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511:, are either killed or promoted to the higher classes. Every attempt for change is considered dangerous and harmful. This world is not prepared to receive "revelations from another world". The satirical part is mainly concentrated in the first part of the book, "This World", which describes Flatland. The main points of interest are the Victorian concept of women's roles in the society and in the class-based hierarchy of men. Abbott has been accused of
1900:
507:, Abbott describes a society rigidly divided into classes. Social ascent is the main aspiration of its inhabitants, apparently granted to everyone but strictly controlled by the top of the hierarchy. Freedom is despised and the laws are cruel. Innovators are imprisoned or suppressed. Members of lower classes who are intellectually valuable, and potential leaders of
585:. At the time of its publication it did not attract as much attention as it deserved... If there is motion of our three-dimensional space relative to the fourth dimension, all the changes we experience and assign to the flow of time will be due simply to this movement, the whole of the future as well as the past always existing in the fourth dimension.
456:) each generation. Additionally, the rule does not seem to apply to many-sided Polygons. For example, the sons of several hundred-sided Polygons will often develop 50 or more sides more than their parents. Furthermore, the angle of an Isosceles Triangle or the number of sides of a (regular) Polygon may be altered during life by deeds or
316:
by dimensional analogies (a point becomes a line, a line becomes a square). The Square is still unable to comprehend the third dimension, so the Sphere resorts to deeds: he gives info about the "insides" of the house, moves a cup through the third dimension, and even goes inside the Square for a bit.
401:
and the number of their sides, with a Circle considered the "perfect" shape. Women are lines, quite fragile but also dangerous, as they can disappear from view and possibly stab someone. To prevent this they are required by law to sound a "peace-cry" while moving about and to use separate doors from
277:
of gentlemen and professionals, who guides the readers through some of the implications of life in two dimensions. The first half of the story goes through the practicalities of existing in a two-dimensional universe, as well as a history leading up to the year 1999 on the eve of the 3rd
Millennium.
1903:
523:
was writing as a
Historian, he has identified himself (perhaps too closely) with the views generally adopted by Flatland and (as he has been informed) even by Spaceland, Historians; in whose pages (until very recent times) the destinies of Women and of the masses of mankind have seldom been deemed
405:
In the world of
Flatland, classes are distinguished by the "Art of Hearing", the "Art of Feeling", and the "Art of Sight Recognition". Classes can be distinguished by the sound of one's voice, but the lower classes have more developed vocal organs, enabling them to feign the voice of a Polygon or
376:
are announced that anyone preaching the existence of three dimensions will be imprisoned (or executed, depending on caste). For example, he tries to convince his relative of the third dimension but cannot move a square "upward," as opposed to forward or sideways. Eventually, the Square himself is
371:
The Square recognises the identity of the ignorance of the monarchs of
Pointland and Lineland with his own (and the Sphere's) previous ignorance of the existence of higher dimensions. Once returned to Flatland, the Square cannot convince anyone of Spaceland's existence, especially after official
410:. The "Art of Sight Recognition", practised by the upper classes, is aided by "Fog", which allows an observer to determine the depth of an object. With this, polygons with sharp angles relative to the observer will fade more rapidly than polygons with more gradual angles. Colour of any kind
723:
487:, irregularity is to be abhorred, with moral irregularity and criminality cited, "by some" (in the book), as inevitable additional deformities, a sentiment with which the Square concurs. If the error of deviation is above a stated amount, the irregular Polygon faces
348:"You see," said my Teacher, "how little your words have done. So far as the Monarch understands them at all, he accepts them as his own – for he cannot conceive of any other except himself – and plumes himself upon the variety of
478:
Apart from
Isosceles Triangles, only regular Polygons are considered until chapter seven of the book when the issue of irregularity, or physical deformity is brought up. In a two-dimensional world, a regular polygon can be identified by a single angle and/or
377:
imprisoned for just this reason, with only occasional contact with his brother, who is imprisoned in the same facility. He cannot convince his brother, even after all they have both seen. Seven years after being imprisoned, A Square writes out the book
321:
to the idea of a third dimension in the hope of eventually educating the population of
Flatland. From the safety of Spaceland, they can oversee the leaders of Flatland, acknowledging the Sphere's existence and prescribing the silencing. After this
1686:
433:" through the "Law of Nature", which states: "a male child shall have one more side than his father, so that each generation shall rise (as a rule) one step in the scale of development and nobility. Thus the son of a Square is a
495:. An irregular Polygon is not destroyed at birth, but allowed to develop to see if the irregularity can be "cured" or reduced. If the deformity remains, the irregular is "painlessly and mercifully consumed."
