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violation of ethical principles, along with apparent injustices and inappropriate reactions. Flame wars can result in reputational damage, decreased consumer confidence, drops in stock prices and company assets, increased liabilities, increased lawsuits, and a decrease in customers, influencers and sponsors. Based on an assessment of the damage, companies can take years to recover from a flame war that may detract from their core purpose. Kayser notes that companies should prepare for possible flame wars by creating alerts for a predefined "blacklist" of words and monitoring fast-growing topics about their company. Alternatively, Kayser points out that a flame war can lead to a positive experience for the company. Based on the content, it could be shared across multiple platforms and increase company recognition, social media fans/followers, brand presence, purchases, and brand loyalty. Therefore, the type of marketing that results from a flame war can lead to higher profits and brand recognition on a broader scale. Nevertheless, it is encouraged that when a company utilizes social media they should be aware that their content could be used in a flame war and should be treated as an emergency.
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language", etc. Flaming by perpetrators within the online community is commonly received by messaging through text and rarely by face to face or video communication. By basing their conversations on text and not taking full accountability as the "flamer", they have a reduced self-awareness of others feelings, emotions and reactions based on the comments that they provide within the virtual community. The reader now has the perception that this "flamer" is difficult, rude and possibly a bully. The flamer may have limited social cues, emotional intelligence to adapt to others reactions and lack of awareness of how they are being perceived. Their personal social norms, may be considered disrespectful to the reader that has different social norms, education and experience with what is and is not appropriate within virtual communities.
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models. Even when only a single topic is being discussed, each participant in a conversation employs a different mental model to interpret the subject. Fundamental assumptions differ but are never brought into the open. Goals are different but left unstated. It is little wonder that compromise takes so long. And even when consensus is reached, the underlying assumptions may be fallacies that lead to laws and programs that fail. The human mind is not adapted to understanding correctly the consequences implied by a mental model. A mental model may be correct in structure and assumptions but, even so, the human mind—either individually or as a group consensus—is apt to draw the wrong implications for the future.
81:, which is the act of someone causing discord online or in person. Flaming emerges from the anonymity that Internet forums provide for users and which allow them to act more aggressively. Anonymity can lead to disinhibition, which results in the swearing, offensive, and hostile language characteristic of flaming. Lack of social cues, less accountability of face-to-face communications, textual mediation and deindividualization are also likely factors. Deliberate flaming is carried out by individuals known as flamers, which are specifically motivated to incite flaming. These users specialize in flaming and target specific aspects of a controversial conversation.
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normally would not when they have their identity known. Another factor in flaming is proactive aggression "which is initiated without perceived threat or provocation" and those who are recipients of flaming may counter with flaming of their own and utilize reactive aggression. Another factor that goes into flaming are the different communication variables. For instance, offline communications networks can impact the way people act online and can lead them to engage in flaming. Finally, there is the factor of verbal aggression and how people who engage in verbal aggression will use those tactics when they engage in flaming online.
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fighting back in an attempt to prevent a war of words. Flaming extends past social media interactions. Flaming can also take place through emails, and it may not matter so much whether someone calls an email a "flame", is based on whether she or he considers an email to be hostile, aggressive, insulting, or offensive. What matters is how the person receives the interaction. So much is lost in translation when communicating online versus in person, that it is hard to distinguish someone's intent.
