299:
314:
921:
500:
72:(from which fish meal is made), and thus leads to depletion of ecosystems, environmental damage, and the collapse of local fisheries. Its role in facilitating the breeding and over-feeding of millions of pigs and chickens on factory farms has also been criticized by animal rights and animal welfare groups. Manufacturers of fishmeal counter that fishmeal's role in the feeding and breeding of millions of farm animals leads to the production of more food and the feeding of millions of people around the world.
428:
and buildup of protoporphyrin IX in the liver, as well as elevations in liver-related enzymes in some animals, but with no known health consequences from these effects. In 1997, the Center for
Veterinary Medicine asked pet food manufacturers to voluntarily limit ethoxyquin levels to 75 ppm until further evidence is reported. However, most pet foods that contain ethoxyquin have never exceeded this amount. Ethoxyquin has been shown to be slightly toxic to fish.
2090:
1794:
2078:
20:
435:
Globally, most of the fishmeal products are characterised by possessing a certain level of plastics pollution. A recent study showed that a wide range of plastics content was found, ranging from 0 to 526.7 n/kg in samples from 26 different fishmeal products, from 11 countries on four continents and
427:
was the most commonly used antioxidant, usually in the range 200–1000 mg/kg. There has been some speculation that ethoxyquin in pet foods might be responsible for multiple health problems. To date, the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration has only found a verifiable connection between ethoxyquin
164:
that contain a high percentage of bones and oil. Previously, these fish have been considered unsuitable for direct human consumption, but more recent research indicates the vast majority of fishmeal made from whole wild-caught fish is made from fish suitable for direct human consumption. Other
285:
Fish meal production is a significant contributor of over-fishing, and risks pushing fisheries beyond their replacement rate. Some areas of the world, such as
Western Africa, have seen a large increase in fish meal production which in turn is hurting local fisheries and driving fisheries into
135:
The rising demand for fish, as people in the developed world turn away from red meat and toward other sources of meat protein, has increased demand for farmed fish, with farmed fish accounting for half the fish consumed worldwide as of 2016. Demand for fish meal has increased accordingly, but
431:
Though it has been approved for use in foods in the US, and as a spray insecticide for fruits, ethoxyquin has not been thoroughly tested for its carcinogenic potential. Ethoxyquin has long been suggested to be a possible carcinogen, and a very closely related chemical,
346:. This is a critical stage in preparing the fishmeal, as incomplete cooking means the liquid from the fish cannot be pressed out satisfactorily and overcooking makes the material too soft for pressing. No drying occurs in the cooking stage.
324:
Fishmeal is made by cooking, pressing, drying, and grinding of fish or fish waste into a solid. Most of the water and some or all of the oil is removed. Four or five tonnes of fish are needed to manufacture one tonne of dry fishmeal.
54:, e.g., pigs, poultry, and farmed fish. Because it is calorically dense and cheap to produce, fishmeal has played a critical role in the growth of factory farms and the number of farm animals it is possible to breed and feed.
365:
Direct: Very hot air at a temperature of 500 °C (932 °F) is passed over the material as it is tumbled rapidly in a cylindrical drum. While quicker, heat damage is much more likely if the process is not carefully
332:
in the sun before grinding and pressing. This method is still used in some parts of the world where processing plants are not available, but the end product is poor quality in comparison with ones made by modern methods.
636:
358:
The press cake is dried by tumbling inside a heated drum. Under-drying may result in the growth of molds or bacteria; over-drying can cause scorching and reduction in the meal's nutritional value.
392:
and digestibility. High-quality fishmeal normally contains between 60% and 72% crude protein by weight. Typical diets for fish may contain from 32% to 45% total protein by weight.
432:
1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline, has been shown to have carcinogenic activity in rats, and a potential for carcinogenic effect to fishmeal prior to storage or transportation.
352:
The cooked fish is compressed inside a perforated tube, expelling some of its liquids, leaving "press cake". Water content is reduced from 70% to about 50% and oil down to 4%.
