1717:
1695:
1668:
1640:
1598:
1576:
1540:
1506:
1290:
1119:, FPP is generally treated as a
1025:
1012:
1000:
948:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem
594:Semi-proportional representation
226:First preference plurality (FPP)
92:
34:
8049:Single-winner electoral systems
6329:
6299:
6269:
6260:
6187:
6142:
6115:
6083:
6057:
6027:
5997:
5967:
5937:
5907:
5895:from the original on 8 May 2021
5877:
5846:
5816:
5786:
5768:conservativeelectoralreform.org
5756:
5715:
5616:
5585:
5554:
5530:Root, Tim (30 September 2019).
5523:
5492:
5461:
5431:
5401:
5353:
5329:Winter, Owen (25 August 2016).
5322:
5291:
5261:
5231:
5205:Walker, Peter (22 April 2019).
5198:
5170:
5069:
5038:
4866:
4846:Terry, Chris (28 August 2013).
4839:
4809:
4752:
4695:
4657:ACE Electoral Knowledge Network
4645:
4615:
4588:
4527:
4434:"The American Electoral System"
2249:believed one reason he lost to
2239:2000 U.S. presidential election
2030:, given enough time. Economist
2014:ACE Electoral Knowledge Network
1328:, somewhat east (15% of voters)
1134:FPP has been used to elect the
6881:Mixed ballot transferable vote
6436:1 of the national legislature?
6400:to choose the electors of the
6228:Bhuwan Chandra Upreti (2010).
6122:Milia, Juan Guillermo (2015).
5561:Begany, Brent (30 June 2016).
5468:Tatchell, Peter (3 May 2010).
4457:
4425:
4253:
4223:
4189:
4163:
4131:Deviation from proportionality
4075:(adopted in 1990, replaced by
4057:multiple non-transferable vote
3938:(adopted in 1995, replaced by
3900:(adopted in 1831, replaced by
2932:Federated States of Micronesia
2433:just 2% of seats", and in the
2154:However, FPP often results in
1531:to every other candidate, but
986:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
943:Moulin's impossibility theorem
908:Conflicting majorities paradox
13:
1:
7808:Father or Mother of the House
4937:Brams/Kilgour. Dorey (2013).
4156:
4059:in 1941 for Senate elections)
3801:
3489:Heads of state elected by FPP
2308:The method may promote votes
812:Frustrated majorities paradox
7967:Parliament House, Wellington
7344:Green Party Northern Ireland
7082:Comparison of voting systems
6924:Satisfaction approval voting
6909:Single non-transferable vote
6728:Proportional approval voting
5362:Political Research Quarterly
5009:UK Government & Politics
4854:. London School of Economics
4146:Single non-transferable vote
2391:
1936:, and the United Kingdom in
1256:
1083:)—often shortened simply to
981:Condorcet dominance theorems
921:Social and collective choice
7:
6688:Graduated majority judgment
4478:10.1007/978-0-387-09720-6_9
4440:. OUP Oxford. p. 192.
4103:
3970:proportional representation
3930:proportional representation
3920:proportional representation
2586:to elect legislatures. The
2584:proportional representation
2493:House of Commons of England
2455:For example, in the UK the
2386:UK general election of 2005
2175:electoral system of Hungary
2160:proportional representation
2095:proportional representation
1525:frustrated majority paradox
1207:proportional representation
1187:multi-round plurality-rules
647:By mechanism of combination
418:Proportional representation
10:
8070:
7736:Shadow Leader of the House
7359:Traditional Unionist Voice
7212:Christian Peoples Alliance
6940:Condorcet winner criterion
6631:First-past-the-post voting
5623:Drogus, Carol Ann (2008).
4875:"What is a marginal seat?"
4513:Felsenthal, Dan S. (2010)
4408:) hold runoffs or use the
3405:Republic of China (Taiwan)
2486:
2213:
1870:
1771:Multiple-districts paradox
1251:
1173:, promoting extremism via
1107:). It is sometimes called
1077:First-preference plurality
845:Multiple districts paradox
576:Fractional approval voting
564:Interactive representation
107:into a new article titled
8002:
7950:
7901:Mixed-member proportional
7871:
7825:
7781:
7760:
7753:
7681:
7646:
7637:
7620:
7580:
7574:Parliament of New Zealand
7529:
7465:
7426:
7419:
7399:
7383:
7376:
7334:Democratic Unionist Party
7311:
7285:
7194:
7187:
7171:
7161:
7152:
7095:
7087:Voting systems by country
7074:
7028:
6990:Mutual majority criterion
6945:Condorcet loser criterion
6932:
6899:
6891:Vote linkage mixed system
6846:
6811:
6803:Largest remainders method
6778:
6705:
6696:
6547:
6530:
5123:P. Dorey (17 June 2008).
5012:. Heinemann. p. 24.
4955:10.1007/s00355-012-0680-4
4943:Social Choice and Welfare
4787:10.1017/s0007123409990354
4679:The Price of Civilization
4136:Plurality-at-large voting
3469:Subnational legislatures
2607:university constituencies
2531:Criticism and replacement
2145:center squeeze phenomenon
2050:The Price of Civilization
1733:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1343:
792:Paradoxes and pathologies
641:Mixed-member proportional
636:Mixed-member majoritarian
631:By results of combination
522:Approval-based committees
7978:(current executive wing)
7726:Leader of the Opposition
7614:House of Representatives
6980:Majority loser criterion
6866:Additional member system
6824:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota
6743:Single transferable vote
6668:Positional voting system
6604:Minimax Condorcet method
6562:Combined approval voting
5409:"What the Evidence Says"
5304:Electoral Reform Society
4723:10.1177/1354068811411026
4520:24 February 2021 at the
4320:Merrill, Samuel (1984).
4277:Merrill, Samuel (1985).