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involves back-and-forth interactions similar to a negotiation. Flaming incidents usually arise in response to a perception of one or more negotiation partners being unfair. Perceived unfairness can include a lack of consideration for an individual's vested interests, unfavorable treatment (especially when the flamer has been considerate of other users), and misunderstandings aggravated by the inability to convey subtle indicators like
269:...whereas an open computer conference begins with a small number of well-informed and highly interested participants, it soon attracts others. That's all right; it's supposed to attract others. Where else would you get new ideas? But soon it attracts too many, far too many, and some of them are not only ignorant but aggressively
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Computer-mediated communication (CMC) research has spent a significant amount of time and effort describing and predicting engagement in uncivil, aggressive online communication. Specifically, the literature has described aggressive, insulting behavior as "flaming", which has been defined as hostile
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Corporate flaming is when a large number of critical comments, usually aggressive or insulting, are directed at a company's employees, products, or brands. Common causes include inappropriate behavior of company employees, negative customer experiences, inadequate care of customers and influencers,
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The individuals that create an environment of flaming and hostility, lead the readers to disengage with the offender and may potentially leave the message board and chat room. The continual use of flaming within the online community can create a disruptive and negative experience for those involved
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informed. Dilution takes place. Arguments replace discussions. Tempers are frayed. The result is that while computer conferencing began by saving time, it starts to eat up all the time it saved and more. Communications come from dozens of sources. Much of it is redundant. Some of it is stupid. The
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Thus, online conversations often involve a variety of assumptions and motives unique to each individual user. Without social context, users are often helpless to know the intentions of their counterparts. In addition to the problems of conflicting mental models often present in online discussions,
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The pleasant commentaries within a chat room or message board can be limited by a "war of words" fight or "flaming" with the intent to seek out a negative reaction from the reader. Humphreys defines flaming as "the use of hostile language online, including swearing, insults and otherwise offensive
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creates an element of anonymity, which allows users to feel insulated from the forms of punishment they might receive in a more conventional setting. Johnson identifies several precursors to flaming between users, whom he refers to as "negotiation partners," since
Internet communication typically
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was a victim of flaming as an image of her depicted as a mutilated body was spread around online forums. In addition to the doctored photo being spread virally, her social security number and home address were made public as well. Consequently, Sierra effectively gave up her technology career in
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An approach to resolving a flame war or responding to flaming is to communicate openly with the offending users. Acknowledging mistakes, offering to help resolve the disagreement, making clear, reasoned arguments, and even self-deprecation have all been noted as worthwhile strategies to end such
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Flaming can range from subtle to extremely aggressive in online behaviors, such as derogatory images, certain emojis used in combination, and even the use of capital letters. These things can show a pattern of behavior used to convey certain emotions online. Victims should do their best to avoid
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Mental models are fuzzy, incomplete, and imprecisely stated. Furthermore, within a single individual, mental models change with time, even during the flow of a single conversation. The human mind assembles a few relationships to fit the context of a discussion. As debate shifts, so do the mental
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Political flaming typically occur when people have their views challenged and they seek to have their anger known. Through the covering of one's identity people may be more likely to engage in political flaming. In a 2015 study conducted by
Hutchens, Cicchirillo, and Hmielowski, they found that
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Resolving a flame war can be difficult, as it is often hard to determine who is really responsible for the degradation of a reasonable discussion into a flame war. Someone who posts a contrary opinion in a strongly focused discussion forum may be easily labeled a "baiter", "flamer", or "troll".
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Flamebait can provide the poster with a controlled trigger-and-response setting in which to anonymously engage in conflicts and indulge in aggressive behavior without facing the consequences that such behavior might bring in a face-to-face encounter. In other instances, flamebait may be used to
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There are multiple factors that play into why people would get involved with flaming. For instance, there is the anonymity factor and that people can use different means to have their identity hidden. Through the hiding of one's identity people can build a new persona and act in a way that they
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is due to reductions in the transfer of social cues, which decrease individuals' concern for social evaluation and fear of social sanctions or reprisals. When social identity and ingroup status are salient, computer mediation can decrease flaming because individuals focus their attention on the
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A flame war results when multiple users engage in provocative responses to an original post, which is sometimes flamebait. Flame wars often draw in many users, including those trying to defuse the flame war, and can quickly turn into a mass flame war that overshadows regular forum discussion.
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disputes. However, others prefer to simply ignore flaming, noting that, in many cases, if the flamebait receives no attention, it will quickly be forgotten as forum discussions carry on. Unfortunately, this can motivate trolls to intensify their activities, creating additional distractions.
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A mass flamewar is a flamewar that grows out of a single post or comment into multiple other comments or posts quickly, in the same area where the original post was in. A mass flamewar usually lasts for multiple weeks, months, or even years after the first post was posted and died out.