68:
The production and large-scale use of fishmeal are controversial. The lucrative market for fishmeal as a feed encourages corporate fisheries not to limit their yields of
607:
662:
148:, and an increase in research to find alternatives to fish meal and alternate strategic uses (for instance, in the growth phase, after newborn fish are established).
805:
1552:
577:
Published by FAO in partnership with
Support unit for International Fisheries and Aquatic Research, SIFAR, 2001) Bibliographical information from
57:
Fishmeal takes the form of powder or cake. This form is obtained by drying the fish or fish trimmings, and then grinding it. If the fish used is a
1703:
277:
It takes 4 to 5 tons of fish to produce one ton of fish meal; about 6 million tons of fish are harvested each year solely to make fish meal.
128:
The cost of 65% protein fishmeal has varied between around $ 385 to $ 554 per ton since 2000, which is about two to three times the price of
798:
581:
1843:
1768:
855:
80:
Fish byproducts have been used historically to feed poultry, pigs, and other farmed fish. A primitive form of fishmeal is mentioned in
681:
791:
713:
570:
136:
harvests are regulated and supply cannot expand. This has led to a trend towards use of other ingredients such as soybean meal,
544:
Fisheries and
Aquatic Sciences Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date November 2005. Reviewed January 2015.
1289:
699:
1696:
1577:
1420:
604:
1612:
628:
Fry JP, et al. Environmental health impacts of feeding crops to farmed fish. Environ Int. 2016 May;91:201-14. Review.
1637:
1279:
1138:
1319:
1269:
94:
as an industrial raw material started as early as about 800 AD in Norway; a very primitive process of pressing the
1597:
86:
at the beginning of the 14th century: "they accustom their cattle, cows, sheep, camels, and horses to feed upon
1689:
1602:
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1314:
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185:
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1607:
1592:
1582:
1542:
1537:
1362:
1347:
1304:
920:
90:, which being regularly served to them, they eat without any sign of dislike." The use of
8:
1773:
1557:
1496:
1486:
1471:
1309:
1181:
1050:
910:
741:
Gündoğdu, S.; Eroldoğan, O. T.; Evliyaoğlu, E.; Turchini, G. M.; Wu, X. G. (2021-03-15).
460:
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342:
The fish are moved through a commercial cooker — a long, steam-jacketed cylinder — by a
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Of the several ways of making fishmeal from raw fish, the simplest is to let the fish
1906:
1810:
1758:
1738:
1461:
947:
870:
774:
762:
629:
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and byproducts of trimmings made during processing (fish waste or offal) of various
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1954:
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1118:
1040:
890:
837:
754:
566:
M. L. Windsor for the UK Department of Trade and
Industry, Torry Research Station.
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502:المعجم الزراعي العربي: في الفاظ العلوم الزراعية ومصطلحاتها - عربي انكليزي فرنسي
343:
106:
Prior to 1910, fish meal was primarily used as fertilizer, at least in the UK.
369:
Indirect: The meal is tumbled inside a cylinder containing steam-heated discs.
2110:
1873:
1476:
1372:
1367:
1176:
1030:
1020:
997:
962:
880:
865:
766:
663:"90 Percent Of Fish We Use For Fishmeal Could Be Used To Feed Humans Instead"
114:
2012:
2007:
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have sunk because of such fires. That danger has been eliminated by adding
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1407:
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977:
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743:"Fish out, plastic in: Global pattern of plastics in commercial fishmeal"
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137:
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405:
58:
1065:
336:
Today, all industrial fish meal is made by the following processes:
1964:
1133:
1075:
1045:
860:
740:
388:, but the nutritional value of the protein relates directly to its
267:
244:
220:
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198:
95:
69:
62:
98:
out of herring by means of wooden boards and stones was employed.
19:
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The dried meal is ground to remove any lumps or bone particles.
1090:
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987:
202:
145:
39:
125:, and about 12% in other uses, which included fertilizer.