867:, whereas Hawking notes the peculiarity of life in two-dimensional space, as any inhabitants would necessarily be unable to digest their own food. (This concept is parodied in the below-described episode of
352:
as an instance of creative Power. Let us leave this god of
Pointland to the ignorant fruition of his omnipresence and omniscience: nothing that you or I can do can rescue him from his self-satisfaction."
771:
519:. In his Preface to the Second and Revised Edition, 1884, he answers such critics by emphasizing that the description of women was satirizing the viewpoints held, stating that the Square:
471:. Squares and Pentagons are the "gentlemen" class, as doctors, lawyers, and other professions. Hexagons are the lowest rank of nobility, all the way up to (near) Circles, who make up the
317:
Still unable to comprehend 3D, the Sphere takes the Square to the third dimension, Spaceland. This Sphere visits
Flatland at the turn of each millennium to introduce a new
908:
crash head on and are compressed together into a flat disk. They meet natives of the realm, who chase after them when the concept of a third dimension is brought up.
759:
636:
624:
591:
340:, Pointland, of whom the Point (sole inhabitant, monarch, and universe in one) perceives any communication as a thought originating in his own mind (cf.
950:, episode "New Dimensions", after entering a region of two-dimensional space Captain Ed Mercer references Flatland and its theme of social hierarchy.
879:
1167:
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of a second dimension but cannot do so. In the end, the monarch of
Lineland tries to kill the Square rather than tolerate him any further.
289:
and lines are unable to see the Square as anything other than a set of points on a line. Thus, the Square attempts to convince the realm's
329:
After the Square's mind is opened to new dimensions, he tries to convince the Sphere of the theoretical possibility of the existence of a
1107:
871:. The protagonists attempt to eat Flatland food but it falls out immediately. The native organisms in Flatland absorb food somewhat like
1008:“Behold Eck!” a 2-dimensional creature accidentally visits earth through a time-hole and causes some damage before it can get back home.
2134:
2099:
475:. The higher-order Polygons have much less of a chance of producing sons, preventing Flatland from being overcrowded with noblemen.
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even a Circle. Feeling, practised by the lower classes and women, determines the configuration of a person by feeling one of its
227:
921:(1996), it is briefly mentioned that students from the Enfield Tennis Academy could be seen studying and highlighting copies of
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1271:
1217:
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308:). The Sphere then levitates up and down through Flatland, allowing the Square to see the circle expand and contract between
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on 12 February 1920. In this letter, Abbott is depicted, in a sense, as a prophet due to his intuition of the importance of
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did not have much success when published, although it was not entirely ignored. In the entry on Edwin Abbott in the
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300:. Similar to the "points" in Lineland, he is unable to see the three-dimensional object as anything other than a
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1644:
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episode "Straw", Clay Morrow is lounging on a cot in a private cell in county jail when he first meets retired
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is made, many witnesses are massacred or imprisoned (according to caste), including the Square's brother.
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628:(1965), an animated short film based on the novella, was directed by Eric Martin and based on an idea by
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as a set-up to discussing the possibilities of higher dimensions of the physical universe in both the
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660:(2007), by Dano Johnson and Jeffrey Travis, is a 34-minute animated educational film. Its sequel was
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This rule is not the case when dealing with
Isosceles Triangles (Soldiers and Workmen) with only two
20:
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was mentioned in a letter by William Garnett entitled "Euclid, Newton and Einstein" published in
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The Square then has a dream in which the Sphere revisits him, this time to introduce him to a
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and higher spatial dimensions. Still, the Sphere returns his student to Flatland in disgrace.
