Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

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the Southern states were incorporated into the new regime. The Song dynasty adopted a distinctively Southern Chinese cultural outlook. The preserved cultural traditions of Southern Tang, Wu Yue and Later Shu were used to rebuild the cultural landscape of the north. Southern libraries were transported north, Southeastern architecture was promoted in the new capital, and Southeastern Buddhist icons, clergy and relics were concentrated in the new capital so as to reintegrate these traditions into the imperial culture. This was distinct from the five Northern dynasties, who never supported extended monastic lineage networks but instead typically sought to restrict them and draw on their economic and military resources.

2057: 202: 1280:(Chengde, Youzhou, Weibo) were able to maintain much greater autonomy from the central government in the aftermath of the An Lushan rebellion. With their administration under local military control, these provinces never submitted tax revenues, and governorships lapsed into hereditary succession. They engaged in occasional war with the central government, or against each other, and Youzhou seemed to conduct its own foreign policy. This meant that the culture of these northeastern provinces started diverging from the capital. Many of the elites in post-Tang China, including the future emperors of the Song dynasty, came from this region. 2694: 1435:

agricultural production and an entrepot for the other regions. The regions were economically interdependent. Sui and Tang's policies, while paying little attention to developing the South, gave the South room to innovate free of tight administrative controls. The dominant northern officials had been unwilling to serve in the South during the Tang, and so southerners were recruited by the Tang to serve in a local capacity under the "Southern Selection" supplemental system. These southern officials became the administrative core of the Ten Kingdoms and later dominated the bureaucracy by the mid-Song.

2819: 2743: 35: 2594: 1447: 2483: 2717: 2833: 1748: 1990: 1797: 1933: 1862: 2539:. Because the Later Tang was in decline and Li Cunxu was killed in a revolt, Meng Zhixiang found the opportunity to reassert Shu's independence. Like the Former Shu, the capital was at Chengdu and it basically controlled the same territory as its predecessor. The kingdom was ruled well until forced to succumb to Song armies in 965. 1405:, sometimes dealt with each other on terms of diplomatic equality out of pragmatic concern. This concept of "sharing the Mandate of Heaven" as "sibling states" was the result of the brief balance of power. After the reunification of China by the Song dynasty, the Song embarked on a special effort to denounce such arrangements. 2772: 2585:, it eventually took over Yin, Min, and Chu, holding present-day southern Anhui, southern Jiangsu, much of Jiangxi, Hunan, and eastern Hubei at its height. The kingdom became nominally subordinate to the expanding Song in 961 and was invaded outright in 975, when it was formally absorbed into the Song dynasty. 2474:(the successor of the Tang in North China). Gao's successors claimed the title of King of Nanping after the fall of the Later Liang in 924. It was a small and weak kingdom, and thus tried to maintain good relations with each of the Five Dynasties. The kingdom fell to advancing armies of the Song in 963. 2806:

The Tang code of 737 was the basic statutory law for this period, together supplemental edicts and collections. The Later Liang promulgated a code in 909. This code was blamed for delays in the administration of justice and said to be excessively harsh with respect to economic crimes. The Later Tang,

2798:

In later tradition, the Five Dynasties is viewed as a period of judicial abuse and excessive punishment. This view reflects both actual problems with the administration of justice and the bias of Confucian historians, who disapproved of the decentralization and militarization that characterized this

2671:

Several Northern dynasties originated in the northeast, and centralisation of the north led to a migration of provincial elites into the capital, particularly northeasterners, creating a new metropolitan culture. After the unification of China by the Song dynasty, the culture, arts and literature of

2632:

The Song dynasty, established in 960, was determined to reunify China. Jingnan and Wuping Jiedushi were swept away in 963, Later Shu in 965, Southern Han in 971, and Southern Tang in 975. Finally, Wuyue and Qingyuan Jiedushi gave up their land to Northern Song in 978, bringing all of southern China

2016:

to launch an assault on Later Zhou. Against the advice of Minister Feng Dao, Chai Rong decided to lead his army against the incursion. When Chai Rong engaged Liu Chong at Gao Ping (in modern Jincheng), two of Chai's generals, Fan Aineng and He Hui, fled from the battlefield along with their troops.