353:"Taking the bait" or "feeding the troll" refers to someone who responds to the original message regardless of whether they are aware the original message was intended to provoke a response. Often when someone takes the bait, others will point this out to them with the
375:"those who were more experienced with political discussions—either online or offline—were more likely to indicate they would respond with a flame", and they also found that verbal aggression also played a role in a person engaging in political flaming.
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Flaming varies in severity and as such so too does the reaction of states in imposing any sort of sanction. Laws vary from country to country, but in most cases, constant flaming can be considered cyber harassment, which can result in
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action to prevent access to the site being flamed. However, as social networks become more and more closely connected to people and their real life, the more harsh words may be considered defamation of the person. For instance, a
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He added, "I noticed something: most of the irritation came from a handful of people, sometimes only one or two. If I could only ignore them, the computer conferences were still valuable. Alas, it's not always easy to do".
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invective, and textual amplifiers,” but to some sociologists flame wars can actually bring people together. What is being said in a flame war should not be taken too seriously since the harsh words are a part of flaming.
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Any subject of a polarizing nature can feasibly cause flaming. As one would expect in the medium of the
Internet, technology is a common topic. The perennial debates between users of competing operating systems, such as
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user spends more and more time dealing with irrelevancies. One day the user wakes up, decides the initial euphoria was spurious, and logs off, never to return. This is known as burnout, and it's apparently quite common.
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newsgroups in the
Eighties, where the start of a flame was sometimes indicated by typing "FLAME ON", then "FLAME OFF" when the flame section of the post was complete. This is a reference to both The Human Torch of the
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Among the characteristics of inflammatory behavior, the use of entirely capitalized messages, or the multiple repetition of exclamation marks, along with profanity have been identified as typical.
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were often socially and emotionally heated and intense, with many attacking one another through local newspapers. Such interactions have always been part of literary criticism. For example,
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after several reviewers posted scathing comments about her latest novel. Rice responded to the comments with her own lengthy response, which was quickly met with more feedback from users.
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the inherent lack of face-to-face communication online can encourage hostility. Professor Norman
Johnson, commenting on the propensity of Internet posters to flame one another, states:
357:"YHBT", which is short for "You have been trolled", or reply with "don't feed the trolls". Forum users will usually not give the troll acknowledgement; that just "feeds the troll".
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Evidence of debates which resulted in insults being exchanged quickly back and forth between two parties can be found throughout history. Arguments over the ratification of the
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Identity
Verification law was created to help control flaming and to stop "malicious use of the internet" but opponents to the law argue that the law infringes on the right to
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reduce a forum's use by angering the forum users. In 2012, it was announced that the US State
Department would start flame trolling jihadists as part of Operation Viral Peace.
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verbal behaviors, the uninhibited expression of hostility, insults, and ridicule, and hostile comments directed towards a person or organization within the context of CMC.
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Hutchens, Myiah J; Cicchirillo, Vincent J; Hmielowski, Jay D (12 February 2014). "How could you think that?!?!: Understanding intentions to engage in political flaming".
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schools in the United States as a present participle in a crude expression to describe an irascible individual and by extension to such individuals on the earliest
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S. Kiesler; D. Zubrow; A.M. Moses; V. Geller (1985). "Affect in computer-mediated communication: an experiment in synchronous terminal-to-terminal discussion".
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Popular culture continues to generate large amounts of flaming and countless flame wars across the
Internet, such as the constant debates between fans of
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Cho, Daegon; Kwon, K. Hazel (October 2015). "The impacts of identity verification and disclosure of social cues on flaming in online user comments".
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Martin Lea; Tim O'Shea; Pat Fung; Russell Spears. "'Flaming' in
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can have a lasting impact on some internet communities where even once a flame war has concluded a division or even dissolution may occur.
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191:'s works often extended to the author herself, with Emerson describing her as "without genius, wit, or knowledge of the world". In turn,
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discussion forums because of, as the site reported, "physical threats that have involved police and possible legal action" between
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Hwang, Jiyeon; Lee, Hwansoo; Kim, Keesung; Zo, Hangjung; Ciganek, Andrew P. (3 March 2016). "Cyber neutralisation and flaming".
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While these behaviors may be typical or expected in certain types of forums, they can have dramatic, adverse effects in others.