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Vanderborg, Susan (Fall 2008). "Of 'Men and Mutations': The Art of Reproduction in Fatland".
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992:" a picture of Flatland's cover is shown on a TV screen on the chapter titled "My Story".
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subsequently revised his biography to state that "is most remembered as the author of
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221:(2007). Other efforts have been short or experimental films, including one narrated by
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1999:
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Time Travel in Einstein's Universe: The Physical Possibilities of Travel through Time
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904:(season 10 episode 1, originally broadcast June 17, 2013), two spaceships moving at
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and small circles. The Sphere then tries further to convince the Square of the
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was published, which brought to prominence the concept of a fourth dimension.
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of London. Written pseudonymously by "A Square", the book used the fictional
652:, updates the satire from Victorian England to the modern-day United States.
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culture, but the novella's more enduring contribution is its examination of
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An Episode on Flatland: Or How a Plain Folk Discovered the Third Dimension
648:(2007), a 98-minute animated independent feature film version directed by
1973:
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1143:"Flatlander, n. meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary"
978:
963:
Lee Toric. Morrow half-ignores Toric while keeping his eyes on a copy of
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GeekDad.com Review of Flatland: The Movie and Flatland 2: Sphereland
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640:(1982), an Italian animated short film, directed by Michele Emmer.
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1067:. New York: Dover Thrift Edition (1992 unabridged). p. ii.
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that he originates from a dimension very similar to Flatland.
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Polygons. The Square describes these events, and the ensuing
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1687:"Flatland Featured on The Big Bang Theory on CBS Television"
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becomes trapped within a field of two-dimensional lifeforms.
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sides. The smallest angle of an Isosceles Triangle gains 30
1944:
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declares it one of his favourite imaginary places to visit.
898:" episode of the animated science fiction TV comedy series
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have both commented on and postulated about the effects of
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138:
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1755:, featuring mathematician Ian Stewart (21 September 2012)
1622:
1780:
Flatland, a Romance of Many Dimensions (second edition)
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Part II, § 20.—How the Sphere encouraged me in a Vision
19:
This article is about the novella. For other uses, see
1772:
Flatland, a Romance of Many Dimensions (first edition)
1861:(Fifth Edition), Revised, with original illustrations
1848:(Fifth Edition), Revised, with original illustrations
1839:(Second Edition), Revised with original illustrations
1558:
Minds and Gods: The Cognitive Foundations of Religion
1076:
1074:
524:
worthy of mention and never of careful consideration.
281:
On New Year's Eve, the Square dreams of a visit to a
1258:
The Annotated Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions
1210:
The Annotated Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions
1083:
The Annotated Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions
736:
The Dot and the Line: A Romance in Lower Mathematics
542:
for persons who died in the period of 1922 to 1930,
1280:
1751:—recording of National Public Radio discussion of
1727:"9 Easter Eggs From the Bookshelf in Interstellar"
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1247:
1201:
1071:
883:, issue 3, in chapter 3 of the series of writings
296:Following this vision, the Square is visited by a
887:, it is mentioned that in an unknown basement of
269:with various numbers of sides. The narrator is a
2081:
1062:
1829:, digitised copy of the first edition from the
1386:
1226:
880:The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume 2
1714:. Season 1. Episode 11. 30 November 2017. Fox.
1653:
1930:
1188:(6th ed.), New York: Dover, p. 31,
891:, Flatland was discovered by a mathematician.
1760:Online and downloadable versions of the text
1561:. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 91.
1253:
1207:
1080:
1662:"The Big Bang Theory: "The Psychic Vortex""
605:
249:Illustration of a simple house in Flatland.
190:of Flatland to comment on the hierarchy of
1937:
1923:
1539:
1490:
1317:
1288:"Flatland Reviews – Nature, February 1920"
491:; if below, he becomes the lowest rank of
418:workers painted themselves to impersonate
211:in 1957. Several films have been based on
43:
1590:. USA: Houghton Mifflin Company. p.
