823:, but the governor, Heraclian, who was loyal to Honorius, wiped out this force as soon as it landed on the coast. As Rome was dependent on North African grain for sustenance, the populace was faced with the prospect of famine, and they blamed Attalus for the impending calamity. Growing desperate, Attalus searched for means of pacifying the people, but found himself, in consequence of conciliatory expenditures, incapable of satisfying his debt to Alaric, and thus alienated both Romans and Goths. In turn he came out to be exploited in political terms. Confronted with the increasing unpopularity and truculence of Attalus, Alaric dethroned him in 410 and proposed to renew negotiations with Honorius. Honorius, overconfident at Attalus's fall and the victory of his general Heraclian over Attalus's African expeditionary force, refused negotiation, and declared Alaric the eternal enemy of the Republic.
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42:
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807:(6,000 men; due to changes in tactics, legions of this period were about 1,000 soldiers, down from the 6,000-soldier legions of the Republic era and Empire period up to late 4th century) from Ravenna to aid Honorius, but Alaric ambushed the legions on the way, and only a handful of them reached Rome. Lacking a strong general to control the by-now mostly Germanic
1006:, much against her will. In 421, Honorius recognized him as co-emperor Constantius III; however, when the announcement of his elevation was sent to Constantinople, Theodosius refused to recognise him. Constantius, enraged, began preparations for a military conflict with the eastern empire but before he could commence it, he died in September 421.
948:
Rome in triumph, with
Attalus at the wheels of his chariot. Honorius punished Attalus by cutting off his right finger and thumb, inflicting the same fate with which Attalus had threatened Honorius. Remembering how Attalus had suggested that Honorius should retire to some small island, he returned the favor by banishing Attalus to the island of
2012:
the disasters of those 28 years, Bury concluded: " himself did nothing of note against the enemies who infested his realm, but personally he was extraordinarily fortunate in occupying the throne till he died a natural death and witnessing the destruction of the multitude of tyrants who rose up against him."
2011:
Summarising
Procopius's account of Honorius's reign, wrote: "His name would be forgotten among the obscurest occupants of the Imperial throne were it not that his reign coincided with the fatal period in which it was decided that western Europe was to pass from the Roman to the Teuton." After listing
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On his return to
Ravenna, Honorius ordered the arrest and execution of Stilicho. With Stilicho's fall, Honorius moved against all of his former father-in-law's allies, killing and torturing key individuals and ordering the confiscation of the property of anyone who had borne any office while Stilicho
826:
Stricken by starvation, somebody opened Rome's defenses to Alaric and the
Visigoths poured in. The city had not been under the control of a foreign force since an invasion of Gauls some eight centuries before. The sack itself was notably mild as sacks go. For example, churches and religious statuary
815:
forces directly, and apparently adopted the only strategy he could in the situation: wait passively for the
Visigoths to grow weary and spend the time marshalling what forces he could. This course of action appeared to be the product of Honorius's indecisive character and he suffered much criticism
947:
In 414, Constantius attacked Ataulf, who proclaimed
Priscus Attalus emperor again. Constantius drove Ataulf into Hispania, and Attalus, having again lost Visigoth support, was captured and deposed once again. In the eleventh consulship of Honorius and the second of Constantius, the Emperor entered
780:
A palace revolution in
Honorius's court led meanwhile to a change of ministers, and those hostile to the Goths were replaced by officers favorable to Alaric, who began peace negotiations. While the embassy was absent, a new change occurred at Ravenna, and Honorius disclaimed the peace which was on
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In 420–422, another
Maximus (or perhaps the same) gained and lost power in Hispania. By the time of Honorius's death in 423, Britain, Spain and Gaul had been ravaged by barbarians. In his final years, Honorius fell out with his sister after his soldiers clashed with hers. Galla Placidia and her
1173:
At that time they say that the
Emperor Honorius in Ravenna received the message from one of the eunuchs, evidently a keeper of the poultry, that Rome had perished. And he cried out and said, 'And yet it has just eaten from my hands!' For he had a very large cock, Rome by name; and the eunuch
776:
In
October 408, Alaric returned to Italy to claim more gold and land to settle in, as feudatory vassals of the Empire, which Stilicho had promised him. The city bought him off with 5,000 lbs of gold and 30,000 lbs of silver after a short siege with Rome on the verge of famine.
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comprehending his words said that it was the city of Rome which had perished at the hands of Alaric, and the emperor with a sigh of relief answered quickly: 'But I thought that my fowl Rome had perished.' So great, they say, was the folly with which this emperor was possessed.