1267:

and its successor the Song dynasty, and the demilitarisation of the provinces. Southern China, divided into several independent dynastic kingdoms, was more stable than the North which saw constant regime change. Consequently, the Southern kingdoms were able to embark on trade, land reclamation, and

1262:

The historian Hugh Clark proposed a three-stage model of broad political trends during this time period. The first stage (880–910) consists of the period between the Huang Chao Rebellion and the formal end of the Tang dynasty, which saw chaotic fighting between warlords who controlled approximately

1413:

The Southern regimes generally had more stable and effective government during this period. Even the rulers of the Southern states were almost all military leaders from the North with their key officers and elite forces also hailing from the North since the bulk of the Tang army was based in the

1254:

independence from its authority. In the last decades of the Tang dynasty, they were not even appointed by the central court anymore, but developed hereditary systems, from father to son or from patron to protégé. They had their own armies rivaling the "palace armies" and amassed huge wealth, as

1430:

and the founder of Southern Han was a southern tribal chief. The Southern kingdoms were founded by men of low social status who rose up through superior military ability, who were later scorned as "bandits" by future scholars. However, once established, these rulers took great pains to portray

2608:

Although more stable than northern China as a whole, southern China was also torn apart by warfare. Wu quarreled with its neighbours, a trend that continued as Wu was replaced with Southern Tang. In the 940s Min and Chu underwent internal crises which Southern Tang handily took advantage of,

1434:

The economies of each of the southern regions had prospered in the late Tang. Guangdong and Fujian were the sites of important port cities trading exotic goods, the middle Yangtze and Sichuan were centers of tea and porcelain production, and the Yangtze delta was a center of extremely high

2101:). Each court was a center of artistic excellence. The period is noted for the vitality of its poetry and for its economic prosperity. Commerce grew so quickly that there was a shortage of metallic currency. This was partly addressed by the creation of bank drafts, or "flying money" ( 2802:

Other abuses included the use of severe torture. The Later Han was the most notorious dynasty in this regard. Suspects could be tortured to death with long knives and nails. The military officer in charge of security of the capital is said to have executed suspects without inquiry.

1201:

of the Central Plain crowned themselves emperor. During the 70-year period, there was near-constant warfare between the emerging kingdoms and the alliances they formed. All had the ultimate goal of controlling the Central Plain and establishing themselves as the Tang's successor.

1209:, which held out until Song conquered it in 979. For the next several centuries, although the Song controlled much of South China, they coexisted alongside the Liao dynasty, Jin dynasty, and various other regimes in China's north, until finally all of them were unified under the 1766:'s rebel army, he took on a crucial role in suppressing the Huang Chao Rebellion. For this function, he was awarded the Xuanwu Jiedushi title. Within a few years, he had consolidated his power by destroying neighbours and forcing the move of the imperial capital to 2765: 1295:), their personal staff, and the bureaucrats who served in the capitals of the Five dynasties. These families had risen to prominence due to the unraveling of central authority after the An Lushan Rebellion, despite lacking esteemed ancestry. The historian 1255:

testified by their sumptuous tombs. Due to the decline of Tang central authority after the An Lushan Rebellion, there was a growing tendency to superimpose large regional administrations over the old districts and prefectures that had been used since the

2624:

for many years after. With this, Southern Tang became the undisputedly most powerful regime in southern China. However, it was unable to defeat incursions by the Later Zhou between 956 and 958, and ceded all of its land north of the

2300:. Qian Liu was named the Prince of Yue by the Tang emperor in 902; the Prince of Wu was added in 904. After the fall of the Tang dynasty in 907, he declared himself king of Wuyue. Wuyue survived until the eighteenth year of the 2388:. Ma was named regional military governor by the Tang court in 896, and named himself the Prince of Chu with the fall of the Tang in 907. This status as the Prince of Chu was confirmed by the Southern Tang in 927. The 1263:

one or two prefectures each. The second stage (910–950) saw the various warlords stabilize and gain enough legitimacy to proclaim new dynasties. The third stage (950–979) saw the forceful reunification of China by the

2640:. The greater stability of the Ten Kingdoms, especially the longevity of Wuyue and Southern Han, would contribute to the development of distinct regional identities within China. The distinction was reinforced by the 2652:. Written from the northern viewpoint, these chronicles organized the history around the Five Dynasties (the north), presenting the Ten Kingdoms (the south) as illegitimate, self-absorbed and indulgent. 2017:

At this critical moment, Chai Rong risked his life to break through the defense and crushed Liu's forces. After this campaign, Chai Rong consolidated his power. Between 956 and 958, forces of Later Zhou

1259:(221–206 BC). These administrations, known as circuit commissions, would become the boundaries of the later Southern regimes; many circuit commissioners became the emperors or kings of these states. 1283:

The administrations of the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty shared a pattern of being disproportionately drawn from the families of military governors in northern and northwestern China (

1918:, marking the end of Later Jin. But while they had conquered vast regions of China, the Khitans were unable or unwilling to control those regions and retreated from them early in the next year. 1326:, the rebel defector turned warlord who ultimately ended the Tang dynasty. The rest of the Five Dynasties as well as the Song dynasty all emerged from a military organization originally led by 1914:

Not long after the founding of Later Jin, the Liao came to regard the emperor as a proxy ruler for China. In 943, the Khitans declared war and within three years seized the capital,

2675:

Although short, the period saw cultural innovations in different areas. Pottery saw the appearance of "white ceramics"/ In painting, the "varied landscape" of China was inspired by

1221: 1382:

served in the armies of Later Tang, Later Han, and Later Zhou. Zhao, also a professional soldier, rose through the ranks of the Later Zhou before seizing the throne in the

2446:

in 951. With the protection of the powerful Liao dynasty, the Northern Han maintained nominal independence until the Song dynasty wrested it from the Khitans in 979.