4151:Single transferable vote
3912:is still elected by FPTP
3884:House of Representatives
3770:constitutional amendment
3585:Double simultaneous vote
3507:Double simultaneous vote
3194:Subnational legislatures
2588:single transferable vote
2410:Electoral Reform Society
2167:the Constitution Society
2085:where the leading party
1883:2015 UK general election
1136:British House of Commons
971:Condorcet's jury theorem
772:Double simultaneous vote
747:Rural–urban proportional
742:Dual-member proportional
704:
693:
660:Parallel (superposition)
552:Fractional social choice
539:Expanding approvals rule
368:
353:
338:
269:
258:
234:
7934:Supplementary elections
7384:Advocating a "Yes" vote
7257:Scottish National Party
7005:Resolvability criterion
6995:Participation criterion
6970:Later-no-harm criterion
6786:Highest averages method
6311:electoral-reform.org.uk
5919:electoral-reform.org.uk
5664:electoral-reform.org.uk
5187:18 January 2018 at the
4912:electoral-reform.org.uk
4677:Sachs, Jeffrey (2011).
3284:(alternating elections)
2358:single-member districts
1948:as well as in Japan in
1552:Condorcet loser paradox
1199:single-member districts
1171:majority-rule principle
1163:social choice theorists
1113:gambling on horse races
898:Tyranny of the majority
675:Fusion (majority bonus)
492:Quota-remainder methods
27:Plurality voting system
7958:General Assembly House
7833:Speech from the throne
7696:Chairman of Committees
7662:Chairman of Committees
7400:Advocating a "No" vote
7319:British National Party
7046:First-preference votes
6985:Monotonicity criterion
6955:Independence of clones
6658:Simple majoritarianism
5006:Andy Williams (1998).
3520:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3393:plurality block voting
3364:plurality block voting
3348:plurality block voting
3332:plurality block voting
3282:plurality block voting
2633:
2497:block plurality voting
2055:
1885:
1490:pathological behaviors
1483:Properties and effects
1248:
1073:
1032:Mathematics portal
938:Majority impossibility
927:Impossibility theorems
723:Negative vote transfer
544:Method of equal shares
165:
110:Single-member district
8021:Parliamentary Debates
7983:Parliamentary Library
7364:Ulster Unionist Party
6950:Consistency criterion
6871:Alternative vote plus
6636:Instant-runoff voting
6386:Instant-runoff voting
5764:"First Past the Post"
5660:"First Past the Post"
5631:. CQ Press. pp.
5275:. 15 September 2022.
4908:"First Past the Post"
4623:"First Past the Post"
4197:"First past the post"
3882:in 1918 for both the
2995:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2631:
2600:Adelaide City Council
2580:Jean-Charles de Borda
2441:just 1.5% of seats."
2435:2015 general election
2427:2017 general election
2366:instant runoff voting
2344:, and since 2015 the
2241:, some supporters of
2199:1948 general election
2133:instant runoff voting
2036:
2006:spoiling the election
2004:, resulting in Nader
1880:
1680:Best-is-worst paradox
1457:instant-runoff voting
1242:
1179:electoral competition
1071:
835:Best-is-worst paradox
824:Pathological response
559:Direct representation
212:Single-winner methods
164:
7942:Caretaker government
7590:(represented by the
7391:YES! To Fairer Votes
7020:Seats-to-votes ratio
6791:Webster/Sainte-Laguë
6394:District of Columbia
5985:on 11 September 2021
5415:. 19 November 2017.
4595:Miller, Nicholas R.
4263:. 26 September 2016.
4237:. 6 September 2010.
3823:adding missing items
2576:Marquis de Condorcet
2312:as opposed to votes
2266:results from Florida
1891:majority governments
1501:Explanation/details
1467:. By contrast, both
1205:with rules based on
1159:political scientists
1019:Economics portal
966:Median voter theorem
185:Comparative politics
7909:First-past-the-post
7761:Legislative Council
7709:Leader of the House
7647:Legislative Council
7606:Legislative Council
7598:Legislative Council
7502:The Daily Telegraph
7339:England First Party
7162:Referendum question
7000:Plurality criterion
6599:Kemeny–Young method
6376:, the US states of
6065:"Electoral Systems"
5915:"What We Stand For"
5774:on 15 November 2017
5273:European Parliament
5090:on 24 December 2019
4852:democraticaudit.com
4394:first-past-the-post
4207:. 13 January 2016.
3847:Chamber of Deputies
3067:Trinidad and Tobago
2646:Antigua and Barbuda
2616:Countries using FPP
2165:On the other hand,
2103:electoral threshold
1996:, the left-leaning
1922:electoral inversion
1518:Frustrated majority
1492:
1155:electoral reformers
1109:first-past-the-post
1007:Politics portal
718:Vote linkage system
689:Seat linkage system
276:Ranked-choice (RCV)
18:First pass the post
7329:Conservative Party
7041:Election threshold
6975:Majority criterion
6651:Supplementary vote
6427:International IDEA
5859:thecommentator.com
5598:The New York Times
4759:Dickson, Eric S.;
4295:10.1007/bf00127534
3821:; you can help by
3312:party block voting
3153:Dominican Republic
2972:(lower house only)
2634:
2592:Thomas Wright Hill
2457:Conservative Party
2326:Conservative Party
2279:voters to support
1886:
1782:electoral district
1707:Lesser-evil voting
1487:
1249:
1222:partisan primaries
1195:rated voting rules
1074:
903:Discursive dilemma
862:Lesser evil voting
737:Supermixed systems
440:Largest remainders
298:Round-robin voting
166:
8054:Electoral systems
8036:
8035:
7843:Readings of bills
7821:
7820:
7813:Baby of the House
7749:
7748:
7540:
7539:
7525:
7524:
7415:
7414:
7372:
7371:
7277:Libertarian Party
7227:Liberal Democrats
7217:English Democrats
7112:
7111:
7010:Reversal symmetry
6919:Cumulative voting
6901:Semi-proportional
6876:Mixed single vote
6842:
6841:
6718:Mixed single vote
6626:Exhaustive ballot
6589:Copeland's method
6584:Condorcet methods
6524:Electoral systems
6402:Electoral College
6287:on 4 January 2005
6241:978-81-7835-774-4
6201:. 17 April 2019.