1070:
1025:
714:"Manufacture, Storage, Composition And Use Of Fish Meal"
160:, but is generally manufactured from wild-caught, small
498:
117:. As of 2010, about 56% of fish meal was used to feed
16:
Commercial product made from fish to feed farm animals
1711:
542:
FA122: The
Benefits of Fish Meal in Aquaculture Diets
140:
meal, leftovers from processing from corn and wheat,
1234:
38:
is a commercial product made from whole wild-caught
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
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522:
520:
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2108:
682:"China's Appetite Pushes Fisheries to the Brink"
509:
121:, about 20% was used in pig feed, about 12% in
1697:
799:
624:
622:
620:
595:
593:
505:. مطابع الشروق في بيروت والقاهرة. p. 49.
156:Fishmeal can be made from almost any type of
660:
361:Two alternative methods of drying are used:
1844:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
1769:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
856:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
813:
61:it is first pressed to extract most of the
1704:
1690:
806:
792:
617:
590:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
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550:
661:Leschin-Hoar, Clare (13 February 2017).
605:The end use of marine fisheries landings
312:
297:
18:
614:Fisheries Centre Research Reports, 2016
379:
280:
173:destined for direct human consumption.
2109:
679:
673:
654:
649:NOAA-USDA Alternative Feeds Initiative
547:
176:The main fish sources by country are:
1685:
1233:
823:
787:
736:
734:
568:Fish meal. Torry Advisory Note No. 49
109:Fish meal is now primarily used as a
384:Any complete diet must contain some
13:
824:
731:
14:
2148:
1280:Geothermal energy and aquaculture
1139:Worshipful Company of Fishmongers
759:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736316
2089:
2088:
2076:
1792:
919:
680:Jacobs, Andrew (30 April 2017).
540:R. D. Miles and F. A. Chapman.
2077:
706:
1553:Federated States of Micronesia
692:
641:
492:
1:
499:مجموعة من الاختصاصيين العرب.
486:
293:
165:sources of fishmeal are from
151:
7:
1744:Fish diseases and parasites
1353:Fish diseases and parasites
439:
410:polyunsaturated fatty acids
10:
2153:
1426:Microalgal bacterial flocs
651:page accessed June 3, 2016
412:in the meal. In the past,
75:
2062:
2031:
1978:
1950:Gathering seafood by hand
1925:
1887:
1834:
1801:
1790:
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1520:
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1104:
996:
928:
917:
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832:
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400:Unmodified fish meal can
263:Thailand: various species
83:The Travels of Marco Polo
1764:Individual fishing quota
1290:Integrated multi-trophic
395:
1260:Aquaculture engineering
814:Fishing industry topics
404:from heat generated by
319:Westfield, West Lothian
610:June 11, 2016, at the
390:amino acid composition
321:
310:
260:South Africa: pilchard
190:China: various species
101:
24:
1198:World fish production
402:spontaneously combust
316:
301:
22:
1754:Fisheries management
380:Nutrient composition
281:Environmental impact
225:Iceland and Norway:
2137:Organic fertilizers
1912:Fishing tournaments
1774:Sustainable fishery
1051:Fish protein powder
702:. 11 February 2019.