2093:

were generally concurrent, each controlling a specific geographical area. These were known as "The Ten Kingdoms" (in fact, some claimed the title of Emperor, such as

2866: 2397: 1807:

In the final years of the Tang dynasty, rival warlords declared independence in the provinces they governed—not all of which recognized the emperor's authority.

2029:

in defeat. In 959, Chai Rong attacked the Liao in an attempt to recover territories ceded during the Later Jin. After many victories, he succumbed to illness.

1431:

themselves as promoters of culture and economic development so as to legitimize their rule; many wooed former Tang courtiers to help administer their states.

1268:

infrastructure projects, laying the groundwork for the Song Dynasty economic boom. This economic shift to the south also led to a vast southward migration.

2519:. Wang was named military governor of western Sichuan by the Tang court in 891. The kingdom fell when his son surrendered in the face of an advance by the 2614: 1778:

a subordinate ruler. Three years later, he induced the boy emperor to abdicate in his favour. He then proclaimed himself emperor, thus beginning the

2693: 2288:

was the longest-lived (907–978) and among the most powerful of the southern states. Wuyue was known for its learning and culture. It was founded by

3942: 3826: 3809: 3335: 3638: 2888: 2799:

period. While Tang procedure called for delaying executions until appeals were exhausted, this was not generally the case in the Five Dynasties.

3947: 3972: 3898: 2008:

succeeded the throne and began a policy of expansion and reunification. One month after Chai Rong took the throne, Liu Chong, Emperor of

1827:

Empire in 911) in 915, and declared himself emperor in 923; within a few months, he brought down the Later Liang regime. Thus began the

2785: 2040:. This is the official end of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. During the next two decades, Zhao Kuangyin and his successor 1118: 1058: 2679:. It emphasized the sacredness of mountains as places between heaven and earth and depicted the natural world as a source of harmony. 3967: 3891: 2807:

Later Jin, and Later Zhou also produced recompilations. The Later Han was in power too briefly to make a mark on the legal system.

2648: 1155:, and more than a dozen concurrent dynastic states, collectively known as the Ten Kingdoms, were established elsewhere, mainly in 2396:, although Southern Tang rule of the region was temporary, as the next year former Chu military officers under the leadership of 2553: 1951:, establishing a third successive Shatuo reign. This was the shortest of the five dynasties. Following a coup in 951, General 3441: 3173: 3135: 3110: 3085: 1048: 2742: 1310:

The term "Five Dynasties" was coined by Song dynasty historians and reflects the view that the successive regimes based in

1197:

officials waned, but the key event was their recognition as sovereign by foreign powers. After the Tang collapsed, several

621: 611: 2071: 1872:

The Later Tang had a few years of relative calm, followed by unrest. In 934, Sichuan again asserted independence. In 936,

2636:

In common with other periods of fragmentation, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period resulted in a division between

1090: 252: 3554: 3479: 3460: 3422: 3319: 3213: 242: 1422:

respectively, the founder of Min was a minor government staffer from Huainan, the founder of Wuyue was a 'rogue' from

1354:

was the son of a Shatuo commander in Li Keyong's army and became the son-in-law of the Later Tang general and emperor

3884: 3814: 3503: 3494: 3399: 3294: 3238: 3041: 3016: 2968: 2929: 2877: 2642: 2619: 1426:, the founder of Chu was (according to one source) a carpenter from Xuchang, the founder of Jingnan was a slave from 919: 2316:(909–945) was founded by Wang Shenzhi, who named himself the Prince of Min with its capital at Changle (present-day 2716: 3937: 3625: 2400:

seized the territory. In the waning years of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the region was ruled by

2105:), as well as by certificates of deposit. Wood block printing became common during this period, 500 years before 673: 2056: 3952: 3932: 2856: 2578: 1136: 1111: 1063: 141: 45: 2462:, a former general of Liang. It was based in Jiangling and held two other districts southwest of present-day 1085: 1011: 946: 59: 3957: 3765: 3653: 3581: 2471: 1779: 1751: 1742: 1597: 1021: 2535:(935–965) is essentially a resurrection of the previous Shu state that had fallen a decade earlier to the 3977: 3962: 3927: 3770: 3718: 2637: 1175: 1073: 830: 211: 3376:, Cambridge University Press, 5 Mar 2015, McKnight, Brian, "Chapter 4: Chinese law and the legal system" 3339: 2320:). One of Shenzhi's sons proclaimed the independent state of Yin in the northeast of Min territory. The 2089:

Unlike the dynasties of northern China, which succeeded one another in rapid succession, the regimes of

3760: 3673: 3668: 3659: 2439: 1948: 1936: 1927: 1865: 1856: 1836: 1359: 1347: 1170:

in 960. In the following 19 years, Song gradually subdued the remaining states in South China, but the

1078: 2193:, viewing it as simply a continuation of Later Han. This era also coincided with the founding of the 1632: 1104: 1041: 1006: 579: 275: 185: 3603: 3057:

Robert M. Hartwell (1982). "Demographic, Political, and Social Transformations of China, 750–1550".

2985:

Robert M. Hartwell (1982). "Demographic, Political, and Social Transformations of China, 750–1550".

1811:

was the jiedushi for the Hedong circuit in present Shanxi, forming a polity called Jin (晉). His son

785: 3982: 2660:

The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period turned away from the international cultural mood of the

2077: 1771: 775: 424: 3434:

Ten States, Five Dynasties, One Great Emperor: How Emperor Taizu Unified China in the Song Dynasty

3256: 1144: 3414: 3312:

Patrons and Patriarchs: Regional Rulers and Chan Monks during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

3206:

Patrons and Patriarchs: Regional Rulers and Chan Monks during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

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The Cambridge History of China: Volume 5, The Five Dynasties and Sung China, 960–1279 AD, Part 2

2609:

destroying Min in 945 and Chu in 951. Remnants of Min and Chu, however, survived in the form of

3987: 3847: 3804: 2581:(Emperor Liezu) took the state over from within in 937. Expanding from the original domains of 2349: 2345: 2324:

took that territory after the Min asked for help. Despite declaring loyalty to the neighboring

2221: 1683: 1666: 1277: 1053: 1031: 1016: 502: 221: 1911:) to the Khitans. The rebellion succeeded, and Shi Jingtang became emperor in this same year. 2668:. Throughout the period, there was marked cultural and economic growth, rather than decline. 2499:(907–925) was founded after the fall of the Tang dynasty by Wang Jian, who held his court in 2205: 2037: 1394: 1232:

Towards the end of the Tang dynasty, the imperial government granted increased powers to the

1026: 443: 1835:. After reuniting much of northern China, in 924 Cunxu received the submission of Shaanxi's 3857: 2182: 1824: 1527: 1068: 281: 8: 3618: 2937: 2186: 2025:, the most powerful regime in southern China, which ceded all the territory north of the 1900: 1544: 1462: 1159:. It was a prolonged period of multiple political divisions in Chinese imperial history. 233: 3867: 3231:

China during the Tang-Song Interregnum, 878–978: New Approaches to the Southern Kingdoms

1899:

in his rebellion. In return for their aid, Shi Jingtang promised annual tribute and the

3714: 3130:. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press. pp. 2, 5–6, 8, 11–12, 115, 118, 122, 233, 247, 248. 2700: 2217: 2106: 1832: 1775: 1661: 1644: 1148: 1036: 216: 163: 155: 3550: 3521: 3513: 3499: 3475: 3456: 3437: 3418: 3395: 3315: 3290: 3262: 3234: 3209: 3169: 3131: 3106: 3081: 3037: 3012: 2964: 2925: 2851: 2610: 2582: 2574: 2018: 1712: 1319: 964: 532: 512: 287: 125: 117: 34: 1331: 3799: 3794: 2846: 2296:). It was based mostly in modern Zhejiang province but also held parts of southern 2213: 2209: 1567: 1536: 1466: 1402: 643: 201: 193: 82: 3105:. University of California, Berkeley: Cambridge University Press. pp. 72–73. 2177:

Only ten are traditionally listed, hence the era's name. Some historians, such as

3369: 3284: 2958: 2919: 2733: 1383: 1191:

independent long before 907 as the late Tang dynasty's control over its numerous

3611: 3080:. University of California, Berkeley: Cambridge University Press. p. 100. 2894: 2883: 2838: 2272:). The kingdom fell in 937 when it was taken from within by the founder of the 1246:

rebellions weakened the imperial government, and by the early 10th century the

545: 462: 103: 2963:. Translated by Richard L. Davis. Columbia University Press. pp. lv–lxv. 2264:

military governor in 892. The capital was initially at Guangling (present-day

3921: 3821: 3739: 3546: 2626: 2570: 2548: 2488: 2401: 2389: 2321: 2273: 2225: 2164: 2033: 2022: 1892: 1816: 1580: 1553: 1515: 1398: 1379: 1300: 335: 302: 3411:

A Portrait of Five Dynasties China: From the Memoirs of Wang Renyu (880–956)

2921:

A Portrait of Five Dynasties China: From the Memoirs of Wang Renyu (880–956)

3905: 3862: 3852: 3744: 3724: 3595: 3591: 3574: 2871: 2861: 2824: 2665: 2664:

and appears as a transition towards the solidified national culture of the

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of ancient China, remarking that none of the rulers could be described as "

1375: 1351: 1296: 1210: 1206: 1171: 1167: 1163: 910: 886: 873: 860: 804: 763: 701: 415: 405: 382: 89: 3789: 3529: 2459: 2313: 2257: 2128: 2090: 1956: 1944: 1700: 1604: 1571: 1549: 1511: 1476: 1455: 1363: 1256: 1179: 1156: 817: 688: 522: 490: 477: 311: 3392:

From Warhorses to Ploughshares: The Later Tang Reign of Emperor Mingzong

1366:

was a Shatuo officer under Li Siyuan and Shi Jintang. The father of the

3699: 3678: 3663: 3489: 3270: 2752: 2562: 2536: 2520: 2496: 2443: 2392:

absorbed the state in 951 and moved the royal family to its capital in

2146: 2094: 1993: 1984: 1960: 1840: 1800: 1791: 1763: 1717: 1695: 1532: 1506: 1446: 1390: 1367: 1335: 1264: 1243: 569: 358: 2352:, was named regional governor by the Tang court. The kingdom included 3734: 3633: 2781: 2723: 2532: 2353: 2341: 2229: 2152: 2098: 2064: 2005: 1964: 1947:

entered the imperial capital in 947 and proclaimed the advent of the

1877: 1808: 1674: 1670: 1563: 1490: 1355: 1343: 1315: 1239: 1152: 134: 1393:(1619–1692) wrote that this period could be compared to the earlier 3498:. (transl. Richard L. Davis). New York: Columbia University Press. 2727: 2482: 2381: 2293: 2289: 2265: 1884: 1820: 1812: 1721: 1704: 1636: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1494: 1480: 1450:

Map of warlords ("jiedushi") in 902, before the end of Tang dynasty

1427: 1423: 1346:, who was the main military rival to Zhu Wen in the late Tang. The 1339: 1234: 1187: 3729: 3694: 2516: 2504: 2500: 2455: 2393: 2385: 2357: 2297: 2269: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2178: 2158: 2116: 2026: 2001: 1972: 1967:, a member of the Later Han imperial family, established a rival 1952: 1915: 1908: 1888: 1844: 1767: 1759: 1725: 1708: 1691: 1687: 1589: 1585: 1540: 1523: 1519: 1498: 1419: 1415: 1374:

fought in Li Keyong's army and Guo served under Liu Zhiyuan. The

1371: 1323: 1311: 1304: 1292: 1198: 1193: 1162:

Traditionally, the era is seen as beginning with the fall of the

712: 563: 557: 3543:

Power and Politics in Tenth-Century China: The Former Shu Regime

3166:

Power and politics in tenth-century China: the Former Shu regime

3154:(1977), "Chapter IX: The Epoch of the Second Division of China." 3128:

Power and politics in tenth-century China: the Former Shu regime

2044:

defeated the other remaining regimes in South China, conquering

1770:, which was within his region of influence. In 904, he executed 3842: 3704: 3534:

The Structure of Power in North China During the Five Dynasties

2975:

The information was taken from Richard L. Davis's introduction.

2676: 2423: 2377: 2373: 2361: 2317: 2134: 1881: 1828: 1657: 1653: 1628: 1502: 1327: 1288: 3338:. Museum of Chinese Art and Ethnography, Parma. Archived from 1747: 1401:". The Five Dynasties' rulers, despite claiming the status of 3709: 3011:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 127–128. 2601: 2558: 2512: 2508: 2467: 2463: 2325: 2285: 2249: 2122: 1989: 1904: 1819:

fiercely fought the regime forces to conquer northern China;

1796: 1640: 1623: 1593: 1557: 1484: 1470: 1284: 1174:

still remained in China's north (eventually succeeded by the

3193:. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. pp. 51–78. 2036:

staged a coup and took the throne for himself, founding the

1932: 1861: 1414:

North. The founders of Wu and Former Shu were 'rogues' from

1205:

The last of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms regimes was

1823:

succeeded. He defeated Liu Shouguang (who had proclaimed a

1299:

argued that many of these military families, including the

3518:

Empire of Min: A South China Kingdom of the Tenth Century

2328:, the Southern Tang finished its conquest of Min in 945. 160: 146: 3289:. Britannica Educational Publishing. 2011. p. 245. 1880:, the fourth emperor of the Later Tang. Shi Jingtang, a 1166:

in 907 and reaching its climax with the founding of the

2588: 2304:, when Qian Shu surrendered to the expanding dynasty. 122: 108: 94: 2814: 1228:

by Anonymous, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

929: 851: 731: 664: 594: 468: 3034:

The Destruction of the Medieval Chinese Aristocracy

2684:

Art from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

1975:and requested Khitan aid to defeat the Later Zhou. 1386:in 960, which ended the era of the Five Dynasties. 1358:, who was himself an adopted son of Li Keyong. The 1143:) was an era of political upheaval and division in 3512: 3056: 2984: 2867:Family trees of the emperors of the Five Dynasties 2449: 2422:was based in the traditional Shatuo stronghold of 2404:. In 963, the region was annexed by Song dynasty. 39:The Later Liang (yellow) and contemporary kingdoms 3450: 3389: 1330:whose commanders replaced each other in frequent 1322:. The first of the Five Dynasties was founded by 1182:was eventually established in China's northwest. 3919: 3314:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 116–124. 2364:. It was finally conquered by the Song dynasty. 3431: 3408: 3100: 3075: 3031: 2889:Timeline of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 2418:Though considered one of the ten kingdoms, the 3309: 3208:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 20–21. 3203: 3036:. Harvard University Press. pp. 151–184. 3006: 2917: 2048:in 979, starting the Song dynasty era in 982. 3619: 3163: 3125: 2633:under the control of the central government. 2433: 2427: 2292:, who set up his capital at Xifu (modern-day 1112: 64: 50: 3899:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms 3540: 3469: 3528: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3188: 2913: 2911: 3626: 3612: 3488: 3253: 3228: 3168:. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press. p. 82. 2956: 2384:. The kingdom held Hunan and northeastern 2268:) and later moved to Jinling (present-day 1119: 1105: 33: 2204:Other regimes during this period include 3892:Historical Records of the Five Dynasties 3495:Historical Records of the Five Dynasties 3354: 2960:Historical Records of the Five Dynasties 2908: 2592: 2552: 2481: 2244:(902–937) was established in modern-day 2070: 2055: 1988: 1931: 1860: 1839:kingdom, and in 925 Cunxu conquered the 1795: 1746: 1736: 1445: 1220: 3943:10th-century disestablishments in China 3453:China's Southern Tang Dynasty (937–976) 2952: 2950: 2503:. The kingdom held most of present-day 1978: 1943:To fill the power vacuum, the jiedushi 1831:Later Tang—the first in a long line of 1785: 1438: 1238:, the regional military governors. The 3920: 3635:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 3255: 2924:. Oxford University Press. p. 8. 1921: 1850: 1133:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 162: 124: 3607: 3002: 3000: 2573:(937–975) was the successor state of 2454:The smallest of the southern states, 1758:During the Tang dynasty, the warlord 1151:quickly succeeded one another in the 3948:10th-century establishments in China 2947: 2589:Transitions between the Ten Kingdoms 1959:, was enthroned, thus beginning the 1774:and made Zhaozong's 13-year-old son 3973:Former countries in Chinese history 1843:, a regime that had been set up in 1303:, were of mixed Han Chinese-Turkic- 1276:According to Nicholas Tackett, the 16:Period of Chinese history (907–979) 13: 3383: 3059:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 2997: 2987:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 14: 3999: 3885:Old History of the Five Dynasties 3564: 3336:"Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms" 3103:The Origins of the Chinese Nation 3078:The Origins of the Chinese Nation 2878:Old History of the Five Dynasties 2857:Conquest of Southern Tang by Song 1731: 3474:. The Chinese University Press. 2831: 2817: 2764: 2741: 2715: 2692: 2542: 2470:. Gao was in the service of the 2432:), formerly known as Liu Chong ( 200: 3968:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 3472:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 3328: 3303: 3277: 3247: 3233:. Routledge. pp. 101–103. 