6135:978-987-02-8472-7
6096:National Archives
6071:on 26 August 2014
6045:on 6 October 2014
6015:on 11 August 2021
5741:10.4000/rfcb.5456
5697:Make Votes Matter
5642:978-0-87289-343-6
5536:Left Foot Forward
5383:Make Votes Matter
5379:"PR and Conflict"
5364:: 56-24: 385–400.
5271:(Press release).
5163:978-1-4426-0533-6
5136:978-0-230-59415-9
5019:978-0-435-33158-0
4688:978-1-4000-6841-8
4627:Make Votes Matter
4487:978-0-387-09720-6
4447:978-0-19-153151-4
4376:Protect Democracy
4201:nzhistory.govt.nz
3866:elections of 1951
3855:elections of 1904
3839:
3838:
3557:Equatorial Guinea
3221:US Virgin Islands
2425:said that in the
2423:Make Votes Matter
2378:Condorcet methods
2368:, as well as the
2197:system after the
2139:Extremist parties
2124:Winston Churchill
2028:two-party systems
2024:political science
2010:Make Votes Matter
1980:Two-party systems
1974:arbitrarily small
1968:and in Belize in
1928:, New Zealand in
1918:majority reversal
1864:
1863:
1805:Perverse response
1786:positional voting
1469:Condorcet methods
1447:
1446:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1309:The options are:
1129:choose-one ballot
1066:
1065:
953:Gibbard's theorem
893:Dominance paradox
830:Perverse response
534:Phragmen's method
400:Majority judgment
328:Positional voting
286:Condorcet methods
154:electoral systems
131:
130:
86:
85:
78:
16:(Redirected from
8061:
7995:
7987:
7979:
7971:
7963:
7938:
7913:
7905:
7896:Electoral system
7799:
7758:
7757:
7700:
7674:
7666:
7658:
7644:
7643:
7632:
7626:
7610:
7602:
7592:Governor-General
7567:
7560:
7553:
7544:
7543:
7516:Evening Standard
7427:For a "Yes" vote
7424:
7423:
7381:
7380:
7195:For a "Yes" vote
7192:
7191:
7139:
7132:
7125:
7116:
7115:
7051:Liquid democracy
6703:
6702:
6683:Two-round system
6594:Dodgson's method
6517:
6510:
6503:
6494:
6493:
6479:
6435:
6410:
6370:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6322:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6273:
6267:
6264:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6225:
6219:
6218:
6212:
6210:
6191:
6185:
6184:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6165:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6119:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6108:
6087:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6061:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6050:
6041:. Archived from
6031:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6011:. Archived from
6001:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5981:. Archived from
5971:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5949:Fair Vote Canada
5941:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5881:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5865:on 15 April 2021
5861:. Archived from
5850:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5830:. 7 April 2010.
5820:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5760:
5754:
5753:
5743:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5689:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5656:
5647:
5646:
5630:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5375:
5366:
5365:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5202:
5196:
5193:Daily Telegraph.
5174:
5168:
5167:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5107:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5089:
5083:. Archived from
5082:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4966:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4904:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4879:justsolutions.eu
4870:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4780:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4739:
4708:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4563:
4531:
4525:
4511:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4494:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4410:alternative vote
4389:
4387:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4274:
4265:
4264:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4167:
4120:
4115:
4114:
4039:Papua New Guinea
3863:
3834:
3831:
3813:
3812:
3806:
3793:
3792:
3781:
3780:
3764:
3763:
3752:
3751:
3740:
3739:
3728:
3727:
3716:
3715:
3704:
3703:
3692:
3691:
3680:
3679:
3668:
3667:
3656:
3655:
3644:
3643:
3632:
3631:
3620:
3619:
3608:
3607:
3596:
3595:
3579:
3578:
3567:
3566:
3555:
3554:
3543:
3542:
3531:
3530:
3518:
3517:
3501:
3500:
3483:(United Kingdom)
3479:
3478:
3461:
3460:
3449:
3448:
3437:
3436:
3425:
3424:
3403:
3402:
3387:
3386:
3374:
3373:
3358:
3357:
3344:Marshall Islands
3342:
3341:
3322:
3321:
3306:
3305:
3293:
3292:
3272:
3271:
3243:
3242:
3231:
3230:
3219:
3218:
3206:
3205:
3184:
3183:
3163:
3162:
3151:
3150:
3139:
3138:
3127:Upper house only
3118:
3117:
3106:
3105:
3089:
3088:
3077:
3076:
3065:
3064:
3053:
3052:
3041:
3040:
3029:
3028:
3017:
3016:
3005:
3004:
2993:
2992:
2981:
2980:
2968:
2967:
2955:
2954:
2942:
2941:
2930:
2929:
2918:
2917:
2906:
2905:
2894:
2893:
2882:
2881:
2870:
2869:
2858:
2857:
2841:
2840:
2829:
2828:
2817:
2816:
2805:
2804:
2793:
2792:
2781:
2780:
2769:
2768:
2757:
2756:
2740:
2739:
2728:
2727:
2716:
2715:
2704:
2703:
2692:
2691:
2680:
2679:
2668:
2667:
2656:
2655:
2644:
2643:
2554:
2543:
2525:two-round system
2505:House of Commons
2501:electoral reform
2481:expenses scandal
2370:two-round system
2334:Liberal Democrat
2216:Strategic voting
2187:two-round system
2171:extreme politics
2156:strategic voting
2128:alternative vote
2053:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1493:
1486:
1477:return Nashville
1367:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1294:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1230:two-round system
1226:two-party system
1169:, violating the
1111:in reference to
1093:first-preference
1058:
1051:
1044:
1030:
1029:
1017:
1016:
1005:
1004:
960:Positive results
855:Strategic voting
752:Majority jackpot
709:
698:
569:Liquid democracy
445:National remnant
435:Highest averages
372:
357:
342:
274:
265:Alternative vote
263:
247:Partisan primary
239:
180:Mechanism design
133:
132:
126:
123:
96:
95:
88:
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
38:
37:
30:
21:
8069:
8068:
8064:
8063:
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8060:
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8039:
8038:
8037:
8032:
7998:
7993:
7985:
7977:
7969:
7961:
7946:
7936:
7911:
7903:
7867:
7817:
7793:
7784:Representatives
7783:
7777:
7745:
7731:Shadow Ministry
7698:
7684:Representatives
7683:
7677:
7672:
7664:
7656:
7639:
7633:
7627:
7618:
7608:
7600:
7576:
7571:
7541:
7536:
7533:Politics Portal
7521:
7466:For a "No" vote
7461:
7449:Financial Times
7442:The Independent
7411:
7395:
7377:Advocacy groups
7368:
7354:Socialist Party
7324:Communist Party
7312:For a "No" vote
7307:
7281:
7252:Scottish Greens
7242:Pirate Party UK
7207:Christian Party
7183:
7167:
7157:
7148:
7143:
7113:
7108:
7091:
7070:
7024:
7015:Smith criterion
6928:
6895:
6856:Parallel voting
6838:
6834:Imperiali quota
6807:
6774:
6692:
6646:Contingent vote
6609:Nanson's method
6567:Unified primary
6557:Approval voting
6543:
6526:
6521:
6477:
6433:
6419:
6414:
6413:
6371:
6367:
6362:
6361:
6351:
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6330:
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6148:
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6143:
6136:
6120:
6116:
6106:
6104:
6099:. 6 July 2023.