967:. Under the influence of Constantius, Honorius issued the Edict of 418, which was designed to enable the Empire to retain a hold on the lands which were to be surrendered to the Goths. This edict relaxed the administrative bonds that connected all the
995:) with the central government. It removed the imperial governors and allowed the inhabitants, as a dependent federation, to conduct their own affairs, for which purpose representatives of all the towns were to meet every year in
633:. They brought devastation to the heart of the Empire, until Stilicho defeated them in 406 and recruited most of them into his forces. Then, in 405 or 406, a number of tribes, according to some sources allegedly including
1085:. It was first used for Maria. Probably Thermantia and Honorius's sister Galla Placidia, and perhaps other imperial family members, were later buried there. In the 8th century it was transformed into a church, the
629:, where Stilicho attacked him again yet the battle was not entirely conclusive. The Visigoths were allowed to retreat back to Illyricum. In 405 Stilicho met an invasion of Italy led across the Danube by
711:, to Honorius after the death of the Empress Maria in 407. Another invasion by Alaric was prevented in 408 by Stilicho when he forced the Roman Senate to pay 4,000 pounds of gold to persuade the
819:
To counter Attalus, Honorius tried to negotiate with Alaric in addition to restricting grain shipments to Rome from North Africa. Attalus dispatched an army to conquer Africa and restore the
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went unharmed. The psychological blow to the contemporary Roman world was considerably more painful. The shock of this event reverberated from Britain to Jerusalem, and inspired
1165:
mentions a likely apocryphal story where, on hearing the news that Rome had "perished", Honorius was initially shocked, thinking the news was in reference to a favourite
617:
Stilicho hurried back to protect Honorius and the legions of Gaul and Britain were summoned to defend Italy. Honorius, at Milan, was besieged by Alaric, who marched into
519:, which was protected by a ring of marshes and strong fortifications. While the new capital was easier to defend, it was poorly situated to allow Roman forces to protect
1310:
769:
was taken from the imperial throne and given over to her mother; Eucherius, the son of Stilicho, was put to death. The purge also massacred the families of Stilicho's
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749:, when the news reached him of his brother's death in May 408. He at first was planning to go to Constantinople to help set up the court during the transition from
2713:
1210:
games took place during the reign of Honorius, who banned the practice in 399 and again in 404, reportedly due to the martyrdom of a Christian monk named
1120:, "Honorius wrote letters to the cities in Britain, bidding them to guard themselves." This sentence is located randomly in the middle of a discussion of
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from the increasingly regular threat of barbarian incursions. It was significant that the Emperor's residence remained in Ravenna until the overthrow of
920:
revolted in northern Gaul, with the support of Alans, Burgundians, and the nobility of Gallic descent. Jovinus tried to negotiate with the invading
2221:
1625:
454:. When Theodosius died, in January 395, Honorius and Arcadius divided the Empire, so that Honorius became Western Roman emperor at the age of ten.
757:. Summoned from Ravenna for advice, Stilicho advised Honorius not to go, and proceeded to go himself. In Stilicho's absence, a minister named
465:
and Roman ancestry. To strengthen his bonds with the young emperor and to make his grandchild an imperial heir, Stilicho married his daughter
2326:
1124:; no further mention of Britain is made, which has led some modern academics to suggest that the rescript does not apply to Britain, but to
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and Western bishops may have been successful in persuading Honorius to write to his brother, arguing for convening a synod in Thessalonica.
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was even more difficult. The British provinces were isolated, lacking support from the Empire, and the soldiers supported the revolts of
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gained the confidence of Honorius. He convinced the emperor that his father-in-law was conspiring with the barbarians to overthrow him.
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McEvoy, Meaghan A. (2013). 'The mausoleum of Honorius: late Roman imperial Christianity and the city of Rome in the fifth century', in
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Rome had been under Visigothic siege since shortly after Stilicho's deposition and execution in the summer of 408. In 410, the
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Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
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in Rome. The Mausoleum of Honorius is the domed structure at the extreme top left, behind the rotunda Sant'Andrea and the
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made Ataulf seek alliance with Honorius. Honorius had Ataulf defeat and execute Jovinus in 413. At the same time,
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raised the standard of revolt in North Africa, but failed during an invasion of Italy. Defeated, he fled back to
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in 409. In early 408, Stilicho attempted to strengthen his position at court by marrying his second daughter,
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the verge of being concluded. The enraged Alaric returned to Rome in late 409 and forced the Senate to elect
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who, although they had been repulsed from Italy in 406, moved into Gaul on 31 December 406, and arrived in
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The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey [Paperback, vol. 1]
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Gaul was again a source of troubles for Honorius: just after Constantius's troops had returned to Italy,
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411:. Honorius, Arcadius, and Galla Placidia were the only children of Theodosius to survive into adulthood.
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The next crisis was the Visigothic invasion of Italy in 402 under the command of their king, Alaric.
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2185:'Rome and the transformation of the imperial office in the late fourth - mid-fifth centuries A.D.'
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1985:, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) and in Philip Bartholomew 'Fifth-Century Facts'
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During the early part of his reign, Honorius depended on the military leadership of the general
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Blockley, R.C. (2003). "The dynasty of Theodosius". In Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (eds.).
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paperback edition published in 2010 by Phoenix, an imprint of Orion Books Ltd, London, p. 310
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By 410, Britain may have been told to look after its own affairs and expect no aid from Rome
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in 476. That was probably the reason why Ravenna was chosen not only as the capital of the
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Emperor, and besieged Constantine at Arles. Honorius now found himself an able commander,
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Honorius was negatively assessed by some 19th and 20th century historians, including
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A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene (395 A.D. to 800 A.D.)
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The western empire was effectively overstretched due to the massive invasion of
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Codex Theodosianus 14.10.2–3, tr. C. Pharr, "The Theodosian Code," p. 415.
1978:
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861:, and wife of Honorius. The pendant reads, around a central cross (clockwise):
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2128:. (2014) National University of Ireland Galway. Unpublished doctoral thesis.
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Latin and Greek characters were intermingled in this one. The letters form a
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2107:. Vol. XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337-425. Cambridge University Press.
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in the latter months of 401, when Alaric, who was also the Eastern Empire's
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901:, Constantine III's general in Hispania, rebelled against him, proclaimed
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Fleischer, Jens; Hannestad, Niels; Lund, John; Nielsen, Marjatta (2001).
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Suppressing Rebellion and Usurpation in the Late Roman Empire AD 397‑411
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Honorius issued a decree during his reign, prohibiting men from wearing
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While the tale is discounted as a rumour by more recent historians like
625:, on the river Tanarus on Easter Day (6 April 402). Alaric retreated to
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1192:, it is useful in understanding Roman public opinion towards Honorius.
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684:, although it has been argued that the order was sent to the people of
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339:. After the death of Theodosius in 395, Honorius, under the regency of
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410: Honorius, His Rooster, and the Eunuch (Procop. Vand. 1.2.25–26).