3222: 3197: 3191:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 3182: 3157: 3144: 2450:Jingnan (also known as Nanping) 2407: 2331: 2051: 161: 147: 24:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 3394:. Hong Kong University Press. 3119: 3094: 3069: 3050: 3025: 3009:A Companion to Chinese History 2978: 2434: 2428: 1140: 1059:Science and technology history 123: 109: 95: 65: 51: 1: 2901: 2704: 2477: 2426:. It was founded by Liu Min ( 1216: 429: 388: 364: 341: 317: 258: 3582:Dynasties in Chinese history 3536:. Stanford University Press. 2526: 2442:fell to the Han Chinese-led 1743:Later Liang (Five Dynasties) 7: 2810: 2699:Painting by Chinese artist 2638:northern and southern China 1762:was originally a member of 1342:, the son of Shatuo leader 10: 4004: 3470:Lorge, Peter, ed. (2011). 3451:Kurz, Johannes L. (2011). 3390:Davis, Richard L. (2015). 2936:Dudbridge actually quotes 2655: 2546: 2458:(924–963), was founded by 2411: 2235: 2181:, count eleven, including 1982: 1928:Later Han (Five Dynasties) 1925: 1857:Later Jin (Five Dynasties) 1854: 1789: 1740: 3876: 3835: 3779: 3753: 3688:Ten Kingdoms (Ten States) 3687: 3646: 3588: 3579: 3571: 3269:(in Chinese) – via 2492:by Li Sheng (fl. 908–925) 2376:(927–951) was founded by 2367: 2340:(917–971) was founded in 933: 855: 735: 668: 598: 472: 175: 154: 140: 133: 116: 102: 88: 81: 76: 72: 58: 44: 32: 28: 23: 3432:Hung, Hing Ming (2014). 3409:Dudbridge, Glen (2013). 3261: 3101:Nicolas Tackett (2017). 3076:Nicolas Tackett (2017). 3032:Nicolas Tackett (2014). 2847:Annam (Chinese province) 2511:, and parts of southern 2279: 2004:in 954, his adopted son 1772:Emperor Zhaozong of Tang 1543:province), precursor to 1408: 1278:three provinces of Hebei 1271: 46:Traditional Chinese 3415:Oxford University Press 3310:Benjamin Brose (2015). 3204:Benjamin Brose (2015). 3007:Michael Szonyi (2017). 2918:Glen Dudbridge (2013). 2777:Early Snow on the River 2112:The Ten Kingdoms were: 60:Simplified Chinese 3938:10th-century conflicts 3848:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 3164:Wang, Hongjie (2011). 3126:Wang, Hongjie (2011). 2793: 2605: 2566: 2493: 2307: 2222:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 2197:in the north, and the 2086: 2068: 1997: 1940: 1869: 1804: 1755: 1451: 1229: 1147:from 907 to 979. Five 3953:10th century in China 3933:960 disestablishments 3541:Wang Hongjie (2011). 3436:. Algora Publishing. 2596: 2557:A painting depicting 2556: 2485: 2074: 2059: 2038:Northern Song dynasty 1992: 1935: 1864: 1799: 1750: 1737:Later Liang (907–923) 1535:at Fengxiang (modern 1449: 1395:Warring States period 1224: 1185:Many states had been 924:(mainland, 1912–1949) 3783:independent entities 3286:The Culture of China 3189:Peter Lorge (2011). 2380:with the capital at 2256:. It was founded by 2032:In 960, the general 1979:Later Zhou (951–960) 1786:Later Tang (923–936) 1588:at Bianzhou (modern 1479:at Dingzhou (modern 1465:at Zhenzhou (modern 1301:Song imperial family 3958:Civil wars in China 3372:, Denis Twitchett, 3229:Hugh Clark (2021). 3150:Eberhard, Wolfram, 2957:Xiu Ouyang (2004). 2000:After the death of 1922:Later Han (947–951) 1901:Sixteen Prefectures 1891:, was aided by the 1851:Later Jin (937–947) 1673:(modern Guangzhou, 1389:The Qing historian 3978:Geography of China 3963:Dynasties of China 3928:907 establishments 3836:Neighboring states 3514:Schafer, Edward H. 3462:-9780415454964 3342:on 5 February 2018 3152:A History of China 2606: 2567: 2494: 2212:, Wuping Circuit, 2201:in the southwest. 