581:was written by Dr. Edwin Abbott entitled
1867:format, all pages, with LaTeX source on
1212:. New York: Basic Books. pp. xvii.
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1085:. New York: Basic Books. pp. xiii.
362:
244:
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592:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
575:Some thirty or more years ago a little
38:Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions
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1905:Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions
1186:Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions
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1065:Flatland: A Romance in Many Dimensions
597:Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions
168:Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions
154:Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions
1918:
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977:it is implied by the main antagonist
834:
614:have been created. Examples include:
528:
1724:
1581:
840:Physicists and science popularizers
714:Books and short stories inspired by
549:The book was discovered again after
393:Men are portrayed as polygons whose
937:episode "The Psychic Vortex", when
498:
16:1884 novella by Edwin Abbott Abbott
13:
1879:(illustrated version) on Manybooks
1262:. New York: Basic Books. pp.
610:Numerous imitations or sequels to
388:
14:
2146:
2135:Works published under a pseudonym
2100:British novels adapted into films
1742:
1689:. Giant Screen Cinema Association
1619:"Futurama: "2-D Blacktop" Review"
1606:a brief history of time flatland.
1353:"Flatland Animation: The project"
515:due to his portrayal of women in
1898:
1582:Gott, J. Richard (21 May 2001).
1106:Rehmeyer, Julie (29 July 2013).
539:Dictionary of National Biography
429:The population of Flatland can "
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1701:
1639:. Back Bay Books. p. 281.
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1026:Fourth dimension in literature
995:The novel appears in the film
690:Star Trek: The Next Generation
666:(2012), inspired by the novel
571:to explain certain phenomena:
1:
1854:format, one chapter per page)
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215:, including the feature film
182:, first published in 1884 by
2130:Novels about totalitarianism
555:general theory of relativity
367:The last sketch in the book.
7:
2095:1884 science fiction novels
1908:public domain audiobook at
1520:The Internet Movie Database
1332:"DER Documentary: Flatland"
1012:
772:Message Found in a Copy of
437:, the son of a Pentagon, a
10:
2151:
1444:"IMDB Flatland: The Movie"
1184:Abbott, Edwin A. (1952) ,
25:
18:
2059:Blind men and an elephant
2051:
2016:
1984:
1957:
1542:Journal of Artistic Books
1063:Abbott, Edwin A. (1884).
823:VAS: An Opera in Flatland
261:(flatlanders); women are
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21:Flatland (disambiguation)
2125:Novels about mathematics
2105:British satirical novels
1166:Abbott, Edwin A. (1884)
606:Adaptations and parodies
546:was not even mentioned.
26:Not to be confused with
1841:(HTML format, one page)
1004:In the 1964 episode of
885:New Traveller's Almanac
760:The Incredible Umbrella
397:is determined by their
240:
175:novella by the English
2041:Flatland 2: Sphereland
1555:Tremlin, Todd (2006).
1482:Flatland 2: Sphereland
1466:Flatland 2: Sphereland
1114:Flatland 2: Sphereland
852:. Sagan recreates the
663:Flatland 2: Sphereland
587:
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338:zero-dimensional space
253:The story describes a
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234:Flatland 2: Sphereland
1946:Edwin Abbott Abbott's
1254:Stewart, Ian (2008).
1208:Stewart, Ian (2008).
1081:Stewart, Ian (2008).
729:Charles Howard Hinton
573:
521:
366:
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283:one-dimensional world
255:two-dimensional world
248:
188:two-dimensional world
2120:Fictional dimensions
2007:The Dot and the Line
1660:VanDerWerff, Emily.
1020:The Dot and the Line
913:David Foster Wallace
465:Equilateral Triangle
458:surgical adjustments
225:and the short films
2090:1884 British novels
2033:Flatland: The Movie
1421:Flatland: The Movie
1110:Flatland: The Movie
1032:Gödel, Escher, Bach
934:The Big Bang Theory
906:relativistic speeds
657:Flatland: The Movie
467:is a member of the
304:(more precisely, a
228:Flatland: The Movie
180:Edwin Abbott Abbott
39:
1749:"Sci-Fri Bookclub"
1708:"New Dimensions".