460:. Ongoing discussion of current celebrities and television personalities within popular culture also frequently sparks debate.
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725:"Childlessness pot shots may have worked with Julia Gillard, but there is rage over 'Princess Palaszczuk' | van Badham"
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Heidi McKee (2002). ""YOUR VIEWS SHOWED TRUE IGNORANCE!!!": (Mis)Communication in an Online
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Steele, Guy L; Woods, Donald R; Finkel, Raphael A; Crispin, Mark R; Stallman, Richard M; Goodfellow, Geoffrey S (1983).
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445:. As each successive technology is released, it develops its own outspoken fan base, allowing arguments to begin anew.
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programs of the time worked, by placing commands before and after text to indicate how it should appear when printed.
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Jane, Emma A. (1 March 2015). "Flaming? What flaming? The pitfalls and potentials of researching online hostility".
509:. The barbs exchanged between the two was highly publicized and is an example of political flaming and a flame war.
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J. Kruger; J. Parker; Z. Ng; N. Epley (2005). "Egocentrism over e-mail: can we communicate as well as we think?".
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computer networks as well. It was subsequently used in other parts of speech with much the same meaning.
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have investigated flaming, coming up with several different theories about the phenomenon. These include
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The literature suggests that, compared to face-to-face, the increased incidence of flaming when using
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Johnson, Norman A. (2009). "Anger and flaming in computer-mediated negotiations among strangers".
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and can lead to limited involvement and engagement within the original chat room and program.
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response to the ensuing harassment and threats that she received as a result of the flaming.
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In November 2007, the popular audio-visual discussion site AVS Forum temporarily closed its
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Turnage, Anna K. (1 October 2007). "Email Flaming Behaviors and Organizational Conflict".
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Goldsborough, Reid (February 2005). "How to Respond to Flames (without Getting Singled)".
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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S. Kiesler; L. Sproull (1992). "Group decision making and communication technology".
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video game systems, often escalate into seemingly unending "flame wars", also called
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Jacob Borders, in discussing participants' internal modeling of a discussion, says:
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An Interactional Reconceptualization of "Flaming" and Other Problematic Messages
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Turnage, Anna K. (2007). "Email Flaming Behaviors and Organizational Conflict".
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became involved in a flame war of sorts on the review boards of online retailer
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Thompsen, P.A. (1994). "An Episode of Flaming: a Creative Narrative".
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Kayser, Holger; Salmann, Stephan; Bartels, Christian (30 July 2015).
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The Hacker's dictionary: a guide to the world of computer wizards
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Conforming to the Flaming Norm in the Online Commenting Situation
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1430:"Flame war management: handling crises in the social media age"
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Flame wars can become intense and can include "death threats,
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Older flamebait reference on USENET, 1985 (via Google Groups)
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social context (and associated norms) rather than themselves.
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Flame War Management Handling Crisis in the Social Media Age
1506:"'Delete your account': Clinton, Trump in Twitter flame war"
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Flame trolling is the posting of a provocative or offensive
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1939:
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1323:"New Strategy in the War on Terror: Trolling Jihadi Forums"
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Cyberbullying Prevention and Response: Expert perspectives
501:, saw a flame war take place between Republican candidate
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Act of insulting and offending people on the internet
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Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
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operating system, or operating systems based on the
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111:and reduced awareness of other people's feelings (
1705:, by Patrick B. O'Sullivan and Andrew J. Flanagin
1018:System Dynamics in Education Project. p. 4.
218:newsgroups although it was known to occur in the
195:called Emerson a "hoary-headed toothless baboon"
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744:Peter J. Moor; A. Heuvelman; R. Verleur (2010).
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1009:"Counterintuitive Behavior of Social Systems"
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963:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
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1136:(1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 43–59.
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871:Contexts of Computer-Mediated Communication
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1349:Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
1130:Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
709:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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214:. Internet flaming was mostly observed in
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1654:Kirschner, Paul A.; et al. (2003).
1484:"Format war fanboys shut down AVS Forum"
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1482:Moskovciak, Matthew (7 November 2007).
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1463:Schwartz, Mattathias (3 August 2008).