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The Roman Empire in Late Antiquity: A Political and Military History
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by Linda Alchin, "Honorius", 5 March 2015, retrieved 12 October 2016
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plea for assistance against local barbarian incursions, called the
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2039:"The Reign of Honorius – Telemachus and the End of the Gladiators"
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on 15 August 423, leaving no heir. In the subsequent interregnum
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Honorius's reign experienced continued barbarian incursions into
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entered Italy in 401 he moved his capital to the coastal city of
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25, no. 2 (2020): 131–48. https://doi.org/10.5817/GLB2020-2-10.
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as emperor, who ratified Alaric's former treaty with Stilicho.
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Constantius and the beginning of erosion of the Western Empire
407:. Theodosius and Galla had a daughter, Honorius's half-sister
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1737:
The Fall of the West: The Slow Death of the Roman Superpower,
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Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation
1276:
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482:
478:
446:, and thus co-ruler, on 23 January 393, after the death of
1924:"Old St Peters, the Circus of Caligula and the Phrygianum"
387:. In 386, his mother died, and in 387, Theodosius married
2219:, John Osbourne, Carol M. Richards, Joanna Story (eds.),
1546:
343:, ruled the western half of the empire while his brother
2201:. Oxford Classical Monographs. Oxford University Press.
1661:
1659:
1347:
Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Ar
1034:
was nominated Emperor. The following year, however, the
461:, who had been appointed by Theodosius and was of mixed
2329:
shows laws passed by Honorius relating to Christianity.
2321:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 661–662.
2250:. Vol. I, AD 260–395. Cambridge University Press.
2198:
Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, A.D. 367-455
2000:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
1960:
Cambridge University Press; illustrated edition (2007)
1763:
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influence, while a treaty signed in 418 granted to the
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for it both from contemporaries and later historians.
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https://aran.library.nuigalway.ie/handle/10379/4631
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897:in the west continued through this period. In 409,
331:from 393 to 423. He was the younger son of emperor
2305:. Vol. XII (9th ed.). 1881. p. 143.
1483:
1454:
473:written for the occasion by Stilicho's court poet
2225:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 119–136.
2114:Honorius: The Fight for the Roman West AD 395-423
1566:
1564:
1442:
955:Northeastern Gaul became subject to even greater
610:, suddenly marched with a large army through the
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1958:Barbarian migrations and the Roman West, 376–568
1909:"The Roman Imperial Mausoleum in Late Antiquity"
1819:
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551:. At the same time, a host of usurpers rose up.
436:at the age of two in 386, Honorius was declared
2117:. Roman Imperial Biographies. Routledge. (2018)
1002:In 417, Constantius married Honorius's sister,
27:The first Western Roman Emperor from 393 to 423
1561:
477:survives. Honorius was also influenced by the
2909:
1814:
1799:
1604:. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 146–150.
1531:
1466:
676:, and while Constantine was in Gaul, his son
672:. Constantine invaded Gaul in 407, occupying
2176:Mathisen, Ralph, "Honorius (395–423 A.D.)",
1921:
1624:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1312:Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire
351:was notably precarious and chaotic. In 410,
2228:
2005:
2002:Volume 3 (Harrison and Sons, 1854), p. 460.
1214:while he was protesting a gladiator fight.
928:(412), but his proclamation of his brother
347:ruled the eastern half. His reign over the
2916:
2902:
1587:. Cambridge University Press. p. 268.
1100:The year 410 also saw Honorius reply to a
40:
1343:
1018:, were forced to flee to Constantinople.
729:, probably recarved from an old cameo of
570:The first crisis faced by Honorius was a
2327:list of Roman laws of the fourth century
2102:
2068:English version of Epitome de Caesaribus
1387:
1221:
1139:
1056:
848:
773:, and they defected en masse to Alaric.
717:
553:
491:
418:
2247:Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
621:. Stilicho narrowly defeated Alaric at
585:magister utriusque militiae per Africam
531:in Italy, but also for the seat of the
503:At first Honorius based his capital in
395:with her family, including her brother
14:
4277:
2280:Decline & Fall of the Roman Empire
2194:
2093:
1915:
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1555:
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1146:The Favourites of the Emperor Honorius
327:(9 September 384 – 15 August 423) was
46:Detail of Honorius as depicted on the
2897:
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2134:
1695:
1680:
1378:. Yale University Press, 1994, p. 129
1374:Williams, Stephen and Gerard Friell.
811:, Honorius could do little to attack
2264:
2189:Papers of the British School at Rome
2086:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1859:
1847:
1835:
1823:
1808:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1713:
1707:
1650:
1638:
1540:
1525:
1513:
1489:
1477:
1460:
1448:
1081:, accessed from the transept of the
391:who had taken a temporary refuge in
24:
4335:4th-century Western Roman emperors
2053:
741:Honorius, in the meantime, was at
25:
4346:
2296:"Flavius Augustus Honorius"
2287:
2016:History of the Later Roman Empire
539:Stilicho and the defense of Italy
2094:Birley, Anthony Richard (2005).
1231:Usurpers during Honorius reign:
913:, and then Constantine, in 411.
765:was in command. Honorius's wife
2096:The Roman Government of Britain
2032:
2023:
2020:(New York: Dover, 1958), p. 213
1992:
1971:
1950:
1941:
1901:
1754:
1726:
1591:
1573:
788:
236:
216:
2470:Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius
2456:Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius
1721:Byzantium: The Early Centuries
1601:Late Antiquity: Art in Context
1585:The Cambridge Medieval History
1405:
1368:
1337:
1135:
963:southwestern Gaul, the former
427:
81:23 January 393 – 15 August 423
13:
1:
2139:. Cambridge University Press.
2105:The Cambridge Ancient History
1376:Theodosius: The Empire at Bay
1318:
1010:children, the future emperor
853:Christian pendant of Empress
745:, on his way from Ravenna to
367:Honorius was born to Emperor
355:for the first time since the
1922:Roger Pearse (16 May 2014).
1093:and was demolished when the
223:
84:(senior from 17 January 395)
7:
2195:McEvoy, Meaghan A. (2013).