2107:Johannes Gutenberg 2087: 2069: 1998: 1941: 1870: 1833:conquest dynasties 1805: 1776:Emperor Ai of Tang 1756: 1707:(modern Yangzhou, 1618:(modern Hangzhou, 1452: 1318:and possessed the 1265:Later Zhou dynasty 1230: 939: 749:Five Dynasties and 741: 676:Southern dynasties 604: 503:Chu–Han Contention 3915: 3914: 3602: 3601: 3589:Succeeded by 3522:Tuttle Publishing 3443:978-1-62894-072-5 3175:978-1-60497-764-6 3137:978-1-60497-764-6 3112:978-1-316-64748-6 3087:978-1-316-64748-6 2852:Chinese sovereign 2780:(五代南唐趙幹江行初雪圖); 2749:A Literary Garden 2611:Qingyuan Jiedushi 2076:Summer Palace of 1903:(modern northern 1876:rebelled against 1690:(modern Chengdu, 1552:at Weibo (modern 1501:(modern Taiyuan, 1320:Mandate of Heaven 1314:, controlled the 1129: 1128: 1086:Transport history 1012:Education history 984: 983: 979: 978: 965:Republic of China 947:People's Republic 920:Republic of China 899: 898: 848: 847: 843: 842: 728: 727: 661: 660: 656: 655: 592: 591: 495:(206 BC – 220 AD) 425:Spring and Autumn 288:Liao civilization 179: 178: 171: 170: 142:Yale Romanization 83:Standard Mandarin 3995: 3858:Tibetan kingdoms 3818: 3800:Qingyuan Circuit 3628: 3621: 3614: 3605: 3604: 3572:Preceded by 3569: 3568: 3560: 3537: 3525: 3509: 3485: 3466: 3447: 3428: 3405: 3377: 3367: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3268: 3259: 3254:Zizhi Tongjian. 3251: 3245: 3244: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3161: 3155: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3004: 2995: 2994: 2982: 2976: 2974: 2954: 2945: 2935: 2915: 2841: 2836: 2835: 2834: 2827: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2768: 2745: 2719: 2709: 2706: 2696: 2623: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2430: 2214:Qingyuan Circuit 2208:, Yiwu Circuit, 1711:), precursor to 1694:), precursor to 1677:), precursor to 1660:), precursor to 1656:(modern Fuzhou, 1643:), precursor to 1622:), precursor to 1596:), precursor to 1537:Fengxiang County 1526:), precursor to 1505:), precursor to 1467:Zhengding County 1378:of Song founder 1142: 1121: 1114: 1107: 1049:Military history 1007:Economic history 995:Related articles 972: 954: 936: 935: 931: 930: 925: 892: 879: 866: 853: 852: 836: 823: 810: 791: 781: 769: 756: 738: 737: 733: 732: 717: 707: 694: 681: 666: 665: 649: 644:Sixteen Kingdoms 627: 617: 601: 600: 596: 595: 585: 551: 538: 528: 518: 508: 496: 483: 470: 469: 448: 440: 438: 434: 431: 421: 411: 399: 397: 393: 390: 375: 373: 369: 366: 352: 350: 346: 343: 328: 326: 322: 319: 269: 267: 263: 260: 204: 194:History of China 181: 180: 167: 166: 165: 150: 149: 129: 128: 127: 112: 111: 98: 97: 74: 73: 68: 67: 54: 53: 37: 21: 20: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3992: 3983:Historical eras 3918: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3872: 3831: 3812: 3805:Jinghai Circuit 3795:Dingnan Circuit 3775: 3749: 3683: 3642: 3632: 3598: 3594: 3585: 3577: 3567: 3557: 3506: 3482: 3463: 3444: 3425: 3402: 3386: 3384:Further reading 3381: 3380: 3370:John W. Chaffee 3368: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3202: 3198: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3162: 3158: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3074: 3070: 3055: 3051: 3044: 3030: 3026: 3019: 3005: 2998: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2955: 2948: 2942:Ennin's Travels 2932: 2916: 2909: 2904: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2796: 2791: 2790: 2789: 2774: 2769: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2755: 2746: 2737: 2720: 2711: 2707: 2697: 2686: 2685: 2658: 2617: 2615:Wuping Jiedushi 2600:'s conquest of 2591: 2551: 2545: 2529: 2480: 2452: 2416: 2410: 2370: 2348:. His brother, 2334: 2310: 2282: 2260:, who became a 2238: 2210:Dingnan Circuit 2054: 1987: 1981: 1930: 1924: 1859: 1853: 1794: 1788: 1745: 1739: 1734: 1724:, precursor to 1570:, precursor to 1568:Dingnan circuit 1444: 1411: 1384:Chenqiao Mutiny 1338:was founded by 1274: 1219: 1149:dynastic states 1125: 1096: 1095: 1091:Women's history 997: 996: 987: 986: 985: 980: 975: 970: 968: 957: 952: 948: 928: 923: 914: 913: 902: 901: 900: 895: 890: 882: 877: 869: 864: 850: 849: 844: 839: 834: 826: 821: 813: 808: 800: 794: 789: 779: 767: 759: 754: 750: 730: 729: 724: 715: 705: 697: 692: 684: 679: 675: 663: 662: 657: 652: 647: 639: 636: 630: 625: 615: 593: 588: 583: 575: 549: 541: 536: 526: 517:(202 BC – 9 AD) 516: 506: 494: 486: 481: 466: 465: 454: 453: 446: 436: 432: 427: 419: 409: 395: 391: 386: 378: 371: 367: 362: 348: 344: 339: 331: 324: 320: 315: 306: 305: 294: 293: 265: 261: 256: 248: 237: 236: 148:Ng doi sap gwok 110:Wu tai shih kuo 40: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4001: 3991: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 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Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period

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