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1639:. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
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1618:Mediated interpersonal communication
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245:The term "flaming" is documented in
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1588:Porter, David (13 September 2013).
1530:Wallace, Patricia (19 March 2001).
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1025:from the original on 23 August 2009
202:, "flaming" was used at East Coast
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1635:Sally Sieloff Magnan, ed. (2008).
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917:ETC: A Review of General Semantics
257:in 1986 explained why he wanted a
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1387:Ethics and Information Technology
1321:Sydiongco, David (19 July 2012).
679:Social media: enduring principles
596:Spiral of silence on the Internet
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1679:Social Media Enduring Principles
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229:The term "flaming" was seen on
138:computer-mediated communication
1677:Ashlee Humphreys, ed. (2016).
1534:. Cambridge University Press.
1532:The psychology of the Internet
1203:. New York: Harper & Row.
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492:advocates of the rival formats
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1271:10.1080/0144929X.2015.1135191
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505:and the Democratic candidate
425:processors, and users of the
856:10.1016/0749-5978(92)90047-b
794:10.1037/0003-066X.39.10.1123
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1681:. Oxford University press.
1469:The New York Times Magazine
753:Computers in Human Behavior
647:Computers in Human Behavior
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417:operating system, users of
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113:online disinhibition effect
77:. Flaming is distinct from
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2241:Internet forum terminology
1637:Mediating discourse online
975:10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.925
829:10.1207/s15327051hci0101_3
817:Human-Computer Interaction
677:Humphreys, Ashlee (2016).
499:2016 Presidential election
181:United States Constitution
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1616:Elly Konijn, ed. (2008).
1399:10.1007/s10676-015-9362-0
1301:"Definition of Flamebait"
1061:10.1016/j.dss.2008.10.008
936:Computers and Composition
765:10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.023
659:10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.046
520:Internet Service Provider
43:This article needs to be
2088:Advertising and products
1620:. Taylor & Francis.
1563:Patchin, Justin (2012).
1540:10.1017/CBO9780511581670
1099:10.1177/1461444814522947
1049:Decision Support Systems
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1229:"All Sorts of Software"
1087:New Media & Society
884:Moor, Peter J. (2007).
248:The Hacker's Dictionary
117:anti-normative behavior
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129:
1465:"The Trolls Among Us"
781:American Psychologist
570:It's okay to be white
474:In 2007, tech expert
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2093:Animation and comics
1662:. London: Springer.
895:University of Twente
746:"Flaming on YouTube"
616:"Flaming Definition"
1962:Padonkaffsky jargon
733:. 31 December 2019.
185:Ralph Waldo Emerson
513:Legal implications
156:facial expressions
105:Social researchers
2246:Internet trolling
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2166:Eternal September
1709:FlameWarriors.net
1669:978-1-85233-664-6
1646:978-90-272-0519-3
1627:978-0-8058-6303-1
1567:. NY: Routledge.
1438:Ernst & Young
1434:EY Consulting Hub
1178:Information Today
788:(10): 1123–1134.
379:Corporate flaming
370:Political flaming
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16:(Redirected from
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1610:Further reading
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591:Social software
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507:Hillary Clinton
427:Nintendo Switch
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255:Jerry Pournelle
240:text processing
210:chat rooms and
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109:deindividuation
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399:Classic Mac OS
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294:Flame trolling
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236:Fantastic Four
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1592:. Routledge.
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55:November 2021
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1513:. Retrieved
1509:
1500:
1488:. Retrieved
1477:
1468:
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1442:the original
1433:
1423:
1393:(1): 65–87.
1390:
1386:
1355:(1): 43–59.
1352:
1348:
1342:
1330:. Retrieved
1326:
1316:
1304:. Retrieved
1295:
1262:
1258:
1237:. Retrieved
1232:
1198:
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1052:
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1027:. Retrieved
999:
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898:. Retrieved
886:
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739:
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623:. Retrieved
619:
610:
564:Godwin's law
556:
525:South Korean
516:
503:Donald Trump
496:
481:
476:Kathy Sierra
473:
462:
455:
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70:
66:
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52:
44:
2045:Rickrolling
1846:Shitposting
1821:Little Pink
653:: 363–372.