2183:McEvoy, Meaghan A. (2010).
1983:The Romanization of Britain
1415:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
1284:Co-emperors with Honorius:
1217:
1089:, which held the relics of
909:, who defeated Maximus and
10:
4351:
4300:5th-century Roman emperors
4295:4th-century Roman emperors
4189:Constantine XI Palaiologos
4140:Andronikos III Palaiologos
4027:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
2098:. Oxford University Press.
2048:
1411:Frasetto, Michael (2003).
1352:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1083:Old Saint Peter's Basilica
792:
414:
4310:5th-century Roman consuls
4305:4th-century Roman consuls
4265:
4197:
4162:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
4130:Andronikos II Palaiologos
3955:Constantine IX Monomachos
3643:
3540:
3423:
3250:
3088:
2936:
2878:
2861:
2849:
2835:
2814:
2802:
2788:
2771:
2759:
2745:
2728:
2720:
2706:
2689:
2679:
2667:
2650:
2638:
2624:
2607:
2595:
2581:
2564:
2552:
2538:
2521:
2509:
2495:
2478:
2466:
2452:
2435:
2423:
2409:
2393:
2381:
2376:
2366:
2348:
2340:
2335:
2312:"Honorius, Flavius"
2230:Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin
725:of Honorius and his wife
362:
312:
302:
292:
280:
259:
252:
248:
204:
192:
176:
164:
160:
109:
99:
89:
72:
59:
39:
34:
18:Flavius Augustus Honorius
4125:Michael VIII Palaiologos
2810:Junius Quartus Palladius
2796:Junius Quartus Palladius
2683:Anicius Auchenius Bassus
2671:Anicius Auchenius Bassus
2646:Anicius Petronius Probus
2178:De Imperatoribus Romanis
1344:Weitzmann, Kurt (1977).
1295:Succession to Honorius:
1206:in Rome. The last known
1021:
591:, the brother of Gildo.
564:Anicius Petronius Probus
423:Marble bust of Honorius.
379:. He was the brother of
359:almost 800 years prior.
198:Old St. Peter's Basilica
3980:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
3614:Tiberius II Constantine
2318:Encyclopædia Britannica
2302:Encyclopædia Britannica
2274:. Macmillan Publishers.
2161:. Basil Blackwell Ltd.
2149:Graeco-Latina Brunensia
2064:"Epitome de Caesaribus"
1151:John William Waterhouse
1108:. Preoccupied with the
1087:Chapel of St Petronilla
1063:Old St Peter's Basilica
688:in Italy, not Britain.
180:15 August 423 (aged 38)
4330:Sons of Roman emperors
4315:Ancient child monarchs
4135:Michael IX Palaiologos
2155:Jones, A.H.M. (1964).
2122:The Endgame of Treason
1227:
1186:
1154:
1070:
890:
738:
567:
500:
450:and the usurpation of
424:
375:on 9 September 384 in
4229:Thessalonian emperors
4223:Trapezuntine emperors
4184:John VIII Palaiologos
4179:Manuel II Palaiologos
4150:John VI Kantakouzenos
4066:Andronikos I Komnenos
3903:Constantine Lekapenos
2931:and empresses regnant
1225:
1171:
1169:he had named "Roma".
1143:
1075:Mausoleum of Honorius
1060:
1042:installed his cousin
852:
721:
557:
495:
422:
48:consular diptych
4167:John VII Palaiologos
4115:Theodore II Laskaris
3975:Constantine X Doukas
3915:Nikephoros II Phokas
2222:Old St Peter's, Rome
2217:Rosamond McKitterick
2135:Elton, Hugh (2018).
2120:Doyle, Christopher.
1989:vol. 13, 1982 p. 260
1261:in Gaul and Britain;
1237:in Rome (two times);
1106:Rescript of Honorius
971:(The Maritime Alps,
821:grain supply to Rome
801:Eastern Roman Empire
680:ruled over Britain.
403:, away from usurper
349:Western Roman Empire
4098:Theodore I Laskaris
4083:Alexios III Angelos
4061:Alexios II Komnenos
3985:Romanos IV Diogenes
3940:Romanos III Argyros
3886:Romanos I Lekapenos
2014:John Bagnall Bury,
1928:Roger Pearse's blog
1772:, pp. 183–184.
1710:, pp. 174–175.
1558:, pp. 461–463.
1226:Solidus of Honorius
1159:History of the Wars
1077:was located on the
977:Narbonensis Secunda
614:and entered Italy.
572:revolt led by Gildo
529:Ostrogothic Kingdom
357:Battle of the Allia
335:and his first wife
317:Nicene Christianity
4325:Theodosian dynasty
4217:Britannic emperors
4211:Palmyrene emperors
4145:John V Palaiologos
4088:Alexios IV Angelos
4037:Constantine Doukas
4032:Alexios I Komnenos
4020:Constantine Doukas
4003:Michael VII Doukas
3965:Michael VI Bringas
3531:Romulus Augustulus
3154:Trebonianus Gallus
3147:Herennius Etruscus
2929:Byzantine emperors
2377:Political offices
2266:Bury, John Bagnell
1733:Adrian Goldsworthy
1354:. pp. 27–28.
1271:(joint puppets of
1228:
1155:
1071:
1061:Reconstruction of
891:
795:Sack of Rome (410)
739:
568:
525:Romulus Augustulus
501:
432:After holding the
425:
4320:Deaths from edema
4272:
4271:
4110:John III Vatatzes
4056:Manuel I Komnenos
3795:Michael I Rangabe
3639:
3638:
3481:Petronius Maximus
3080:Severus Alexander
3048:Septimius Severus
2892:
2891:
2882:Avitus Marinianus
2879:Succeeded by
2836:Succeeded by
2789:Succeeded by
2746:Succeeded by
2707:Succeeded by
2668:Succeeded by
2625:Succeeded by
2582:Succeeded by
2542:Mallius Theodorus
2539:Succeeded by
2496:Succeeded by
2453:Succeeded by
2410:Succeeded by
2367:Succeeded by
2234:Martindale, J. R.