6089:
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5943:
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5928:
5926:
5913:
5912:
5908:
5898:
5896:
5883:
5882:
5878:
5868:
5866:
5853:Wickham, Alex.
5851:
5847:
5837:
5835:
5822:
5821:
5817:
5807:
5805:
5792:
5791:
5787:
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5407:
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5377:
5376:
5369:
5358:
5354:
5344:
5342:
5335:Huffington Post
5327:
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5292:
5282:
5280:
5266:
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5250:
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5189:Wayback Machine
5175:
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4886:
4871:
4867:
4857:
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4844:
4840:
4830:
4828:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4761:Scheve, Kenneth
4757:
4753:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4706:
4700:
4696:
4689:
4675:
4671:
4661:
4659:
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4646:
4636:
4634:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4606:
4604:
4603:on 18 July 2021
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4522:Wayback Machine
4512:
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4338:10.2307/2110786
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4169:
4168:
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4159:
4141:Approval voting
4118:Politics portal
4116:
4109:
4106:
4097:parallel voting
4053:parallel voting
4013:parallel voting
4003:parallel voting
3956:parallel voting
3857:
3835:
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3826:
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3266:
3254:
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3200:
3196:
3191:
3178:
3174:
3172:Varies by state
3169:
3157:
3145:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3112:
3100:
3083:
3071:
3059:
3047:
3043:Solomon Islands
3035:
3023:
3011:
2999:
2987:
2975:
2962:
2949:
2936:
2924:
2912:
2900:
2888:
2876:
2864:
2852:
2835:
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2811:
2799:
2787:
2775:
2763:
2751:
2734:
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2710:
2698:
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2674:
2662:
2650:
2638:
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2618:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2533:
2489:
2394:
2374:approval voting
2277:Independentista
2218:
2212:
2210:Tactical voting
2141:
2126:criticized the
2064:
2054:
2047:
1982:
1875:
1869:
1838:no-show paradox
1831:No-show paradox
1824:
1820:
1798:
1794:
1764:
1760:
1745:
1741:
1722:
1718:
1700:
1696:
1673:
1669:
1660:cloning paradox
1652:Cloning paradox
1645:
1641:
1603:
1599:
1581:
1577:
1560:Condorcet loser
1545:
1541:
1511:
1507:
1485:
1461:elect Knoxville
1449:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1288:
1287:
1259:
1254:
1177:, and reducing
1167:spoiler effects
1062:
1024:
1023:
1011:
999:
991:
990:
957:
933:Arrow's theorem
923:
913:
912:
881:
851:
840:No-show paradox
821:
807:Cloning paradox
797:Spoiler effects
794:
784:
783:
758:
645:
628:
618:
617:
590:
581:Maximal lottery
548:
529:Thiele's method
518:
488:
420:
410:
409:
395:Approval voting
383:Cardinal voting
379:
324:
318:Maximal lottery
282:
214:
204:
127:
121:
118:
97:
93:
82:
71:
65:
62:
51:
45:has an unclear
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8067:
8057:
8056:
8051:
8034:
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8017:
8012:
8006:
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7893:
7888:
7883:
7877:
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7869:
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7865:
7860:
7858:King's Consent
7855:
7850:
7848:Members' bills
7845:
7840:
7835:
7829:
7827:
7823:
7822:
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7805:
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7755:
7751:
7750:
7747:
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7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7722:
7721:
7719:Prime Minister
7711:
7706:
7701:
7693:
7687:
7685:
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7678:
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7667:
7659:
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7159:
7158:
7153:
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7149:
7142:
7141:
7134:
7127:
7119:
7110:
7109:
7096:
7093:
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7090:
7089:
7084:
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7058:
7053:
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7023:
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7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
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6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6936:
6934:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6914:Limited voting
6911:
6905:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6852:
6850:
6844:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6815:
6813:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6800:
6799:
6798:
6793:
6782:
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6767:
6762:
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6755:
6750:
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6725:
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6709:
6707:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6641:Coombs' method
6633:
6628:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6619:Schulze method
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6581:
6579:Bucklin voting
6576:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6553:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6520:
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6505:
6497:
6491:
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6485:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6438:
6429:
6418:
6417:External links
6415:
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6360:
6359:
6328:
6298:
6268:
6259:
6240:
6220:
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5755:
5714:
5681:
5648:
5641:
5615:
5584:
5567:Policy Interns
5553:
5522:
5505:Labourlist.org
5491:
5460:
5445:. 3 May 2010.