461:Fish protein powder
317:Fish meal factory,
302:Fish meal factory,
1854:Commercial fishing
1826:History of fishing
1203:Fishing by country
846:Commercial fishing
686:The New York Times
584:2018-12-30 at the
573:2019-01-01 at the
481:Meat and bone meal
456:Peruvian anchoveta
322:
311:
111:protein supplement
30:, sometimes spelt
25:
2104:
2103:
1907:Catch and release
1811:Artisanal fishing
1759:Fisheries science
1739:Diversity of fish
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1467:Freshwater prawns
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
948:Fish preservation
871:Midwater trawling
599:Tim Cashion from
52:feed farm animals
23:Powdered fishmeal
2144:
2092:
2091:
2080:
2079:
2049:Fishing villages
1988:Artificial flies
1955:Handline fishing
1902:Big-game fishing
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1706:
1699:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1598:Papua New Guinea
1578:Marshall Islands
1248:
1247:
1240:farmed fisheries
1231:
1230:
1119:Shrimp marketing
1041:Fish hydrolysate
923:
838:Fishing industry
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821:
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808:
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716:. Archived from
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308:Shetland Islands
207:European Union:
171:seafood products
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2141:
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2100:
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2054:Marine habitats
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1998:Bite indicators
1974:
1921:
1883:
1830:
1797:
1788:
1720:
1710:
1680:
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1613:Solomon Islands
1516:
1445:
1431:Photobioreactor
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1324:
1242:
1217:
1186:
1143:
1114:Live fish trade
1100:
992:
930:Fish processing
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915:
906:Fishing vessels
876:Bottom trawling
828:
815:
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739:
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586:Wayback Machine
575:Wayback Machine
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266:United States:
154:
104:
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17:
12:
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5:
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2020:
2015:
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2005:
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1995:
1990:
1984:
1982:
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1973:
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1962:
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1821:Fishing vessel
1818:
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1784:Wild fisheries
1781:
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1172:English Market
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973:Salmon cannery
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851:Fish slaughter
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826:Wild fisheries
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700:"Site Offline"
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637:Free full text
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2127:Fish products
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2118:
2117:Meat industry
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2044:Fishing banks
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1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1482:Marine shrimp
1480:
1478:
1477:Hirudiculture
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:Other species
1448:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1398:US hatcheries
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1373:Fish stocking
1371:
1369:
1368:Fish hatchery
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1320:Recirculating
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:Inland saline
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1275:Copper alloys
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1208:Fishing banks
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1031:Fish emulsion
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1021:Cod liver oil
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1001:
999:
998:Fish products
995:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
963:Filleted fish
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
933:
931:
927:
922:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
866:Pair trawling
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
818:
809:
804:
802:
797:
795:
790:
789:
786:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
737:
735:
720:on 2019-01-01
719:
715:
709:
701:
695:
687:
683:
676:
668:
664:
657:
650:
644:
638:
635:
631:
625:
623:
621:
613:
609:
606:
602:
601:Sea Around Us
596:
594:
587:
583:
580:
576:
572:
569:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
543:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
513:
504:
503:
495:
491:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
437:
433:
429:
426:
421:
420:to the meal.
419:
415:
414:factory ships
411:
407:
403:
393:
391:
387:
377:
375:
368:
364:
363:
362:
359:
357:
353:
351:
347:
345:
341:
337:
334:
331:
326:
320:
315:
309:
305:
300:
291:
289:
278:
273:
269:
265:
262:
259:
257:
253:
250:
246:
242:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:
187:
183:
179:
178:
177:
174:
172:
168:
163:
159:
149:
147:
143:
139:
133:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
115:compound feed
112:
107:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:
73:
71:
66:
64:
60:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
2132:Fish farming
2093:
2081:
1960:Spearfishing
1749:Fish farming
1618:South Africa
1502:Sea cucumber
1457:Brine shrimp
1436:Raceway pond
1378:Spawning bed
1358:Fish farming
1330:Fish farming
1167:Maine Avenue
1157:Billingsgate
1149:Fish markets
1124:Chasse-marée
1096:Surströmming
1086:Shrimp paste
1035:
1011:Fish as food
943:Factory ship
938:Fish factory
750:
746:
722:. Retrieved
718:the original
708:
694:
685:
675:
666:
656:
643:
600:
501:
494:
476:Feather meal
436:Antarctica.
434:
430:
423:As of 2001,
422:
418:antioxidants
399:
383:
373:
372:
360:
355:
354:
349:
348:
339:
338:
335:
327:
323:
284:
276:
235:blue whiting
175:
155:
134:
130:soybean meal
127:
123:poultry feed
108:
105:
81:
79:
67:
56:
35:
31:
27:
26:
1945:Fishing net
1917:Fly fishing
1779:Overfishing
1734:Aquaculture
1719:topic areas
1623:South Korea
1603:Philippines
1588:New Zealand
1507:Sea sponges
1408:Algaculture
1295:Mariculture
1252:Aquaculture
1236:Aquaculture
1213:Other areas
983:Smoked fish
978:Salted fish
911:Power block
886:Gillnetting
747:Aquaculture
451:Forage fish
446:Animal feed
366:controlled.