2208:978-0-19-966481-8
2087:Secondary sources
1966:978-0-521-43491-1
1255:Constantine "III"
1026:Honorius died of
989:Aquitania Secunda
973:Narbonensis Prima
656:The situation in
647:crossed the Rhine
533:Byzantine exarchs
485:. So it was that
469:to Honorius. The
322:
321:
276:
275:
16:(Redirected from
4342:
4120:John IV Laskaris
4093:Alexios V Doukas
4078:Isaac II Angelos
4044:John II Komnenos
3970:Isaac I Komnenos
3930:Constantine VIII
3920:John I Tzimiskes
3647:Byzantine Empire
3421:
3420:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2850:Preceded by
2803:Preceded by
2760:Preceded by
2721:Preceded by
2680:Preceded by
2639:Preceded by
2596:Preceded by
2553:Preceded by
2510:Preceded by
2474:Anicius Probinus
2467:Preceded by
2460:Anicius Probinus
2424:Preceded by
2382:Preceded by
2341:Preceded by
2333:
2332:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2275:
2261:
2242:"Fl. Honorius 3"
2212:
2172:
2143:Kovács, Tamás. “
2140:
2108:
2099:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2009:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1975:
1969:
1954:
1948:
1947:Zosimus, vi.10.2
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1812:
1806:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1740:
1730:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1684:
1678:
1669:
1663:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1615:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1559:
1553:
1544:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1178:The Vandalic War
1014:and his sister,
965:Gallia Aquitania
944:and was killed.
771:foederati troops
715:to leave Italy.
604:magister militum
560:consular diptych
558:Honorius on the
250:
249:
240:
238:
227:
225:
220:
218:
85:
82:
44:
32:
31:
21:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4261:
4205:Gallic emperors
4193:
3881:Constantine VII
3662:Constantine III
3649:
3646:
3635:
3544:
3536:
3475:Valentinian III
3463:Constantius III
3457:Priscus Attalus
3441:Constantine III
3427:
3419:
3309:Valerius Valens
3254:
3246:
3092:
3084:
3043:Didius Julianus
3023:Marcus Aurelius
2940:
2932:
2922:
2888:
2884:
2870:
2868:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2841:
2827:Constantius III
2823:
2821:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2794:
2780:
2778:
2769:
2765:
2763:Constantius III
2755:
2751:
2737:
2735:
2726:
2716:
2712:
2698:
2696:
2687:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2659:
2657:
2648:
2644:
2634:
2630:
2616:
2614:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2587:
2573:
2571:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2544:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2501:
2487:
2485:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2458:
2444:
2442:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2415:
2401:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2372:
2361:Constantius III
2357:
2355:
2346:
2309:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2278:Gibbon. Edward
2258:
2240:, eds. (1971).
2209:
2169:
2089:
2077:"Historia Nova"
2060:Aurelius Victor
2056:
2054:Primary sources
2051:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2010:
2006:
1998:Edward Gibbon,
1997:
1993:
1976:
1972:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1920:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1760:Gibbon, p. 1119
1759:
1755:
1751:Gibbon, p. 1118
1750:
1743:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1687:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1596:
1592:
1581:Hussey, Joan M.
1578:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1547:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1303:Valentinian III
1288:Constantius III
1235:Priscus Attalus
1220:
1175:
1138:
1067:Vatican obelisk
1052:Constantius III
1044:Valentinian III
1024:
1012:Valentinian III
985:Aquitania Prima
969:Seven Provinces
895:Constantine III
885:
879:
874:
872:
868:
864:
862:
847:
838:The City of God
797:
791:
783:Priscus Attalus
670:Constantine III
541:
507:, but when the
487:Pope Innocent I
430:
417:
373:Aelia Flaccilla
365:
353:Rome was sacked
337:Aelia Flaccilla
307:Aelia Flaccilla
244:
235:
222:
215:
200:
181:
169:
168:9 September 384
156:
151:Constantius III
147:(Gaul, 409–411)
141:(Gaul, 409–411)
139:Constantine III
135:(Rome, 409–410)
129:(East, 408–423)
83:
80:
68:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4348:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4164:
4159:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4041:
4029:
4024:
4000:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3960:Theodora (III)
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3856:
3851:
3839:
3827:
3822:
3810:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3775:Constantine VI
3772:
3767:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3739:Theodosius III
3736:
3731:
3726:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3684:Constantine IV
3681:
3676:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3542:Eastern Empire
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3527:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3503:
3496:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3460:
3453:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3425:Western Empire
3418:
3417:
3410:
3398:Magnus Maximus
3394:
3392:Valentinian II
3389:
3384:
3379:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3324:Constantius II
3321:
3319:Constantine II
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3187:
3182:
3174:
3169:
3151:
3139:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3018:Antoninus Pius
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2941:27 BC – AD 235
2934:
2933:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2889:
2880:
2877:
2860:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2837:
2834:
2813:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2790:
2787:
2770:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2747:
2744:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2708:
2705:
2688:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2666:
2649:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2626:
2623:
2606:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2583:
2580:
2563:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2540:
2537:
2520:
2517:Nonius Atticus
2511:
2507:
2506:
2503:Nonius Atticus
2497:
2494:
2477:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2454:
2451:
2434:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2413:Valentinian II
2411:
2408:
2392:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2336:Regnal titles
2331:
2330:
2323:
2307:
2289:
2288:External links
2286:
2284:
2283:
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2256:
2226:
2213:
2207:
2192:
2181:
2173:
2167:
2152:
2141:
2132:
2118:
2111:Doyle, Chris.
2109:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2070:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2031:
2022:
2004:
1991:
1979:Martin Millett
1977:Discussion in
1970:
1949:
1940:
1914:
1900:
1898:, p. 156.