5430:
5413:Fair Voting BC
5400:
5367:
5352:
5321:
5290:
5260:
5230:
5197:
5169:
5162:
5142:
5135:
5115:
5068:
5045:Ilan, Shahar.
5037:
5018:
4998:
4929:
4896:
4865:
4838:
4808:
4771:(2): 349–375.
4751:
4717:(6): 855–886.
4711:Party Politics
4694:
4687:
4669:
4644:
4614:
4587:
4552:10.3386/w26247
4546:(1): 327–357.
4526:
4503:
4486:
4456:
4446:
4424:
4398:United Kingdom
4362:
4312:
4289:(2): 389–403.
4266:
4252:
4222:
4188:
4177:. 31 July 2018
4161:
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4016:
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3923:
3913:
3904:in 1899)— the
3895:
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3285:
3278:Federal Senate
3263:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3245:Cayman Islands
3235:
3223:
3211:
3197:
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3098:
3091:United Kingdom
3081:
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2548:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2488:
2485:
2403:gerrymandering
2393:
2390:
2362:spoiler effect
2354:
2353:
2306:
2303:
2296:
2254:George W. Bush
2214:Main article:
2211:
2208:
2204:Peter Tatchell
2140:
2137:
2069:marginal seats
2063:
2060:
2045:
2041:Duverger's Law
2022:is an idea in
2020:Duverger's law
1981:
1978:
1873:Duverger's law
1871:Main article:
1868:
1867:Two-party rule
1865:
1862:
1861:
1834:
1827:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1790:
1789:
1774:
1767:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1703:
1692:
1691:
1688:anti-plurality
1683:
1676:
1665:
1664:
1655:
1648:
1637:
1636:
1617:spoiler effect
1613:
1610:Spoiler effect
1606:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1588:Center squeeze
1584:
1573:
1572:
1555:
1548:
1537:
1536:
1521:
1514:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1484:
1481:
1465:center squeeze
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
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1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1385:
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1379:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1336:
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1329:
1323:
1317:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1191:majority-rules
1183:Duverger's law
1175:center squeeze
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1022:
1021:
1009:
996:
993:
992:
989:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
956:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
924:
919:
918:
915:
914:
911:
910:
905:
900:
895:
880:
879:
877:Turkey-raising
874:
869:
864:
850:
849:
848:
847:
837:
832:
820:
819:
817:Center squeeze
814:
809:
804:
802:Spoiler effect
795:
790:
789:
786:
785:
782:
781:
776:
775:
774:
761:By ballot type
757:
756:
755:
754:
749:
744:
734:
733:
732:
731:
730:
725:
715:
714:
713:
702:
679:
678:
677:
672:
667:
662:
644:
643:
638:
629:
624:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
613:Limited voting
610:
609:
608:
589:
588:
583:
578:
573:
572:
571:
566:
547:
546:
541:
536:
531:
517:
516:
511:
506:
501:
487:
486:
485:
484:
482:Localized list
479:
474:
469:
464:
454:
453:
452:
450:Biproportional
447:
442:
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416:
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378:
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362:
347:
323:
322:
321:
320:
315:
310:
305:
295:
281:
280:
279:
278:
267:
254:Instant-runoff
251:
250:
249:
241:Jungle primary
228:
217:Single vote -
215:
210:
209:
206:
205:
203:
202:
192:
187:
182:
177:
171:
168:
167:
157:
156:
146:
145:
129:
128:
122:September 2024
100:
98:
91:
84:
83:
47:citation style
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8066:
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8029:
8026:
8024:
8022:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8007:
8005:
8003:Miscellaneous
8001:
7992:
7989:
7984:
7981:
7976:
7973:
7968:
7965:
7959:
7956:
7955:
7953:
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7870:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7838:Question Time
7836:
7834:
7831:
7830:
7828:
7824:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7797:
7792:
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7786:
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7774:
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7680:
7671:
7668:
7663:
7660:
7655:
7652:
7651:
7649:
7645:
7642:
7638:Parliamentary
7636:
7631:
7625:
7615:
7612:
7607:
7604:
7599:
7596:
7593:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7568:
7563:
7561:
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7554:
7549:
7548:
7545:
7535:
7534:
7528:
7518:
7517:
7513:
7511:
7510:
7509:The Economist
7506:
7504:
7503:
7499:
7497:
7496:
7495:Daily Express
7492:
7490:
7489:
7485:
7483:
7482:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7464:
7458:
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7439:
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7418:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7398:
7392:
7389:
7388:
7386:
7382:
7379:
7375:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7349:Respect Party
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7310:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7286:Neutral/split
7284:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7237:Mebyon Kernow
7235:
7233:
7232:Liberal Party
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7197:
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7190:
7186:
7180:
7177:
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7174:
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7147:
7140:
7135:
7133:
7128:
7126:
7121:
7120:
7117:
7107:
7106:
7101:
7100:
7094:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
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7077:
7073:
7067:
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7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
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7047:
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7037:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7027:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
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7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
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6906:
6904:
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6898:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
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6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6851:
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6835:
6832:
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6708:
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6666:
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6639:
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6575:
6572:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6549:Single-winner
6546:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6529:
6525:
6518:
6513:
6511:
6506:
6504:
6499:
6498:
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6475:
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6430:
6428:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6374:2020 election
6372:Prior to the
6369:
6365:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6332:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6302:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6272:
6263:
6247:
6243:
6237:
6233:
6232:
6224:
6217:
6204:
6200:
6199:Flanders News
6196:
6190:
6182:
6175:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6145:
6137:
6131:
6127:
6126:
6118:
6102:
6098:
6097:
6092:
6086:
6070:
6066:
6060:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6030:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6000:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5970:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5940:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5894:
5891:. Channel 4.
5890:
5886:
5880:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5849:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5819:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5789:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5759:
5751:
5747:
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5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5718:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5688:
5686:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5655:
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5644:
5638:
5634:
5629:
5628:
5619:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5588:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5526:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5495:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5464:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5372:
5363:
5356:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5298:Cowen, Doug.