251:, mackerels
162:marine fish
119:farmed fish
48:by-products
46:, and fish
2111:Categories
2039:Fish ponds
1940:Fishfinder
1927:Techniques
1889:Recreation
1869:Processing
1849:By country
1573:Madagascar
1548:East Timor
1521:By country
1421:Microalgae
1416:Giant kelp
1338:Broodstock
1265:Aquaponics
1129:Fishmonger
1056:Fish sauce
958:Dried fish
953:Slurry ice
891:Longlining
753:: 736316.
724:2010-09-11
487:References
471:Blood meal
425:ethoxyquin
294:Processing
138:cottonseed
88:dried fish
59:fatty fish
36:Fish flour
2122:Pet foods
2032:Locations
1935:Fish trap
1859:Marketing
1816:Fisherman
1726:Fisheries
1713:Fisheries
1563:Indonesia
1528:Australia
1393:Tailwater
1363:Fish feed
1036:Fish meal
775:233659976
767:0044-8486
466:Bone meal
406:oxidation
374:Grinding:
350:Pressing:
256:anchovies
193:Denmark:
182:anchovies
152:Fish used
28:Fish meal
2095:Category
2067:Glossary
1970:Trolling
1965:Trawling
1874:Products
1836:Industry
1568:Kiribati
1497:Scallops
1305:Offshore
1134:Fishwife
1076:Lutefisk
1046:Fish oil
1026:Fish roe
901:Dredging
896:Trolling
861:Trawling
634:26970884
608:Archived
582:Archived
571:Archived
440:See also
340:Cooking:
288:collapse
268:menhaden
245:pilchard
221:mackerel
217:sand eel
199:sand eel
70:by-catch
63:fish oil
32:fishmeal
2083:Outline
1897:Angling
1879:Seafood
1864:Markets
1803:Fishing
1717:fishing
1663:Vanuatu
1512:Turtles
1492:Oysters
1487:Octopus
1472:Geoduck
1441:Seaweed
1388:Tilapia
1343:Catfish
1315:Raceway
1310:Organic
1182:Tsukiji
1081:Rakfisk
1061:Gravlax
1006:Seafood
988:Kippers
968:Gibbing
881:Seining
408:of the
386:protein
356:Drying:
330:dry out
304:Bressay
272:pollock
249:sauries
241:sardine
239:Japan:
231:herring
227:capelin
213:capelin
180:Chile:
167:bycatch
158:seafood
142:legumes
92:herring
76:History
44:bycatch
2023:Sinker
1980:Tackle
1651:Hawaii
1646:Alaska
1633:Tuvalu
1533:Canada
1383:Salmon
1177:Scania
1162:Fulton
1091:Surimi
1066:Hákarl
1016:Caviar
773:
765:
632:
254:Peru:
219:, and
144:, and
2072:Index
2013:Lures
1656:Maine
1628:Tonga
1608:Samoa
1593:Palau
1583:Nauru
1543:China
1538:Chile
1462:Coral
1348:Cobia
771:S2CID
647:NOAA
396:Risks
203:sprat
146:algae
34:, or
2008:Line
2003:Hook
1993:Bait
1715:and
1558:Fiji
1238:and
763:ISSN
630:PMID
209:pout
195:pout
40:fish
2018:Rod
1071:Lox
755:doi
751:534
667:NPR
113:in
102:Use
96:oil
50:to
2113::
769:.
761:.
749:.
745:.
733:^
684:.
665:.
619:^
603:.
592:^
549:^
511:^
306:,
290:.
270:,
247:,
243:,
233:,
229:,
215:,
211:,
201:,
197:,
184:,
132:.
65:.
42:,
1705:e
1698:t
1691:v
807:e
800:t
793:v
777:.
757::
727:.
688:.
669:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