1888:
1886:, p. 211.
1876:
1874:, p. 155.
1864:
1862:, p. 151.
1852:
1850:, p. 154.
1840:
1838:, p. 153.
1828:
1813:
1798:
1796:, p. 145.
1786:
1784:, p. 142.
1774:
1762:
1753:
1741:
1725:
1712:
1700:
1698:, p. 179.
1685:
1683:, p. 178.
1670:
1668:, p. 184.
1655:
1653:, p. 113.
1643:
1641:, p. 112.
1631:
1610:
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1528:, p. 109.
1518:
1516:, p. 108.
1506:
1504:, p. 157.
1494:
1482:
1465:
1463:, p. 105.
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1441:
1439:, p. 141.
1429:
1404:
1402:, p. 188.
1392:
1390:, p. 113.
1380:
1367:
1360:
1336:
1334:, p. 137.
1323:
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1306:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1262:
1244:
1238:
1219:
1216:
1137:
1134:
1122:southern Italy
1095:New St Peter's
1054:, as Emperor.
1048:Galla Placidia
1023:
1020:
1004:Galla Placidia
981:Novempopulania
893:The revolt of
857:, daughter of
846:
843:
793:Main article:
790:
787:
598:was absent in
540:
537:
448:Valentinian II
442:by his father
429:
426:
416:
413:
409:Galla Placidia
405:Magnus Maximus
397:Valentinian II
377:Constantinople
364:
361:
320:
319:
314:
310:
309:
304:
300:
299:
294:
290:
289:
284:
278:
277:
274:
273:
257:
256:
246:
245:
243:
242:
229:
208:
206:
202:
201:
196:
194:
190:
189:
178:
174:
173:
171:Constantinople
166:
162:
161:
158:
157:
155:
154:
148:
142:
136:
130:
124:
113:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
78:
70:
69:
63:
57:
56:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4347:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4264:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
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4079:
4076:
4073:
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4067:
4064:
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4054:
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4050:
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4038:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
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3968:
3966:
3963:
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3956:
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3926:
3923:
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3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3842:Theodora (II)
3840:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3749:Constantine V
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3734:Anastasius II
3732:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3685:
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3680:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3665:
3663:
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3652:
3648:
3642:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3557:Theodosius II
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3365:Valentinian I
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3287:Constantine I
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3277:Constantius I
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2887:
2886:Asclepiodotus
2883:
2876:
2875:
2874:Theodosius II
2867:
2865:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2832:
2831:Theodosius II
2828:
2820:
2818:
2811:
2807:
2806:Theodosius II
2801:
2797:
2793:
2792:Theodosius II
2786:
2785:
2784:Theodosius II
2777:
2775:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2742:
2741:Theodosius II
2734:
2732:
2725:
2724:Theodosius II
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2703:
2702:Theodosius II
2695:
2693:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2665:
2664:
2663:Theodosius II
2656:
2654:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2611:
2604:
2600:
2599:Theodosius II
2594:
2590:
2586:
2585:Theodosius II
2579:
2578:
2570:
2568:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2535:
2527:
2525:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2482:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2449:
2441:
2439:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2362:
2354:
2353:
2352:Roman emperor
2345:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2257:9780521072335
2253:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2168:0-8018-3353-1
2164:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2082:
2081:Historia Nova
2078:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2040:
2035:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2008:
2001:
1995:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1956:Halsall, Guy
1953:
1944:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1904:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1880:
1873:
1868:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1837:
1832:
1826:, p. 150
1825:
1820:
1818:
1811:, p. 146
1810:
1805:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1627:
1621:
1613:
1611:9788772896397
1607:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1570:Jones, p. 442
1567:
1565:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1543:, p. 111
1542:
1537:
1535:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1492:, p. 76.
1491:
1486:
1480:, p. 110
1479:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1462:
1457:
1451:, p. 77.
1450:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1388:Blockley 2003
1384:
1377:
1371:
1363:
1361:9780870991790
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1259:Constans "II"
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1190:Edward Gibbon
1185:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1097:was erected.
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:Theodosius II
1037:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
888:
883:
877:
871:
867:
860:
856:
851:
842:
840:
839:
834:
831:to write his
830:
824:
822:
817:
814:
810:
806:
802:
796:
786:
784:
778:
774:
772:
768:
762:
760:
756:
755:Theodosius II
752:
748:
744:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
581:
578:
573:
565:
561:
556:
552:
550:
546:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:Central Italy
518:
514:
510:
506:
498:
494:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:
435:
421:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:Roman emperor
326:
318:
315:
311:
308:
305:
301:
298:
295:
291:
288:
285:
283:
279:
272:
268:
265:
262:
258:
255:
251:
247:
233:
230:
213:
210:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
188:
184:
179:
175:
172:
167:
163:
159:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:Theodosius II
125:
122:
118:
115:
114:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
79:
77:
76:
71:
67:
62:
61:Roman emperor
58:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4172:Andronikos V
4170:
4153:
4101:
4069:
4047:
4035:
4018:
4012:
4006:
3994:
3988:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3862:
3845:
3833:
3816:
3804:
3798:
3785:Nikephoros I
3760:
3759:
3753:
3720:
3717:Justinian II
3712:Tiberius III
3702:Justinian II
3693:
3687:
3670:
3622:
3594:Anastasius I
3585:
3529:
3525:Julius Nepos
3517:
3510:
3498:
3486:
3479:
3467:
3455:
3446:
3445:
3439:
3434:
3412:
3403:
3402:
3396:
3387:Theodosius I
3374:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3304:Maximinus II
3291:
3193:
3176:
3163:
3157:
3145:
3133:
3066:
3028:Lucius Verus
2871:
2864:Roman consul
2862:
2824:
2817:Roman consul
2815:
2781:
2774:Roman consul
2772:
2738:
2731:Roman consul
2729:
2699:
2692:Roman consul
2690:
2660:
2653:Roman consul
2651:
2620:Aristaenetus
2617:
2610:Roman consul
2608:
2574:
2567:Roman consul
2565:
2531:
2524:Roman consul
2522:
2488:
2481:Roman consul
2479:
2445:
2438:Roman consul
2436:
2427:Theodosius I
2402:
2396:Roman consul
2394:
2358:
2349:
2344:Theodosius I
2316:
2300:
2279:
2270:
2245:
2238:Morris, John
2220:
2197:
2191:78: 151–192.