5294:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5264:
5248:
5244:
5243:consoc.org.uk
5240:
5234:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5201:
5195:30 April 2011
5194:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5178:David Cameron
5173:
5165:
5159:
5155:
5154:
5146:
5138:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5119:
5111:
5105:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5041:
5025:
5021:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5002:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4933:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4901:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4873:Galvin, Ray.
4869:
4853:
4849:
4842:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4779:
4778:10.1.1.75.155
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4755:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4690:
4684:
4680:
4673:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4602:
4598:
4591:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4510:
4508:
4500:
4489:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4283:Public Choice
4280:
4273:
4271:
4262:
4256:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4162:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4108:
4098:
4095:(replaced by
4094:
4091:
4088:
4087:party list PR
4085:(replaced by
4084:
4081:
4078:
4077:party list PR
4074:
4071:
4068:
4067:party list PR
4065:(replaced by
4064:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4051:(replaced by
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:(replaced by
4040:
4037:
4034:
4031:(replaced by
4030:
4027:
4024:
4023:party list PR
4021:(replaced by
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:(replaced by
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:(replaced by
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:(replaced by
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:(replaced by
3977:
3974:
3972:in June 2017)
3971:
3968:(replaced by
3967:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:(replaced by
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3940:party list PR
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:(replaced by
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:(replaced by
3917:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3902:party list PR
3899:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3878:(replaced by
3877:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3851:party list PR
3848:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3833:
3824:
3820:
3817:This list is
3815:
3808:
3807:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3755:
3750:
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3719:
3714:
3709:
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3678:
3673:
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3262:
3261:
3257:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3210:(New Zealand)
3209:
3204:
3199:
3198:
3188:(both houses)
3187:
3186:United States
3182:
3177:
3176:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3109:
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3092:
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3044:
3039:
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3027:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2959:(both houses)
2958:
2953:
2948:
2946:(both houses)
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2916:
2911:
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2904:
2899:
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2803:
2798:
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2784:
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2642:
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2630:
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2603:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2553:
2542:
2528:
2527:in practice.
2526:
2522:
2521:party primary
2518:
2513:
2512:United States
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2469:Conservatives
2465:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2413:
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2406:
2404:
2400:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2379:
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2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:Great Britain
2315:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2149:David Cameron
2146:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2059:
2051:
2048:from Sachs's
2044:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2032:Jeffrey Sachs
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
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1833:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:Later-no-help
1749:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1730:
1729:Later-no-harm
1726:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1455:. Similarly,
1454:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1365:17% of voters
1358:15% of voters
1351:26% of voters
1344:42% of voters
1342:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1297:Suppose that
1295:
1293:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1125:ranked voting
1122:
1118:
1117:social choice
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1089:single-winner
1086:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1003:
998:
997:
995:
994:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
976:May's theorem
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
962:
961:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
929:
928:
922:
917:
916:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
889:
888:
887:
886:majority rule
884:Paradoxes of
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
858:
857:
856:
846:
843:
842:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
826:
825:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
798:
793:
788:
787:
780:
777:
773:
770:
769:
768:
765:
764:
763:
762:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
738:
735:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
719:
716:
712:
707:
703:
701:
696:
692:
691:
690:
687:
686:
685:
684:
680:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
656:
655:
650:
649:
648:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
632:
627:
626:Mixed systems
622:
621:
614:
611:
607:
604:
603:
602:
599:
598:
597:
596:
595:
587:
586:Random ballot
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
560:
557:
556:
555:
554:
553:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
525:
524:
523:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
495:
494:
493:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
458:
455:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
431:
430:Apportionment
428:
427:
426:
425:
419:
414:
413:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
386:
385:
384:
375:
371:
366:
365:Antiplurality
363:
360:
356:
351:
348:
345:
341:
336:
333:
332:
331:
330:
329:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
299:
296:
294:
293:Condorcet-IRV
291:
290:
289:
288:
287:
277:
272:
268:
266:
261:
257:
256:
255:
252:
248:
245:
244:
242:
237:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
222:
220:
213:
208:
207:
200:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
175:Social choice
173:
172:
170:
169:
163:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:Social choice
148:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:
125:
116:
112:
111:
106:
105:
99:
90:
89:
80:
77:
69:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
8028:Waka-jumping
8020:
7962:(demolished)
7960:, Auckland
7929:Appointments
7924:By-elections
7912:(previously)
7908:
7863:Royal assent
7531:
7514:
7507:
7500:
7493:
7486:
7479:
7472:
7456:Daily Mirror
7454:
7447:
7440:
7435:The Guardian
7433:
7293:Labour Party
7103:
7097:
6713:Mixed-member
6698:Proportional
6673:Score voting
6630:
6614:Ranked pairs
6533:Part of the
6532:
6368:
6350:. Retrieved
6341:
6331:
6319:. Retrieved
6310:
6301:
6289:. Retrieved
6285:the original
6271:
6262:
6250:. Retrieved
6230:
6223:
6214:
6207:. Retrieved
6198:
6189:
6180:
6174:
6162:. Retrieved
6153:
6150:"Law 14,032"
6144:
6124:
6117:
6105:. Retrieved
6094:
6085:
6073:. Retrieved
6069:the original
6059:
6047:. Retrieved
6043:the original
6038:
6029:
6017:. Retrieved
6013:the original
6008:
5999:
5987:. Retrieved
5983:the original
5979:FairVote.org
5978:
5969:
5957:. Retrieved
5948:
5939:
5927:. Retrieved
5918:
5909:
5897:. Retrieved
5889:channel4.com
5888:
5879:
5867:. Retrieved
5863:the original
5858:
5848:
5836:. Retrieved
5828:The Guardian
5827:
5818:
5806:. Retrieved
5797:
5788:
5776:. Retrieved
5772:the original
5767:
5758:
5731:
5727:
5717:
5705:. Retrieved
5696:
5672:. Retrieved
5663:
5626:
5618:
5606:. Retrieved
5597:
5587:
5575:. Retrieved
5566:
5556:
5544:. Retrieved
5535:
5525:
5513:. Retrieved
5504:
5494:
5482:. Retrieved
5474:The Guardian
5473:
5463:
5451:. Retrieved
5443:The Guardian
5442:
5433:
5421:. Retrieved
5412:
5403:
5391:. Retrieved
5382:
5361:
5355:
5343:. Retrieved
5334:
5324:
5312:. Retrieved
5303:
5293:
5281:. Retrieved
5263:
5251:. Retrieved
5242:
5233:
5221:. Retrieved
5212:The Guardian
5210:
5200:
5192:
5172:
5152:
5145:
5125:
5118:
5092:. Retrieved
5085:the original
5071:
5059:. Retrieved
5050:
5040:
5028:. Retrieved
5008:
5001:
4989:. Retrieved
4946:
4942:
4932:
4920:. Retrieved
4911:
4887:. Retrieved
4878:
4868:
4856:. Retrieved
4851:
4841:
4829:. Retrieved
4820:
4811:
4768:
4764:
4754:
4742:. Retrieved
4714:
4710:
4697:
4678:
4672:
4660:. Retrieved
4656:
4647:
4635:. Retrieved
4626:
4617:
4605:. Retrieved
4601:the original
4590:
4578:. Retrieved
4543:
4539:
4529:
4498:
4491:, retrieved
4469:
4459:
4451:
4437:
4427:
4419:California).