1374:"IMDB: Flatlandia"
1234:"Flatland Reviews"
862:television series
854:thought experiment
835:In popular culture
681:Flatland: The Film
529:Critical reception
414:in Flatland after
369:
273:, a member of the
251:
37:
2077:
2076:
2044:(2012 short film)
2036:(2007 short film)
1796:Project Gutenberg
1396:Flatland the Film
1273:978-0-465-01123-0
1219:978-0-465-01123-0
1092:978-0-465-01123-0
650:Ladd Ehlinger Jr.
259:geometric figures
207:, was written by
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63:Edwin A. Abbott
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1974:Flatterland
1711:The Orville
1544:(24): 4–11.
1147:www.oed.com
1108:"Review of
979:Bill Cipher
947:The Orville
925:on the bus.
816:Rudy Rucker
804:Ian Stewart
799:Flatterland
780:Rudy Rucker
765:Marvin Kaye
630:John Hubley
450:arc minutes
426:at length.
350:Its Thought
231:(2007) and
69:Illustrator
2084:Categories
2064:Dimensions
1966:Sphereland
1808:Faded Page
1646:0316066524
1516:"The Loss"
1428:14 January
1403:14 January
1358:11 October
1337:11 October
1152:18 October
1051:References
842:Carl Sagan
826:(2002) by
748:Sphereland
710:Literature
701:Enterprise
669:Sphereland
637:Flatlandia
489:euthanasia
412:was banned
399:regularity
358:the Sphere
204:Sphereland
201:A sequel,
196:dimensions
159:Wikisource
2115:Dimension
2000:Spaceland
1893:Recording
1666:A.V. Club
915:'s novel
811:Spaceland
718:include:
693:episode "
446:congruent
424:class war
416:Isosceles
342:Solipsism
192:Victorian
173:satirical
87:Publisher
29:Flatworld
2025:Flatland
1950:Flatland
1910:LibriVox
1883:Flatland
1876:Flatland
1859:Flatland
1846:Flatland
1837:Flatland
1826:Flatland
1815:Flatland
1810:(Canada)
1803:Flatland
1791:Flatland
1753:Flatland
1693:14 March
1671:14 March
1309:Flatland
1168:Flatland
1013:See also
965:Flatland
929:Flatland
923:Flatland
901:Futurama
894:In the "
889:New York
869:Futurama
850:Flatland
774:Flatland
716:Flatland
695:The Loss
645:Flatland
625:Flatland
612:Flatland
583:Flatland
559:Flatland
544:Flatland
534:Flatland
517:Flatland
513:misogyny
505:Flatland
452:(half a
435:Pentagon
379:Flatland
356:—
267:polygons
237:(2012).
218:Flatland
213:Flatland
51:Flatland
1958:Sequels
1293:2 April
1239:2 April
1127:10 June
984:In the
953:In the
697:", the
687:In the
439:Hexagon
374:decrees
319:apostle
291:monarch
131:2306280
110:England
2052:Themes
2028:(2007)
1977:(2001)
1969:(1965)
1869:github
1765:eBooks
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873:amoeba
864:Cosmos
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767:(1980)
755:(1965)
743:(1963)
731:(1907)
564:Nature
481:vertex
454:degree
431:evolve
408:angles
383:memoir
302:circle
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59:Author
2069:Space
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509:riots
420:noble
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381:as a
275:caste
171:is a
144:QA699
115:Pages
77:Genre
1852:HTML
1695:2014
1673:2014
1641:ISBN
1596:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1527:2021
1487:IMDb
1449:IMDb
1430:2007
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1379:IMDb
1360:2012
1339:2012
1314:IMDb
1295:2011
1268:ISBN
1241:2011
1214:ISBN
1190:ISBN
1154:2023
1129:2018
1112:and
1087:ISBN
860:and
858:book
844:and
699:USS
589:The
569:time
306:disk
241:Plot
149:Text
125:OCLC
102:1884
1885:at
1865:PDF
1818:at
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911:In
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