2188:
2177:
2157:
2148:
2136:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2104:
2095:
2079:, Books 4–6
2076:
2063:
2034:
2025:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1973:
1957:
1952:
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1927:
1917:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1831:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1756:
1736:
1728:
1720:
1719:J. Norwich,
1715:
1703:
1646:
1634:
1600:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1425:Google Books
1412:
1407:
1395:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1346:
1339:
1327:
1311:
1243:in Hispania;
1208:gladiatorial
1201:
1194:
1187:
1177:
1176:—Procopius,
1172:
1158:
1156:
1144:
1105:
1099:
1079:Vatican Hill
1072:
1025:
1008:
1001:
954:
946:
915:
892:
836:
825:
818:
798:
789:Sack of Rome
779:
775:
763:
740:
690:
655:
649:and invaded
616:
593:
584:
575:
569:
547:, Italy and
542:
502:
471:epithalamion
456:
444:Theodosius I
437:
431:
393:Thessaloniki
371:and Empress
369:Theodosius I
366:
333:Theodosius I
324:
323:
297:Theodosius I
94:Theodosius I
73:
29:
4231:(1224–1242)
4225:(1204–1461)
4014:Konstantios
3891:Christopher
3864:Constantine
3854:Michael III
3835:Constantine
3818:Constantine
3800:Theophylact
3729:Philippicus
3679:Constans II
3604:Justinian I
3500:Severus III
3448:Constans II
3202:Claudius II
3178:Silbannacus
3125:Gordian III
3100:Maximinus I
3068:Diadumenian
2749:Heraclianus
2534:Eutychianus
1968:pp. 217–218
1666:McEvoy 2013
1556:Birley 2005
1502:McEvoy 2013
1437:McEvoy 2013
1400:McEvoy 2013
1332:McEvoy 2013
1269:Sebastianus
1182:III.2.25–26
1136:Assessments
938:Heraclianus
930:Sebastianus
907:Constantius
882:Christogram
833:magnum opus
668:(407), and
664:(406–407),
612:Julian Alps
511:under King
499:of Honorius
428:Early reign
399:and mother
254:Regnal name
241:, divorced)
153:(West, 421)
145:Constans II
90:Predecessor
4290:423 deaths
4285:384 births
4279:Categories
4008:Andronikos
3996:Nikephoros
3945:Michael IV
3910:Romanos II
3830:Theophilos
3825:Michael II
3806:Staurakios
3790:Staurakios
3762:Nikephoros
3755:Artabasdos
3667:Heraclonas
3624:Theodosius
3582:Basiliscus
3342:Nepotianus
3335:Magnentius
3329:Constans I
3282:Severus II
3262:Diocletian
3207:Quintillus
3172:Aemilianus
3165:Volusianus
3110:Gordian II
3075:Elagabalus
2938:Principate
2857:Eustathius
2556:Vincentius
2431:Abundatius
1933:1 December
1696:Elton 2018
1681:Elton 2018
1423:, p. 320.
1421:1576072630
1319:References
1212:Telemachus
993:Viennensis
809:Roman army
767:Thermantia
709:Thermantia
631:Radagaisus
287:Theodosian
239: 408
232:Thermantia
226: 407
219: 398
123:, 393–408)
4250:Classical
4235:Empresses
4219:(286–296)
4213:(267–273)
4207:(260–274)
3950:Michael V
3876:Alexander
3689:Heraclius
3657:Heraclius
3609:Justin II
3519:Glycerius
3506:Anthemius
3376:Procopius
3314:Martinian
3293:Maxentius
3222:Florianus
3195:Saloninus
3190:Gallienus
3159:Hostilian
3135:Philip II
3105:Gordian I
3053:Caracalla
2988:Vespasian
2983:Vitellius
2714:Tertullus
2686:Philippus
2674:Philippus
2632:Anthemius
2603:Rumoridus
2589:Rumoridus
2546:Eutropius
2513:Caesarius
2499:Caesarius
2417:Eutropius
1987:Britannia
1896:Bury 1889
1884:Bury 1889
1872:Bury 1889
1860:Bury 1889
1848:Bury 1889
1836:Bury 1889
1824:Bury 1889
1809:Bury 1889
1794:Bury 1889
1782:Bury 1889
1770:Bury 1889
1708:Bury 1889
1651:Bury 1889
1639:Bury 1889
1620:cite book
1541:Bury 1889
1526:Bury 1889
1514:Bury 1889
1490:Bury 1889
1478:Bury 1889
1461:Bury 1889
1449:Bury 1889
1197:J.B. Bury
1163:Procopius
1114:Byzantine
1110:Visigoths
1091:the saint
1046:, son of
961:Visigoths
911:Gerontius
899:Gerontius
829:Augustine
803:sent six
735:Agrippina
623:Pollentia
608:Illyricum
535:as well.