4417:
4391:
4384:. Retrieved
4375:
4365:
4357:
4332:(1): 23–48.
4329:
4325:
4315:
4306:
4286:
4282:
4255:
4243:. Retrieved
4234:
4225:
4213:. Retrieved
4200:
4191:
4179:. Retrieved
4175:On Elections
4174:
4165:
4083:South Africa
3827:
3468:
3412:
3411:
3330:, alongside
3280:, alongside
3259:
3258:
3255:
3208:Cook Islands
2624:
2611:
2604:
2565:
2516:
2509:
2490:
2474:
2466:
2461:Labour Party
2454:
2451:
2443:
2438:
2430:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2408:The British
2407:
2399:wasted votes
2395:
2382:Wasted votes
2355:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2290:
2270:
2235:
2219:
2191:South Africa
2164:
2153:
2142:
2121:
2106:
2074:
2072:more value.
2065:
2056:
2049:
2037:
2018:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1915:
1887:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1830:
1811:
1803:
1769:
1751:
1727:
1706:
1678:
1659:
1651:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1609:
1587:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1551:
1532:
1528:
1517:
1473:score voting
1448:
1435:Chattanooga
1430:
1412:
1399:Chattanooga
1394:
1384:Chattanooga
1376:
1337:
1296:
1289:
1260:
1211:
1203:legislatures
1152:
1133:
1128:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1075:
959:
958:
925:
883:
882:
867:Exaggeration
853:
852:
823:
822:
796:
760:
759:
728:Mixed ballot
683:Compensatory
681:
654:compensatory
651:
646:
630:
592:
591:
550:
549:
520:
519:
490:
489:
477:List-free PR
422:
390:Score voting
381:
380:
326:
325:
313:Ranked pairs
284:
283:
225:
216:
119:
108:
102:
72:
63:
44:
7991:Bowen House
7919:Electorates
7609:(1853–1950)
7601:(1841–1853)
7420:Print media
7247:Plaid Cymru
7172:Legislation
7056:Spoilt vote
6819:Droop quota
6758:Schulze STV
6733:Rural–urban
6678:STAR voting
6574:Borda count
5899:15 November
5869:15 November
5838:15 November
5778:15 November
5707:16 December
5674:16 December
4964:10419/53209
4949:(1): 1–18.
4889:15 November
4858:15 November
4831:15 November
4181:9 September
4049:Philippines
4029:New Zealand
4019:Netherlands
3858: [
3768:(from 1996
3754:South Korea
3718:Philippines
3463:South Korea
3451:New Zealand
3308:Ivory Coast
3095:lower house
3007:Saint Lucia
2847:lower house
2746:lower house
2572:Borda count
2568:Ramon Llull
2273:Puerto Rico
2262:Green Party
2258:Ralph Nader
2099:legislature
1998:Ralph Nader
1856:to lose to
1778:gerrymander
1413:Chattanooga
1361:Center-East
1326:Chattanooga
1214:U.S. states
1148:New Zealand
1140:Middle Ages
1123:variant of
767:Single vote
670:Conditional
665:Coexistence
514:Quota Borda
504:Schulze STV
462:Closed list
405:STAR voting
350:Borda count
8043:Categories
7853:Committees
7581:Components
7481:Daily Mail
7075:Comparison
6829:Hare quota
6779:Allocation
6765:Spare vote
6753:Hare-Clark
6723:Party-list
6352:13 January
6321:1 December
6252:11 October
6209:2 December
6164:19 October
6107:23 October
6075:3 November
6049:3 December
5808:4 November
5608:7 February
5577:22 October
5030:11 October
4922:5 December
4157:References
3983:Party list
3819:incomplete
3802:Former use
3569:The Gambia
2807:The Gambia
2682:Bangladesh
2658:Azerbaijan
2477:safe seats
2328:by voting
2285:Estadistas
2251:Republican
2245:candidate
2243:Democratic
2117:Tony Blair
2034:explains:
1852:can cause
1498:Pathology
1438:Nashville
1420:Nashville
1417:Knoxville
1402:Knoxville
1387:Knoxville
1381:Nashville
1218:officially
1138:since the
1121:degenerate
872:Truncation
601:Cumulative
424:Party-list
199:By country
190:Comparison
58:footnoting
8023:(Hansard)
7994:(current)
7986:(current)
7970:(current)
7951:Locations
7937:(defunct)
7904:(current)
7873:Elections
7826:Procedure
7803:30+ years
7714:Ministers
7699:(defunct)
7673:(defunct)
7665:(defunct)
7657:(defunct)
7488:The Times
7267:Sinn Féin
7066:Unseating
7061:Sortition
6663:Plurality
6539:Economics
6396:use FPTP-
5750:198655613
4981:253849669
4773:CiteSeerX
4493:31 August
4346:0092-5853
4303:0048-5829
4126:Cube rule
3936:Hong Kong
3876:Australia
3843:Argentina
3830:July 2016
3795:Venezuela
3742:Singapore
3682:Palestine
3658:Nicaragua
3389:Singapore
3328:Khobregan
3276:– in the
3093:(for the
2845:(for the
2744:(for the
2392:Geography
2281:Populares
2195:apartheid
2078:manifesto
1788:methods.