529:free speech
409:kernel and
302:, known as
204:engineering
189:Jane Austen
2225:Categories
2209:Wiktionary
2098:Challenges
1977:Imageboard
1831:Sealioning
1448:18 January
1029:18 January
900:18 January
893:(Thesis).
850:: 96–123.
823:: 77–104.
681:. Oxford.
603:References
586:Smack talk
469:Amazon.com
343:ad hominem
200:modern era
152:non-verbal
145:A lack of
86:Flame wars
2010:goatse.cx
1990:Anonymous
1885:Chatspeak
1816:Keylogger
1407:1572-8439
1279:0144-929X
1239:27 August
1150:1083-6101
1107:1461-4448
705:cite book
697:908698924
581:Meow Wars
558:Forumwarz
547:Dogpiling
465:Anne Rice
457:Star Wars
451:Star Trek
329:Flame war
312:newsgroup
304:flamebait
259:kill file
154:cues and
18:Flame war
2185:Category
2128:Politics
2060:Tripcode
2040:Pedobear
1893:Emoticon
1856:Spamming
1836:Phishing
1796:Edgelord
1510:SBS News
1415:14404033
1332:4 August
1306:4 August
1287:37685735
1115:31784760
1020:Archived
1007:(1971).
983:16393025
923:: 51–72.
625:20 April
535:See also
439:Xbox One
388:Examples
208:Internet
79:trolling
75:internet
71:roasting
2065:Weeaboo
2055:Rule 63
2050:Rule 34
1967:Sexting
1826:Malware
1806:Griefer
1801:Flaming
1369:8093848
1158:8093848
991:1998520
802:3896692
552:Eristic
488:Blu-ray
415:Android
395:Windows
355:acronym
300:message
224:FidoNet
220:WWIVnet
198:In the
175:History
162:Factors
100:Purpose
67:Flaming
45:updated
2197:Portal
2158:Usenet
2133:Videos
2118:Images
2113:Gaming
2030:O RLY?
2025:Newbie
2015:Lolcat
1861:Tankie
1811:Hacker
1791:Doxing
1771:Baizuo
1685:
1666:
1643:
1624:
1596:
1571:
1546:
1515:10 May
1490:6 July
1486:. CNet
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1207:
1156:
1148:
1113:
1105:
989:
981:
800:
695:
685:
484:HD DVD
231:Usenet
216:Usenet
2148:TL;DR
2123:Music
2103:Email
2080:Memes
1995:-chan
1985:4chan
1920:Owned
1905:Emoji
1866:Troll
1763:Abuse
1411:S2CID
1365:S2CID
1327:Slate
1283:S2CID
1154:S2CID
1111:S2CID
1023:(PDF)
1012:(PDF)
987:S2CID
891:(PDF)
798:S2CID
749:(PDF)
431:Wii U
419:Intel
407:Linux
403:macOS
308:forum
287:Types
2143:Doge
2108:Film
2070:Yiff
2020:Lurk
2005:Clop
1957:NSFW
1940:w00t
1925:Pr0n
1915:Leet
1910:Hodl
1683:ISBN
1664:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1622:ISBN
1594:ISBN
1569:ISBN
1544:ISBN
1517:2019
1492:2014
1450:2022
1403:ISSN
1334:2019
1308:2019
1275:ISSN
1241:2015
1233:BYTE
1205:ISBN
1184:(2).
1146:ISSN
1103:ISSN
1031:2022
979:PMID
902:2022
711:link
693:OCLC
683:ISBN
627:2019
497:The
486:and
454:and
437:and
421:and
401:and
261:for
222:and
1952:LOL
1947:Fap
1935:Teh
1930:Pwn
1898:uwu
1536:doi
1395:doi
1357:doi
1267:doi
1138:doi
1095:doi
1057:doi
1016:MIT
971:doi
944:doi
852:doi
825:doi
790:doi
761:doi
655:doi
423:AMD
413:or
411:iOS
314:or
271:mis
263:BIX
2227::
2035:OP
2000:CP
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