509:Visigoths
434:consulate
385:Pulcheria
269:Honorius
261:Imperator
110:Co-rulers
100:Successor
4245:Usurpers
4240:Augustae
4198:See also
4103:Nicholas
3925:Basil II
3722:Tiberius
3707:Leontius
3695:Tiberius
3672:Tiberius
3650:610–1453
3645:Eastern/
3599:Justin I
3552:Arcadius
3512:Olybrius
3494:Majorian
3435:Honorius
3414:Eugenius
3349:Vetranio
3299:Licinius
3272:Galerius
3267:Maximian
3252:Dominate
3242:Numerian
3212:Aurelian
3185:Valerian
3130:Philip I
3120:Balbinus
3115:Pupienus
3063:Macrinus
3038:Pertinax
3033:Commodus
2998:Domitian
2963:Claudius
2958:Caligula
2953:Tiberius
2948:Augustus
2853:Agricola
2839:Monaxius
2767:Constans
2642:Arcadius
2628:Stilicho
2577:Arcadius
2560:Fravitta
2491:Arcadius
2448:Arcadius
2385:Arcadius
2350:Western
2268:(1889).
1583:(1957).
1273:Gundahar
1218:See also
1204:trousers
1126:Bruttium
1116:scholar
1038:Emperor
957:Frankish
942:Carthage
934:Augustus
889:, Paris.
876:STELICHO
859:Stilicho
813:Alaric's
759:Olympius
751:Arcadius
731:Claudius
705:Hispania
686:Bruttium
678:Constans
596:Stilicho
589:Mascezel
549:Hispania
513:Alaric I
475:Claudian
459:Stilicho
452:Eugenius
439:augustus
381:Arcadius
345:Arcadius
341:Stilicho
325:Honorius
313:Religion
271:Augustus
117:Arcadius
75:Augustus
54:, AD 406
35:Honorius
4255:Eastern
4155:Matthew
4049:Alexios
3897:Stephen
3859:Basil I
3744:Leo III
3619:Maurice
3562:Marcian
3545:395–610
3469:Joannes
3428:395–480
3382:Gratian
3255:284–610
3237:Carinus
3217:Tacitus
3093:235–285
3013:Hadrian
2822:417–418
2710:Varanes
2405:Euodius
2370:Joannes
2356:395–423
2073:Zosimus
2049:Sources
1299:Joannes
1265:Jovinus
1251:Gratian
1241:Maximus
1167:chicken
1157:In his
1118:Zosimus
1102:British
1036:Eastern
1032:Joannes
1016:Honoria
918:Jovinus
903:Maximus
873:VIVATIS
805:legions
747:Ticinum
743:Bononia
701:Vandals
666:Gratian
658:Britain
635:Vandals
619:Liguria
580:Africae
517:Ravenna
415:Emperor
401:Justina
282:Dynasty
267:Flavius
183:Ravenna
133:Attalus
104:Joannes
64:in the
4017:&
3993:&
3900:&
3871:Leo VI
3847:Thekla
3803:&
3770:Leo IV
3692:&
3631:Phocas
3587:Marcus
3572:Leo II
3488:Avitus
3405:Victor
3370:Valens
3360:Jovian
3355:Julian
3227:Probus
3162:&
3142:Decius
3090:Crisis
3008:Trajan
2843:Plinta
2753:Lucius
2282:(1888)
2254:
2205:
2165:
2018:, 1923
1964:
1608:
1419:
1358:
1247:Marcus
1153:, 1883
950:Lipara
926:Ataulf
887:Louvre
870:SERHNA
863:HONORI
662:Marcus
641:, and
627:Verona
600:Raetia
574:, the
497:Aureus
463:Vandal
363:Family
303:Mother
293:Father
264:Caesar
205:Spouse
193:Burial
52:Probus
3813:Leo V
3780:Irene
3567:Leo I
3232:Carus
3003:Nerva
2993:Titus
2973:Galba
2925:Roman
2872:with
2825:with
2782:with
2739:with
2700:with
2694:VIII
2661:with
2618:with
2575:with
2532:with
2489:with
2446:with
2403:with
2389:Bauto
2363:(421)
2359:with
2325:This
1723:, 136
1149:, by
1130:Italy
1028:edema
1022:Death
997:Arles
922:Goths
866:MARIA
855:Maria
727:Maria
723:Cameo
713:Goths
697:Suebi
693:Alans
674:Arles
643:Suebi
639:Alans
577:comes
566:(406)
505:Milan
479:Popes
467:Maria
389:Galla
212:Maria
187:Italy
4169:(w.
4152:(w.
4100:(w.
4071:John
4068:(w.
4046:(w.
4034:(w.
4005:(w.
3987:(w.
3888:(w.
3861:(w.
3844:(w.
3832:(w.
3815:(w.
3797:(w.
3758:(w.
3719:(w.
3686:(w.
3669:(w.
3621:(w.
3584:(w.
3577:Zeno
3444:(w.
3401:(w.
3192:(w.
3156:(w.
3144:(w.
3132:(w.
3065:(w.
3058:Geta
2978:Otho
2968:Nero
2927:and
2866:XII
2829:and
2655:VII
2483:III
2252:ISBN
2203:ISBN
2163:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1935:2015
1626:link
1606:ISBN
1417:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1301:and
1277:Goar
1275:and
1267:and
1257:and
1073:The
1050:and
991:and
733:and
699:and
651:Gaul
583:and
545:Gaul
483:Rome
383:and
177:Died
165:Born
121:East
66:West
3990:Leo
3935:Zoe
3181:(?)
2869:422
2819:XI
2779:415
2736:412
2733:IX
2697:409
2658:407
2615:404
2612:VI
2572:402
2529:398
2526:IV
2486:396
2443:394
2440:II
2400:386
1128:in
932:as
924:of
753:to
606:in
562:of
481:of
50:of
4281::
4011:,
3894:,
2776:X
2569:V
2315:.
2299:.
2244:.
2236:;
2232:;
2187:,
2147:”
2124::
2075:,
2066:,
1981:,
1926:.
1816:^
1801:^
1744:^
1735:,
1688:^
1673:^
1658:^
1622:}}
1618:{{
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1548:^
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1468:^
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1132:.
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952:.
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695:,
653:.
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237:m.
224:d.
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217:m.
185:,
4175:)
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2171:.
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1937:.
1911:.
1628:)
1614:.
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