1488:Table of
1431:Knoxville
1395:Nashville
1332:Knoxville
1320:Nashville
1299:Tennessee
1234:the 1970s
1224:with the
1144:Australia
1098:plurality
1095:marks (a
1085:plurality
779:Dual-vote
472:Panachage
467:Open list
457:List type
335:Plurality
231:Two-round
219:plurality
142:Economics
66:July 2024
7881:Previous
7796:previous
7782:House of
7682:House of
7640:officers
6933:Criteria
6886:Scorporo
6535:politics
6406:Nebraska
6392:and the
6346:Archived
6342:Talas.rs
6315:Archived
6246:Archived
6216:college.
6203:Archived
6158:Archived
6101:Archived
6039:idea.int
5953:Archived
5923:Archived
5893:Archived
5832:Archived
5802:Archived
5701:Archived
5668:Archived
5602:Archived
5571:Archived
5540:Archived
5509:Archived
5478:Archived
5447:Archived
5417:Archived
5387:Archived
5339:Archived
5308:Archived
5283:25 March
5277:Archived
5247:Archived
5217:Archived
5185:Archived
5104:cite web
5055:Archived
5024:Archived
4991:11 March
4985:Archived
4973:42001390
4916:Archived
4883:Archived
4825:Archived
4821:ippr.org
4795:40649446
4735:Archived
4731:18840573
4631:Archived
4574:Archived
4570:38213750
4561:10782436
4518:Archived
4380:Archived
4239:Archived
4209:Archived
4104:See also
4099:in 1995)
4093:Tanzania
4089:in 1994)
4079:in 1992)
4063:Portugal
4045:in 2002)
4035:in 1996)
4025:in 1917)
4005:in 1977)
3995:in 1921)
3985:in 2002)
3942:in 1998)
3932:in 1920)
3922:in 1981)
3908:for the
3886:and the
3783:Tanzania
3706:Paraguay
3622:Kiribati
3598:Honduras
3533:Cameroon
3481:Scotland
3376:Pakistan
2920:Maldives
2896:Malaysia
2795:Ethiopia
2783:Eswatini
2759:Dominica
2730:Botswana
2694:Barbados
2598:for the
2517:de facto
2350:Scotland
2046:—
1842:too many
1633:spoilers
1441:Memphis
1423:Memphis
1405:Memphis
1368:Far-East
1347:Far-West
1245:only one
1104:majority
499:Hare STV
138:Politics
136:A joint
54:citation
7975:Beehive
7791:Current
7754:Members
7588:Monarch
7474:The Sun
7188:Parties
7155:Results
7105:Project
6796:D'Hondt
6748:CPO-STV
6706:Systems
6483:YouTube
6019:25 June
5989:18 July
5959:25 June
5929:25 June
5484:26 June
5453:27 June
5423:27 June
5393:27 June
5253:23 June
5223:23 June
5051:Haaretz
4803:7107526
4744:30 June
4662:25 June
4637:26 June
4607:14 July
4580:14 July
4406:Georgia
4386:16 July
4354:2110786
4308:winning
4245:13 July
3976:Lesotho
3966:Lebanon
3926:Denmark
3898:Belgium
3890:, with
3670:Nigeria
3610:Iceland
3439:Lesotho
3427:Bolivia
3295:Hungary
3233:Bermuda
2957:Nigeria
2944:Myanmar
2884:Liberia
2860:Jamaica
2831:Grenada
2771:Eritrea
2706:Belarus
2670:Bahamas
2596:Rowland
2487:History
2338:England
2322:against
2310:against
2260:of the
2247:Al Gore
2113:Knesset
2108:Haaretz
2002:Al Gore
1690:loser.
1377:Memphis
1314:Memphis
1303:capital
1257:Example
1252:Example
509:CPO-STV
359:Baldwin
308:Schulze
303:Minimax
221:methods
115:discuss
7407:NOtoAV
7099:Portal
7036:Ballot
6812:Quotas
6541:series
6434:
6390:states
6378:Alaska
6291:19 May
6238:
6132:
5945:"Home"
5748:
5639:
5546:5 July
5515:5 July
5345:4 July
5314:4 July
5160:
5133:
5016:
4979:
4971:
4801:
4793:
4775:
4729:
4685:
4568:
4558:
4484:
4444:
4412:(e.g.
4402:Canada
4352:
4344:
4301:
4235:gov.uk
4215:25 May
4073:Serbia
3999:Mexico
3916:Cyprus
3888:Senate
3766:Taiwan
3730:Rwanda
3694:Panama
3646:Mexico
3634:Malawi
3581:Guyana
3503:Angola
3274:Brazil
3165:Poland
3141:Bhutan
3120:Zambia
3079:Uganda
2908:Malawi
2742:Canada
2718:Belize
2439:shared
2431:shared
2330:Labour
2223:wasted
2087:Kadima
2052:, 2011
1964:, and
1567:, but
1475:would
1459:would
1354:Center
1232:since
1216:still
1161:, and
1087:—is a
374:Coombs
144:series
7741:Whips
7704:Clerk
7029:Other
6848:Mixed
6425:from
6382:Maine
5746:S2CID
5734:(2).
5094:8 May
5088:(PDF)
5081:(PDF)
5061:8 May
4977:S2CID
4969:JSTOR
4799:S2CID
4791:JSTOR
4738:(PDF)
4727:S2CID
4707:(PDF)
4414:Maine
4350:JSTOR
4009:Nepal
3989:Malta
3952:Japan
3946:Italy
3862:]
3849:uses
3845:(The
3108:Yemen
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